Cannabis Medical Cannabis Research

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Dronabinol for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease.

Rosenberg, Paul B · 2026

In a 3-week RCT of 75 Alzheimer's patients, dronabinol decreased agitation significantly more than placebo on the Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (effect size 0.53, p=0.015).

Vaporized cannabis versus placebo for acute migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.

Schuster, Nathaniel M · 2026

THC+CBD (6% THC + 11% CBD) was superior to placebo for pain relief (67.2% vs 46.6%, OR 2.85), pain freedom (34.5% vs 15.5%, OR 3.30), and most bothersome symptom freedom (60.3% vs 34.5%, OR 3.32) at 2 hours, with sustained benefits at 24 and 48 hours.

Medical Cannabis and Opioid Receipt Among Adults With Chronic Pain.

Slawek, Deepika E · 2026

Compared to months with no medical cannabis dispensed, a 30-day supply of medical cannabis was associated with 3.53 fewer daily morphine milliequivalents (MME).

The prevalence of cannabidiol (CBD) use in North America and Europe: A meta-analysis.

Weidberg, Sara · 2026

CBD use was significantly more prevalent in North America than Europe across all time periods.

Cannabis.

Feinberg, Steven D · 2025

Some evidence for MS spasticity, but no quality evidence for back pain, radiculopathy, neuropathic pain, or other common work-related pain.

Cannabidiol and Liver Enzyme Level Elevations in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Florian, Jeffry · 2025

8 of 143 participants (5.6%) taking CBD at 5 mg/kg/day developed ALT or AST elevations >3x ULN, vs 0 of 58 on placebo.

Changes in Sources of Information About the Risks and Benefits of Cannabis in a National Cohort of U.S. Adults From 2017 to 2021.

Graham, Francis Julian L · 2025

In a longitudinal study of 5,053 US adults surveyed at three time points, the use of health professionals as an information source for cannabis risks increased by 17.4%, making it the largest increase among all sources.

Evaluating the Acute Effects of the Cannabinoid Dronabinol and the Opioid Hydromorphone Alone and in Combination: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Knee Osteoarthritis.

Hamilton, Katrina R · 2025

In a within-subject, double-blind trial, hydromorphone showed some analgesic effects on specific pain measures (pressure pain threshold, mechanical temporal summation) but neither drug reduced clinical pain severity or most experimentally induced pain measures.

Cannabis Use Trajectories Among People Living With HIV in the Decade Prior to Recreational Legalization in Ontario, Canada (2008-2017).

Lazor, Tanya · 2025

Four trajectories: Low/No Use (67%), Increased Use (4%), Decreased Use (2%), High Use (26%).

Tobacco and Cannabis Co-use by HIV Status Among United States Adults: Results from the 2021-2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Lee, Juhan · 2025

Adults with HIV had 3.35x higher odds of past-month tobacco-cannabis co-use (aRRR=3.35, 95% CI: 1.79-6.27).

Cannabis Laws and Opioid Use Among Commercially Insured Patients With Cancer Diagnoses.

Lozano-Rojas, Felipe · 2025

Medical cannabis dispensary openings were associated with a reduction of 41 fewer patients per 10,000 with opioid prescriptions, 2.54 fewer days of supply per prescription, and 0.099 fewer prescriptions per patient.

The Combined Relationship of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Enactment and Medical Cannabis Laws with Chronic Pain-Related Healthcare Visits.

Mannes, Zachary L · 2025

Prescription drug monitoring programs alone were not associated with changes in chronic pain outpatient visits.

Trends in cannabis use among those with and without a cancer diagnosis according to state-level cannabis policy: findings from the PATH Study, Waves 1-5 (2013-2019).

Martin, Connor D · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence among people with a cancer diagnosis rose from 6.6% in 2013 to 10.6% in 2019 (approximately 60% increase), mirroring the 11.8% to 18.6% increase in the general population.

Cognitive Difficulty Concentrating, Remembering, or Making Decisions According to Chronic Medical Conditions and Cannabis Use Among US Adults in 2022.

Merrill, Ray M · 2025

Among 94,918 U.S.

Cannabis Use Among Older Adults.

Pravosud, Vira · 2025

Of 4,503 veterans aged 65-84, 58.2% had ever used cannabis.

Commercial Cannabidiol for Community-Based Young Adolescents: Predicting Medicinal Use.

Wade, Natasha E · 2025

Of 11,189 ABCD participants (ages 11–15), 307 (2.8%) were given health-related CBD.

Cannabis Use Disorder Associated With Increased Risk of Postoperative Complications After Hip or Knee Arthroplasties: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.

Ding, Cheng · 2024

Across 10 studies with 17,981,628 participants, CUD was associated with significantly higher odds of medical complications (OR 1.33), implant-related complications (OR 1.75), cardiac complications (OR 1.95), stroke (OR 2.06), infections (OR 1.68), periprosthetic fracture (OR 1.42), mechanical loosening (OR 1.54), and dislocation (OR 1.88).

Medical cannabis authorization and risk of emergency department visits and hospitalization due to psychotic disorders: A propensity score-matched cohort study.

Dubois, Cerina · 2024

Medical cannabis patients had a psychotic disorder incidence of 3.00 per 1,000 person-years compared to 1.88 in controls.

Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial.

Grimison, Peter · 2024

THC:CBD improved complete response rate (no vomiting, no rescue medication) from 8% to 24% (absolute difference 16%, 95% CI 4-28, p=0.01) during the first chemotherapy cycle.

Cannabis for chronic pain: cardiovascular safety in a nationwide Danish study.

Holt, Anders · 2024

Among 5,391 chronic pain patients who received prescribed medical cannabis, 0.8% developed new-onset arrhythmia within 180 days compared to 0.4% of matched controls, yielding a risk ratio of 2.07.

Association between cannabis use and physical activity in the United States based on legalization and health status.

Merrill, Ray M · 2024

After adjusting for demographics, smoking, BMI, and legalization status, cannabis users had 24% higher odds of physical activity (OR 1.24).

Charting the therapeutic landscape: a comprehensive evidence map on medical cannabis for health outcomes.

Montagner, Patrícia · 2024

Of 489 descriptions of treatment effects across 71 health outcomes, 278 (57%) reported positive or potentially positive effects.

Prevalence of insomnia and use of sleep aids among adults in Canada.

Morin, Charles M · 2024

Among 4,037 Canadian adults, insomnia prevalence was 16.3%.

The Effect of Nabiximols on Driving Ability in Adults with Chronic Tic Disorders: Results of a Substudy Analysis of the Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled CANNA-TICS Trial.

Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R · 2024

Fitness to drive increased from 55.8% to 71.8% in the nabiximols group over 13 weeks, while it decreased from 66.7% to 52.6% in placebo.

Evaluating possible 'next day' impairment in insomnia patients administered an oral medicinal cannabis product by night: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Suraev, Anastasia · 2024

At 9+ hours after evening administration of 10mg THC/200mg CBD oil, there were no differences from placebo on 27 of 28 cognitive and psychomotor tests, including simulated driving performance.

Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid using two point-of-collection testing devices following oral administration of a THC and cannabidiol containing oil.

Suraev, Anastasia · 2024

At 30 minutes post-dose, oral fluid THC concentrations varied widely (0-425 ng/mL), and both devices showed poor sensitivity (Securetec: 25%, Drager: 50%).

Cannabis combined with oxycodone for pain relief in fibromyalgia pain: a randomized clinical self-titration trial with focus on adverse events.

van Dam, Cornelis Jan · 2024

The combination of cannabis and oxycodone reduced opioid tablet consumption by 35% (p=0.02) but did not reduce adverse effects or improve pain relief compared to either treatment alone.

Adverse events caused by cannabinoids in middle aged and older adults for all indications: a meta-analysis of incidence rate difference.

Velayudhan, Latha · 2024

THC alone and THC:CBD combinations significantly increased all-cause and treatment-related adverse events compared to controls.

Medical Marijuana Legalization and Opioid- and Pain-Related Outcomes Among Patients Newly Diagnosed With Cancer Receiving Anticancer Treatment.

Bao, Yuhua · 2023

In a difference-in-differences analysis of 58,195 cancer patients across 34 states, medical marijuana legalization was associated with a 5.6 percentage point reduction in opioid dispensing among breast cancer patients with recent opioid use and a 6.3 percentage point reduction in pain-related hospital events among lung cancer patients..

Therapeutic and clinical foundations of cannabidiol therapy for difficult-to-treat seizures in children and adults with refractory epilepsies.

Reddy, Doodipala Samba · 2023

Randomized clinical trials support CBD for seizures in three rare epileptic encephalopathies: Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.

Ried, Karin · 2023

60% of participants no longer classified as clinical insomniacs after 2 weeks of cannabis oil.

Severe Cannabis use is Associated with Complications and Prolonged Length of Stay in Bariatric Surgery.

Shah, Rohan M · 2023

Cannabis use disorder (0.26% of patients) was associated with medical complications (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.31-3.82; P=0.003) and longer hospital stays (beta: 1.3 days; P<0.001).

Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.

Bilbao, Ainhoa · 2022

CBD showed high-grade evidence for epilepsy (SMD -0.5) and moderate-grade for Parkinsonism (SMD -0.41).

Associations of Healthcare Service Utilization With Cannabis Use Status, Use Reasons, and Use Characteristics Among Those Age 50 and Older.

Choi, Namkee G · 2022

Past-year cannabis users had higher rates of any ED visit (30.0%) and hospitalization (14.7%) than never users.

Association of a Positive Drug Screening for Cannabis With Mortality and Hospital Visits Among Veterans Affairs Enrollees Prescribed Opioids.

Keyhani, Salomeh · 2022

Cannabis use was not associated with all-cause mortality at 90 or 180 days in the overall population or among those on long-term opioid therapy.

Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy.

Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska, Maria · 2022

CBD was isolated from cannabis in 1940 and has a confirmed anti-seizure effect without psychoactive activity.

The Characteristics of Clinical Trials on Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review of Trials for Therapeutic or Drug Development Purposes.

Modaresi, Farhang · 2022

Of 2,966 reviewed trials, 834 met criteria.

Changes in Emergency Department Visits for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Subsequent Commercialization in Ontario, Canada.

Myran, Daniel Thomas · 2022

CHS ED visits increased from 0.26 to 3.43 per 100,000 population over 7.5 years (13-fold).

Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies.

Nielsen, Suzanne · 2022

Preclinical meta-analysis showed THC reduced the effective morphine dose by 3.5-fold (95% CI 2.04-6.03).

Efficacy and safety of therapeutic use of cannabis derivatives and their synthetic analogs: Overview of systematic reviews.

Riera, Rachel · 2022

Evidence certainty was not high for any cannabinoid outcome.

Guideline No. 425a: Cannabis Use Throughout Women's Lifespans - Part 1: Fertility, Contraception, Menopause, and Pelvic Pain.

Robert, Magali · 2022

The guideline addressed cannabis effects on hormonal regulation, reproductive health, sexual function, perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms, and chronic pelvic pain.

A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cannabinoid Treatment for Disruptive Behavior in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effects on Sleep Parameters as Measured by the CSHQ.

Schnapp, Aviad · 2022

CBD-rich cannabinoid treatment (20:1 CBD:THC ratio) was not superior to placebo for sleep in 150 children and adolescents with autism, including bedtime resistance, sleep-onset delay, and sleep duration..

Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Silvinato, Antônio · 2022

CBD compared to placebo reduced seizure frequency by 33%, increased 50% seizure reduction by 20%, increased seizure freedom by 3%, and improved caregiver-assessed clinical impression by 21% in patients with refractory epilepsy..

The Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabidiol in Non-seizure-related Indications: A Systematic Review of Published Randomized Clinical Trials.

Tang, Yuni · 2022

CBD appears to be anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing).

Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Vela, Jonathan · 2022

Between-group difference in pain intensity at 12 weeks was 0.23 mm on a 0-100 mm scale (95% CI -9.41 to 9.90, p=0.96).

Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a clinical practice guideline.

Busse, Jason W · 2021

The guideline panel issued a weak recommendation to offer a trial of non-inhaled medical cannabis or cannabinoids as add-on therapy for chronic pain when standard care is insufficient.

Cohort study of medical cannabis authorization and motor vehicle crash-related healthcare visits in 2014-2017 in Ontario, Canada.

Lee, Cerina · 2021

After accounting for an initial decrease in MVC-related visits (-2.42/10,000 patients immediately post-authorization), there was a significant increasing trend (+0.89 events/10,000 relative to controls, p=0.0019).

Opioid use in medical cannabis authorization adult patients from 2013 to 2018: Alberta, Canada.

Lee, Cerina · 2021

Patients on high-dose opioids (OME > 100) who received medical cannabis authorization showed a significant decrease in opioid use of 435.5 mg OME over six months compared to matched controls..

Cannabis Significantly Reduces the Use of Prescription Opioids and Improves Quality of Life in Authorized Patients: Results of a Large Prospective Study.

Lucas, Philippe · 2021

Among participants who used opioids at baseline (28%), the proportion dropped to 11% at six months.

Potential therapeutic benefits of cannabinoid products in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

McKee, Kyle A · 2021

Of 31 RCTs (10 for cannabis use disorder, 6 for schizophrenia, 5 for opioid/tobacco use, 3 for anxiety, 2 each for Tourette's and anorexia, 1 each for ADHD, PTSD, and OCD), the review found limited evidence for acute symptom management in select conditions.

Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies.

Noori, Atefeh · 2021

Randomized trials (all in cancer pain) found adding cannabis had little or no impact on opioid dose (weighted mean difference: -3.4 MME, 95% CI -12.7 to 5.8) or pain relief (-0.18 cm on 10 cm VAS).

Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids, cannabis-based medicines, and endocannabinoid system modulators tested for antinociceptive effects in animal models of injury-related or pathological persistent pain.

Soliman, Nadia · 2021

Across 374 studies testing 171 interventions, selective CB1, CB2, and nonselective cannabinoid agonists (including THC) plus PPAR-alpha agonists significantly reduced pain in both inflammatory and neuropathic models, while FAAH inhibitors, MAGL inhibitors, and CBD were effective in neuropathic but showed mixed results in inflammatory pain..

Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.

Wang, Li · 2021

Cannabis provides small to very small improvements in pain intensity (WMD -0.50 on 10cm VAS), physical functioning (WMD 1.67 on 100-point SF-36), and sleep (WMD -0.35 on 10cm VAS) compared to placebo, with moderate-to-high certainty evidence.

Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders.

Cristino, Luigia · 2020

Beyond the classical CB1/CB2 system, an expanded "endocannabinoidome" includes biochemically related mediators with their own receptors and enzymes.

Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: An updated systematic review.

Elliott, Jesse · 2020

Data from both RCTs and non-randomized studies suggest cannabidiol reduces seizure frequency as adjunctive treatment, though RCTs showed no statistically significant difference for seizure freedom, quality of life, or sleep disruption compared to placebo..

Cannabis and multiple sclerosis.

Fragoso, Yara Dadalti · 2020

Evidence-based data from 33 studies with over 7,500 patients supports nabiximols for MS-related spasticity, pain, and urinary symptoms.

Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial.

Grimison, P · 2020

Complete response improved from 14% with placebo to 25% with THC:CBD (RR 1.77, p=0.041).

Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: consistency of response across subgroups from the SAVANT randomized clinical trial.

Meuth, Sven G · 2020

In post hoc analysis of the SAVANT RCT, THC:CBD oromucosal spray halved mean spasticity and pain severity scores across all subgroups defined by disability level (EDSS), spasticity severity, and spasticity duration.

Cannabis use disorders may protect against certain disorders of the digestive organs in people with schizophrenia but not in healthy controls.

Olesen, Julie Aamand · 2020

Among 21,066 schizophrenia cases and 176,935 matched controls, cannabis use disorders in schizophrenia patients were associated with decreased risk of gut-brain interaction disorders (IBS, dyspepsia; HR 0.84, p=0.003) and inflammatory bowel disease (HR 0.70, p=0.045).

Medical Marijuana, Recreational Cannabis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Page, Robert L · 2020

The AHA scientific statement reviewed evidence that cannabis use is associated with cardiovascular risks including tachycardia, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure, many mediated by delivery mechanism (especially smoking).

Efficacy of cannabinoids in paediatric epilepsy.

Ali, Shayma · 2019

CBD produced a 38-41% median reduction in all seizures compared to 13-19% on placebo in three RCTs for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes.

Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.

Banister, Samuel D · 2019

THC primarily acts as a partial agonist at CB1 receptors, producing its distinctive intoxication.

Cannabinoid therapy in epilepsy.

Billakota, Santoshi · 2019

Epidiolex (>99% CBD, <0.10% THC) received FDA approval for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes and EMA approval for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, based on Phase III RCTs and open-label trials demonstrating efficacy and safety.

Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Black, Nicola · 2019

Pharmaceutical THC (with or without CBD) produced only a very small improvement in anxiety among patients with other medical conditions (SMD -0.25).

Alcohol and Cannabis Consumption Does Not Diminish Cure Rates in a Real-World Cohort of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients on Opioid Substitution Therapy-Data From the German Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R).

Christensen, Stefan · 2019

Cannabis use did not significantly influence SVR rates in either intention-to-treat or per-protocol analysis, regardless of opioid substitution therapy status.

Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: A systematic review.

Elliott, Jesse · 2019

CBD reduced median monthly seizure frequency by 19.8% vs placebo (95% CI: -27.0% to -12.6%) and increased the proportion achieving 50%+ seizure reduction (RR = 1.76).

Gastrointestinal Adverse Events of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Inverse Agonists suggest their Potential Use in Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Fabisiak, Adam · 2019

Rimonabant 20mg produced significantly more GI adverse events than placebo (OR 2.05) and overall adverse events (OR 1.35).

Coming off cannabis: a cognitive and magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Feinstein, Anthony · 2019

After 28 days of abstinence, the withdrawal group performed significantly better on every cognitive measure (P < 0.0001 for all) compared to the continuation group.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol for Epilepsy.

Franco, Valentina · 2019

CBD at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day was superior to placebo in reducing drop seizures (LGS) and convulsive seizures (DS) across four RCTs.

Safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids in neurological disorders.

Friedman, Daniel · 2019

Randomized controlled trials provide evidence of CBD's anti-seizure effects for Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes.

Long-term safety and efficacy of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: Expanded access program results.

Laux, Linda C · 2019

At 12 weeks, CBD reduced median monthly major motor seizures by 50% and total seizures by 44%.

Newest evidence for tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol oromucosal spray from randomized clinical trials.

Marková, Jolana · 2019

A Phase IV trial found no effect of THC:CBD spray on cognition and mood after 50 weeks of treatment.

Sativex® as add-on therapy vs. further optimized first-line ANTispastics (SAVANT) in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial.

Markovà, Jolana · 2019

77.4% of patients receiving add-on THC:CBD spray achieved clinically relevant (30%+) spasticity NRS improvement versus 32.1% on placebo (p<0.0001).

A systematic review of cannabidiol dosing in clinical populations.

Millar, S A · 2019

23 of 35 studies reported significant improvement in primary outcomes.

The therapeutic effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids: An update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report.

Abrams, Donald I · 2018

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine conducted a comprehensive review of the health effects of cannabis, with a 16-member committee analyzing 10,000 recent abstracts across 11 health categories. For therapeutic effects, the committee found conclusive or substantial evidence that cannabis or cannabinoids effectively treat three conditions: chronic pain in adults, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Moderate evidence supported cannabis for improving secondary sleep disturbances.

Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIV). II. Drugs in more advanced clinical development.

Bialer, Meir · 2018

This progress report from the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs documented a landmark regulatory event: on June 25, 2018, the FDA approved a standardized cannabidiol oral solution (Epidiolex) for treating seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome in patients 2 years and older. The report placed cannabidiol within the broader context of antiepileptic drug development, alongside other compounds in advanced clinical development including cannabidivarin, fenfluramine, ganaxolone, and several others.

Effect of cannabis use in people with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed opioids: findings from a 4-year prospective cohort study.

Campbell, Gabrielle · 2018

This prospective national cohort followed 1,514 Australians with chronic non-cancer pain who were prescribed opioids over four years.

The Endogenous Cannabinoid System: A Budding Source of Targets for Treating Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain.

Donvito, Giulia · 2018

This comprehensive review examined the entire endocannabinoid system as a source of pain treatment targets, covering CB1 and CB2 receptors plus the enzymes that make and break down endocannabinoids (FAAH and MAGL). In preclinical models, cannabinoid receptor agonists and inhibitors of endocannabinoid-regulating enzymes (FAAH and MAGL) produced reliable antinociceptive (pain-reducing) effects across multiple inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. A particularly notable finding: these compounds offered opioid-sparing effects, meaning they could reduce the amount of opioid medication needed for pain control. Clinical studies showed that medicinal cannabis or cannabinoid-based medications relieve pain in cancer, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia.

Medical Use of Cannabinoids.

Fraguas-Sánchez, Ana Isabel · 2018

This extensive review covered the therapeutic landscape of cannabinoids across dozens of medical conditions. Six cannabinoid medications had already received regulatory approval: nabilone and dronabinol capsules for chemotherapy nausea and vomiting, dronabinol capsules and oral solution for anorexia, THC:CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS-related spasticity and cancer pain, and CBD oral solution (Epidiolex) for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut epilepsy syndromes. Beyond approved uses, the review found evidence supporting potential applications in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, various cancer types (brain, breast, prostate), neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's), PTSD and anxiety disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, eye diseases, and substance abuse disorders (particularly alcohol and opioid). The endocannabinoid system's involvement in energy balance, appetite, blood pressure, pain modulation, nausea, memory, learning, and immune response explains the breadth of potential therapeutic applications..

Cannabis for the Treatment of Epilepsy: an Update.

Gaston, Tyler E · 2018

This review compiled all available evidence on cannabis-derived treatments for epilepsy, from artisanal products through FDA-approved purified CBD. While artisanal CBD products showed high rates of reported seizure improvement in surveys and retrospective studies, these lacked controlled dosing and rigorous design. The stronger evidence came from open-label expanded access programs (EAPs) and randomized controlled trials of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex).

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2018

Researchers pooled data from four randomized, placebo-controlled trials of oral CBD as add-on therapy in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) or Dravet syndrome (DS) whose seizures were not controlled by existing medications. Both CBD dose levels showed similar efficacy: the pooled difference in seizure frequency reduction was 19.5 percentage points (95% CI 8.1-31.0) for 10 mg/kg/day and 19.9 percentage points (95% CI 11.8-28.1) for 20 mg/kg/day compared to placebo. The higher dose carried more risk: treatment withdrawal risk was 4.20 times higher for 20 mg/kg/day (95% CI 1.82-9.68) versus placebo but not significantly elevated for 10 mg/kg/day (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.28-7.41). Adverse events occurred in 87.9% of CBD patients versus 72.2% on placebo (RR 1.22).

Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.

Mücke, Martin · 2018

The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed 16 randomized, double-blind controlled trials (1,750 patients, 2-26 weeks) of cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain. Formulations included: THC/CBD oromucosal spray (10 studies), nabilone (2), inhaled herbal cannabis (2), and dronabinol (2). Efficacy was modest: 21% of cannabis patients achieved 50% or greater pain relief vs 17% with placebo (NNT 20, low-quality evidence).

The Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Treating Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review of Reviews.

Nielsen, Suzanne · 2018

Researchers conducted a "review of reviews" to synthesize high-quality systematic reviews on cannabinoids for multiple sclerosis symptoms. Eleven eligible systematic reviews were identified, providing data from 32 studies including 10 moderate-to-high quality RCTs. Five reviews concluded there was sufficient evidence that cannabinoids may be effective for MS-related pain and/or spasticity. Few reviews reported conclusions for other MS symptoms including disability/progression, bladder function, tremor/ataxia, or quality of life. The authors noted that cannabinoid effects on pain and spasticity were "modest" rather than large, and identified a critical evidence gap: no studies compared cannabinoids to non-cannabinoid treatments, only to placebo..

Cannabinoids for Treatment of MS Symptoms: State of the Evidence.

Rice, Jessica · 2018

Nabiximols (Sativex), oral cannabis extract (OCE), and synthetic THC are probably effective for patient-reported spasticity and central pain in MS.

Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies.

Stockings, Emily · 2018

For 30% pain reduction: 29% on cannabinoids vs 25.9% on placebo (NNT=24).

Evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids for epilepsy: a systematic review of controlled and observational evidence.

Stockings, Emily · 2018

CBD 20 mg/kg/day achieved 50%+ seizure reduction more than placebo (RR 1.74, NNT=8).

Cannabinoids in Pain Management and Palliative Medicine.

Häuser, Winfried · 2017

This systematic review of systematic reviews examined the highest-quality evidence available on cannabinoids for pain management and palliative medicine. Of 750 publications identified, 11 systematic reviews met inclusion criteria.

Selective Cannabinoids for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Meng, Howard · 2017

This systematic review and meta-analysis addressed the conflicting recommendations from pain societies about cannabinoids for neuropathic pain. Across 11 RCTs including 1,219 patients, selective cannabinoids (dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols) produced a statistically significant reduction in pain scores compared to placebo or conventional treatment: -0.65 points on a 0-10 scale.

Cannabinoids in treatment-resistant epilepsy: A review.

O'Connell, Brooke K · 2017

This review traced the evolution of cannabis-based epilepsy treatment from millennia of traditional use to modern randomized controlled trials. The strongest evidence centered on Epidiolex (purified CBD at 100 mg/mL).

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last?

Perucca, Emilio · 2017

After years of uncontrolled observations and anecdotal reports, three rigorous placebo-controlled trials of purified CBD (Epidiolex) provided the first class 1 evidence that CBD improves seizure control in specific epilepsy syndromes. In Dravet syndrome, CBD reduced the frequency of convulsive seizures (tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, and atonic) compared to placebo.

Cannabis Pharmacology: The Usual Suspects and a Few Promising Leads.

Russo, Ethan B · 2017

This major review, authored by leading cannabis researchers, argued that the pharmacology of cannabis cannot be reduced to THC and CBD alone.

Use of Cannabinoids for Spasticity and Pain Management in MS.

Chohan, Hardeep · 2016

This review synthesized evidence from randomized trials on cannabinoid use for two of the most troubling MS symptoms: spasticity and pain. Several randomized trials provided Class 1 and 2 evidence (the highest levels) supporting cannabinoid products for these indications.

Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of cannabinoids for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting--a systematic review of systematic reviews.

Tafelski, S · 2016

This meta-review examined six systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials comparing cannabinoids (dronabinol, levonantradol, nabilone, and nabiximols) with placebo or conventional antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The evidence showed moderate quality support for cannabinoid efficacy against both placebo and conventional antiemetics.

Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC.

Maccarrone, Mauro · 2015

Written by many of the scientists who discovered key components of the endocannabinoid system, this comprehensive review examined how endocannabinoids function throughout the body beyond the brain. The endocannabinoid system was found to control fundamental biological processes including cell survival, death, and differentiation across nearly every organ system.

Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Smith, Lesley A · 2015

This Cochrane systematic review analyzed 23 randomized controlled trials of cannabis-based medications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, all conducted between 1975 and 1991. Compared to placebo, cannabinoids significantly increased complete absence of vomiting (RR 5.7) and complete absence of nausea and vomiting (RR 2.9).

Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial.

Allsop, David J · 2014

In a double-blind clinical trial, 51 cannabis-dependent treatment seekers received either nabiximols (up to 86.4 mg THC and 80 mg CBD daily) or placebo during a 9-day inpatient admission, followed by 28 days of outpatient follow-up.

Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: recent clinical trials.

Fernández, Oscar · 2014

This review summarized the phase III clinical trial program for THC/CBD oromucosal spray in MS spasticity.

Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders [RETIRED]: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Koppel, Barbara S · 2014

This systematic review by the American Academy of Neurology evaluated 34 studies (8 Class I) on medical marijuana for neurological conditions.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment.

Serpell, M · 2014

At the 30% pain reduction threshold (considered clinically meaningful), significantly more patients on THC/CBD spray achieved this target compared to placebo (p=0.034).

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (Sativex®): a review of its use in patients with moderate to severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis.

Syed, Yahiya Y · 2014

In the largest multinational clinical trial using the approved treatment protocol, Sativex significantly reduced spasticity severity compared to placebo after 12 weeks in patients who had demonstrated initial response during a 4-week trial period.

Complementary and alternative medical therapies in multiple sclerosis--the American Academy of Neurology guidelines: a commentary.

Yadav, Vijayshree · 2014

The AAN's comprehensive evidence-based guidelines issued Level A recommendations (strongest) that oral cannabis extract is effective short-term for spasticity-related symptoms and pain (excluding central neuropathic pain), and that ginkgo biloba is ineffective for cognitive improvement in MS. Level B recommendations (probable) included: THC is probably effective for spasticity symptoms and pain but probably ineffective for objective spasticity or tremor.

Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Yadav, Vijayshree · 2014

This is the full guideline publication (not the commentary).

Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study.

Naftali, Timna · 2013

Twenty-one patients with active Crohn's disease (CDAI >200) who had failed steroids, immunomodulators, and anti-TNF agents were randomized to cannabis cigarettes (115 mg THC twice daily) or placebo cigarettes (cannabis with THC extracted).

The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids.

Grotenhermen, Franjo · 2012

This review cataloged the therapeutic evidence for cannabinoids, noting that over 100 controlled clinical trials had been conducted since 1975.

Assessment of blinding to treatment allocation in studies of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex®) in people with multiple sclerosis: a new approach.

Wright, Stephen · 2012

The researchers addressed a critical concern about cannabis medicine trials: could patients tell whether they received the active drug based on side effects or prior cannabis experience, thereby biasing self-reported outcomes? Analyzing 666 patients across three Phase III placebo-controlled studies, they found no significant relationship between Sativex's effect on spasticity and either prior cannabis use or the occurrence of typical cannabis-related adverse events. There was also no significant relationship between prior cannabis use and adverse event incidence, or between prior cannabis use and Sativex dosing.

Multiple sclerosis and extract of cannabis: results of the MUSEC trial.

Zajicek, John Peter · 2012

The MUSEC trial randomized 279 MS patients across 22 UK centers to oral cannabis extract or placebo.

Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials.

Lynch, Mary E · 2011

Researchers systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials of cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer pain.

Sativex(®) (tetrahydrocannabinol + cannabidiol), an endocannabinoid system modulator: basic features and main clinical data.

Vermersch, Patrick · 2011

This review summarized data from three pivotal randomized controlled trials of Sativex for MS-related spasticity.

Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Machado Rocha, F C · 2008

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined 30 randomized clinical trials from over 12,000 initially identified papers, comparing cannabinoids to conventional anti-emetics and placebo for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Five meta-analyses were conducted.

The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin.

Pertwee, R G · 2008

Delta-9-THC functions as a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist, with its efficacy depending on receptor expression levels and ongoing endocannabinoid tone.

Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain.

Russo, Ethan B · 2008

This review by Ethan Russo comprehensively covered the evidence for cannabinoid use in pain management as of 2008. Sativex (THC:CBD oromucosal spray) had been approved in Canada for MS central neuropathic pain (2005) and intractable cancer pain (2007).

Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis.

Collin, C · 2007

In this double-blind trial, 189 people with multiple sclerosis and spasticity were randomized to receive either a cannabis-based mouth spray containing THC and CBD (n=124) or placebo (n=65) for six weeks. The primary analysis showed the active preparation was significantly superior to placebo (p=0.048) in reducing daily spasticity scores recorded by patients.

Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Nurmikko, Turo J · 2007

In a five-week randomized trial, 125 patients with peripheral neuropathic pain received either Sativex (THC:CBD mouth spray) or placebo while continuing their existing pain medications. Patients on Sativex experienced significantly greater pain reduction: -1.48 points vs.

The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS).

Freeman, R M · 2006

This was a substudy of the large Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis (CAMS) trial, which had randomized 630 MS patients across 33 UK centers to cannabis extract, THC, or placebo.

Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis.

Rog, David J · 2005

Sixty-six MS patients with central pain (59 with dysesthetic pain, 7 with painful spasms) participated in a 5-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a THC:CBD oromucosal spray.

Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up.

Zajicek, J P · 2005

This was the 12-month follow-up to the main Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis (CAMS) study, the largest RCT of cannabinoids for MS at the time.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids.

Grotenhermen, Franjo · 2003

The review provided a detailed account of how THC and other cannabinoids are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated.

Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial.

Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R · 2003

In this 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, THC (up to 10 mg/day) produced significant improvements or trends toward improvement across multiple tic rating scales.

Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Zajicek, John · 2003

In this landmark trial of 667 MS patients across 33 UK centers, neither oral cannabis extract nor THC improved spasticity as measured by the Ashworth scale (primary outcome, p=0.40).

Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review.

Tramèr, M R · 2001

Across 30 randomized trials with 1,366 patients, cannabinoids (nabilone, dronabinol, and levonantradol) outperformed conventional antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced sickness.

Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model.

Baker, D · 2000

Using a mouse model of MS (chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis) that produces spasticity and tremor similar to human MS, researchers tested multiple cannabinoid compounds. Four different cannabinoid receptor agonists, including THC, all quantitatively reduced both tremor and spasticity in the diseased mice.

The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis.

Malfait, A M · 2000

Using two mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, researchers tested CBD given after clinical symptoms had already appeared, mimicking how patients would actually use the treatment. CBD effectively blocked arthritis progression in both acute and chronic relapsing models.

Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base: a summary of the 1999 Institute of Medicine report.

Watson, S J · 2000

Responding to public pressure, the Office of National Drug Control Policy funded a comprehensive study by the Institute of Medicine.

Recent advantages in cannabinoid research.

Mechoulam, R · 1999

Writing 35 years after his group first isolated THC, Mechoulam described the trajectory from an isolated plant molecule to a complete biological system. The path was: THC isolation, receptor discovery (CB1 and CB2), and identification of endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-AG).

Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy

Herman, T S · 1979

Nabilone was significantly superior to prochlorperazine: 80% response rate vs 32% (p<0.001).

Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.

Ateş, Gülay · 2026

This is the definitive evidence synthesis on cannabis for neuropathic pain—an updated Cochrane Review (originally published 2018) that applied the most rigorous inclusion criteria available: only randomized, double-blind trials lasting at least two weeks. The critical outcome was the proportion of patients achieving at least 50% pain relief—the threshold considered clinically meaningful.

Enhancing data compatibility in an evolving landscape: Medical cannabis and polysubstance use protocols in the PhenX Toolkit.

Buu, Anne · 2026

15 new consensus measurement protocols were developed covering cannabis consumption levels, product types, sources, motives, expectancies, medical card status, provider-patient communication, biochemical validation, and polysubstance use patterns..

Cannabidiol blood metabolite levels after cannabidiol treatment are associated with broadband EEG changes and improvements in visuomotor and non-verbal cognitive abilities in boys with autism requiring higher levels of support.

Cazares, Christian · 2026

This study analyzed EEG data from 24 boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and higher support needs, drawn from a Phase II clinical trial of pharmaceutical-grade CBD (Epidiolex, up to 20 mg/kg/day). The EEG analysis went beyond traditional approaches, examining both periodic (oscillatory) and aperiodic components of brain activity.

Medical Cannabis Use in France: An Observational Safety Study Based on the RECANN Registry and the Pharmacovigilance/Addictovigilance System From 2021 to 2024.

Chevallier, Cécile · 2026

37.5% of patients reported at least one ADR; 3% had serious ADRs; most common: neurological (37.2%), GI (16.9%), psychiatric (15.2%); 6 acute coronary syndromes; 8 suicidal thoughts (half without prior psychiatric history); 1 misuse case; 0 psychosis..

Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : An Updated Systematic Review.

Chou, Roger · 2026

This updated systematic review pooled data from 25 randomized controlled trials involving 2,303 patients, most with neuropathic pain.

Impact of Medical Cannabis on the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients: A Critical Review.

Correa, Larissa Gonçalves · 2026

Medical cannabis use in cancer patients was associated with improvements in mental health, sleep, appetite, and pain management.

Risk of Heart Failure-related Events in Patients Exposed to Medical Cannabis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Dubois, Cerina · 2026

Patients with authorized cannabis prescriptions had a hazard ratio of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.06-1.25) for the primary outcome of ED visits/hospitalization for heart failure.

From card to cradle: examining medical cannabis purchasing among pregnant women in Arkansas.

ElHassan, Nahed O · 2026

1,185 of 72,992 pregnancies (1.62%) included medical cannabis purchases during pregnancy.

Clinical Outcomes and Patient Profiles in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A k-Means Clustering Analysis.

Erridge, Simon · 2026

K-means clustering identified 10 trajectory groups, with 8 (representing 77.72% of patients) showing quality of life improvements.

Pharmacoepidemiologic characterization of cannabis use and symptomatology in rheumatology using natural language processing of electronic health record clinic notes.

Falasinnu, Titilola · 2026

Cannabis use documentation rose from 0.1% to 1.1% (900% increase) over 2004-2024.

Authorization of storefront recreational cannabis retailers and cannabis-related healthcare encounters: A local-level spatial difference-in-differences analysis in California, United States.

Han, Bing · 2026

Analyzing cannabis-related healthcare encounters across all 482 cities in California from 2010 to 2020, researchers found that authorizing storefront recreational cannabis retailers was associated with increases in three types of healthcare encounters. Cities that permitted recreational dispensaries saw increases in population-adjusted emergency department visits, population-adjusted inpatient discharges, and the likelihood of poison center calls related to cannabis.

Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review.

Hsu, Michael · 2026

Published in JAMA — the most widely read medical journal in the world — this review synthesized the therapeutic evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids across all conditions studied in randomized trials and meta-analyses. The strongest evidence supports three FDA-approved indications: HIV/AIDS-related anorexia (cannabinoids moderately increased body weight; SMD 0.57), chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (small but significant reduction; SMD −0.29), and certain pediatric seizure disorders (CBD as Epidiolex). For chronic pain — the most common reason people report using medical cannabis — the review found that approximately 27% of US and Canadian adults have used cannabis medicinally, with 10.5% of the US population reporting CBD use for therapeutic purposes.

The theory of planned behavior partly explains why adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain consider using medical cannabis for pain management.

Kröger, Edeltraut · 2026

A Theory of Planned Behavior model explained 51% of the intention to use medical cannabis for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Cannabis Use Among Individuals Treated with Medication for Opioid Use Disorder: Correlates, Patterns, and Motivations for Use.

Leyde, Sarah E · 2026

47.5% of MOUD patients used cannabis, 27% frequently (≥3 days/week).

UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A two-year case series of clinical outcomes in depression.

Lillywhite, Elizabeth · 2026

Among 698 patients treated with cannabis-based medicinal products for depression, statistically and clinically significant improvements were observed across PHQ-9 (depression), GAD-7 (anxiety), sleep quality, and EQ-5D-5L (quality of life) at all time points up to 24 months.

Epidemiology of Cannabis Use Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the U.S.

Livne, Ofir · 2026

Past-year cannabis use: 18.5% of middle-aged (50-64) and 5.9% of older adults (≥65).

Cannabis or drug screening and discussions with clinicians among older adults who use cannabis in the US, 2021-2023.

Mauro, Pia M · 2026

36.8% of US adults 65+ reported drug screening at healthcare visits.

Associations between cannabis use, cannabis use motivations and past year polysubstance use among people living with HIV in Florida.

McNeely, Kayla V · 2026

Cannabis use was associated with higher use of most other substances.

Using a discrete choice experiment to estimate individual preferences to medicate cancer-related symptoms with cannabis.

McTaggart-Cowan, Helen · 2026

Respondents most valued cannabis effectiveness for managing cancer symptoms and the ability to perform everyday activities.

Optimizing antipsychotic dosing for relapse prevention in cannabis-induced psychosis: A nationwide cohort study.

Mustonen, Antti · 2026

Using linked Swedish health registers, researchers identified all individuals with a first diagnosis of cannabis-induced psychosis and conducted a dose-response analysis of oral antipsychotic medications. The analysis modeled antipsychotic exposure as time-dependent across three dose categories (low: <0.6 DDD, moderate: 0.6–<1.4 DDD, high: ≥1.4 DDD) using within-individual comparisons — meaning each person served as their own control across different exposure periods. The primary outcome was hospitalization for any psychotic episode (schizophrenia-spectrum disorder or substance-induced psychosis).

Investigating the effectiveness and adverse events of medicinal cannabis for patients with muscle spasticity or spasms.

Nastatos, Xenia L · 2026

No physical functioning improvements for any group or product type.

Integrative therapies for chronic insomnia: A randomized controlled trial of a traditional Thai Herbal Remedy and Cannabis sativa oil.

Pakdee, Naruwat · 2026

In a randomized controlled trial, cannabis sativa oil reduced PSQI scores from 13.6 to 3.68 over four weeks, comparable to lorazepam (14.4 to 5.8) and a traditional Thai herbal remedy (12.3 to 6.6).

Cannabinoids and skin cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic potential, and translational perspectives.

Pareek, Ashutosh · 2026

Phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids demonstrated antitumor activity against melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers in preclinical models by inhibiting proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis while inducing apoptosis and autophagy.

Altered endocannabinoid system gene expression in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa: New perspectives in inflammatory bowel disease management.

Pelisenco, Iulia Andreea · 2026

In IBD patients, FAAH, PPARG, and TRPV1 were significantly downregulated in inflamed mucosa compared to non-inflamed tissue and controls.

Medical Cannabis for Best Supportive Care of Patients Affected by Cancers of the Head and Neck: A Narrative Review.

Perri, Francesco · 2026

Medical cannabis can be effective in managing chronic pain, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety in cancer patients through interaction with the endocannabinoid system.

Unveiling Neurological Benefits: A Review of Hemp Leaf, Flower, Seed Oil Extract, and Their Phytochemical Properties in Neurological Disorders.

Purushothaman, Atchuthan · 2026

This review synthesized evidence on how different parts of the hemp plant — seeds, leaves, and flowers — contain distinct bioactive compound profiles with relevance to neurological disorders. Flowers are richest in cannabinoids (particularly CBD) and terpenes, which interact with the endocannabinoid system, neurotransmitter receptors, and inflammatory pathways.

Selective activation of cannabinoid receptors by cannabis terpenes.

Raz, Noa · 2026

Multiple cannabis terpenes produced dose-dependent activation of both CB1 and CB2 receptors, reaching 10-60% of THC's maximal activation.

Cannabinoids and the autophagy-related signaling in brain Tumors: From mechanistic insights to therapeutic Frontiers in glioblastoma.

Rejili, Mokhtar · 2026

Glioblastoma harbors alterations in the endocannabinoid system including changes in CB1 and CB2 receptor expression.

Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol oil in psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Roongpisuthipong, Wanjarus · 2026

In a 28-patient RCT, oral CBD oil 60 mg/day did not significantly improve PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) scores versus placebo.

Treatment with a botanical mixture of cannabidiol:Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances microglial phagocytosis and shapes amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Ruiz de Martín Esteban, Samuel · 2026

Chronic treatment (28 days) with CBD:THC (99:1) at 50 mg/kg twice daily in 5xFAD Alzheimer's mice enhanced microglial phagocytic activity and reduced amyloid peptide accumulation in neuritic plaques.

Medical Cannabis Use in Autism: Insights from an Israeli HMO on Patient Characteristics and Alignment with National Guidelines.

Sadeh, Hadar · 2026

Only 1.2% of autistic individuals received medical cannabis prescriptions.

Effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on myofascial pain modulation in patients with temporomandibular disorder: a prospective crossover study.

Schinko, Francisco Gomes Bonetto · 2026

THC/CBD improved all outcomes versus both baseline and post-placebo (p < 0.05).

The Use of Cannabis-Based Medicine in Selected Neurological Disorders.

Szejko, Natalia · 2026

The best evidence for cannabis-based medicine efficacy in movement/neurodegenerative disorders is for Tourette syndrome, where THC-containing preparations improved tics and psychiatric comorbidities.

Cannabis use among Canadian veterans: associations with the use of other substances, chronic pain conditions, mental disorders, suicide behaviours, and help-seeking.

Taillieu, Tamara L · 2026

Regular cannabis use was associated with increased odds of tobacco smoking, arthritis, any chronic pain, several mental disorders, and suicidal ideation (AOR 1.61-3.99).

Health-related quality of life in patients receiving medicinal cannabis: systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research findings 2015-2025.

Tait, Margaret-Ann · 2026

RCTs showed small but statistically significant short-term HRQL improvements (Cohen's d=0.30, p=0.03).

Recent Trends in Cannabis Use in Adults Ages 60 Years and Older.

Thayer, Rachel E · 2026

Most older adults who use cannabis report doing so for medical purposes, primarily targeting pain, insomnia, anxiety, and depression.

Cannabinoid Use Among Adult Women: A Scoping Review.

Trice, Catharine · 2026

Of 270 studies, 80% addressed safety, 17% motivations for use, and 10% perceptions.

The development of a cannabis risk assessment tool for patients with rheumatologic conditions: a Delphi study.

Turk, Tarek · 2026

Consensus (75%+ agreement) was achieved on 40 of 45 items (88.9%) after two rounds, confirmed in a third validation round.

New treatments for OCD? Evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics.

Van Ameringen, Michael · 2026

The evidence for cannabinoids in OCD consists of cross-sectional surveys, case reports, and very few controlled trials, and appears to indicate a lack of efficacy for both synthetic and natural cannabinoids.

UK Medical Cannabis Registry: a case series analysing clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for fibromyalgia.

Varadpande, Madhur · 2026

All patient-reported outcome measures improved significantly from baseline through 18 months of follow-up.

Cannabis Intoxication Does Not Impact Nutritional Status in Patients with Small Burns.

Wang, Sarah · 2026

Cannabis-positive burn patients showed no significant differences in admission prealbumin (18.8 vs 19.2, p=0.804), admission albumin (3.9 vs 4.0, p=0.375), or time to peak nutritional markers compared to matched controls.

Demographic Predictors of Medicinal Cannabis Users' Perceived Level of Physician Support for Medicinal Cannabis Prescriptions in New Zealand.

Withanarachchie, Vinuli · 2026

Mental health (73.8%), sleep (71.6%), and pain (59.5%) were the top conditions treated.

Canadian real-world evidence: observational 24-week outcomes for health care practitioner authorized cannabis.

Yang, Brian · 2026

Over 24 weeks, patients showed improvements in pain interference (-4.6 points), numeric pain rating (-1.19), anxiety (-2.24), depression (-2.79), and quality of life (-0.56).

Therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanisms of cannabinoids in alleviating chemotherapy-induced organ toxicity and adverse effects.

Zia, Bushra · 2026

CB2 receptor activation attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by enhancing antioxidant defenses and reducing inflammation.

Medical cannabis and the hype cycle: Clinical evidence and future directions.

Abuhasira, Ran · 2025

Medical cannabis research surged in the mid-to-late 2010s, but measured clinical benefits are generally modest, vary by product/dose/population, and are limited by research challenges including heterogeneity and blinding difficulties.

Concomitant use of medical cannabis and drugs associated with risks of interaction in older patients: a longitudinal cohort study.

Bérété, Zoumana Cheick · 2025

The drug interaction studies in the laboratory (RTHC-00091, RTHC-00104) have shown that cannabinoids inhibit liver enzymes that metabolize many medications.

In utero chronic cannabis exposure is associated with lower total brain volume in the first month of postnatal life.

Crume, Tessa L · 2025

Studying prenatal cannabis exposure is extremely difficult because most pregnant cannabis users also use tobacco, alcohol, or other substances, making it nearly impossible to isolate cannabis's independent effects.

A randomized clinical trial of low-dose cannabis extract in Alzheimer's disease.

Cury, Rafael de Morais · 2025

Patients receiving low-dose THC-CBD extract (0.350 mg THC + 0.245 mg CBD daily) had significantly higher Mini-Mental State Exam scores at week 26 compared to placebo..

Minor Cannabinoid Use Among Medical Cannabis Patients.

Cuttler, Carrie · 2025

The most commonly used cannabinoids were CBD, delta-9 THC, delta-8 THC, and THCA.

Prevalence of cannabis use disorders and associated factors among privately insured adults with epilepsy.

Czerniak, Katarzyna · 2025

CUD prevalence was 1.1%.

Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies.

da Silva, Giovanna Hanike Santos · 2025

Cannabinoids significantly improved sleep quality compared to placebo (SMD 0.53, P = 0.04), with stronger effects in people with insomnia or poor sleep (SMD 0.60, P = 0.02).

Association of Cannabis Use With Guideline-Recommended Cancer Screenings: Results From a National Health Behaviors Survey.

Dagnino, Filippo · 2025

High-frequency cannabis use was associated with lower breast cancer screening adherence (aOR 0.70) and prostate cancer screening at any frequency (1-19 days: aOR 0.76; 20-30 days: aOR 0.60).

UK medical cannabis registry: A clinical outcome analysis of medical cannabis therapy in chronic pain patients with and without co-morbid sleep impairment.

Datta, Ishita · 2025

Sleep-impaired patients showed improvements across all patient-reported outcomes at every follow-up.

Association of cannabis abuse/dependence on risks of erectile dysfunction and testosterone deficiency using a large claims database analysis.

Davis, Ryan · 2025

Cannabis abuse/dependence was associated with a 3.99-fold increased risk of erectile dysfunction and 2.19-fold increased risk of testosterone deficiency within one year, based on a propensity-matched analysis of nearly 30,000 men per group..

The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.

de Bode, Nora · 2025

High doses of CBD provided some acute relief in anxiety disorders.

Safety considerations for patients using cannabis.

Dugan, Sara E · 2025

The review identifies four major safety domains: (1) cannabis effects on mood symptoms beyond the well-known psychoactive effects, (2) associations with suicidal ideation that are still being uncovered, (3) cardiovascular system effects that extend beyond the central nervous system, and (4) clinically significant drug interactions that may affect patients on other medications..

The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Hemp-Derived "Full-Spectrum" Oral Cannabinoid Product with a 1:1 Ratio of Cannabidiol to Cannabidiolic Acid and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Within-Subjects Human Laboratory Study.

Elder, Harrison J · 2025

CBDA and THCA achieved 19-25 times higher peak blood concentrations and reached peak levels up to twice as fast compared to CBD and THC.

The use of cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome in the UK Early Access Program: A retrospective chart review study.

Eltze, Christin · 2025

At 12 months, median motor seizure reduction was 60%, with 67% of patients achieving at least 50% reduction and 40% achieving at least 75% reduction.

Cannabis Use and Analgesic Prescribing in UK Primary Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Patients with Osteoarthritis.

Erridge, Simon · 2025

Cannabis-exposed osteoarthritis patients had a 2.06x higher hazard of being prescribed opioids compared to matched unexposed patients.

ATTITUDES AND PRACTICE PATTERNS OF CANADIAN PHYSIATRISTS REGARDING MEDICAL CANNABIS.

Ethans, Karen · 2025

Most respondents acknowledged medical cannabis's therapeutic value, and it was most frequently prescribed for neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, and spasticity.

The Cannabinoid System as a Potential Novel Target for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study.

Fakhoury, Butros · 2025

Compared to non-cannabis users, those with CUD had a 40% lower ALD risk (HR 0.60), 17% lower decompensation risk (HR 0.83), and 14% lower mortality (HR 0.86).

Opioid reduction in patients with chronic non-cancer pain undergoing treatment with medicinal cannabis.

Finch, Philip M · 2025

Among 102 chronic pain patients co-prescribed cannabinoids alongside opioids, median opioid consumption dropped from 40 mg/day to 2.7 mg/day at one year, significantly lower than the 42.3 mg/day maintained by 53 opioid-only controls.

Opioid Initiation in Older Patients with Chronic Pain Who Received Authorized Cannabis Prescription.

Fontaine, Emilie · 2025

Among 3,427 opioid-naive patients 66+ with cannabis prescriptions, 1.84/100 person-years initiated 90+ day opioids vs 1.19/100 in 12,006 controls.

Cannabis Use and Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Cancer Survivors.

Gao, May Z · 2025

Among nearly 8,000 cancer survivors, those with four or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) had 4.1 times greater odds of cannabis use compared to those with zero ACEs, with a clear dose-response pattern..

State of the Art Review: Thiazide diuretics exploit the endocannabinoid system via NAPE-PLD.

Garau, Gianpiero · 2025

The phospholipase NAPE-PLD was identified as a systemic target of thiazide diuretics, meaning these common blood pressure medications produce their chronic therapeutic effects partly by generating anandamide and other protective lipid signaling molecules through the endocannabinoid system..

Preclinical evaluation of cannabidiolic acid as a neuroprotective agent in TDP-43 transgenic mice, an experimental model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

García-Toscano, Laura · 2025

Among five phytocannabinoids tested, CBDA at 10 mg/kg was the most effective, improving motor coordination, reducing neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation, and shifting microglia from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory.

Impact of Medications and Marijuana Use on Hyposalivation and Xerostomia in Adults.

Gehlken, Carter · 2025

Hyposalivation and xerostomia affected 44% of patients (705 of 1,600).

Combination of CBD with minor cannabinoid CBDV suppresses CXCR4 via CB2 receptor and alleviates colitis in mice.

Gelfand, Anat · 2025

The CBD:CBDV 20:1 combination significantly reduced CXCR4 expression in multiple immune cell types, impaired chemotaxis, and improved disease activity, colon length, and histological outcomes in DSS-induced colitis.

Cannabidiol regulates L-carnitine and butyric acid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota to ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis.

Geng, Qishun · 2025

CBD altered gut microbiota composition in collagen-induced arthritis rats, notably changing abundances of Allobaculum and Prevotella species.

Comparative Effects of THC and CBD on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Large Real-World Self-Reported Dataset.

Geva, Ravit · 2025

Both THC-high and CBD-high groups improved, but the THC-high group showed significantly greater improvement in burning sensation (p=0.024), cold sensation (p=0.008), activities of daily living (p=0.029), and quality of life (p=0.006).

Behavioural effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) treatment in the superoxide dismutase 1 G93 A (SOD1G93 A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Ghimire, Sandip · 2025

CBD (36 mg/kg/day oral) ameliorated weight loss in female SOD1G93A mice, tended to restore sociability in males, strengthened social recognition memory in females, and improved prepulse inhibition in younger females.

Cannabis Abuse Is Associated With Greater Medical Complications, Emergency Department Visits, and Readmissions Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures.

Gordon, Adam M · 2025

Among 13,405 matched patients who underwent surgery for distal radius fractures, those with cannabis use disorder (n=2,297) had significantly higher rates of 90-day medical complications, emergency department visits (2.53% vs 1.14%), and readmissions (5.79% vs 4.29%).

Perioperative Repercussions of Cannabis Use-Implications for GI Endoscopy Sedation.

Goudra, Basavana · 2025

This narrative review found that cannabis users frequently need higher doses of propofol and other sedatives for GI endoscopy.

Marijuana Use Is Associated with Increased Rates of Hip Dislocation and Lower Insurance Reimbursement among Total Hip Arthroplasty Recipients.

Gwam, Chukwuweike · 2025

Among 1,654 matched pairs of marijuana users and non-users who underwent total hip arthroplasty (2010-2018), marijuana users had significantly higher rates of hip dislocation at both 90 days and one year.

Patterns of Cannabis Use among Women With HIV in the United States.

Haley, Danielle F · 2025

In the Women's Interagency HIV Study (2018-2019), 27% of 1,246 women with HIV used cannabis and 15% used daily.

Medicinal cannabis for symptom control in advanced cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of 1:1 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.

Hardy, Janet R · 2025

This is one of the most rigorous tests of medicinal cannabis for cancer symptoms conducted to date.

Use of cannabidiol for off-label treatment of patients with refractory focal, genetic generalised and other epilepsies.

Hollander, Marie · 2025

Add-on CBD showed meaningful seizure reduction across epilepsy types beyond its approved indications (Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet, TSC).

Medical marijuana policies, opioid prescriptions, and adverse events among patients undergoing cancer resection surgery.

Hu, Ju-Chen · 2025

Using insurance claims data from over 34,000 cancer surgery patients across 27 states, this study examined whether medical marijuana legalization (MML) affected opioid prescribing patterns in the six months after diagnosis. The researchers distinguished between two phases of legalization: the law passing (MML without dispensaries) and dispensaries actually opening (MML with dispensaries).

Cannabis-Related Disorders Are Associated With Increased Early Postoperative Opioid Prescriptions and Delayed Emergency Department Visits Following Open Carpal Tunnel Release.

Humble, Kirstin A · 2025

Among 1,850 propensity-matched patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release, those with cannabis-related disorders (CRD) had higher rates of opioid prescriptions within 2 weeks (30.9% vs 25.6%, p=0.011), lower rates of outpatient follow-up within 6 weeks, and higher ER visits between 6-12 weeks (11.0% vs 8.0%, p=0.027)..

Medical Marijuana and Opioid Usage: An Analysis of Patient Perceptions in Louisiana.

Hummel, Daniel · 2025

Respondents reported lower pain levels with medical marijuana use by an average of 3.4 points on a 10-point scale.

Individual application patterns of Cannabis-based Medicines in Germany - Descriptive evaluation of a patient survey and discussion from a forensic perspective.

Hundertmark, Marica · 2025

Among 1,030 German medical cannabis patients, 89.9% used cannabis flowers.

Cannabinoid Distribution and Clearance in Feeding Spent Hemp Biomass to Dairy Cows and the Potential Exposure to Δ9-THC by Consuming Milk.

Irawan, Agung · 2025

Less than 1% of cannabinoids from spent hemp biomass transferred to cow milk, but THC levels in milk still exceeded the acute reference dose of 1 ug/kg body weight for human consumers.

Legalization of Smokable Medical Cannabis and Changes in the Dispensed Amount of Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol Per Patient.

Jugl, Sebastian · 2025

Legalizing smokable medical cannabis in Florida (SB182, March 2019) was associated with a 42.18% increase in mean weekly dispensed THC per patient (138.45 mg increase, 95% CI: 102.69-174.20) assuming 20% THC concentration.

Co-use of opioids and cannabis versus single-substance use: a national analysis of US adults.

Kang, Hyojung · 2025

Among adults using prescription opioids and/or cannabis medically, 49.5% used opioids only, 35.3% cannabis only, and 15.2% co-used both.

Association of Smoking Cannabis With Cardiovascular Events Among Veterans With Coronary Artery Disease.

Keyhani, Salomeh · 2025

This is one of the largest and most rigorous studies to examine whether cannabis smoking affects cardiovascular outcomes in people who already have heart disease.

Patterns of past month cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder - Insights from a nationally representative survey.

Kritikos, Alexandra F · 2025

Medical cannabis users had a 26% CUD rate (vs.

Beyond the hype - who uses cannabidiol for self-medication - and why: a cross-sectional study in Germany.

Krowartz, Eva-Maria · 2025

37.9% used CBD for self-medication.

Cross-sectional analysis of cannabis use at work in the USA: differences by occupational risk level and state-level cannabis laws.

Kucera, Ava · 2025

Workplace use highest in recreational states (8.5%) vs.

Cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A literature review and analysis of the content of websites of Polish clinics specializing in medical marijuana treatment.

Kurowska, Patrycja · 2025

The literature review concluded there is currently no sufficient solid evidence to recommend medical marijuana or cannabinoids to treat PTSD.

Cannabis Use in HIV: Impact on Inflammation, Immunity and the Microbiome.

Langat, Robert · 2025

Cannabis use in PWH was associated with reduced inflammatory biomarkers (MCP-1, IP-10), improved gut barrier integrity through increased SCFA production, increased gut mucosal immunity, decreased immune activation, and a unique microbiome composition.

Exploring the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of medical cannabinoids in ischemic stroke: a systematic meta-analysis with bibliometric mapping of cerebral ischemia research.

Li, Xiaoqun · 2025

Across 26 studies, cannabinoids significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological function, increased cerebral blood flow, and decreased blood-brain barrier permeability, brain water content, cell death, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta).

Consumer perspectives of accessing medicinal cannabis treatment from cannabis clinics versus generalist health settings in Australia.

Lintzeris, Nicholas · 2025

Of 2,394 respondents, 79.3% accessed treatment from specialized cannabis clinics (MCCs).

National Multicenter Cohort Study: Adjunctive Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Oil for Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Treatment in Thailand.

Lusawat, Apasri · 2025

Among 101 pediatric patients who had failed an average of 7 antiseizure medications, CBD-enriched oil at a median dose of 6 mg/kg/day produced consistent improvements in 50%+ seizure reduction rates at 3, 6, 9, 12 months and latest follow-up.

Suicidal Ideation in Medicinal Cannabis Patients: A 12-Month Prospective Study.

Lynskey, M T · 2025

At treatment entry, 25% of patients reported suicidal ideation.

Efficacy of a 20:1 CBD:THC cannabis herbal extract for pain and inflammation in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Lyons, Chloe · 2025

There were no significant differences in pain scores, range of motion, thigh circumference, or gait symmetry between dogs receiving CBD:THC extract and those receiving placebo, when both groups also received standard analgesics.

Rural reticence to inform physicians of cannabis use.

Mallinson, Daniel J · 2025

Living in an urban area was positively associated with disclosing marijuana use to healthcare providers compared to rural areas.

Comparison of Perspectives on Cannabis Use Between Emergency Department Patients Who Are Users and Non-users.

Marco, Catherine A · 2025

Cannabis users scored 2.51/5 on negative short-term effects knowledge versus 3.28/5 for non-users (p = 0.004), and 1.78/5 on negative long-term effects versus 2.38/5 for non-users (p = 0.002).

Marijuana Use and Complication Risk After Tibia Shaft Fracture Fixation.

Maxson, Ridge · 2025

Among 388 patients (25% marijuana users), marijuana use was not associated with 90-day surgical complications (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.83-4.84), deep infection (OR 2.97, 95% CI 0.95-9.25), thromboembolic events, or fracture union complications on multivariate analysis controlling for tobacco use, open fracture, and ASA class..

Stimulant and medicinal cannabis prescribing in patients referred to an early psychosis service in Queensland: A brief report.

McArdle, Peter · 2025

Before referral, 3.2% of patients were prescribed medicinal cannabis; after psychosis, this rose to 6.8%.

Trends in Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations in Arizona From 2016 to 2021 and Associations With Mental Health-Related Hospitalizations.

Meier, Madeline H · 2025

Cannabis-related hospitalizations in Arizona increased notably over a six-year period that included the transition from medical-only to recreational cannabis legalization..

The effects of orally ingested Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on drivers' hazard perception and risk-taking behaviours: A within-subjects study of medicinal cannabis users.

Mieran, Taren · 2025

Among 41 medicinal cannabis users, oral THC did not significantly impair hazard perception skill, but participants chose slower speeds and longer following distances after consumption.

Factors associated with cannabis use disorder among Australians using prescribed and illicitly-sourced medical cannabis.

Mills, Llewellyn · 2025

Among 1,796 medical cannabis users, 43% met any CUD criteria and 17% met moderate-severe CUD criteria.

Trends in urine screening positive for cannabis of emergency department admissions in Israel 2016-2024.

Miron, Oren · 2025

Among 20,022 urine toxicology tests from Israeli ER admissions (2016-2024), cannabis-positive results increased modestly from 15.4% to 17.6%.

Effects and safety of a CBD-rich Cannabis sativa oil in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial - CANOA - cannabis for osteoarthritis.

Mojoli, Andrés · 2025

This Brazilian trial is one of the most rigorous tests of CBD for osteoarthritis pain.

Correlates of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Use Among Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Men with Chronic Conditions.

Montemayor, Benjamin N · 2025

Of 1,982 non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic men with chronic conditions, 21.3% reported past 30-day cannabis use.

Cannabis-based products for medicinal use in dogs and cats: a systematic review.

Moreno-López, N · 2025

Across 22 studies, CBD-based formulations showed benefits for osteoarthritis pain, epilepsy, atopic dermatitis, postsurgical pain, and behavioral issues in dogs, with no serious adverse events reported.

Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Mediator Synthesis in Humans.

Morris, Alan W J · 2025

Using plasma data from multiple clinical studies, high-CBD cannabis use led to increased levels of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, particularly lipoxins produced through the 15-LOX pathway.

A randomized trial on efficacy of purified cannabidiol on spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients with gait problems: first report in Iran.

Mousavi, Pegah · 2025

CBD treatment (escalating from 5 to 80 mg/day over 4 weeks) significantly improved walking speed on the T25-FW test (p=0.031) and reduced maximum pain (p=0.033) compared to placebo, but did not significantly reduce spasticity severity at 4 or 8 weeks..

Looking beyond traditional pain outcomes to better evaluate cannabis's true potential and limitations in chronic pain management.

Mun, Chung Jung · 2025

While clinical trials show inconsistent evidence for cannabis reducing pain severity, qualitative research reveals patients value cannabis because it changes their psychological response to pain and improves sleep, social functioning, and ability to reduce opioid use.

Exploratory analysis of United States-based cannabis product health benefit claims on online marketplaces.

Nali, Matthew C · 2025

Among 624,805 cannabis product listings on Leafly and Weedmaps, 1.9% and 4.47% respectively included specific health benefit claims.

The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.

Narayanan, Priyadharshini · 2025

The presence of cannabis metabolites in breast milk was associated with an increase of 0.244 mg/dL in protein and an 11% reduction in fat content.

Practical approach to the safe use of cannabidiol in patients with refractory epilepsy: a mini review.

Navarro, Cristian E · 2025

While CBD's efficacy for certain severe epilepsy syndromes is established (Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut), the practical details of prescribing it safely remain challenging.

Understanding the Role of Endocannabinoids in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Ney, Luke · 2025

Preclinical literature is reasonably consistent in showing that endocannabinoid system modulation can affect fear memory processes relevant to PTSD.

Chronic Disease Symptoms Self-Managed by Cannabis During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the COVID-19 Cannabis Health Study.

O'Dell, Nicole · 2025

Of 1,466 cannabis users with chronic conditions, 90.9% reported using cannabis medicinally.

Cannabis Vaping Among US Adults With Disabilities: Findings From the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Olufemi, Erinoso · 2025

Cannabis vaping prevalence was higher among adults with any disability (4.6%) than without (2.8%).

Cannabis Use in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease​​: Friend or Foe? A Retrospective Analysis.

Paladiya, Ruchir · 2025

After adjusting for confounders, cannabis use among MASLD patients was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.70), cirrhosis (aOR 0.72), decompensated cirrhosis (aOR 0.73), chronic kidney disease (aOR 0.81), and hepatocellular carcinoma (aOR 0.71).

Patterns of cannabidiol use among marijuana users in the United States.

Park, Ji-Yeun · 2025

Current CBD use was 10.5% overall in the U.S.

Characterization of Patients With Symptoms of Gastroparesis Having Frequent Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations.

Parkman, Henry P · 2025

Cannabis use was independently associated with both ED visits and hospitalizations in gastroparesis patients, even after controlling for other factors.

Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant focal epilepsies treated in the Expanded Access Program.

Patel, Anup D · 2025

CBD treatment was associated with median reductions of 51-87% in focal seizures and 44-87% in total seizures in the TSC group, and 46-75% and 45-71% in the non-TSC group, sustained through 144 weeks.

Cannabis and psychosis: minimising harm while maximising therapeutic potential.

Patel, Rashmi · 2025

Cannabis use increases the risk of psychosis, but cannabis-based medicinal products may provide additional therapeutic opportunities.

Cannabinoids for Anxiety and Sleep Disturbances: A Scoping Review.

Perez, Juan G · 2025

Of 29 studies meeting inclusion criteria, about 45% reported positive effects on both anxiety and sleep outcomes.

Real-world efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Perulli, Marco · 2025

Clinical trials establish whether a drug works under ideal conditions.

Trends in cannabis adverse reaction reports: A descriptive analysis of spontaneous reporting data submitted to the Canada Vigilance Program since legalization and regulation of cannabis for non-medical purposes in Canada.

Plebon-Huff, Sieara · 2025

Among 698 adverse reaction reports to the Canada Vigilance Program, the average reporting individual was 56 years old, 45.4% were female, and 67.5% reported medical use (mainly pain management).

Relationship between pain and nonopioid substance use in two national samples of cancer survivors.

Powers, Jessica M · 2025

This study used two large national datasets to examine how pain relates to substance use among cancer survivors—a population with high rates of both pain and substance use but surprisingly little research on the connection. The pattern was consistent across both samples: cancer survivors with more pain were significantly more likely to use cannabis and cigarettes, but less likely to drink alcohol.

Questioning assumptions about the abuse potential of medical cannabis and cannabinoids: narrative review and commentary.

Pressman, Peter · 2025

The review identified and examined five broad assumptions in the abuse liability literature: (1) a standard cannabis formulation, (2) standard routes and potency, (3) a standard pattern of use, (4) a standard user, and (5) standard vulnerability to misuse.

Effects of Different Cannabinoid Formulations on Anxiety-Related Disorders, and Tourette Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Raminelli, Adrieli Oliveira · 2025

Across 21 placebo-controlled RCTs covering social anxiety, GAD, PTSD, OCD, and Tourette syndrome, pure CBD compounds showed a moderate significant effect (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.07).

Measuring the Effects of Cannabis on Anxiety and Depression Among Cancer Patients.

Reddy, Apoorva C · 2025

This longitudinal study followed 1,962 cancer patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program, measuring self-reported anxiety and depression before and after 30 days of use.

The effects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on sleep in cancer patients.

Reddy, Apoorva C · 2025

Among 1,962 cancer patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program (2015-2023), those in the highest CBD dose quintile showed sleep improvement of 1.87 points on a 0-10 scale, compared to approximately 1.5 points for lower quintiles.

Medicinal cannabis in the management of anxiety disorders: A systematic review.

Roberts, Leah · 2025

This review examined 57 studies on medicinal cannabis for diagnosed anxiety disorders.

Patient experiences and perspectives regarding medicinal cannabis: a qualitative scoping review.

Rosenbæk, Frederik · 2025

Three major themes emerged: patients described therapeutic potential and tolerability across various conditions, used diverse administration methods tailored to individual needs, but faced significant barriers including stigma, high costs, and bureaucratic delays.

Patients' perceived benefit and side effects from the use of medicinal cannabis - a cross-sectional survey study from Denmark.

Rosenbæk, Frederik · 2025

Among 1,044 Danish medical cannabis users, 67% reported moderate to large perceived benefit.

Patients' Health-Related Quality of Life and Use of Medicinal Cannabis: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Rosenbæk, Frederik · 2025

Among 9,265 Danish patients, medical cannabis users had a QALY score of 0.44 compared to 0.74 for non-users (general adult population: 0.87).

Cannabis and liver transplant in the era of legalization: Effects of pretransplant cannabis use on postoperative opioid use and transplant outcomes.

Runge, Ava · 2025

Among 4,236 patients, cannabis users required significantly more opioids in the 48 hours after transplant (p=0.04).

Cannabidiol in Skin Health: A Comprehensive Review of Topical Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetic Science.

Rusu, Aura · 2025

Preclinical and clinical evidence supports CBD's efficacy for acne, psoriasis, atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis.

A high-fat meal significantly impacts the bioavailability and biphasic absorption of cannabidiol (CBD) from a CBD-rich extract in men and women.

Saals, Bo Anne Daniëlla Frederique · 2025

In 11 healthy participants, consuming 70 mg CBD from a hemp extract with a high-fat meal dramatically increased bioavailability.

The endocannabinoid system in cancer biology: a mini-review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Salum, Kaio Cezar Rodrigues · 2025

This review summarizes how the endocannabinoid system influences cancer through CB1 and CB2 receptor activation.

Changes in sleep quality during the 12 months following medical cannabis initiation.

Short, Megan M · 2025

Global sleep quality scores (PSQI) were significantly higher at baseline than at each follow-up point (p < 0.0001), with no significant differences among the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups, indicating early and sustained improvement.

Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain: Clinical Outcomes, Adverse Effects and Legal Challenges.

Sic, Aleksandar · 2025

Evidence is strongest for neuropathic pain and MS-related spasticity, while results for fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and musculoskeletal pain remain inconsistent.

Public understanding of medical cannabis in Poland 7 years after legalization: findings from a cross-sectional study.

Silczuk, Andrzej · 2025

81.1% of respondents supported medical cannabis legalization and 84.3% expressed willingness to undergo treatment if medically indicated.

'In the weeds': navigating the complex concerns, challenges and choices associated with medicinal cannabis consumption for endometriosis.

Sinclair, Justin · 2025

Illicit cannabis (56.7%) was the most common access pathway.

Use of Medicinal Cannabis for Epilepsy in the Australian Community 2023-2024: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Skene, Douglas A D · 2025

Among 102 people with epilepsy, 27.5% used only illicit cannabis, 27.5% had transitioned to prescribed products, and 16.7% used both.

Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder.

Spiga, Francesca · 2025

This is the gold standard of evidence synthesis: a Cochrane systematic review, now in its second update since 2014.

Comparison of Cannabis-Based Medicinal Product Formulations for Fibromyalgia: A Cohort Study.

Sridharan, Surya · 2025

Improvements in GAD-7, sleep quality, fibromyalgia symptom severity, and EQ-5D-5L scores were observed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months compared to baseline (all p<0.050).

Evaluating Vaporized Cannabinoid Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis: Findings from a Prospective Single-Center Clinical Study.

Stavrogianni, Konstantina · 2025

Significant improvement across all outcomes: EDSS decreased (p=0.009), indicating slight reduction in disability progression; MAS scores showed substantial improvement in spasticity; and PVR volume decreased, indicating improved bladder function.

Cannabis tolerance reduces symptom relief.

Stith, Sarah S · 2025

Patients experienced a 0.5% decrease in symptom relief per subsequent session (p<0.001).

Barriers to accessing prescribed medical cannabis: qualitative insights from people using non-prescribed cannabis for medicinal purposes in the Netherlands.

Strada, Lisa · 2025

Despite over two decades of legal prescribed cannabis, most Dutch medical users obtain it from unregulated sources.

Medicinal use of non-prescribed cannabis: a cross-sectional survey on patterns of use, motives for use, and treatment access in the Netherlands.

Strada, Lisa · 2025

Most people using cannabis medicinally in the Netherlands continue to rely on non-prescribed sources.

Arkansas Medical Marijuana Certifications: Higher-Volume Physicians Associated With Less Evidence Of Care Coordination.

Thompson, Joseph W · 2025

Medical marijuana was certified for 3.4% of Arkansans 18+ by 12.5% of state-licensed physicians.

Cannabis expectancies and associations with cannabis use and health functioning among adults with chronic pain.

Tomlinson, Devin C · 2025

Positive cannabis expectancies (believing cannabis will help with pain, sleep, mood) were significantly associated with higher use frequency and cannabis use disorder symptoms, even after controlling for pain severity, anxiety, and depression.

An international survey on the knowledge, attitudes and clinical patterns of use of medical cannabis for cancer care: The TASMAN study.

Trapani, Dario · 2025

68% of oncologists believed medical cannabis could benefit patients.

Medical cannabis utilization in children - a study based on a nationwide cohort.

Treves, Nir · 2025

Parents reported satisfaction in 73% of cases.

The Cannabinoid Pharmacology of Bone Healing: Developments in Fusion Medicine.

Urreola, Gabriel · 2025

CB2 agonists uniformly osteogenic.

Associations of Disability and Social Support with Cannabis Use Among Adults with Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms.

Vogel, Erin A · 2025

A significant interaction between disability and social support showed that social support was associated with lower odds of medical cannabis use among those without disability (p=0.038), but had no effect on medical cannabis use among those with disability (p=0.525).

Under the Influence: Cognitive Effects of Medical Marijuana on Developing Minds.

Vuong, Marry · 2025

The review covers cannabis's established therapeutic applications (chronic pain, epilepsy, chemotherapy-induced nausea, MS spasticity, IBD) while highlighting evidence that cannabis exposure during brain development can affect cognition, memory, and executive function, underscoring the need for pharmacist education and patient counseling..

Longitudinal Neurocognitive Trajectories in a Large Cohort of Youth Who Use Cannabis: Combining Self-Report and Toxicology.

Wade, Natasha E · 2025

This is the most comprehensive longitudinal study to date on adolescent cannabis use and cognitive development, drawing from the ABCD Study—a landmark NIH-funded project tracking brain development in American children. The primary analysis followed 11,036 participants from ages 9 to 17, combining self-reported substance use with objective toxicological testing (hair, urine, breath, oral fluid).

Ultra-Weak Photon Emission Demonstrates Specificity for Anxiety over Pain in Cannabis-Treated Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Biomarker Validation Study.

Yassin, Mustafa · 2025

This study has two distinct contributions.

Therapeutic use of cannabis and cannabinoids: benefits and risks.

Zhai, Xiadi · 2025

Key established indications include chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting, HIV/AIDS appetite loss, Dravet/Lennox-Gastaut/tuberous sclerosis seizures, and MS spasticity.

Cannabis use in the United States and its impact on gastrointestinal health.

Alshaarawy, Omayma · 2024

The endocannabinoid system regulates visceral sensation, nausea, vomiting, and the gut microbiome.

The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review.

André, Rebeca · 2024

Analysis found no evidence of neuroprotective or anti-aggregatory effects of pinene against beta-amyloid toxicity, though modest lipid peroxidation inhibition was observed.

Cannabinoid treatment for the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.

Aran, Adi · 2024

Uncontrolled case series documented improvements in both core ASD symptoms and behavioral challenges with CBD-rich cannabis extracts.

Canada's Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Medical Cannabis Patient Activity, 2017-2022.

Armstrong, Michael J · 2024

Medical cannabis patient registrations initially increased but slowed after the law passed and decreased after edibles became available.

Cannabis and opioid perceptions, co-use, and substitution among patients across 4 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers.

Ashare, Rebecca L · 2024

Black patients were less likely to use opioids for pain (OR 0.66, p=0.035) and more likely to report cannabis was more effective than opioids (OR 2.46, p=0.03) compared to White patients.

Medicinal cannabis use among young adults during California's transition from legalized medical use to adult-use: a longitudinal analysis.

Ataiants, Janna · 2024

Longitudinal latent class analysis identified three groups: Recreational Users (39.3%) with low medicinal use, Recreational Patients (40.4%) with patient status but low medicinal use, and Medicinal Patients (20.3%) with high medicinal use.

The Impact of Cannabis Use on Cognition in People with HIV: Evidence of Function-Dependent Effects and Mechanisms from Clinical and Preclinical Studies.

Ayoub, Samantha M · 2024

The review found little evidence supporting harmful effects of cannabis on cognition in people with HIV.

Canadians' use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes since legalization of recreational cannabis: a cross-sectional analysis by medical authorization status.

Balneaves, Lynda G · 2024

Authorized patients were more likely to report no side effects (29.9% vs.

Association Between Medical Marijuana Cardholder Status and Antiemetic Overuse.

Baltz, Alan P · 2024

Medical marijuana cardholders had significantly lower odds of antiemetic overuse (aOR 0.76, p<0.05) compared to non-cardholders.

Cannabis Use Among Cancer Patients During Active Treatment: Findings From a Study at an NCI-Designated Cancer Center.

Baral, Amrit · 2024

41% of surveyed cancer patients used cannabis during active treatment.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions.

Bell, Alan D · 2024

From 70 articles (19 systematic reviews, 51 original studies), research demonstrates moderate benefit of cannabinoid-based medicines for chronic pain.

Trends in U.S. Medical Cannabis Registrations, Authorizing Clinicians, and Reasons for Use From 2020 to 2022.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2024

Enrolled patients grew from 3,099,096 (2020) to 4,132,098 (2022), a 33.3% increase.

Adverse Ocular Impact and Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Narrative Review.

Bondok, Mostafa · 2024

Adverse ocular effects include eyelid tremor, ptosis, reduced corneal endothelial cell density, dry eyes, red eyes, and neuro-retinal dysfunction.

Evaluation of pre-hospital cannabis exposure and hospital opioid utilization in a trauma population: A retrospective cohort.

Chang, Alexander J · 2024

THC-positive trauma patients had significantly higher median opioid use during hospitalization (155 MME vs.

Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding: A Survey of Newborn Nurseries.

Chang, Pearl W · 2024

For mothers with a positive cannabinoid screen at delivery, 16% of hospitals universally or selectively restrict breastfeeding.

Adverse events associated with the use of cannabis-based products in people living with cancer: a systematic scoping review.

Cheah, Irene · 2024

Across 152 studies, the most common adverse events were nervous system-related (118 studies), psychiatric (101 studies), and gastrointestinal (81 studies).

Droperidol Plus Diphenhydramine for Symptom Improvement in Suspected Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Chopra, Quincy · 2024

Nausea/vomiting VAS scores dropped from 8.3 at baseline to 3.1 at 30 minutes and 1.4 at 120 minutes (both p<0.05).

Does medicinal cannabis affect depression, anxiety, and stress in people with cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.

Crichton, Megan · 2024

No clinically significant effects on depression, anxiety, or stress.

Characteristics for Medical Cannabis Treatment Adherence among Autistic Children and Their Families: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

David, Ayelet · 2024

75% adherence rate over 6 months.

Cannabis Use Disorder Trends and Health Care Utilization After Cervical and Lumbar Spine Fusions.

Dietz, Nicholas · 2024

Among 72,024 cervical and 105,612 lumbar fusion patients, those with CUD (2% and 1.5% respectively) had higher complication rates including neurological complications, wound complications, and cardiac events at various time points.

Effects of medical cannabis use on physical and psychiatric symptoms across the day among older adults.

Dvorak, Robert D · 2024

Across 5,156 momentary assessments over 1,106 use days, all measured symptoms declined after cannabis use.

Primary Care Providers' Communication About Medical Cannabis With Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Elbready, Abdallah W · 2024

Primary care providers were more likely to inquire about alcohol and tobacco use than cannabis with older adult patients.

Illicit Cannabis Use to Self-Treat Chronic Health Conditions in the United Kingdom: Cross-Sectional Study.

Erridge, Simon · 2024

Among 10,965 weighted respondents, 5,700 (52%) reported chronic health conditions, and 364 (6.38%) of those purchased illicit cannabis for self-treatment.

Conceptualizing problematic use of medicinal Cannabis: Development and preliminary validation of a brief screening questionnaire.

Feingold, Daniel · 2024

Starting from 36 items compiled from opioid screening tools, cannabis use disorder instruments, and patient interviews, the researchers refined to an 8-item scale with excellent internal consistency (alpha 0.929).

Is a Low Dosage of Medical Cannabis Effective for Treating Pain Related to Fibromyalgia? A Pilot Study and Systematic Review.

Giardina, Antonio · 2024

Pain intensity (NRS) decreased from a median of 8 (95% CI 7.66-8.54) at baseline to 4 (95% CI 3.28-4.79) after 6 months.

Unprescribed cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis: a multicenter, cross-sectional, epidemiological study in Lombardy, Italy.

Giossi, Riccardo · 2024

Current unprescribed cannabis use prevalence was 15.5% (higher than the 10.2% Italian general population rate).

The Impact of Cannabis Use on Clinical Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-based Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Glickman, Danny · 2024

After propensity score matching, cannabis-using IBD patients had increased risk for ER visits (RR 2.143), hospitalizations (RR 1.925), corticosteroid use (RR 1.095), and opioid use (RR 1.35).

UK medical cannabis registry: an updated analysis of clinical outcomes of cannabis-based medicinal products for inflammatory bowel disease.

Gupta, Aashray · 2024

Among 116 IBD patients in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry treated with cannabis-based products, there were statistically significant improvements in IBD-specific quality of life (SIBDQ), generalized anxiety (GAD-7), sleep quality (SQS), and general quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) over 18 months..

Cannabis Use in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Following Legalization of Cannabis in Canada.

Iablokov, Vadim · 2024

Recent cannabis use was reported by 41% of Crohn's disease patients and 31% of ulcerative colitis patients, more than double pre-legalization rates of ~16% and ~12% respectively.

Trends in prescription and cost of Sativex, a cannabinoid-based medicine, in treating patients with multiple sclerosis in England.

Javid, Farideh A · 2024

Sativex prescriptions in England rose from 4.42 items per 100,000 people in 2013 to 5.15 in 2022, an average increase of 0.34% per year.

Cannabis use and cyclical vomiting syndrome: An open debate.

Kilani, Yassine · 2024

Among 35,055 CVS admissions (NIS), cannabis use was associated with reduced length of stay (adjusted mean difference -0.53 days) and 37% lower 30-day readmissions (aHR 0.63).

Cannabidiol prescribing in the United States: An analysis of real-world data.

Lin, Binx Yezhe · 2024

Of 4,214 Epidiolex recipients, 40% lacked FDA-approved diagnostic indications (Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet, or tuberous sclerosis) in their records.

The State of Synthetic Cannabinoid Medications for the Treatment of Pain.

Maglaviceanu, Anca · 2024

Dronabinol and nabilone, both THC-mimicking synthetics approved for nausea, are being investigated for neuropathic pain, spasticity-related pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and postoperative pain.

A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial on the effect of a 20:1 cannabidiol: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol medical cannabis product on neurocognition, attention, and mood.

Manning, Brooke · 2024

A sublingual dose of CannEpil (100mg CBD, 5mg THC) impaired visuospatial working memory and delayed pattern recognition compared to placebo, but largely preserved mood.

Adverse outcomes of cannabis use in Canada, before and after legalisation of non-medical cannabis: cross-sectional analysis of the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Marquette, Anastasia · 2024

Approximately one-third of cannabis users reported at least one adverse event in the past year, and 5% sought medical help.

Rising Inpatient Utilization and Costs of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Hospitalizations in Massachusetts After Cannabis Legalization.

Marshall, Allison · 2024

CHS hospitalizations rose from 0.02% to 0.1% of total admissions after legalization.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) - An emerging gastrointestinal disorder and clinical challenge.

McFee, R B · 2024

CHS is characterized by cyclic, severe vomiting, compulsive hot showering, and chronic cannabis use history.

Assessment of education in a community hospital on healthcare providers' knowledge of and attitudes toward medical marijuana.

Meyers, Sierra · 2024

All four provider groups showed significant post-education knowledge improvements: physicians (P<.01), nurses (P<.001), pharmacists (P<.01), and nurse technicians (P<.05).

The effects of cannabis abstinence on cognition and resting state network activity in people with multiple sclerosis: A preliminary study.

Meza, Cecilia · 2024

The cannabis withdrawal group showed increased activation at day 28 in the left posterior cingulate, right angular gyrus, left hippocampus, and right medial prefrontal cortex compared to baseline.

Clinical Benefits and Safety of Medical Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review on Natural Extracts.

Mick, Gérard · 2024

THC-predominant and balanced THC/CBD products showed the strongest evidence for chronic neuropathic pain.

Surgery-Related Considerations in Treating People Who Use Cannabis: A Review.

Mims, Mark M · 2024

Cannabis users may require higher anesthesia doses due to tolerance, face increased rates of myocardial ischemia, and experience prolonged sedation.

Renal Outcomes and Other Adverse Effects of Cannabinoid Supplementation.

Młynarska, Ewelina · 2024

CB2 agonists showed therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, and obesity-related kidney dysfunction.

Cannabidiol - Help and hype in targeting mucosal diseases.

Moniruzzaman, Md · 2024

CBD has demonstrated promise for alleviating gut and lung diseases in vitro, and Epidiolex is the only FDA/TGA-approved CBD product.

Distinct antinociceptive and conditioned behavioral effects are produced by individual cannabinoids and a cannabis-derived mixture.

Morris, Tamara · 2024

NEPE14 significantly reduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia via both injection and oral routes without decreasing operant response rates.

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Selected Mental Illnesses: Practical Approach and Overview of the Literature.

Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R · 2024

Increasing evidence supports cannabinoids for ASD, Tourette syndrome, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.

Clinical outcome analysis of patients with multiple sclerosis - Analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry.

Murphy, Matthew · 2024

At 6 months, significant improvements in MSQoL-54 subscales: cognitive function, mental health composite, physical health, role limitations, social and sexual function.

Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis.

Nachnani, Rahul · 2024

This systematic review went hunting for something specific: documented real-world cases where cannabis or cannabinoids caused clinically significant interactions with prescription medications that have narrow therapeutic windows — drugs where even small changes in blood levels can cause serious harm. After screening 4,600 reports, they identified 31 cases meeting their criteria.

Recreational and Medical Cannabis Legalization and Opioid Prescriptions and Mortality.

Nguyen, Hai V · 2024

Using a generalized difference-in-differences approach, neither type of legalization was significantly associated with opioid outcomes.

High-purified cannabidiol efficacy and safety in a cohort of adult patients with various types of drug-resistant epilepsies.

Perriguey, M · 2024

Among 73 patients (51 with epileptic encephalopathies, 22 with focal/multifocal epilepsy), 29.4% and 22.7% respectively were responders during follow-up, with no significant difference between groups (P=0.552).

Relationship Between Nociplastic Pain Involvement and Medication Use, Symptom Relief, and Adverse Effects Among People Using Medical Cannabis for Chronic Pain.

Scott, J Ryan · 2024

Higher nociplastic pain (NPP) scores were associated with less self-reported improvement in pain and overall health from medical cannabis, more cannabis side effects, and paradoxically, greater use of other medications including opioids and benzodiazepines, but also greater substitution of cannabis for those same medication classes..

Efficacy of cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Serag, Ibrahim · 2024

Cannabis-based medicine produced a significant reduction in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale scores (MD = -23.71, p = 0.02) and Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale scores (MD = -5.36, p = 0.0007).

Cannabis Use Disorder Not Associated With Opioid Analgesic Use or Patient-Reported Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction: A Retrospective Matched-Cohort Analysis.

Shankar, Dhruv S · 2024

There were no significant differences between CUD and non-CUD patients in opioid prescription rates (82.7% vs 83.7%), total opioid days supply, total morphine milligram equivalents, or improvement on any of five patient-reported outcome measures (pain intensity, pain interference, mobility, mental health, physical health)..

Discussions of Cannabis Over Patient Portal Secure Messaging: Content Analysis.

Shetty, Vishal A · 2024

Before medical cannabis legalization in Pennsylvania (2012-2016), cannabis-related messages were primarily about drug screening results (39% of patient messages, 77% of provider messages).

Does the "Entourage Effect" in Cannabinoids Exist? A Narrative Scoping Review.

Simei, João Luís Q · 2024

The entourage effect is recognized as a synergistic phenomenon where multiple cannabis components interact to modulate therapeutic actions.

A Cross-Sectional Survey Study of Cannabis Use for Fibromyalgia Symptom Management.

Singla, Abhinav · 2024

Of 1,336 fibromyalgia patients, 49.5% (661) reported cannabis use since diagnosis.

Medical cannabis use in oncology and associated outcomes: A scoping review.

Valente, Ana Carolina · 2024

Of 35 studies (29 randomized, 6 non-randomized), 77.1% evaluated cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting, 11.4% for appetite, 8.6% for pain, and 2.9% for tumor regression.

Factors Associated with Medical Cannabis Use After Certification: A Three-Month Longitudinal Study.

Zhang, Chenshu · 2024

Within three months of certification, 29% used predominantly high-THC products, 30% used other products, and 41% did not use any cannabis.

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial of Cannabis in Adults with Tourette Syndrome.

Abi-Jaoude, Elia · 2023

THC 10% did not significantly improve the primary outcome (video-rated tic severity, MRVTRS) but was significantly better than placebo on secondary measures: premonitory urges (PUTS), subjective distress (SUDS), and clinical global impression.

Medical Cannabis Legalization: No Contribution to Rising Stimulant Rates in the USA.

Alexander, Garrett D · 2023

While there was a significant increase in stimulant distribution over time (methylphenidate, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine), there was no significant main effect of medical cannabis legalization status.

Driving-related behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions among Australian medical cannabis users: results from the CAMS 20 survey.

Arkell, Thomas R · 2023

28% of driving respondents reported DUIC.

Cannabis use among adults undergoing cancer treatment.

Azizoddin, Desiree R · 2023

Cannabis users most commonly used edibles (65%) or smoked (51%).

Cannabis use disorder in patients with chronic pain: overestimation and underestimation in a cross-sectional observational study in 3 German pain management centres.

Bialas, Patric · 2023

Among 187 chronic pain patients prescribed medical cannabis, CUD prevalence was 29.9% using standard DSM-5 criteria, 13.9% when tolerance and withdrawal items were removed, and just 2.1% when positive items attributable to pain relief were excluded.

Dispensary Staff Perceptions About the Benefits, Risks, and Safety of Cannabis for Medical Purposes.

Bulls, Hailey W · 2023

Among 434 dispensary staff from 29 states, over 80% viewed cannabis as helpful for PTSD (88.7%), epilepsy (85.3%), and cancer (83.4%).

Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Opioid Prescribing and Opioid-Related Hospital Visits in Colorado: an Observational Study.

Buttorff, Christine · 2023

Using county-level variation in recreational dispensary allowances across Colorado, recreational cannabis exposure was associated with significantly fewer 30-day opioid fills (coefficient: -117.6, P<0.01) and inpatient visits (coefficient: -0.8, P=0.03), but not with reductions in total morphine milligram equivalents or ED visits.

Medicinal cannabis for psychiatry-related conditions: an overview of current Australian prescribing.

Cairns, Elizabeth A · 2023

Of approximately 300,000 Special Access Scheme B approvals for medical cannabis in Australia (2016-2022), 33.9% were for psychiatric conditions.

Cannabinoids for symptom management in children with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chhabra, Manik · 2023

Of 19 studies (including 7 RCTs), cannabinoids were most commonly used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (58%).

Pain Medications Used by Persons Living With Fibromyalgia: A Comparison Between the Profile of a Quebec Sample and Clinical Practice Guidelines.

De Clifford-Faugère, Gwenaelle · 2023

Among 63 fibromyalgia patients, medical cannabis was used by 34.9% and pharmaceutical cannabinoids by 17.5%.

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) guidelines: cannabis for psychological symptoms including insomnia, anxiety, and depression.

De Feo, Giulia · 2023

From 829 articles screened, 2 systematic reviews and 15 RCTs met criteria.

Weight loss outcomes are not compromised in bariatric patients using cannabis.

Huang, Estella Y · 2023

One of the most common concerns about cannabis use after bariatric surgery is the 'munchies' — cannabis stimulates appetite, and the whole point of bariatric surgery is to restrict eating.

Cannabis use for Sleep Disturbance Among Older Patients in a Geriatrics Clinic.

Kaufmann, Christopher N · 2023

Cannabis use among older adults is growing fast, and sleep is one of the top reasons cited.

Prevalence of cannabis use disorder among individuals using medical cannabis at admission to inpatient treatment for substance use disorders.

N S Gendy, Marie · 2023

Of 125 inpatients, 42% reported medical-only cannabis use and 58% reported dual medical and recreational use.

Retrospective chart review study of use of cannabidiol (CBD) independent of concomitant clobazam use in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome.

Nabbout, Rima · 2023

Among 107 patients (92 LGS, 15 DS) receiving CBD without clobazam for at least 3 months, median seizure frequency change ranged from -6.2% to -20.9% for LGS and 0% to -16.7% for DS over 3-month intervals.

Cannabis-based magistral formulation is highly effective as an adjuvant treatment in drug-resistant focal epilepsy in adult patients: an open-label prospective cohort study.

Navarro, Cristian Eduardo · 2023

Among 44 patients who completed 3+ months of follow-up, median monthly seizures dropped from 11 to 2.5 (p < significant).

The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Review of the Literature.

Nduma, Basil N · 2023

The majority of selected studies reported reduced clinical complications as measured by Mayo scores, CDAI, Lichtiger Index, and Harvey-Bradshaw Index, along with weight gain and improved patient wellbeing.

Evaluating the Supporting Evidence of Medical Cannabis Claims Made on Clinic Websites: Cross-Sectional Study.

O'Neill, Braden · 2023

Twenty-nine cannabis clinics in Ontario promoted cannabis for 20 different medical indications including migraines, insomnia, and fibromyalgia.

Medicinal Cannabis and Implications for Workplace Health and Safety: Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews.

O'Neill, Veronica · 2023

Across 31 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the most predominant adverse events of medical cannabis were sedation, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and euphoria.

Cannabis Use and Its Association With Thirty- and Ninety-Day Hospital Readmissions for Patients Admitted for an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbation.

Oseni, Ellen A · 2023

Of 1,021 IBD admissions, 7.25% reported cannabis use.

Multiple Sclerosis and Use of Medical Cannabis: A Retrospective Review of a Neurology Outpatient Population.

Rainka, Michelle M · 2023

Pain improvement was reported by 72% of patients, spasticity relief by 48%, and sleep improvement by 40%.

Cannabis use in the intensive care setting: A scoping review.

Renger, Laura · 2023

Cannabis-associated ICU admissions were primarily from vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) and synthetic cannabinoid toxicity.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Encounters After Medical Legalization in Oklahoma.

Riha, Randal · 2023

CHS-related ED visits increased from 43 cases pre-legalization to 62 post-legalization (P=0.026), despite total ED visits decreasing from 30,437 to 28,362.

Therapeutic and Supportive Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with Brain Tumors (CBD Oil and Cannabis).

Rodriguez-Almaraz, J Eduardo · 2023

Published and anecdotal evidence suggests cannabis may help with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, appetite stimulation, pain reduction, and seizure management in brain tumor patients.

Should gastroenterologists prescribe cannabis? The highs, the lows and the unknowns.

Samuel, Sonia · 2023

Cannabis has modulatory effects on the GI endocannabinoid system with emerging evidence for benefits in inflammatory bowel disease, motility disorders, GI malignancies, and symptom management (nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain).

Predictors of Pain Reduction Among Fibromyalgia Patients Using Medical Cannabis: A Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study.

Sotoodeh, Romina · 2023

Reductions in pain intensity among fibromyalgia patients using medical cannabis were partially mediated by concurrent improvements in sleep quality and reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms..

Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review.

Strand, Natalie H · 2023

Of four RCTs examining cannabis for fibromyalgia, three showed benefit over placebo for pain.

Oral Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC):Cannabinoid (CBD) Cannabis Extract Adjuvant for Reducing Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV): A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Sukpiriyagul, Apichaya · 2023

Nausea scores were significantly lower in the THC:CBD extract group (2.11) compared to placebo (2.99).

Cannabis-opioid interaction in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: an open-label, proof of concept study with randomization between treatment groups: cannabis, oxycodone or cannabis/oxycodone combination-the SPIRAL study.

van Dam, Cornelis Jan · 2023

The SPIRAL study randomized fibromyalgia patients to three arms: cannabis alone, oxycodone alone, or cannabis+oxycodone combination.

Cannabis use and gastrointestinal tract illnesses: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2005-2018.

Vanderziel, Alyssa · 2023

Cannabis use was associated with lower odds of some gastrointestinal tract illnesses in a large nationally representative sample.

Assessment of clinical outcomes in patients with fibromyalgia: Analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry.

Wang, Claire · 2023

Patients prescribed cannabis-based medicinal products for fibromyalgia showed statistically significant improvements in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for health-related quality of life after at least one month of treatment..

Risk of depressive disorders associated with medical cannabis authorization: A propensity score matched cohort study.

Yana, Jerry Liwono · 2023

Medical cannabis users had significantly higher rates of ED visits and hospitalization for depressive disorders than propensity-matched controls who did not receive medical cannabis authorization..

Trends in past-month cannabis use among US adults across a range of disabilities and health conditions, 2015-2019.

Yang, Kevin H · 2023

Past-month cannabis use increased significantly from 2015-2019 among adults with various disabilities and health conditions.

Differentiating Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Ketosis Due to Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

Akturk, Halis Kaan · 2022

Cannabis users had dramatically different lab profiles than non-users: pH 7.42 vs.

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) expert opinion/consensus guidance on the use of cannabinoids for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with cancer.

Alderman, Bryony · 2022

Of 36 RCTs, 11 showed cannabis improved CINV vs.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in North America: evaluation of health burden and treatment prevalence.

Andrews, Christopher N · 2022

CHS treatment prevalence increased from 15/100,000 pre-legalization to 21/100,000 post-legalization to 32/100,000 during COVID (p<0.001).

Knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of Australian General Practitioners towards medicinal cannabis: a 2021-2022 survey.

Bawa, Zeeta · 2022

85.3% of GPs received patient inquiries about medicinal cannabis in the prior three months, but only 52.3% felt comfortable discussing it.

Medicinal cannabis for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Berger, Maximus · 2022

CBD demonstrated anxiolytic effects in trials with healthy volunteers and clinical populations, though evidence remains insufficient for first-line treatment.

Pharmacokinetic Profile of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Metabolites in Blood following Vaporization and Oral Ingestion of Cannabidiol Products.

Bergeria, Cecilia L · 2022

Mean peak CBD blood concentration was 171.1 ng/mL for vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis, 104.6 ng/mL for vaporized pure CBD, and only 13.7 ng/mL for oral CBD.

A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Comparator-Controlled Parallel Study Investigating the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol in a Novel Delivery System, Solutech, in Association with Cannabis Use History.

Berl, Volker · 2022

Solutech produced significantly greater peak concentration, faster time to peak, and larger absorption rate constants for THC, CBD, and metabolites compared to MCT-oil.

Long-term observational studies with cannabis-based medicines for chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety.

Bialas, Patric · 2022

Mean pain reduction was 1.75 points on a 0-10 scale (95% CI 0.72-2.78).

A naturalistic study of orally administered vs. inhaled legal market cannabis: cannabinoids exposure, intoxication, and impairment.

Bidwell, L Cinnamon · 2022

Flower users consumed an average of 51.25 mg THC vs.

A mixed methods analysis of cannabis use routines for chronic pain management.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2022

Of participants, 45% used both inhalation and non-inhalation routes, 36.2% used inhalation only, and 18.8% used non-inhalation only.

Cannabidiol Product Dosing and Decision-Making in a National Survey of Individuals with Fibromyalgia.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2022

Average CBD dose per session was 16 mg, with 24-27 mg per day.

Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in fibromyalgia: A review of preclinical and clinical research.

Bourke, Stephanie L · 2022

Clinical evidence shows endocannabinoid system alterations in fibromyalgia patients, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased circulating endocannabinoids.

Pharmacological management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an update of the clinical literature.

Burillo-Putze, Guillermo · 2022

CHS does not reliably respond to standard IV antiemetics.

Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: Incidence and treatment with topical capsaicin.

Burillo-Putze, Guillermo · 2022

Across 59 ED visits from 29 patients, CHS incidence was 4.4 per 10,000 visits.

Long-term use of cannabidiol-enriched medical cannabis in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2022

After a median 20 months of treatment, 78% of children had ≥50% seizure reduction and 47.5% had >75% reduction.

Healthcare professionals' perspectives on the use of medicinal cannabis to manage chronic pain: A systematic search and narrative review.

Cheng, Katherine Y C · 2022

Seven key themes emerged: MC as a treatment option for chronic pain; willingness to prescribe; legal issues; low perceived knowledge and need for education; comparative safety vs.

Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis.

Chesney, Edward · 2022

CBD has demonstrated antipsychotic effects in clinical studies and has a relatively benign side effect profile compared to standard antipsychotics.

Symptoms and Extraintestinal Manifestations in Active Cannabis Users with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Coates, Matthew D · 2022

Cannabis users (7.8% of the cohort, average 2.7 times/week) were more likely to report abdominal pain (83.3% vs.

Variability in Serum Concentrations and Clinical Response in Artisanal Versus Pharmaceutical Cannabidiol Treatment of Pediatric Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy.

Cohen, Nathan T · 2022

Mean serum CBD was 124 ng/mL for pharmaceutical CBD vs.

Clinical practice guideline on pharmacological and psychological management of adult patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use.

Cunill, Ruth · 2022

For ADHD with cannabis use disorder: atomoxetine is weakly recommended to improve ADHD symptoms but weakly recommended against reducing cannabis use.

A survey of medical cannabis use during perimenopause and postmenopause.

Dahlgren, M Kathryn · 2022

86.1% reported current cannabis use and 78.7% used it for menopause symptoms.

Increased White Matter Coherence Following Three and Six Months of Medical Cannabis Treatment.

Dahlgren, Mary Kathryn · 2022

FA values (indicating white matter integrity) significantly increased in corpus callosum regions after 3 and 6 months of MC treatment.

Egocentric Network Characteristics and Cannabis Use in a Sample of Young Adult Medical Cannabis Patients and Nonpatient Users.

DiGuiseppi, Graham T · 2022

Descriptive norms (how much one's social contacts use cannabis) were associated with more frequent cannabis use (aIRR 1.19), but not with problematic use.

Changes in Medical Cannabis Patient Status before and after Cannabis Legalization in California: Associations with Cannabis and Other Drug Use.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2022

Four transition groups emerged: stayed medical patients (MCP), became patients (Into MCP), left patient status (Out of MCP), and non-patient users (NPU).

Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis.

Filippini, Graziella · 2022

Nabiximols probably increases the number of people reporting significant spasticity reduction (OR 2.51, moderate certainty).

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Seem to Indicate that Cannabinoids for Chronic Primary Pain Treatment Have Limited Benefit.

Giossi, Riccardo · 2022

Across 8 RCTs with 240 patients, VAS pain reduction was not significant for cannabinoids vs placebo (MD -0.64, CI -1.30 to 0.02).

Association of medical cannabis licensure with prescription opioid receipt: A population-based, individual-level retrospective cohort study.

Goedel, William C · 2022

Among 5,296 medical cannabis license holders in Rhode Island, licensure was not associated with changes in odds of filling any opioid prescription (OR 0.99), filling prescriptions at 50+ morphine equivalent dose (OR 0.93), or at 90+ MED (OR 0.99).

Children and adolescents with ASD treated with CBD-rich cannabis exhibit significant improvements particularly in social symptoms: an open label study.

Hacohen, Micha · 2022

Significant improvements in social communication were observed on the ADOS (clinical assessment), SRS (parent report), and Vineland (adaptive behaviors).

The Efficacy of Cannabis on Multiple Sclerosis-Related Symptoms.

Haddad, Fatma · 2022

Nabiximols (oromucosal spray) demonstrated improvement in MS spasticity, pain, and quality of life with tolerable adverse effects.

Safety and Efficacy of Medical Cannabis in Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared with Commonly Used Medications.

Holdman, Richard · 2022

Commonly prescribed ASD medications display varying efficacy, safety, and tolerability, with some causing side effects (aggression, anxiety, irritability, cognitive effects) that mirror the very symptoms they target.

Cannabinoids in rheumatology: Friend, foe or a bystander?

Jain, Nibha · 2022

Cannabinoids act through CB1 and CB2 receptors with potential analgesic effects.

Review: Cannabinoids as Medicinals.

Khalsa, Jag H · 2022

Current research shows CBD and other cannabinoids are not ready for formal indications as medicines to treat the wide range of conditions promoted, except for limited use of CBD for two rare forms of childhood epilepsy and CBD combined with THC for MS-associated spasticity..

Cannabinoid and endocannabinoid system: a promising therapeutic intervention for multiple sclerosis.

Khan, Hina · 2022

Clinical studies confirm cannabinoids relieve MS pain, tremors, and spasticity.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Adaptive Behavior and Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients With Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy.

Kim, Se Hee · 2022

26.8% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction after six months of CBD.

Ask Your Provider About Cannabis: Increasing Nurse Practitioner Knowledge and Confidence.

Klein, Tracy A · 2022

Significant improvement in all content areas from pre- to post-test, with a mean improvement of 39.3%.

Prevalence and correlates of intentional substance use to reduce illicit opioid use in a Canadian setting.

Klimas, Jan · 2022

22% of illicit opioid users reported substituting at least once during the study.

The Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep.

Kolla, Bhanu Prakash · 2022

Cannabis products have minimal to no effects on sleep disorders and may have deleterious effects in some individuals.

The Role of Cannabis, Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain. The Perspective of Physicians.

Köstenberger, Markus · 2022

Most reviews concluded cannabis plays a significant role in pain management.

Characterization of Cannabis Products Purchased for Medical Use in New York State.

Kritikos, Alexandra F · 2022

This study examined medical cannabis product purchases in New York State from dispensaries operated by a single integrated manufacturer, characterizing what products patients actually selected in a tightly regulated market..

Cannabis smoking and glaucoma in the UK Biobank cohort.

Lehrer, S · 2022

Heavy cannabis users (100+ times) were diagnosed with glaucoma approximately 10 years earlier than never-users.

Marijuana smoking and cataract.

Lehrer, S · 2022

Cannabis users (11-100 times) were diagnosed with cataracts 4-5 years earlier than non-users.

Cannabis, Intraocular Pressure, and the Growth Arrest-Specific 7 (GAS7) Gene: A Retrospective Analysis.

Lehrer, Steven · 2022

Carriers of the GAS7 gene variant (rs9913911 minor allele G) showed lower intraocular pressure with increased cannabis use (P<0.001).

Medical Cannabis for Gynecologic Pain Conditions: A Systematic Review.

Liang, Angela L · 2022

Among 16 included studies, 13-27% of women used cannabis for gynecologic pain.

A peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptor mechanism suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: evidence from a CB2 reporter mouse.

Lin, Xiaoyan · 2022

CB2 agonists (AM1710 and LY2828360) suppressed paclitaxel-induced mechanical and cold allodynia in mice.

Paediatric cannabinoid hyperemesis.

Lonsdale, Hannah · 2022

Current best evidence recommends IV rehydration and electrolyte correction, followed by haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg with or without a benzodiazepine for acute pediatric CHS.

TRPV1: A Common Denominator Mediating Antinociceptive and Antiemetic Effects of Cannabinoids.

Louis-Gray, Kathleen · 2022

TRPV1 activation in the central descending pain pathway (RVM and PAG) mediates antinociception, while peripheral TRPV1 activation mediates nociception.

A Clinical Framework for Assessing Cannabis-Related Impairment Risk.

MacCallum, Caroline A · 2022

The framework provides clinicians with a structured approach to evaluate impairment-related factors in medical cannabis patients, including dosing, tolerance, timing, and individual risk factors.

An Open Retrospective Study of a Standardized Cannabidiol Based-Oil in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy.

Marchese, Francesca · 2022

Among 37 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy of various causes, 7 (19%) became seizure-free and 27 (73%) reported more than 50% seizure reduction at 40-month follow-up.

Cannabinoid Effect and Safety in Spasticity Following Stroke: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

Marinelli, Lucio · 2022

Among 34 stroke patients, nabiximols did not improve spasticity on the primary or secondary endpoints compared to placebo.

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Dual Disorders: Current Evidence for Clinical Practice.

Martinotti, Giovanni · 2022

Across 41 studies, most dual diagnosis patients were male with schizophrenia, and cannabis was the most abused substance followed by alcohol.

Cannabis-Based Products for the Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases: A Timely Review.

Martins, Ana M · 2022

The discovery of a skin endocannabinoid system and its role in maintaining skin homeostasis supports the anti-inflammatory potential of topical cannabinoids.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of the Cannabis Terpene Myrcene in Rat Adjuvant Monoarthritis.

McDougall, Jason J · 2022

Local application of myrcene (1 and 5 mg/kg) reduced joint pain and inflammation in rats with chronic arthritis via a cannabinoid receptor mechanism.

The effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on the endocrine system.

Meah, Farah · 2022

Key endocrine effects include: reduced female fertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes, reduced sperm counts and function, lower thyroid hormone levels with acute use, blunted stress response with chronic use, increased prediabetes risk but paradoxically lower diabetes risk, suggested improvement in HDL and triglycerides, and modest increase in fracture risk..

Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use disorder among Australians using cannabis products to treat a medical condition.

Mills, Llewellyn · 2022

CUD criteria were met by 32% (any-CUD) and 12.9% (moderate-severe CUD) of medical cannabis users.

Correlates of treatment engagement and client outcomes: results of a randomised controlled trial of nabiximols for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Mills, Llewellyn · 2022

Greater counseling attendance predicted both abstinence and 50%+ reduction in cannabis use.

Cannabidiol for the Management of Endometriosis and Chronic Pelvic Pain.

Mistry, Megha · 2022

Of 264 articles screened, 41 were included.

Endocannabinoid Modulation Using Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition in Tourette Syndrome: A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R · 2022

A single 40 mg dose of Lu AG06466 (a MAGL inhibitor that raises 2-AG endocannabinoid levels) showed an overall trend of tic reduction across all scales, with 2 of 3 tic scales (including the Yale Global Tic Severity Score) showing significant improvement versus placebo at various timepoints.

The prevalence, distribution and impact of peripheral neuropathy among Danish patients with cancer - a population-based cross-sectional study.

Nielsen, Sebastian Werngreen · 2022

Overall neuropathy prevalence was 17%, ranging from 6% to 33% across cancer types.

QTc prolongation in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome patients exposed to antiemetics: A retrospective chart review.

Noelle, Carrillo · 2022

No significant differences in post-medication QTc values were found between different anti-emetic drugs used to treat CHS.

Cannabis for Rheumatic Disease Pain: a Review of Current Literature.

Nowell, William Benjamin · 2022

Publications on cannabis and rheumatic disease have increased, but recent literature skews heavily toward reviews over primary research.

Long-term Cannabis-based oil therapy and pain medications prescribing patterns: an Italian observational study.

Nunnari, P · 2022

After long-term cannabis-based oil therapy, opioid non-users increased significantly from 32.1% to 55.4% (p=0.0023).

Perspectives of pediatric oncologists and palliative care physicians on the therapeutic use of cannabis in children with cancer.

Oberoi, Sapna · 2022

85.7% of physicians saw potential for cannabis in nausea/vomiting management, 72.3% for chronic pain, 67.2% for appetite, and 42.9% for anxiety/depression.

Randomized controlled trials on the use of cannabis-based medicines in movement disorders: a systematic review.

Oikonomou, P · 2022

In Parkinson's disease, no RCT showed motor symptom improvement, though nabilone improved quality of life and reduced dyskinesia in one trial.

Experiences, patient interactions and knowledge regarding the use of cannabis as a medicine in a cohort of New Zealand doctors in an oncology setting.

Oldfield, Karen · 2022

84% of doctors reported patient requests to prescribe cannabis, and 98% knew of patients using illicit cannabis for symptoms.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: hope or hype?

Pedrazzi, João F C · 2022

Preclinical data show CBD modulates the endocannabinoid system, which appears altered in ASD patients.

Potency and Therapeutic THC and CBD Ratios: U.S. Cannabis Markets Overshoot.

Pennypacker, Sarah D · 2022

The ratio of THC to CBD in cannabis products matters enormously for therapeutic outcomes.

Endocannabinoid system and cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: a narrative update.

Perisetti, Abhilash · 2022

The endocannabinoid system produces biphasic effects: acute cannabis use is antiemetic, but chronic heavy use can trigger a proemetic response leading to CHS.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Yellow Oil in Healthy Participants.

Peters, Erica N · 2022

CBD showed dose-proportional absorption (AUC slope=1.03, Cmax slope=0.92).

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Red Softgels in Healthy Participants.

Peters, Erica N · 2022

All 65 adverse events were mild-to-moderate; none were serious.

Survival rate of patients with combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma receiving medical cannabis treatment: A retrospective, cohort comparative study.

Phansila, Narisara · 2022

Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) is devastating in Northeast Thailand, where incidence is among the highest in the world due to endemic liver fluke infections.

Medical Cannabis Patients Report Improvements in Health Functioning and Reductions in Opiate Use.

Pritchett, Carolyn E · 2022

61% of patients used pain medications before cannabis.

Nabiximols effect on blood pressure and heart rate in post-stroke patients of a randomized controlled study.

Rosa, Gian Marco · 2022

No arrhythmic events were recorded.

Developing a real-world evidence base for prescribed cannabis in the United Kingdom: preliminary findings from Project Twenty21.

Sakal, C · 2022

678 patients enrolled in 7 months.

Medical cannabis use in Canadians with multiple sclerosis.

Santarossa, Talia M · 2022

64.5% had tried medical cannabis, 52.3% were currently using it.

A Systematic Review on Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome and Its Management Options.

Senderovich, Helen · 2022

Cannabis cessation is the most successful management for CHS.

Cannabis and cannabinoid use in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.

Silva, Estácio Amaro da · 2022

Across 9 studies, cannabis products reduced the number or intensity of multiple ASD symptoms including hyperactivity, self-mutilation, anger, sleep problems, anxiety, irritability, and depression.

Cannabis Use for Endometriosis: Clinical and Legal Challenges in Australia and New Zealand.

Sinclair, Justin · 2022

72% of Australian and 88.2% of NZ endometriosis patients using cannabis obtained it illicitly rather than through legal medical channels.

Tobacco/nicotine use among individuals using cannabis for therapeutic purposes.

Steinberg, Marc L · 2022

39.3% of medical cannabis patients reported current nicotine use, higher than the general population.

Medical cannabis for the treatment of comorbid symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: An interim analysis of biochemical safety.

Stolar, Orit · 2022

No clinically significant differences were found in complete blood count, glucose, liver enzymes, kidney function, electrolytes, thyroid function, lipid profile, or hormones between baseline and 3 months of CBD-rich treatment.

Self-Reported Effects of Cannabis on ADHD Symptoms, ADHD Medication Side Effects, and ADHD-Related Executive Dysfunction.

Stueber, Amanda · 2022

Participants with ADHD reported cannabis had acute beneficial effects on many ADHD symptoms including hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Cannabis-based medicine in treatment of patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Szejko, Natalia · 2022

Two small RCTs using THC (dronabinol) demonstrated safety and efficacy for tic treatment in Tourette syndrome.

The Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabidiol-Enriched Oil in Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

Tzadok, Michal · 2022

73.3% of 114 patients reported some seizure improvement.

A large Australian longitudinal cohort registry demonstrates sustained safety and efficacy of oral medicinal cannabis for at least two years.

Vickery, Alistair W · 2022

Statistically significant improvements sustained over 2+ years across all outcomes: clinical impression (+39-52%), pain interference and severity (22-26%), depression/anxiety/stress (24-28%), insomnia (35%), and physical/emotional functioning (34-37%).

Outcomes from a Spanish Expanded Access Program on cannabidiol treatment in pediatric and adult patients with epilepsy.

Villanueva, Vicente · 2022

44.9% of patients had at least 50% seizure reduction at 6 months, 38.9% at 12 months.

Routes of administration, reasons for use, and approved indications of medical cannabis in oncology: a scoping review.

Vinette, Billy · 2022

Two main reasons for medical cannabis use in cancer: limiting cancer impacts and side effects, and staying connected to others.

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Vuilleumier, Caroline · 2022

Dronabinol reduced withdrawal symptoms but had limited broader efficacy.

A Coala-T-Cannabis Survey Study of breast cancer patients' use of cannabis before, during, and after treatment.

Weiss, Marisa C · 2022

42% of breast cancer patients used cannabis for symptom relief (pain 78%, insomnia 70%, anxiety 57%).

The effect of medical cannabis on cognitive functions: a systematic review.

Wieghorst, Anders · 2022

Of 23 included studies (917 total participants), 15 found non-significant effects on cognition, 6 found impairments, 1 found improvement, and 1 found improvement after withdrawal.

Cannabis suppresses antitumor immunity by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling in T cells through CNR2.

Xiong, Xinxin · 2022

THC reduced the therapeutic effect of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in tumor-bearing mice.

Long-term and serious harms of medical cannabis and cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review of non-randomised studies.

Zeraatkar, Dena · 2022

Overall adverse event prevalence was 26.0% (95% CI: 13.2-41.2%).

Incidence and Predictors of Cannabis-Related Poisoning and Mental and Behavioral Disorders among Patients with Medical Cannabis Authorization: A Cohort Study.

Zongo, Arsene · 2022

During a median follow-up of 240 days, only 14 patients visited the ER or were hospitalized for cannabis poisoning (8.06 per 10,000 person-years) and 26 for cannabis-related mental and behavioral disorders (15.0 per 10,000 person-years).

Substance Use Disorders and Psychoactive Drug Poisoning in Medically Authorized Cannabis Patients: Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Zongo, Arsène · 2022

Among 18,653 medical cannabis patients matched to 51,243 controls, poisoning incidence was 4.71 per 1,000 person-years for cannabis patients vs 1.73 for controls (adjusted HR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.56-3.84).

Interests and concerns regarding medical marijuana among chronic pain patients in Ohio: an online survey.

Adams, Daniel · 2021

84.3% were willing to consider medical marijuana.

Targeting the endocannabinoid system for management of HIV-associated neuropathic pain: A systematic review.

Aly, Esraa · 2021

10 preclinical studies found that endocannabinoids, CB2-selective agonists, and FAAH inhibitors prevented or reversed HIV-associated neuropathic pain.

Attitudes towards and use of cannabis in New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an exploratory study.

Appleton, Kerry · 2021

51% reported ever using cannabis.

Cannabis use does not impact on type 2 diabetes: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Baumeister, Sebastian-Edgar · 2021

Using genetic variants as proxies for cannabis use, researchers found no causal effect of either lifetime cannabis use (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93-1.09) or cannabis use disorder (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99-1.08) on type 2 diabetes risk..

Safety of Medical Cannabis in Neuropathic Chronic Pain Management.

Bennici, Alessandra · 2021

Only nabiximols (a balanced CBD/THC product) is approved by regulatory authorities for neuropathic pain and included in pharmacovigilance systems.

The short-term impact of 3 smoked cannabis preparations versus placebo on PTSD symptoms: A randomized cross-over clinical trial.

Bonn-Miller, Marcel O · 2021

Three cannabis preparations (high THC, high CBD, and balanced THC+CBD) were all well tolerated and all groups showed significant PTSD symptom improvement, but no active treatment was statistically better than placebo after three weeks of use..

Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia.

Bosnjak Kuharic, Dina · 2021

Across four RCTs testing natural and synthetic THC, there was very low certainty evidence of minimal effect on cognition (1.1-point sMMSE difference) and low certainty evidence of minimal effect on behavioral symptoms (-1.97 NPI difference).

Cannabis and the Cancer Patient.

Braun, Ilana M · 2021

Conclusive evidence supports cannabinoids for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, with suggestive evidence for cancer-related pain.

Cannabis: A Toxin-Producing Plant with Potential Therapeutic Uses.

Breijyeh, Zeinab · 2021

Established medical uses include chronic pain, chemotherapy nausea, appetite stimulation, MS spasticity, and epilepsy.

Differences between cancer patients and others who use medicinal Cannabis.

Cousins, Matthew M · 2021

Among 1,485 adults pursuing medical cannabis certification in Michigan, 72 cancer patients used less cannabis and used it less often than the 1,413 non-cancer patients.

Preadmission Cannabis Use Is Positively Correlated With Inpatient Opioid Dose Exposure in Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Dalal, Rahul S · 2021

Preadmission cannabis use was significantly correlated with higher inpatient opioid exposure (coefficient = 12.1 IV morphine mg equivalents/day; 95% CI: 2.6-21.5) after adjusting for IBD severity, pain scores, and preadmission opioid use..

Prevalence of Cannabinoid Use in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis.

Deckey, David G · 2021

24% of 200 patients presenting with hip or knee osteoarthritis had used CBD products.

Cannabinoid Interactions with Cytochrome P450 Drug Metabolism: a Full-Spectrum Characterization.

Doohan, Peter T · 2021

This was the most comprehensive cannabinoid-enzyme interaction study published to date.

Duration of Neurocognitive Impairment With Medical Cannabis Use: A Scoping Review.

Eadie, Lauren · 2021

Across all seven included studies, cognitive performance declined mostly in a THC dose-dependent manner with steady resolution in the hours following administration.

Cost-Effectiveness of Medicinal Cannabis for Management of Refractory Symptoms Associated With Chronic Conditions: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations.

Erku, Daniel · 2021

Twelve cost-utility analyses were identified across MS (n=8), pediatric epilepsies (n=2), and chronic pain (n=2).

Knowledge about and attitudes towards medical cannabis among Austrian university students.

Felnhofer, Anna · 2021

64% of medical students said they learned about medical cannabis at university.

Use of medical cannabis by patients with fibromyalgia in Canada after cannabis legalisation: a cross-sectional study.

Fitzcharles, Mary-Ann · 2021

23.9% of FM patients reported ever using medical cannabis, compared to 11.1% of non-FM rheumatology patients.

Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabidiol in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review.

Furgiuele, Alessia · 2021

Rodent EAE models strongly support CBD as effective against autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Recreational Cannabis Use Before and After Legalization in Women With Pelvic Pain.

Geoffrion, Roxana · 2021

14.9% of all patients were current cannabis users.

Cannabis use assessment and its impact on pain in rheumatologic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Guillouard, M · 2021

40.4% of rheumatology patients reported ever using cannabis and 15.3% reported current use.

Trends in Prevalence and Outcomes of Cannabis Use Among Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospitalizations: A Nationwide Population-Based Study 2005-2014.

Gunasekaran, Kulothungan · 2021

Of 6,073,862 COPD hospitalizations, 24,546 (0.4%) had concurrent cannabis use.

The Effect of Medical Cannabis on Pain Level and Quality of Sleep among Rheumatology Clinic Outpatients.

Habib, George · 2021

Patients with neuropathic problems reported the largest pain reduction (83%) and sleep improvement (87%), while those with inflammatory conditions saw the smallest pain reduction (57%).

Endocannabinoid System as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A Systematic Review.

Hryhorowicz, Szymon · 2021

The endocannabinoid system regulates intestinal homeostasis, gut motility, visceral sensation, and inflammation.

Results From an Italian Expanded Access Program on Cannabidiol Treatment in Highly Refractory Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.

Iannone, Luigi Francesco · 2021

At 3 months, 40.2% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction, with 1.2% becoming seizure-free.

A Systematic Review of Fibromyalgia and Recent Advancements in Treatment: Is Medicinal Cannabis a New Hope?

Khurshid, Hajra · 2021

Across 22 studies, medical cannabis (including nabilone, dronabinol, and various THC/CBD ratios) showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in fibromyalgia patients.

Cannabinoids and bladder symptoms in multiple sclerosis.

Kim-Fine, Shunaha · 2021

Of 734 respondents reporting cannabis use status, 275 (37.5%) used cannabis in the past 3 months, with 73.8% using at least weekly.

Medical cannabis and cannabis-based medicine show both potential efficacy and potential harms: Cross-sectional comparison with controls on self-rated and interviewer-rated outcomes within the Danish pilot program on medical cannabis.

Kudahl, Benedikte · 2021

Medical cannabis users scored higher on treatment satisfaction (29.2 vs.

Efficacy of topical capsaicin for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a pediatric and adult emergency department.

Kum, Vivian · 2021

A significantly greater proportion of patients receiving capsaicin achieved efficacy (55% vs.

Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Cannabis in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review.

Kurlyandchik, Inna · 2021

Across 3 RCTs and 6 observational studies, cannabis showed potential benefit for fibromyalgia symptoms with side effects limited to feeling "high," dizziness, dry mouth, cough, red eyes, and drowsiness.

Exploring the use of cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs in a convenience sample.

Kvamme, Sinikka L · 2021

Of 2,841 respondents using cannabis medically (91% non-prescribed), 54.6% used it to replace a prescription drug.

Perioperative Pain and Addiction Interdisciplinary Network (PAIN): consensus recommendations for perioperative management of cannabis and cannabinoid-based medicine users by a modified Delphi process.

Ladha, Karim S · 2021

Major consensus recommendations included: elicit and quantify cannabis use history, contact the cannabis authorizer if one exists, consider perioperative cannabis weaning, provide additional postoperative nausea/vomiting prophylaxis, pay extra attention to anesthetic depth monitoring, anticipate increased postoperative analgesic requirements, and watch for cannabis withdrawal syndrome..

Highly Purified Cannabidiol for Epilepsy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Epileptic Conditions Beyond Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2021

Beyond its approved indications (DS, LGS, TSC), purified CBD showed effectiveness in open-label studies for CDKL5 deficiency disorder, Aicardi syndrome, Dup15q syndrome, Doose syndrome, SYNGAP1 encephalopathy, and epilepsy with myoclonic absences.

Cross national comparison of medical students' attitudes and beliefs about medical cannabis and its application for pain management.

Likhitsathian, Surinporn · 2021

Israeli secular students were more likely to recommend medical cannabis, less concerned about health risks, and more supportive of recreational legalization.

Self-reported reductions in tobacco and nicotine use following medical cannabis initiation: Results from a cross-sectional survey of authorized medical cannabis patients in Canada.

Lucas, Philippe · 2021

Of 650 current or former tobacco/nicotine users, 320 (49%) self-reported reductions in use after initiating medical cannabis, with 160 (24.6%) reporting no tobacco/nicotine use in the prior 30 days.

The impact of non-medical cannabis legalization and other exposures on retention in longitudinal cannabis research: a survival analysis of a prospective study of Canadian medical cannabis patients.

Lucas, Philippe · 2021

Legalization of non-medical cannabis was associated with significantly lower odds of study retention (AOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.18-0.41).

Analysis of State Cannabis Laws and Dispensary Staff Recommendations to Adults Purchasing Medical Cannabis.

Merlin, Jessica S · 2021

Most dispensary staff based recommendations on the customer's medical condition (74%), other customers' experiences (70%), the customer's prior experience (67%), and personal experience (63%).

Use of Cannabis for Harm Reduction Among People at High Risk for Overdose in Vancouver, Canada (2016-2018).

Mok, Janice · 2021

About 1 in 4 participants used cannabis for harm reduction during the study period.

The association of alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use with disease severity in adolescents and young adults with pediatric chronic kidney disease.

Molino, Andrea R · 2021

Past-year and 30-day cigarette use were significantly associated with higher proteinuria (+18.6% and +20.0% respectively).

Oral CBD-rich Cannabis Induces Clinical but Not Endoscopic Response in Patients with Crohn's Disease, a Randomised Controlled Trial.

Naftali, Timna · 2021

CDAI dropped from 282 to 166 in the cannabis group vs 264 to 237 in placebo (P < 0.05).

Cannabis use of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Germany: a cross-sectional survey.

Neufeld, Tanja · 2021

17.5% had used cannabis recreationally; 4.3% currently used cannabis to treat IBD.

Geolocation of Maryland Medical Marijuana Dispensaries by Community Income and Racial Characteristics: An Ecological Design.

Novak, Priscilla · 2021

Dispensaries were concentrated in zip codes with racially diverse populations and higher concentrations of retail establishments.

The growing dilemma of legalized cannabis and heart transplantation.

Olt, Caroline · 2021

THC and CBD are metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and P-glycoprotein, the same pathways used by calcineurin inhibitors essential for transplant immunosuppression.

Medicinal cannabis: knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of Colombian psychiatrists.

Orjuela-Rojas, Juan Manuel · 2021

82% of psychiatrists agreed medical cannabis should be available, and 73.1% wanted prescribing authority.

Medicinal cannabis and driving: the intersection of health and road safety policy.

Perkins, Daniel · 2021

Road safety risks associated with medicinal cannabis appear similar to or lower than numerous other potentially impairing prescription medications.

Measuring the Change in Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Using Marijuana for Pain Relief.

Peterson, Andrew M · 2021

Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D Index Score) improved significantly from 0.722 to 0.747 (p=0.011) over 6 weeks.

A cross-sectional survey of cannabis use by people with MS in Oregon and Southwest Washington.

Rice, Jessica · 2021

30% currently used cannabis, 21% had used in the past, and 49% never used.

Intravenous Haloperidol Versus Ondansetron for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (HaVOC): A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Ruberto, Aaron J · 2021

Haloperidol was superior to ondansetron (difference 2.3 cm on VAS, 95% CI 0.6-4.0, p=0.01) with similar improvements in both pain and nausea.

Practice Patterns and Training Needs Among Physicians Certifying Patients for Medical Marijuana in Florida.

Sajdeya, Ruba · 2021

Among 116 medical marijuana physicians surveyed, 92% reported performing physical exams, but only half provided specific THC:CBD ratio recommendations and 62% gave dose recommendations, suggesting substantial practice variability..

A Survey of Cannabis Use in a Large US-Based Cohort of People with Multiple Sclerosis.

Salter, Amber · 2021

Among 3,249 respondents from the NARCOMS Registry, 31% had ever used cannabis for MS symptoms and 20% were current users, while 69% who had never tried it cited insufficient efficacy data (40%), safety concerns (27%), and legality (25%) as barriers..

Cannabis use and clinical outcome in people with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders over 24 months of treatment.

Scheffler, Freda · 2021

Among 98 first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotic, cannabis users (n=45) and non-users (n=53) had similar trajectories in symptom reduction and remission rates over 24 months, but more frequent cannabis use (measured by urine testing) predicted relapse..

A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Users and Controls on Self-Reported Health.

Schlienz, Nicolas J · 2021

Cannabis users (n=808) self-reported significantly better quality of life, lower anxiety, less depression, better sleep, and fewer ER visits compared to controls (n=468), and longitudinal follow-ups suggested these differences were associated with initiating or maintaining cannabis use..

Effects of cannabis ingestion on endometriosis-associated pelvic pain and related symptoms.

Sinclair, Justin · 2021

Across 16,193 tracked cannabis sessions, pain was the most common symptom treated (57.3%) with inhalation as the preferred method (67.4%).

Cannabis use is associated with reduced risk of exposure to fentanyl among people on opioid agonist therapy during a community-wide overdose crisis.

Socías, M Eugenia · 2021

In a prospective cohort of 819 participants on opioid agonist therapy (OAT) contributing 1,989 observations (2016-2018), cannabis use (detected by urine testing) was independently associated with a 9% reduced likelihood of fentanyl exposure (adjusted prevalence ratio=0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.99)..

Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluation of cannabidiol (CBD) product use and health among people with epilepsy.

Strickland, Justin C · 2021

Artisanal CBD users showed significantly better quality of life, lower psychiatric symptom severity, improved sleep, better medication tolerability, fewer prescription medications, and reduced healthcare utilization compared to controls, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally when participants initiated CBD use..

Cannabis use among military veterans: A great deal to gain or lose?

Turna, Jasmine · 2021

Across 86 included studies, cannabis use in veterans was consistently associated with other substance use, psychiatric disorders, and self-harm/suicidality.

Buprenorphine-cannabis interaction in patients undergoing opioid maintenance therapy.

Vierke, Christopher · 2021

Among opioid maintenance therapy patients on buprenorphine, those who also used cannabis had dramatically different pharmacokinetics.

Changes in Emergency Department Encounters for Vomiting After Cannabis Legalization in Colorado.

Wang, George Sam · 2021

Vomiting-related ED visits increased 29% over the study period.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in two French emergency departments: a prospective cohort.

Weiss, Julie · 2021

CHS patients used cannabis daily and spent significantly more hours in emergency departments (11 vs.

Cannabis: An Emerging Treatment for Common Symptoms in Older Adults.

Yang, Kevin H · 2021

15% of geriatric clinic patients used cannabis.

Medication overuse headache in patients with chronic migraine using cannabis: A case-referent study.

Zhang, Niushen · 2021

Medication overuse headache was present in 81% of cannabis-using chronic migraine patients vs.

Diagnosis and Acute Management of Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Zhu, Jie Wei · 2021

Adolescent CHS fulfills adult diagnostic criteria.

Medical cannabis authorization and the risk of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal cohort study.

Zongo, Arsene · 2021

Medical cannabis patients had higher rates of ACS or stroke (7.19 vs.

A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma

Twelves, Chris · 2021

One-year survival was 83% for nabiximols-treated patients versus 44% for placebo (p=0.042).

The Highs and Lows of Cannabis in Cancer Treatment and Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Almogi-Hazan, Osnat · 2020

Current cancer applications of cannabinoids are mainly palliative (pain and anti-emetic effects).

Medical Cannabis in Children.

Aran, Adi · 2020

Robust evidence exists only for pure CBD treating specific refractory epilepsies (Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut).

Prescribing medicinal cannabis.

Arnold, Jonathon C · 2020

More than 100 cannabis products are available in Australia, mostly oral preparations (oils) or capsules containing THC or CBD.

Cannabinoids in the Older Person: A Literature Review.

Beedham, William · 2020

From 35 relevant studies, cannabinoids demonstrate some efficacy for pain and chemotherapy-related nausea.

Attitudes and Knowledge of Australian Gastroenterologists Around the Use of Medicinal Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Benson, Melissa J · 2020

39% had patients using medical cannabis.

Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia.

Berger, Amnon A · 2020

Fibromyalgia affects up to 10% of the population.

Effectiveness of cannabidiol in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy in Argentina.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2020

Of 49 children followed for 3-12 months, 80% responded to CBD add-on therapy.

Do-It-Yourself medicine? The impact of light cannabis liberalization on prescription drugs.

Carrieri, Vincenzo · 2020

Using the staggered rollout of light cannabis shops across Italian provinces, the study documented significant substitution effects between CBD products and five prescription drug categories: anxiolytics, sedatives, opioids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics..

The 'entourage effect' or 'hodge-podge hashish': the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy.

Cogan, Peter S · 2020

The entourage effect concept, first proposed as a hypothesis in 1998, has been promoted as an established therapeutic principle despite lacking robust evidence.

A perspective on cannabinoids for treating epilepsy: Do they really change the landscape?

Cross, J Helen · 2020

Only purified CBD formulations have been rigorously evaluated in controlled trials, showing modest but significant improvements in motor seizures.

Slow Titration of Cannabidiol Add-On in Drug-Resistant Epilepsies Can Improve Safety With Maintained Efficacy in an Open-Label Study.

D'Onofrio, Gianluca · 2020

At 6 months, mean seizure frequency decreased 41% from baseline, and 37.8% had 50%+ seizure reduction.

Impact of cannabis on non-medical opioid use and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a nationwide longitudinal VA study.

De Aquino, Joao P · 2020

Of 1,413 veterans with current non-medical opioid use, 30.3% also used cannabis.

Evidence supporting the benefits of marijuana for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is extremely limited: a meta-analysis of the literature.

Desmarais, Anna · 2020

For UC (1 trial, 60 patients): no difference in remission (RR 1.02) or response (RR 0.99).

Barriers in accessing medical cannabis for children with drug-resistant epilepsy in Canada: A qualitative study.

Elliott, Jesse · 2020

Most parents encountered resistance from their child's neurologist when seeking medical cannabis authorization, forcing many to seek authorization through cannabis clinics instead of their existing care team..

Cohort study of medical cannabis authorisation and healthcare utilisation in 2014-2017 in Ontario, Canada.

Eurich, Dean · 2020

Medical cannabis patients had a short-term increase in physician visits and hospitalizations within the first month, but these differences were not statistically significant over the 6-month follow-up.

Developmental trajectories of illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse and cannabis practices among young adult cannabis users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2020

Self-reported medical cannabis use was negatively associated with membership in high illicit drug use trajectories.

Cannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies.

Fusar-Poli, Laura · 2020

Cannabinoids improved some autism-associated symptoms including problem behaviors, sleep problems, and hyperactivity, with limited side effects.

Adding medical cannabis to standard analgesic treatment for fibromyalgia: a prospective observational study.

Giorgi, Valeria · 2020

Medical cannabis most consistently improved sleep quality (44% of patients) and overall fibromyalgia impact (33%).

A Review of Cannabis and Interactions With Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Agents.

Greger, Jessica · 2020

Cannabis components can inhibit liver enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19) and transporters involved in metabolizing blood thinners.

Cannabis Use in Persons With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vulnerability to Substance Misuse.

Hansen, Tawnya M · 2020

IBD patients self-medicating with cannabis were more likely to use cannabis for coping (p=0.016), demonstrated higher impulsivity (p=0.004), and had more depressive symptoms (p=0.012) compared to recreational users.

The impact of legalization of access to recreational Cannabis on Canadian medical users with Cancer.

Hawley, Philippa · 2020

Cannabis use prevalence increased 26% after legalization (23.1% to 29.1%, p=0.01).

Cannabis use for symptom relief in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional survey of webinar attendees in the US and Canada.

Hildebrand, Andrea · 2020

Cannabis use for MS symptoms was significantly associated with recreational legality (OR 4.55), disease severity (severe vs.

Pharmacokinetic investigation of synthetic cannabidiol oral formulations in healthy volunteers.

Izgelov, Dvora · 2020

CBD in lipid-based vehicles (oil and nano-emulsion) significantly increased both peak blood levels and total exposure compared to powder.

A Critical Review of the Role of the Cannabinoid Compounds Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) and their Combination in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment.

Jones, Éamon · 2020

The review found the strongest evidence for nabiximols (Sativex, a 1:1 THC:CBD oromucosal spray) in reducing spasticity and neuropathic pain in MS patients.

The relationship between cannabis use and patient outcomes in medication-based treatment of opioid use disorder: A systematic review.

Lake, Stephanie · 2020

Across 41 studies examining cannabis use during methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder, the majority found no significant association between cannabis use and opioid use, treatment adherence, or retention.

Self-reported Cannabis Use and Changes in Body Mass Index, CD4 T-Cell Counts, and HIV-1 RNA Suppression in Treated Persons with HIV.

Lee, James T · 2020

In a retrospective cohort of 1,010 HIV-positive adults starting their first ART regimen (4,290 visits, 2008-2011), cannabis use was associated with greater odds of detectable viral load (OR 2.02 for ever-use during study, OR 1.72 for any use in past 7 days).

Model-based analysis on systemic availability of co-administered cannabinoids after controlled vaporised administration.

Liu, Zheng · 2020

In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, concomitant inhalation of high-dose CBD significantly decreased the systemic availability of THC.

Reductions in alcohol use following medical cannabis initiation: results from a large cross-sectional survey of medical cannabis patients in Canada.

Lucas, Philippe · 2020

In a survey of 2,102 Canadian medical cannabis patients, 973 who regularly drank alcohol reported that after starting medical cannabis, 44% decreased drinking frequency, 34% reduced drinks per week, and 8% stopped drinking entirely.

Cannabis, e-cigarettes and anesthesia.

Lynn, Rachael S Rzasa · 2020

Cannabis use may reduce the efficacy of propofol and postoperative opioid pain management, potentially requiring higher doses.

Cerebrospinal fluid endocannabinoid levels in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R · 2020

In the first study measuring CSF endocannabinoids in Tourette syndrome, both AEA (anandamide, p=0.0018) and 2-AG (p=0.0003) were significantly elevated in 20 TS patients compared to 19 controls.

An overview of cannabis based treatment in Crohn's disease.

Naftali, Timna · 2020

Among the three existing placebo-controlled trials in active Crohn disease (93 subjects total), two showed significant clinical improvement (reduced CDAI scores) but no improvement in inflammatory markers.

Medical cannabis for the reduction of opioid dosage in the treatment of non-cancer chronic pain: a systematic review.

Okusanya, Babasola O · 2020

Across 9 studies involving 7,222 participants, combining medical cannabis with opioids was associated with 64-75% reduction in opioid dosage for non-cancer chronic pain.

Targeting Cannabinoid Receptor 2 on Peripheral Leukocytes to Attenuate Inflammatory Mechanisms Implicated in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.

Rizzo, Michael D · 2020

HIV patients using medical marijuana had lower levels of circulating CD16+ (activated) monocytes compared to non-cannabis users.

Medical Cannabis for the Management of Pain and Quality of Life in Chronic Pain Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.

Safakish, Ramin · 2020

Among 751 chronic pain patients initiating medical cannabis treatment, pain severity and interference improved significantly at 1 month and remained improved through 12 months (p<0.001).

Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders: a clinically-focused systematic review.

Sarris, Jerome · 2020

CBD showed tentative support for reducing social anxiety.

Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.

Suraev, Anastasia S · 2020

Across 26 studies (14 preclinical, 12 clinical), evidence was insufficient for routine clinical use of cannabinoids for any sleep disorder due to limited research and moderate-to-high risk of bias.

Attitudes and knowledge about cannabis and cannabis-based therapies among US neurologists, nurses, and pharmacists.

Szaflarski, Magdalena · 2020

Over 80% supported medical cannabis use and legalization, especially CBD for epilepsy when prescribed by a provider.

Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid exposure reported to the Israel poison information center: Examining differences in exposures to medical and recreational compounds.

Sznitman, Sharon R · 2020

Of 615 cannabinoid poisoning cases, 55% were recreational cannabis, 33% synthetic cannabinoids, and 12% medical cannabis.

A Survey on the Effect That Medical Cannabis Has on Prescription Opioid Medication Usage for the Treatment of Chronic Pain at Three Medical Cannabis Practice Sites.

Takakuwa, Kevin M · 2020

Of 525 chronic pain patients who used both medical cannabis and prescribed opioids, 40.4% stopped all opioids, 45.2% decreased use, 13.3% had no change, and only 1.1% increased opioid use.

Patterns of Cannabis Use in Patients With Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome.

Venkatesan, Thangam · 2020

41% of CVS patients used cannabis, with 21% using regularly (4+ times/week).

Perceptions of Marijuana Use for Glaucoma from Patients, Cannabis Retailers, and Glaucoma Specialists.

Weldy, Eric W · 2020

51% of 203 contacted dispensaries recommended marijuana for glaucoma.

Women's Questions About Perinatal Cannabis Use and Health Care Providers' Responses.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2020

The most common questions concerned drug test detection (24.7%), fertility effects (22.6%), fetal harms (21.3%), and breastfeeding exposure (14.4%).

Attitudes about cannabis mediate the relationship between cannabis knowledge and use in active adult athletes.

Zeiger, Joanna S · 2020

Three attitude clusters emerged: Conservative (32.2%), Unsure (45.9%), and Liberal (21.9%).

Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?

Abrams, Donald I · 2019

Cannabis analgesic effects are supported by the best clinical evidence.

Persistence of use of prescribed cannabinoid medicines in Manitoba, Canada: a population-based cohort study.

Alkabbani, Wajd · 2019

Among 5,452 new prescribed cannabinoid users, 18.1% continued use at 1 year.

Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Endocannabinoid System-Is there Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Ambrose, Tim · 2019

In animal models, both exogenous cannabinoids and modulation of the endocannabinoid system consistently improved colitis.

Impact of Medical Cannabis on Patient-Reported Symptoms for Patients With Cancer Enrolled in Minnesota's Medical Cannabis Program.

Anderson, Susan P · 2019

Significant reductions were found across all 8 symptoms (anxiety, appetite loss, depression, sleep disturbance, fatigue, nausea, pain, and vomiting) within 4 months of starting medical cannabis.

Self-management strategies amongst Australian women with endometriosis: a national online survey.

Armour, Mike · 2019

Self-management was used by 76% of women with endometriosis.

Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Associations for Rome IV Functional Nausea and Vomiting Disorders in Adults.

Aziz, Imran · 2019

FNVDs affected 2.2% of the population.

Use of Cannabis to Relieve Pain and Promote Sleep by Customers at an Adult Use Dispensary.

Bachhuber, Marcus · 2019

65% of adult-use customers used cannabis for pain relief, and 74% used it for sleep.

Real life Experience of Medical Cannabis Treatment in Autism: Analysis of Safety and Efficacy.

Bar-Lev Schleider, Lihi · 2019

After six months of treatment with cannabis oil (30% CBD, 1.5% THC), 82.4% of 188 ASD patients were still in active treatment.

Recent trends in cyclic vomiting syndrome-associated hospitalisations with liberalisation of cannabis use in the state of Colorado.

Bhandari, Sanjay · 2019

CVS hospitalizations increased 46% from 806 (2010) to 1,180 (2014).

Qualitative Analysis of Cannabis Use Among Older Adults in Colorado.

Bobitt, Julie · 2019

Five themes emerged from 17 focus groups: (1) older adults want more education and research about cannabis, (2) healthcare providers are not communicating about cannabis, (3) accessing medical cannabis is difficult, (4) medical cannabis users report positive outcomes, and (5) stigma continues to prevent open discussion.

Pills to Pot: Observational Analyses of Cannabis Substitution Among Medical Cannabis Users With Chronic Pain.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2019

80% of 1,321 medical cannabis users with chronic pain reported substituting cannabis for traditional pain medications: 53% for opioids, 22% for benzodiazepines.

Cannabis Use Preferences and Decision-making Among a Cross-sectional Cohort of Medical Cannabis Patients with Chronic Pain.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2019

76.5% used cannabis daily, 93.4% used 2+ administration routes, and 72.5% used 3+ routes.

Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives.

Burggren, Alison C · 2019

Decades of research link recreational cannabis use to cognitive impairment across multiple domains, structural and functional brain differences associated with early and heavy use, and heightened risks during adolescence when brain development is ongoing.

Cannabis and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: An Updated Review.

Chayasirisobhon, Sirichai · 2019

CBD has demonstrated therapeutic benefit across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions including autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, psychosis, neuropathic pain, cancer pain, migraine, MS, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, hypoxic-ischemic injury, and epilepsy.

Positive and Negative Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Health.

Cohen, Koby · 2019

Repeated cannabis use is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, cognitive alterations, psychosis, schizophrenia, and mood disorders.

What cancer patients actually know regarding medical cannabis? A cross-sectional survey with a critical analysis of the current attitudes.

Cortellini, Alessio · 2019

81% of patients had heard about medical cannabis, but only 2% from healthcare professionals.

Adverse Consequences of Co-Occurring Opioid Use Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder Compared to Opioid Use Disorder Only.

De Aquino, Joao P · 2019

Veterans with co-occurring OUD and CUD received fewer opioid prescriptions (mean 3.79 vs 4.8) compared to the OUD-only group, but had a higher likelihood of inpatient psychiatric admission (RR = 1.95) and homelessness (RR = 1.52)..

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of the literature.

Deceuninck, Eleonore · 2019

CHS manifests as incoercible cyclical vomiting, diffuse abdominal pain, and compulsive hot showering in chronic cannabis users.

Exploring the Diagnosis and Profile of Cannabis Allergy.

Decuyper, Ine Ilona · 2019

Can s 3-based diagnostic tests showed the best combination of predictive values (80% positive, 60% negative) for confirming cannabis allergy.

In-hospital outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in cannabis users: a nationwide propensity-matched analysis in the United States.

Desai, Rupak · 2019

In Crohn's disease, cannabis users had lower rates of colorectal cancer (0.3% vs 1.2%), parenteral nutrition need, and anemia, but higher rates of fistulizing disease and lower GI hemorrhage.

Using recreational cannabis to treat insomnia: Evidence from over-the-counter sleep aid sales in Colorado.

Doremus, Jacqueline M · 2019

Sleep aid market shares were growing before recreational cannabis availability, but the trend reversed with dispensary entry (-0.33 percentage points from a mean growth of 0.14).

Illicit drug use and prescription drug misuse among young adult medical cannabis patients and non-patient users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2019

Self-reported medical cannabis use was associated with 50% lower odds of illicit drug use (AOR 0.5).

Position Statement: A Pragmatic Approach for Medical Cannabis and Patients with Rheumatic Diseases.

Fitzcharles, Mary-Ann · 2019

No clinical trials of medical cannabis in rheumatology patients existed at the time of review.

Potential of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands as Treatment for Substance Use Disorders.

Galaj, Ewa · 2019

Neutral CB1R antagonists (AM4113), CB2R agonists (JWH133, Xie2-64), and phytocannabinoids (CBD, beta-caryophyllene, THCV) show therapeutic potential for SUDs in animals.

What is medicinal cannabis?

Glass, Michelle · 2019

Cannabis comes in diverse forms with various active ingredients, contrasting with legal and pharmaceutical definitions of medicines.

Determining the Roles that Club Drugs, Marijuana, and Heavy Drinking Play in PrEP Medication Adherence Among Gay and Bisexual Men: Implications for Treatment and Research.

Grov, Christian · 2019

No event-level effect of marijuana use or heavy drinking on PrEP adherence was found.

Illegal cannabis use is common among Danes with multiple sclerosis.

Gustavsen, S · 2019

49% had tried cannabis, 21% were current users, and only 21% of current users had prescribed cannabis.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome: Pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions.

Hasler, William L · 2019

CVS is characterized by severe episodic emesis with no randomized controlled trials to guide treatment.

Cannabis: An ancient friend or foe? What works and doesn't work.

Henschke, Philip · 2019

The endocannabinoid system is critical for brain development across fetal, infant, and adolescent stages.

How effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review.

Hoch, Eva · 2019

Across 14 RCTs (1,629 participants) covering dementia, cannabis/opioid dependence, psychosis, social anxiety, PTSD, anorexia nervosa, ADHD, and Tourette's disorder, cannabis-based medicines as adjuncts were associated with symptom improvements but not remission.

Cannabis and Health Research: Rapid Progress Requires Innovative Research Designs.

Hutchison, Kent E · 2019

63% of the US population has access to medicinal cannabis markets offering increasingly diverse and potent products.

Cannabis and multiple sclerosis.

Ingram, Gillian · 2019

About half of MS patients report previous or current medicinal cannabis use.

Perspectives on cannabis as a substitute for opioid analgesics.

Khan, Sara P · 2019

The review found evidence from preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies suggesting cannabis can complement or partially substitute for opioids in pain management, with some studies showing reduced opioid prescriptions in states with medical cannabis laws..

Opportunities for cannabis in supportive care in cancer.

Kleckner, Amber S · 2019

The review found reasonable evidence to consider cannabis for nausea/vomiting, appetite loss, and pain as supplemental treatment.

A Novel Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Based on VESIsorb® Formulation Technology Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects.

Knaub, Katharina · 2019

The SEDDS-CBD formulation produced a 4.4-fold higher peak concentration (Cmax), 2.85-fold higher 8-hour exposure (AUC0-8h), and reached peak levels in 1 hour versus 3 hours for standard MCT oil.

Cannabinoid Attenuation of Intestinal Inflammation in Chronic SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques Involves T Cell Modulation and Differential Expression of Micro-RNAs and Pro-inflammatory Genes.

Kumar, Vinay · 2019

THC-treated SIV-infected macaques showed downregulated pro-inflammatory microRNAs and genes, higher expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-3), reduced T cell activation, increased anti-inflammatory macrophages, and complete prevention of lymph node fibrosis seen in all vehicle-treated animals..

The Impact of Perioperative Cannabis Use: A Narrative Scoping Review.

Ladha, Karim S · 2019

The review identified several perioperative concerns for cannabis users: potential increased anesthetic requirements, altered post-operative pain processing, cannabis withdrawal syndrome risk, and cardiovascular effects.

Frequency of cannabis and illicit opioid use among people who use drugs and report chronic pain: A longitudinal analysis.

Lake, Stephanie · 2019

After adjusting for demographics, substance use, and health factors, daily cannabis use was associated with significantly lower odds of daily illicit opioid use (adjusted OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.74, p < 0.001).

The utility of droperidol in the treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

Lee, Carl · 2019

Droperidol-treated CHS patients had significantly shorter hospital stays (6.7 vs.

Dermatology-Related Uses of Medical Cannabis Promoted by Dispensaries in Canada, Europe, and the United States.

Lim, Megan · 2019

Dispensary websites claimed cannabis treats acne, aging, dermatitis, psoriasis, lupus, epidermolysis bullosa, and even melanoma.

Medical cannabis patterns of use and substitution for opioids & other pharmaceutical drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances; results from a cross-sectional survey of authorized patients.

Lucas, Philippe · 2019

69.1% reported substituting cannabis for prescription drugs (35.3% of those for opioids), 44.5% for alcohol, 31.1% for tobacco, and 26.6% for illicit substances.

Burden of Comorbidities in Hospitalizations for Cannabis Use-associated Intractable Vomiting during Post-legalization Period.

Madireddy, Sowmya · 2019

Hospitalizations for intractable vomiting with CUD showed a significant increasing trend from 2010-2014 (N=9,601 total).

Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome with Cannabis-Based Medicine: Results from a Retrospective Analysis and Online Survey.

Milosev, Leonie M · 2019

85% reported tic improvement (about 60% reduction), 55% improved comorbidities (especially OCD, ADHD, sleep), and 93% reported better quality of life.

Cannabinoids: the lows and the highs of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Mortimer, Toni Leigh · 2019

Cannabinoids reduce CINV primarily by inhibiting serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells in the small intestine, disrupting the vomiting reflex.

Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development.

Nguyen, Thuy · 2019

Rimonabant demonstrated effectiveness for treating obesity and smoking cessation but was withdrawn from the European market due to psychiatric side effects.

Use of medicinal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A systematic review

Orsolini, Laura · 2019

This systematic review gathered everything published through May 2019 on cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids for PTSD.

Cannabis and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review.

Payne, Kelly S · 2019

Cannabis was associated with reduced sperm count and concentration, abnormal morphology, reduced motility and viability, and inhibited capacitation and fertilizing capacity.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis.

Pergolizzi, Joseph V · 2019

CHS presents as cyclical episodes of severe nausea and vomiting in long-term cannabis users, separated by asymptomatic periods.

Insights into the role of cannabis in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Picardo, Sherman · 2019

In animal models, cannabinoids improved intestinal inflammation through the endocannabinoid system.

Benefits and harms of medical cannabis: a scoping review of systematic reviews.

Pratt, Misty · 2019

Pain management was the most commonly studied condition.

The Potential for Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Cannabis Products and Conventional Medications.

Qian, Yuli · 2019

CYP2C9, CYP1A1/2, and CYP1B1 are likely inhibited by all three major cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBN).

Cannabis and Turmeric as Complementary Treatments for IBD and Other Digestive Diseases.

Quezada, Sandra M · 2019

Cannabinoids modulate gut motility and visceral pain and have anti-inflammatory properties.

Association between cannabis laws and opioid prescriptions among privately insured adults in the US.

Raji, Mukaila A · 2019

In states with medical cannabis laws, opioid prescription rates (>30-day and >90-day) were significantly lower for adults aged 18-54 (aORs ranging from 0.56 to 0.77).

Medical marijuana. What can we learn from the experiences in Canada, Germany and Thailand?

Rehm, Jürgen · 2019

Two pressures drive medical marijuana expansion: patients self-medicating for conditions without evidence of cannabis effectiveness, and cannabis industry lobbying for lenient regulations.

Safety and Efficacy of Medical Cannabis in Fibromyalgia.

Sagy, Iftach · 2019

Pain intensity decreased from median 9.0 to 5.0 (p < .001).

Cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: Pros and cons.

Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo · 2019

Cannabinoids may help rheumatic diseases through anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory activity and pain management.

Genetic tools weed out misconceptions of strain reliability in Cannabis sativa: implications for a budding industry.

Schwabe, Anna L · 2019

Using 10 microsatellite markers, researchers found two genetic groups, but these did not correspond to sativa/indica/hybrid labels.

Cannabis Use for Medicinal Purposes among Canadian University Students.

Smith, Jacqueline M · 2019

52% had used cannabis at least once; 11% reported medicinal use.

The Role of Cannabis in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Clinical, Scientific, and Regulatory Information.

Swaminath, Arun · 2019

Preclinical data demonstrate cannabinoid anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, and pain-limiting properties.

Cannabis for cancer - illusion or the tip of an iceberg: a review of the evidence for the use of Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in oncology.

Turgeman, Ilit · 2019

Sufficient evidence supports cannabis for palliative indications in oncology, including chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, cancer-related pain, anorexia, insomnia, and anxiety.

An Update of Current Cannabis-Based Pharmaceuticals in Pain Medicine.

Urits, Ivan · 2019

Nabiximols, a specific cannabis extract, has demonstrated benefit for pain related to spasticity in multiple sclerosis, cancer pain, and chronic pain conditions.

An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia.

van de Donk, Tine · 2019

None of the four treatments (high-THC, THC+CBD, high-CBD, placebo) had greater effect than placebo on spontaneous or electrical pain.

Role of chronic cannabis use: Cyclic vomiting syndrome vs cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

Venkatesan, Thangam · 2019

Cannabis is commonly used in cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) for its antiemetic properties, yet chronic use has also been linked to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).

Exploring cannabis use by patients with multiple sclerosis in a state where cannabis is legal.

Weinkle, Laura · 2019

38% (n=96) of MS patients were current cannabis users.

Characterization of mental health in cannabis dispensary users, using structured clinical interviews and standardized assessment instruments.

Yau, Jade C · 2019

Using the MINI structured clinical interview, lifetime prevalence of mental illness was high.

The Relationship between Marijuana Use Prior to Sex and Sexual Function in Women.

Lynn, Becky K · 2019

Women who used cannabis before sex had 2.13 times the odds of reporting satisfactory orgasms compared to non-users (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.05-4.35, p=0.04).

Effect of Vaporized Cannabis on Exertional Breathlessness and Exercise Endurance in Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abdallah, Sara J · 2018

Despite decades-old studies showing that smoked cannabis can act as a bronchodilator in healthy people and those with asthma, this randomized controlled trial found no such benefit in people with advanced COPD. Sixteen adults with severe COPD (average lung function at 36% of predicted normal) inhaled vaporized cannabis containing 18.2% THC or a control.

Medicinal cannabinoids in palliative care.

Agar, Meera · 2018

The author examined the evidence base for using medicinal cannabinoids in people with palliative diagnoses, where treatments increasingly focus on symptom management earlier in the disease trajectory.

Medicinal Cannabis-Potential Drug Interactions.

Alsherbiny, Muhammad A · 2018

Researchers reviewed the known and potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between cannabinoids and other medications.

Dronabinol oral solution in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer.

Badowski, Melissa E · 2018

Researchers reviewed the evidence for dronabinol, a synthetic form of THC, in treating anorexia and weight loss associated with HIV/AIDS and cancer.

Medical and non-medical marijuana use in depression: Longitudinal associations with suicidal ideation, everyday functioning, and psychiatry service utilization.

Bahorik, Amber L · 2018

Researchers followed 307 psychiatry outpatients with depression over 12 months, tracking marijuana use, mental health symptoms, and treatment engagement.

Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort.

Baron, Eric P · 2018

Researchers surveyed 2,032 medical cannabis patients and found that pain syndromes accounted for 42% of cannabis use, with chronic pain being the most common reason.

Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science.

Baron, Eric P · 2018

This comprehensive review examined the medicinal properties of individual components in cannabis well beyond the usual focus on THC and CBD.

Cannabis and cannabinoid drug development: evaluating botanical versus single molecule approaches.

Bonn-Miller, Marcel O · 2018

Researchers outlined the two parallel approaches to cannabinoid drug development and their respective challenges.

Therapeutic Benefit of Smoked Cannabis in Randomized Placebo-Controlled Studies.

Bowen, Lynneice L · 2018

Despite 90% of marijuana users in 2014 using the smoked form, researchers could find only seven randomized placebo-controlled trials that specifically tested smoked cannabis for medical purposes. The results were mixed.

A Survey on the Medical Use of Cannabis in Europe: A Position Paper.

Bramness, Jørgen G · 2018

The European Federation of Addiction Societies surveyed its member organizations across 17 countries to assess the state of medical cannabis in Europe.

Cannabinoids for epilepsy: What do we know and where do we go?

Brodie, Martin J · 2018

The authors reviewed the rapidly evolving field of cannabinoids for epilepsy, noting several important developments and remaining challenges. Recent randomized placebo-controlled trials confirmed CBD's efficacy in two severe childhood epilepsy syndromes: Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Toxicology of Marijuana, Synthetic Cannabinoids, and Cannabidiol in Dogs and Cats.

Brutlag, Ahna · 2018

As cannabis becomes more accessible through both medical and recreational legalization, pet exposures to cannabis products have increased significantly.

Therapeutic Cannabis and Endocannabinoid Signaling System Modulator Use in Otolaryngology Patients.

Bryant, Lucas M · 2018

Researchers reviewed the endocannabinoid signaling system in the context of ear, nose, and throat medicine.

The influence of THC:CBD oromucosal spray on driving ability in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity.

Celius, Elisabeth G · 2018

Researchers reviewed all available evidence on whether Sativex, a THC:CBD mouth spray prescribed for MS-related spasticity, affects driving ability.

The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation in multiple sclerosis: Clues for other neuroinflammatory diseases.

Chiurchiù, Valerio · 2018

This extensive review examined both clinical and preclinical evidence for cannabinoid-based interventions in MS.

Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age.

Crippa, José A · 2018

Brazilian researchers who have been at the forefront of CBD research reviewed the translational evidence, from basic science to clinical application, for CBD across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. The most established properties of CBD include anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing), antipsychotic, and neuroprotective effects.

Recommendations From Cannabis Dispensaries About First-Trimester Cannabis Use.

Dickson, Betsy · 2018

Researchers used a mystery caller approach to contact 400 randomly selected Colorado dispensaries.

Efficacy of CBD-enriched medical cannabis for treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents - An observational, longitudinal study.

Hausman-Kedem, Moran · 2018

Researchers followed 57 patients aged 1-20 years with epilepsy of various causes who were treated with CBD-enriched cannabis oil (CBD:THC ratio of 20:1) for at least 3 months, with a median follow-up of 18 months. Of 46 patients included in efficacy analysis, 26 (56%) achieved at least 50% reduction in mean monthly seizure frequency. Response rates did not differ significantly by epilepsy type or cannabis strain used.

Systematic Review of the Costs and Benefits of Prescribed Cannabis-Based Medicines for the Management of Chronic Illness: Lessons from Multiple Sclerosis.

Herzog, Samuel · 2018

Researchers systematically reviewed the economic costs and benefits of prescribed cannabis-based medicines across all chronic illnesses. Of 2,514 records identified, only 10 studies met criteria, all focused on multiple sclerosis (MS).

Cannabis Use, Lung Cancer, and Related Issues.

Jett, James · 2018

Researchers reviewed the evidence on cannabis, lung cancer risk, and therapeutic applications in oncology. On lung cancer risk: smoking cannabis has not been proven to be a risk factor for lung cancer development.

Cannabinoids for the treatment of rheumatic diseases - where do we stand?

Katz-Talmor, Daphna · 2018

Researchers reviewed the available evidence on cannabinoids for rheumatic diseases. Preliminary clinical trials have explored cannabis effects on rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia.

Profiles of Patients Who Use Marijuana for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Kerlin, Ann Marie · 2018

Researchers surveyed 2,357 inflammatory bowel disease patients living in states where marijuana was legal, with 1,666 (71%) completing the survey. Only 214 patients (12.8%) had asked their doctor about marijuana use, and just 73 (4.4%) used prescription marijuana. Among 234 patients living where both medical and recreational marijuana was legal, 49 (20.9%) reported using recreational marijuana specifically for IBD. Marijuana users reported high perceived benefits (80.7%).

Availability and approval of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management and palliative/supportive care in Europe: A survey of the status in the chapters of the European Pain Federation.

Krcevski-Skvarc, N · 2018

The European Pain Federation (EFIC) surveyed its national chapters on the status of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain and palliative care. 31 of 37 chapters responded, revealing large disparities: THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) was approved for MS spasticity in 21 chapters.

Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing.

MacCallum, Caroline A · 2018

The authors compiled practical clinical guidance for medical cannabis dosing and administration. Key recommendations: - Total daily THC should generally be limited to 30 mg/day or less to avoid psychoactive effects and tolerance development. - THC should preferably be combined with CBD, which can attenuate THC-associated anxiety and tachycardia. - CBD is less potent than THC and may require much higher doses for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic benefits. - Dose initiation should start at modest levels with slow titration over up to two weeks. - Administration methods covered include smoking, vaporization, and oral ingestion, each with different onset times and bioavailability profiles. The review addressed cannabis-drug interactions, patient monitoring standards, and special populations including epilepsy, cancer, chronic pain, elderly patients, Parkinson's disease, pediatrics, concurrent opioid use, and driving..

Heavy Cannabis Use Associated With Reduction in Activated and Inflammatory Immune Cell Frequencies in Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals.

Manuzak, Jennifer A · 2018

Researchers measured immune cell activation in 198 HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy, categorized by cannabis use level based on plasma THC metabolite concentration. Heavy cannabis users had significantly decreased frequencies of activated (HLA-DR+CD38+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to non-users. Heavy users also had decreased frequencies of intermediate and nonclassical monocyte subsets (inflammatory monocyte types). Additionally, heavy cannabis users had reduced frequencies of antigen-presenting cells producing interleukin-23 and TNF-α, two pro-inflammatory cytokines. The authors noted that while clinical implications are unclear, these findings suggest cannabis use is associated with a "potentially beneficial reduction in systemic inflammation and immune activation" in the context of treated HIV..

Rates of cannabis use in patients with cancer.

Martell, K · 2018

Researchers distributed surveys to 3,138 cancer patients across two comprehensive and two community cancer centers in a Canadian province, with 1,987 usable responses (63% response rate). Lifetime cannabis use was reported by 43%, independent of age, sex, education level, or cancer type. Cannabis was acquired primarily through friends (80%), with only 10% from regulated medical dispensaries. Of 356 patients (18%) who used cannabis in the past 6 months, 36% were new users who started after their cancer diagnosis. Reasons for recent use included cancer-related pain (46%), nausea (34%), other cancer symptoms (31%), and non-cancer-related reasons (56%, which could overlap with other categories). Most users (81% of those with any use) had used dried leaves..

A prospective open-label trial of a CBD/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome.

McCoy, Bláthnaid · 2018

Twenty children with Dravet syndrome received add-on therapy with TIL-TC150, a cannabis oil containing 100 mg/mL CBD and 2 mg/mL THC. Doses ranged from 2-16 mg/kg/day of CBD (mean achieved: 13.3 mg/kg/day) and 0.04-0.32 mg/kg/day of THC (mean: 0.27 mg/kg/day). Nineteen of 20 participants completed the 20-week intervention. Results showed a median motor seizure reduction of 70.6%, with 63% of patients achieving at least 50% seizure reduction. There was a statistically significant improvement in quality of life and reduction in EEG spike activity. Adverse events during titration included somnolence, anorexia, and diarrhea.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure.

Miller, Sally · 2018

Researchers tested topical THC and CBD on intraocular pressure (IOP) in mice. A single topical application of THC lowered IOP by approximately 28% for 8 hours in male mice.

Potential Clinical Benefits of CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Over Purified CBD in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Observational Data Meta-analysis.

Pamplona, Fabricio A · 2018

Researchers pooled data from 11 observational studies involving 670 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy to compare CBD-rich extracts to purified CBD products. Overall, 64% of patients (399/622) reported seizure improvement. CBD-rich extracts were associated with significantly better outcomes: - 71% improvement rate (318/447) vs 46% for purified CBD (81/175), p < 0.0001. - Lower average dose needed: 6.0 mg/kg/day vs 25.3 mg/kg/day. - Fewer mild adverse effects: 33% vs 76%, p < 0.0001. - Fewer severe adverse effects: 2.2% vs 12.6%, p < 0.0001 (note: rates of severe AEs with purified CBD corrected). The authors attributed the difference to synergistic effects of CBD with other phytocompounds (the entourage effect), though they noted this needs confirmation in controlled trials..

Efficacy of artisanal preparations of cannabidiol for the treatment of epilepsy: Practical experiences in a tertiary medical center.

Porcari, Giulia S · 2018

Researchers reviewed records of 108 pediatric epilepsy patients using artisanal CBD oil preparations at a tertiary medical center. 39% of patients achieved greater than 50% seizure reduction, with 10% becoming seizure-free. No patients achieved CBD monotherapy, but AED weaning became possible in 22% of patients. Patients also taking clobazam had a slightly higher response rate (44% vs 33% without clobazam), but this difference was not statistically significant. Sedation was the most common side effect, occurring in less than 4% of patients, all of whom were also taking clobazam. Notably, 14% of patients showed increased alertness and improved verbal interactions, a positive cognitive effect. Benefits were more marked in the CBD-alone group compared to CBD + clobazam, but this difference was also not statistically significant..

Comparing medical and recreational cannabis use among employees: associations with health and work-related outcomes.

Rineer, Jennifer R · 2018

While some differences in health and work outcomes were initially seen between medical, recreational, and mixed-use cannabis users, several disappeared after controlling for health-related factors.

HIV-infected cannabis users have lower circulating CD16+ monocytes and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 levels compared with nonusing HIV patients.

Rizzo, Michael D · 2018

HIV+ cannabis users had lower circulating CD16+ monocytes and plasma IP-10 (both implicated in HIV-associated neuroinflammation) compared to HIV+ non-users.

Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology.

Russo, Ethan B · 2018

The review presents evidence supporting cannabis-based interventions for intractable epilepsy, brain tumors, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and traumatic brain injury/CTE.

Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?

Ružić Zečević, Dejana · 2018

Preclinical studies confirmed anticonvulsant activity of CBD and CBDV across multiple epilepsy models.

The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology.

Śledziński, Paweł · 2018

Cannabinoids exhibit anticancer properties through multiple mechanisms: inhibiting cell proliferation, stimulating autophagy and apoptosis, and potentially inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis.

Effects of Legal Access to Cannabis on Scheduled II-V Drug Prescriptions.

Stith, Sarah S · 2018

28 of 83 MCP patients (34%) ceased all scheduled prescription medications by the end of the observation period, versus only 1 of 42 comparison patients (2%).

Examining effects of medical cannabis narratives on beliefs, attitudes, and intentions related to recreational cannabis: A web-based randomized experiment.

Sznitman, Sharon R · 2018

Viewing patient narratives about successful medical cannabis use indirectly increased positive attitudes, beliefs, and intentions related to recreational cannabis use by first changing attitudes toward medical cannabis.

Cannabinoid pharmacology and therapy in gut disorders.

Uranga, J A · 2018

The GI tract expresses endocannabinoids, their receptors, and metabolizing enzymes.

The use of cannabis in response to the opioid crisis: A review of the literature.

Vyas, Marianne Beare · 2018

The 10 included studies collectively suggest medical cannabis laws could be associated with decreased prescription opioid use, fewer POM-related hospitalizations, lower rates of opioid overdose, and reduced national healthcare expenditures related to opioid overdose and misuse.

Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs

Gamble, Lauri-Jo · 2018

CBD oil at 2 mg/kg twice daily significantly reduced pain (CBPI score 21→14, p<0.01) and increased activity (Hudson score 54→67, p<0.01) in dogs with osteoarthritis.

A selective review of medical cannabis in cancer pain management.

Blake, Alexia · 2017

The review identified five clinical studies evaluating THC or CBD for cancer pain.

Cannabis cultivation: Methodological issues for obtaining medical-grade product.

Chandra, Suman · 2017

The review described the production practices of two institutions with extensive cannabis cultivation experience.

Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs - a cross-sectional study.

Corroon, James M · 2017

Of 2,774 cannabis users surveyed, 1,248 (46%) reported using cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs.

Cannabis and intractable chronic pain: an explorative retrospective analysis of Italian cohort of 614 patients.

Fanelli, Guido · 2017

Following Italy's 2015 authorization of medical cannabis, researchers analyzed the first year of clinical use for chronic pain across six treatment centers.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Review.

Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein · 2017

Among ten medicinal plants with clinical evidence for MS symptom management, Cannabis sativa had the highest level of support.

Toll-like receptor signalling as a cannabinoid target in Multiple Sclerosis.

Fitzpatrick, John-Mark K · 2017

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are immune sensors that trigger inflammatory responses and play a pivotal role in the development of MS (as shown in animal models).

Role of cannabis in digestive disorders.

Goyal, Hemant · 2017

The endocannabinoid system performs protective activities throughout the gastrointestinal tract and modulates gut inflammation, motility, secretion, and pain perception.

Cannabinoids for treating inflammatory bowel diseases: where are we and where do we go?

Hasenoehrl, Carina · 2017

Fifty years after THC was identified, this expert review assessed the clinical translation of cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Surveys and small clinical studies confirmed that IBD patients frequently use cannabis to manage diarrhea, abdominal pain, and appetite loss.

Immunoregulatory Role of Cannabinoids during Infectious Disease.

Hernández-Cervantes, Rosalía · 2017

This review examined the complex relationship between the endocannabinoid system, cannabis use, and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The overall pattern is that recreational or medicinal cannabis use tends to increase susceptibility to infections because of its impact on immune modulation.

Medical cannabis for the treatment of chronic pain and other disorders: misconceptions and facts.

Hill, Kevin P · 2017

As cannabis policy changes accelerated worldwide, this review addressed the gap between patient expectations and clinical evidence for medical cannabis. The authors found that the best current evidence supports medical cannabis for three specific conditions: chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and spasticity from multiple sclerosis.

Cannabis and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Change Blossoms a Mile High.

Hoffenberg, Edward J · 2017

Writing from Colorado, one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis, pediatric gastroenterologists described the practical reality of caring for children and adolescents with IBD in an environment of increasing cannabis awareness and acceptance. The review outlined the endocannabinoid system's role in gastrointestinal function, noting biological plausibility for both beneficial and harmful effects of cannabis in IBD.

The Increasing Use of Cannabis Among Older Americans: A Public Health Crisis or Viable Policy Alternative?

Kaskie, Brian · 2017

This essay examined the intersection of cannabis and aging in America, identifying multiple pathways through which older adults are increasingly using cannabis. Some older adults are responding to changing social and legal environments and using cannabis recreationally.

Medical cannabis: Another piece in the mosaic of autoimmunity?

Katz, D · 2017

This review examined cannabis and its active compounds as potential treatments for autoimmune diseases, conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. The evidence supports cannabinoids as immune-modulating agents that affect T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and microglia cells.

Medical use of cannabis in Switzerland: analysis of approved exceptional licences.

Kilcher, Gablu · 2017

This study analyzed all 1,193 patients approved for medical cannabis through Switzerland's exceptional licensing program in 2013 and 2014. The program grew rapidly: 542 patients were treated in 2013 compared to 825 in 2014, a 52% increase.

Cannabis for Pain and Headaches: Primer.

Kim, Philip S · 2017

This primer reviewed the landscape of cannabis-based pain treatment for physicians, covering three main categories of active compounds. Synthetic cannabinoids like dronabinol and nabilone have already received FDA approval for chemotherapy-related nausea and HIV wasting, providing a regulatory pathway for cannabinoid medicines.

The use of cannabis in supportive care and treatment of brain tumor.

Likar, Rudolf · 2017

This review examined the dual role of cannabinoids in brain tumor care: established palliative symptom management and emerging anti-tumor potential. For palliative care, cannabinoids have documented roles in managing nausea, vomiting, pain, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in cancer patients.

Cannabinoid signaling in health and disease.

Lu, Yan · 2017

This review provided a broad overview of the endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic potential, with particular attention to an emerging area: cardioprotection. The endocannabinoid system is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, and several cannabinoids can be prescribed in Canada for conditions including nausea and pain.

Cannabinoids therapeutic use: what is our current understanding following the introduction of THC, THC:CBD oromucosal spray and others?

Maccarrone, Mauro · 2017

This expert review assessed the state of cannabinoid therapeutics roughly five years after THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) entered clinical practice for multiple sclerosis spasticity. For MS spasticity, clinical trials confirmed the spray's efficacy and tolerability, establishing it as the most widely used prescription cannabinoid medicine internationally.

Effect of Marijuana Use on Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity.

Malhotra, Sonali · 2017

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2007-2012, this study examined marijuana's effects on thyroid function in 5,280 adults aged 18-69. Fifty-four percent of subjects reported lifetime cannabis use, with 15% having used recently (within 30 days).

No significant effect of cannabis use on the count and percentage of circulating CD4 T-cells in HIV-HCV co-infected patients (ANRS CO13-HEPAVIH French cohort).

Marcellin, Fabienne · 2017

This large longitudinal study examined whether cannabis use affects the most important immune marker in HIV management, the CD4 T-cell count, in patients co-infected with both HIV and hepatitis C. Among 955 patients followed over multiple visits (2,386 total visits), cannabis use was remarkably common: 48% reported use in the preceding four weeks.

Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn's Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Naftali, Timna · 2017

This randomized, placebo-controlled trial tested oral CBD (10 mg twice daily) in 20 patients with moderately active Crohn's disease who had not responded to standard treatments. After 8 weeks of treatment, both the CBD and placebo groups showed similar improvements in disease activity (CDAI decreased from 337 to 220 in CBD group vs.

Evidence for the use of "medical marijuana" in psychiatric and neurologic disorders.

Noel, Christopher · 2017

This review took a deliberately narrow approach, examining only randomized clinical trials of phytocannabinoids (plant-derived cannabis) for psychiatric and neurologic conditions, excluding synthetic products like dronabinol and nabilone. The search identified trials in dementia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, social anxiety disorder, depression, tobacco use disorder, and neuropathic pain. The overall evidence base was thin.

Systematic review: interventions for abdominal pain management in inflammatory bowel disease.

Norton, C · 2017

This systematic review searched for interventions specifically targeting abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel disease, finding a surprisingly sparse evidence base. Only 15 papers met inclusion criteria.

Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: "High"-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges.

Oláh, Attila · 2017

This review summarized how the endocannabinoid system influences the immune system at multiple levels. Cannabinoids affect nearly every type of immune cell: T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and others.

The arguments for and against cannabinoids application in glaucomatous retinopathy.

Panahi, Yunes · 2017

The review examined evidence on cannabinoids for glaucoma from multiple angles.

Concise review of the management of iatrogenic emesis using cannabinoids: emphasis on nabilone for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Pergolizzi, Joseph V · 2017

The review examined nabilone's pharmacology and clinical trial evidence for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep.

Piper, Brian J · 2017

Among 1,513 New England dispensary members surveyed, the rates of medication reduction after starting medical cannabis varied significantly by drug class.

Chronic pain patients' perspectives of medical cannabis.

Piper, Brian J · 2017

Among 984 dispensary members (two-thirds with chronic pain), the average self-rated effectiveness of medical cannabis was 74.6% on a scale from 0% (no relief) to 100% (complete relief).

Drug-Herb Interactions in the Elderly Patient with IBD: a Growing Concern.

Rahman, Haider · 2017

Nearly half of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have used complementary and alternative medicine at some point, and elderly IBD patients face particular risks because they often take multiple medications for comorbid conditions. The review covers over 20 herbs commonly used by IBD patients, including cannabis, and details their potential interactions with standard IBD drugs like immunomodulators, biologics, and corticosteroids.

Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid-Based Pain Medication: Patient Self-Report.

Reiman, Amanda · 2017

Among 2,897 medical cannabis patients surveyed, 34% reported using opioid-based pain medication in the past six months.

The endocannabinoid system as a target for addiction treatment: Trials and tribulations.

Sloan, Matthew E · 2017

This review examined randomized controlled trial evidence for cannabinoid-based medications across different addictions. For cannabis use disorder: THC-containing medications like dronabinol and nabiximols (Sativex) effectively reduced withdrawal symptoms.

An Australian nationwide survey on medicinal cannabis use for epilepsy: History of antiepileptic drug treatment predicts medicinal cannabis use.

Suraev, Anastasia S · 2017

Epilepsy Action Australia surveyed 976 people with epilepsy nationwide.

Pros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders.

Suryadevara, Uma · 2017

The review examined evidence on cannabis use across six brain disorders, finding a mixed picture that varied dramatically by condition. Neurological disorders with some benefit: Cannabis reduced pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis, decreased tremor, rigidity, and pain in Parkinson's disease, and improved quality of life in ALS by helping appetite, pain, and spasticity.

Duration of use of oral cannabis extract in a cohort of pediatric epilepsy patients.

Treat, Lauren · 2017

A retrospective review of 119 pediatric epilepsy patients using oral cannabis extracts (OCEs) revealed high rates of discontinuation.

Cannabis Use in Palliative Oncology: A Review of the Evidence for Popular Indications.

Turgeman, Ilit · 2017

The review assessed cannabis and cannabinoid use across the spectrum of palliative care needs in cancer patients. The best-established indications were chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), where synthetic cannabinoids like nabilone and dronabinol have been approved for decades, and cancer-related pain, where cannabis showed benefit particularly for pain not adequately controlled by opioids alone. Emerging evidence supported use for anorexia/cachexia (cancer-related weight loss), insomnia, and anxiety, though clinical trial data for these indications was limited.

Medical Cannabinoids in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Wong, Shane Shucheng · 2017

Researchers systematically reviewed 2,743 citations from medical databases and identified 22 studies involving 795 children and adolescents who received cannabinoid treatments.

Medical use of cannabis products: Lessons to be learned from Israel and Canada.

Ablin, J · 2016

This review, written by physicians from Israel, Canada, and Germany, compared how Israel and Canada handle medical cannabis to inform Germany's policy development. In Israel, the plant-based extract nabiximols could be prescribed for spasticity and cancer pain, while raw marijuana was permitted under strict government regulation for specific conditions including chronic neuropathic pain, cancer pain, IBD, and PTSD, but only after conventional treatments failed.

Integrating cannabis into clinical cancer care.

Abrams, D I · 2016

This review examined the role of cannabis in cancer care across multiple domains.

Therapeutic Use of Cannabis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Ahmed, Waseem · 2016

This review examined the evidence for cannabis as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), covering endocannabinoid system science, animal models, epidemiological data, and human studies. Animal research showed that modulating the endocannabinoid system had therapeutic effects in mouse colitis models.

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Tobacco, Cannabinoids and Smoking Cessation Products.

Anderson, Gail D · 2016

This pharmacokinetics review examined how tobacco smoking, cannabis use, and smoking cessation products interact with medications metabolized by liver enzymes. Both marijuana and tobacco smoke induce the CYP1A2 enzyme through the same pathway (aromatic hydrocarbon receptor), and the effect is additive when both are smoked.

Attitudes to cannabis and patterns of use among Canadians with multiple sclerosis.

Banwell, Emma · 2016

Researchers surveyed 225 people with multiple sclerosis (MS) attending neurology and neuropsychiatry clinics in Canada about their cannabis use and attitudes. Overall attitudes were favorable: 54.3% approved of cannabis and 43.7% endorsed full legalization, while another 43.7% supported legalization for medical use only.

Novel Treatments for Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: Beyond Ondansetron and Amitriptyline.

Bhandari, Sanjay · 2016

This review examined treatment options for cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), a disorder of episodic severe nausea and vomiting, and addressed the complicated relationship between CVS and cannabis. The recognition that chronic cannabis use is associated with cyclic vomiting led to the proposed diagnosis of "cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome" (CHS), which presents identically to CVS.

The Use of Medical Marijuana in Cancer.

Birdsall, Shauna M · 2016

This review addressed the state of evidence for medical marijuana in cancer care, identifying both the potential and the significant knowledge gaps. On the benefit side, cannabis may help with cancer-related symptoms including nausea, pain, appetite loss, and possibly neuropathy.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: Separating the chemicals from the "weed," a pharmacodynamic discussion.

Boggs, Douglas Lee · 2016

This review examined the pharmacodynamic interplay between THC and CBD, the two most studied of the 70+ phytocannabinoids in cannabis. THC directly activates CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, producing its well-known psychoactive effects.

Beyond the Direct Activation of Cannabinoid Receptors: New Strategies to Modulate the Endocannabinoid System in CNS-Related Diseases.

Chicca, Andrea · 2016

This review examined strategies for modulating the endocannabinoid system that go beyond directly activating CB1 and CB2 receptors, which has produced limited therapeutic success due to CB1-mediated side effects. Alternative approaches include inhibitors of the enzymes that break down endocannabinoids (FAAH for anandamide, MAGL for 2-AG, ABHD6, and ABHD12), as well as COX-2 inhibitors, diacylglycerol lipase inhibitors, and blockers of the endocannabinoid membrane transporter. The review also discussed polypharmacological approaches that combine mild inhibition of multiple targets simultaneously.

Cannabinoids for Symptom Management and Cancer Therapy: The Evidence.

Davis, Mellar P · 2016

This review from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network examined cannabinoids across multiple cancer-related applications. For pain, multiple studies (mostly moderate to low quality) showed that THC and THC/CBD combinations modestly reduce cancer pain.

Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2016

This landmark open-label trial enrolled 214 patients (aged 1-30 years) with severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy across 11 US epilepsy centers.

THC:CBD in Daily Practice: Available Data from UK, Germany and Spain.

Fernández, Óscar · 2016

Since Sativex became available in European countries in 2010 for treatment-resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity, real-world data has been collected through registry and observational studies across multiple countries. The most recent analysis of registry data from over 900 patients in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland showed long-term continuation rates of 68% at one year, with an average dose of 5.4 sprays per day.

Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids in chronic pain associated with rheumatic diseases (fibromyalgia syndrome, back pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis): A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Fitzcharles, M-A · 2016

The researchers systematically searched for randomized controlled trials of cannabinoid products in fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, chronic spinal pain, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Cannabinoid Treatments in the Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Fitzcharles, Mary-Ann · 2016

This review identified the same thin evidence base for cannabinoids in rheumatic diseases: four short studies totaling only 203 patients across rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis. Cannabinoids had a statistically significant effect on pain in two of the studies and on sleep in two studies.

A cost-effectiveness model for the use of a cannabis-derived oromucosal spray for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

Gras, Adrien · 2016

Using a 30-year Markov model, researchers compared the costs and health outcomes of adding the THC:CBD spray Sativex to standard care versus standard care alone for moderate-to-severe MS spasticity in Wales. The incremental cost was estimated at 3,836 British pounds per patient over 30 years, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 10,891 pounds per quality-adjusted life year.

Influence of Previous Failed Antispasticity Therapy on the Efficacy and Tolerability of THC:CBD Oromucosal Spray for Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity.

Haupts, Michael · 2016

A key question for any treatment is whether it works in difficult-to-treat patients.

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study.

Jadoon, Khalid A · 2016

This was the first randomized controlled trial testing cannabinoids specifically for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Endocannabinoid regulation of β-cell functions: implications for glycaemic control and diabetes.

Jourdan, T · 2016

Pancreatic beta-cells, which produce insulin, contain all components of the endocannabinoid system.

Endocannabinoid System: A Multi-Facet Therapeutic Target.

Kaur, Rimplejeet · 2016

This review provides a panoramic view of the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target, covering its role across a remarkable range of conditions: nausea, pain, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, anorexia, epilepsy, glaucoma, schizophrenia, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Tourette's syndrome. Approved drugs at the time included nabilone and dronabinol (for chemotherapy-induced nausea) and Sativex (for MS spasticity).

Medical cannabis - the Canadian perspective.

Ko, Gordon D · 2016

This review addressed the rapidly evolving Canadian medical cannabis landscape from both clinical and practical perspectives.

Controlled downregulation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor provides a promising approach for the treatment of obesity and obesity-derived type 2 diabetes.

Lu, Dai · 2016

The endocannabinoid system's overactivation in visceral obesity drives metabolic dysfunction through CB1 receptors.

Substituting cannabis for prescription drugs, alcohol and other substances among medical cannabis patients: The impact of contextual factors.

Lucas, Philippe · 2016

This large survey of Canadian medical cannabis patients revealed remarkably high rates of substance substitution.

A user's guide to cannabinoid therapies in oncology.

Maida, V · 2016

This review provides a clinical roadmap for using cannabinoid therapies in cancer care.

Dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to antiemetics.

May, Megan Brafford · 2016

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is one of patients' most feared side effects.

Techniques and technologies for the bioanalysis of Sativex®, metabolites and related compounds.

Molnar, Anna · 2016

As medical cannabis products like Sativex become more widely prescribed, drug testing faces a growing challenge: how to distinguish legal medical use from illicit recreational use. This review systematically examined methods for detecting THC and CBD across four biological matrices: blood, urine, oral fluid, and hair.

Cannabinoids for treatment of glaucoma.

Novack, Gary D · 2016

This review examined the current state of cannabis for glaucoma treatment against a backdrop of increasing marijuana potency and legalization.

Medical marijuana patient counseling points for health care professionals based on trends in the medical uses, efficacy, and adverse effects of cannabis-based pharmaceutical drugs.

Parmar, Jayesh R · 2016

Researchers reviewed 68 studies comparing the three FDA-approved cannabis-based medications (dronabinol, nabiximols, nabilone) with smoked and orally ingested marijuana.

Is the medical use of cannabis a therapeutic option for children?

Rieder, Michael J · 2016

This clinical review examined the evidence for medical cannabis use in children, prompted by case reports of children with refractory epilepsy responding to cannabis-based treatments.

Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes.

Russo, Ethan B · 2016

Dr.

Should we care about sativex-induced neurobehavioral effects? A 6-month follow-up study.

Russo, M · 2016

Forty cannabis-naive multiple sclerosis patients were assessed with comprehensive neuropsychological testing before starting Sativex treatment and again at 1 and 6 months.

Cannabinoids: Medical implications.

Schrot, Richard J · 2016

This review covered the medical evidence for cannabinoid therapeutics across multiple conditions.

Marijuana Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Review.

Sidney, Stephen · 2016

This review examined the paradoxical relationship between cannabis use and diabetes.

Cannabinoids in Medical Practice.

Strouse, Thomas B · 2016

This clinical review provided practical guidance for physicians navigating cannabinoid therapeutics.

Assessing Sample Bias among Venue-Based Respondents at Medical Marijuana Dispensaries.

Thomas, Crystal · 2016

Medical marijuana users are a "hidden population" that is difficult to access through traditional survey methods.

THC:CBD Observational Study Data: Evolution of Resistant MS Spasticity and Associated Symptoms.

Trojano, Maria · 2016

The MOVE 2 Italy study tracked real-world outcomes of THC:CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for treatment-resistant MS spasticity across more than 30 Italian MS centers.

CBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: The current Israeli experience.

Tzadok, Michal · 2016

Researchers reported the experience of five Israeli pediatric epilepsy centers treating 74 children and adolescents (ages 1-18) with intractable epilepsy using CBD-enriched medical cannabis oil (20:1 CBD to THC ratio dissolved in olive oil). These children had severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy: all had failed more than 7 antiepileptic drugs, and 66% had also failed a ketogenic diet, vagal nerve stimulator, or both.

Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia.

Walitt, Brian · 2016

The Cochrane Collaboration, considered the gold standard for medical evidence review, found only two randomized controlled trials testing cannabinoids for fibromyalgia, with a combined total of just 72 participants.

Chronic Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Administration Reduces IgE(+)B Cells but Unlikely Enhances Pathogenic SIVmac251 Infection in Male Rhesus Macaques of Chinese Origin.

Wei, Qiang · 2016

Sixteen male Chinese-origin rhesus macaques were divided into four groups and treated with daily THC or placebo for 428 days.

Marijuana Legalization: Impact on Physicians and Public Health.

Wilkinson, Samuel T · 2016

This Annual Review of Medicine article assessed the public health landscape of marijuana legalization from a physician perspective. Medical evidence was limited to HIV/AIDS cachexia, chemotherapy nausea, neuropathic pain, and MS spasticity.

Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Zurier, Robert B · 2016

The review surveyed anti-inflammatory actions across several cannabinoid categories.

Cannabis in cancer care.

Abrams, D I · 2015

The review covers established and emerging roles of cannabis in cancer care.

Cannabinoid replacement therapy (CRT): Nabiximols (Sativex) as a novel treatment for cannabis withdrawal.

Allsop, D J · 2015

The review outlines a novel approach to treating cannabis dependence using nabiximols (Sativex), a buccal spray containing THC and CBD.

Cannabinoids and Tremor Induced by Motor-related Disorders: Friend or Foe?

Arjmand, Shokouh · 2015

This review examined the potential of cannabinoid-based compounds to treat tremor associated with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and forms of ataxia.

Comprehensive Review of Medicinal Marijuana, Cannabinoids, and Therapeutic Implications in Medicine and Headache: What a Long Strange Trip It's Been ….

Baron, Eric P · 2015

This extensive review traced the history of medicinal cannabis from ancient use through its prominence in 19th-century medicine, when it was widely prescribed for headache, to its prohibition driven by political rather than scientific factors.

Narrative review of the safety and efficacy of marijuana for the treatment of commonly state-approved medical and psychiatric disorders.

Belendiuk, Katherine A · 2015

Researchers reviewed the scientific evidence for cannabis treatment across the conditions most commonly approved by state medical marijuana programs.

Placebo effects in a multiple sclerosis spasticity enriched clinical trial with the oromucosal cannabinoid spray (THC/CBD): dimension and possible causes.

Di Marzo, Vincenzo · 2015

This review examined the placebo response in enriched clinical trials of THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS spasticity.

Clinical perspectives on medical marijuana (cannabis) for neurologic disorders.

Fife, Terry D · 2015

This commentary examined the clinical implications of the American Academy of Neurology's systematic review of cannabinoids for neurological disorders.

Medical marijuana: review of the science and implications for developmental-behavioral pediatric practice.

Hadland, Scott E · 2015

This review for developmental-behavioral pediatricians examined three domains: cannabis use epidemiology among youth, neurocognitive effects in adolescents, and proposed medical uses in pediatric conditions. Regular cannabis use among adolescents was associated with well-recognized neurocognitive changes, with the developing brain being particularly susceptible due to the endocannabinoid system's role in normal neurodevelopment.

A multicentre, open-label, follow-on study to assess the long-term maintenance of effect, tolerance and safety of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in the management of neuropathic pain.

Hoggart, B · 2015

This open-label extension study followed 380 patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (from diabetes or allodynia) who had participated in two prior randomized controlled trials of THC/CBD oromucosal spray.

Cyclic vomiting presentations following marijuana liberalization in Colorado.

Kim, Howard S · 2015

Researchers compared emergency department visits for cyclic vomiting before and after Colorado's 2009 medical marijuana liberalization.

The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders.

Kluger, Benzi · 2015

This comprehensive review examined basic science, animal, and clinical evidence for cannabinoids across multiple movement disorders.

Medical marijuana for cancer.

Kramer, Joan L · 2015

This clinical review examined evidence for three cannabinoid pharmaceuticals: dronabinol (synthetic THC), nabilone (THC analog), and nabiximols (THC/CBD spray), along with smoked marijuana. Dronabinol had the most established evidence base, with FDA approval for chemotherapy nausea and AIDS-related anorexia.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Marijuana is both antiemetic and proemetic.

Lu, Marvin Louis Roy Y · 2015

This clinical review described cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a paradoxical condition where chronic marijuana use causes recurrent severe nausea and vomiting despite cannabis being known as an antiemetic. The syndrome typically presents with cyclic episodes of vomiting, often accompanied by compulsive hot bathing (which temporarily relieves symptoms).

The role of cannabinoids in regulation of nausea and vomiting, and visceral pain.

Malik, Zubair · 2015

This review mapped cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2, and potentially GPR55) throughout the gastrointestinal tract and examined their roles in food intake, nausea, gastric secretion, motility, visceral sensation, inflammation, and cell proliferation. The strongest evidence supported cannabinoid involvement in regulating nausea and vomiting, where the endocannabinoid system has provided new mechanistic insights.

The Antitumor Activity of Plant-Derived Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids.

McAllister, Sean D · 2015

This review examined how non-psychoactive cannabinoids, particularly CBD, affect cancer cells through mechanisms that do not require activation of CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors. In animal models, CBD inhibited the progression of glioblastoma, breast, lung, prostate, and colon cancers.

Medicinal cannabis.

Murnion, Bridin · 2015

This review examined the clinical evidence for medicinal cannabis and its derivatives in Australia's regulatory context.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in counteracting chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: an exploratory review.

Ostadhadi, Sattar · 2015

This exploratory review examined evidence for cannabinoids addressing a wider range of chemotherapy side effects than just nausea and vomiting. Beyond the established use for chemotherapy-induced nausea, the review identified emerging evidence for cannabinoids in: appetite stimulation for cancer cachexia, protection against chemotherapy-induced bone loss (through CB2 receptor activation), reduction of kidney toxicity (nephroprotection), reduction of heart damage (cardioprotection), pain management, mood improvement, and relief from insomnia. The review also noted that cannabinoids showed direct antitumoral effects in some preclinical models, suggesting they might simultaneously fight cancer while mitigating treatment side effects..

Phytocannabinoids for Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Updates and Future Prospects.

Patil, K R · 2015

This review examined how plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) from both cannabis and non-cannabis plants interact with the endocannabinoid system to fight cancer. The review focused on strategies to avoid psychoactive effects: targeting CB2 receptors (found primarily on immune cells rather than in the brain), inhibiting endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes (FAAH and MAGL), and using non-psychoactive cannabinoids.

Minireview: From the bench, toward the clinic: therapeutic opportunities for cannabinoid receptor modulation.

Picone, Robert P · 2015

This minireview examined therapeutic opportunities from modulating CB1 and CB2 receptors across several disease areas. For CB1: the receptor protects against excitotoxic brain damage, and CB1 modulation could limit addiction liability.

Endocannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Pryce, Gareth · 2015

This review examined the role of the endocannabinoid system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two neurodegenerative conditions sharing the symptom of spasticity. Anecdotal reports of cannabis relieving MS symptoms were confirmed by animal models and clinical trials, leading to the approval of medicinal cannabis (nabiximols) for MS spasticity.

Peripherally Restricted Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Pain.

Romero-Sandoval, E Alfonso · 2015

This review examined strategies to use cannabinoids for pain treatment while avoiding central nervous system effects.

Multiple sclerosis, cannabis, and cognition: A structural MRI study.

Romero, Kristoffer · 2015

Researchers compared 20 MS patients who smoked cannabis for symptom relief with 19 matched MS patients who did not.

"Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis.

Schmitz, Katja · 2015

This extensive review examined nutritional and natural compounds as potential disease-modifying agents for multiple sclerosis.

Marijuana for Glaucoma: A Recipe for Disaster or Treatment?

Sun, Xiaoshen · 2015

This review examined whether marijuana or cannabinoid-based drugs could treat glaucoma.

Patterns of cannabis use in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A population based analysis.

Weiss, Alexandra · 2015

Using data from the NHANES national health survey, researchers compared cannabis use patterns between people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and matched controls. People with IBD were more likely to have ever used cannabis (67.3% vs.

Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Whiting, Penny F. · 2015

Across 79 RCTs, cannabinoids were linked to better symptom outcomes than placebo for several indications, but effects were often small and not consistently statistically significant across trials.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol + cannabidiol. A reasonable option for some patients with multiple sclerosis.

· 2014

This review evaluated clinical trial evidence for a THC/CBD oromucosal spray in MS-related spasticity.

Is the clinical use of cannabis by oncology patients advisable?

Bar-Sela, Gil · 2014

This review assessed the evidence for cannabis use by oncology patients.

Barriers to access for Canadians who use cannabis for therapeutic purposes.

Belle-Isle, Lynne · 2014

Among 628 current therapeutic cannabis users in Canada, only 7% accessed cannabis exclusively from authorized (legal) sources.

Medical marijuana in neurology.

Benbadis, Selim R · 2014

This expert review assessed the evidence for cannabinoids in neurological diseases.

The case for assessing cannabidiol in epilepsy.

Cilio, Maria Roberta · 2014

This editorial-style review from leading epilepsy researchers argued that pure CBD had accumulated sufficient preclinical evidence to justify systematic clinical investigation for treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2014

This landmark review by leading researchers summarized the evidence for CBD across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions.

Advances in the management of MS spasticity: recent observational studies.

Fernández, Oscar · 2014

This review compiled observational data from post-marketing registries and real-world studies of THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS spasticity.

Cannabinoids: new promising agents in the treatment of neurological diseases.

Giacoppo, Sabrina · 2014

This review evaluated the state of cannabinoid research for neurological diseases.

The subjective psychoactive effects of oral dronabinol studied in a randomized, controlled crossover clinical trial for pain.

Issa, Mohammed A · 2014

In a randomized controlled trial with 30 chronic non-cancer pain patients on opioids, single doses of dronabinol (10 mg and 20 mg) produced significantly elevated scores on four of five psychoactivity subscales compared to placebo.

Care and feeding of the endocannabinoid system: a systematic review of potential clinical interventions that upregulate the endocannabinoid system.

McPartland, John M · 2014

The review identified multiple categories of clinical interventions that enhance the endocannabinoid system.

Plasma cannabinoid concentrations during dronabinol pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence.

Milman, Garry · 2014

During placebo dosing periods, blood THC and its metabolites consistently decreased, supporting the withdrawal symptoms observed.

The detection of THC, CBD and CBN in the oral fluid of Sativex® patients using two on-site screening tests and LC-MS/MS.

Molnar, Anna · 2014

After Sativex dosing, oral fluid contained very high concentrations of both THC and CBD.

Cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease.

Naftali, Timna · 2014

The authors report on their own clinical research program alongside a broader literature review.

Effects of cannabis on cognition in patients with MS: a psychometric and MRI study.

Pavisian, Bennis · 2014

Compared to matched MS patients who did not use cannabis, cannabis-using MS patients performed significantly worse on two cognitive measures: the more demanding version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (processing speed) and the 10/36 Spatial Recall Test (visual memory). On fMRI during a working memory task, cannabis users showed more diffuse cerebral activation across all difficulty levels and made more errors on the most demanding task.

A review of the cultivation and processing of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) for production of prescription medicines in the UK.

Potter, David J · 2014

Cannabis is an extremely inhomogeneous raw material, with cannabinoid ratios affected by genetics, growing conditions, storage conditions, maturity at harvest, and processing methods.

THC:CBD spray and MS spasticity symptoms: data from latest studies.

Rekand, Tiina · 2014

A randomized, placebo-controlled long-term trial demonstrated that THC:CBD spray (Sativex) was not associated with cognitive decline, depression, or significant mood changes after 12 months of treatment.

Cannabinoids and schizophrenia: therapeutic prospects.

Robson, P J · 2014

Standard antipsychotic drugs fail to adequately control symptoms in approximately one-third of schizophrenia patients.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines.

Robson, P J · 2014

The review covers the endocannabinoid system's role in immune response, appetite, cognition, emotion, perception, motor coordination, body temperature, sleep, and bone metabolism.

Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn's disease.

Storr, Martin · 2014

Of 313 IBD patients surveyed, 17.6% had used cannabis specifically to treat their IBD symptoms, primarily through inhalation (96.4%).

Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review.

Stout, Stephen M · 2014

The review identified the specific cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzymes responsible for metabolizing major cannabinoids.

Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy--from receptors to clinical response.

Szaflarski, Jerzy P · 2014

The review covers three key areas.

The endocannabinoid system as a potential therapeutic target for pain modulation.

Ulugöl, Ahmet · 2014

The review outlines the shift in cannabinoid pain research from directly activating cannabinoid receptors to enhancing the body's own endocannabinoid system.

Subjective, cognitive and cardiovascular dose-effect profile of nabilone and dronabinol in marijuana smokers.

Bedi, Gillinder · 2013

Fourteen regular marijuana smokers completed a within-subjects comparison of nabilone (2, 4, 6, 8 mg), dronabinol (10, 20 mg), and placebo across seven sessions.

The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis.

Borgelt, Laura M · 2013

The review covered three types of cannabinoid medicines available in North America: dronabinol (Schedule III), nabilone (Schedule II), and medical cannabis (Schedule I).

An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics.

Johnson, Jeremy R · 2013

Forty-three patients with advanced cancer and pain inadequately managed by strong opioids entered an open-label extension study of THC/CBD spray (nabiximols/Sativex).

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Langford, R M · 2013

This study had two phases.

Can oral fluid cannabinoid testing monitor medication compliance and/or cannabis smoking during oral THC and oromucosal Sativex administration?

Lee, Dayong · 2013

Fourteen participants received oral THC (5 and 15 mg), low-dose Sativex, high-dose Sativex, and placebo in random order.

Oral fluid/plasma cannabinoid ratios following controlled oral THC and smoked cannabis administration.

Lee, Dayong · 2013

Eleven chronic cannabis smokers lived on a closed research unit for 51 days, receiving different daily oral THC doses (0, 30, 60, 120 mg/day) with smoked cannabis challenges.

The medical use of cannabis for reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS.

Lutge, Elizabeth E · 2013

Seven randomized controlled trials were identified, all of short duration (21-84 days) with small sample sizes.

Treatment of Tourette syndrome with cannabinoids.

Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R · 2013

The review examined the evidence for cannabinoid treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS).

The impact of marijuana use on glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance among US adults.

Penner, Elizabeth A · 2013

Using NHANES data from 2005-2010, researchers compared metabolic markers between 579 current marijuana users, 1,975 past users, and never-users.

Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: experiences from recent studies and everyday clinical practice.

Pozzilli, Carlo · 2013

The review summarized the clinical evidence for Sativex in MS spasticity.

Control of experimental spasticity by targeting the degradation of endocannabinoids using selective fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors.

Pryce, G · 2013

Mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a model of MS) developed spasticity that was treated with three different FAAH inhibitors (CAY100400, CAY100402, URB597).

Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Ravikoff Allegretti, Jessica · 2013

A survey of 292 IBD patients at an academic medical center (94% response rate) found that 12.3% were active marijuana users, 39.0% were past users, and 48.6% had never used.

Immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of Hot-nature diet and co-supplemented hemp seed, evening primrose oils intervention in multiple sclerosis patients.

Rezapour-Firouzi, Soheila · 2013

One hundred relapsing-remitting MS patients were randomized to three groups: Group A received hemp seed + evening primrose oils with a "hot-nature" dietary intervention, Group B received olive oil, and Group C received the oils without the diet.

Plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence.

Sarris, Jerome · 2013

The review examined 1,525 papers and identified 53 plants with anxiolytic evidence, of which 21 had human clinical trials.

Sativex long-term use: an open-label trial in patients with spasticity due to multiple sclerosis.

Serpell, Michael G · 2013

One hundred forty-six MS patients entered an open-label follow-up of Sativex for spasticity.

A phase I study to assess the single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of THC/CBD oromucosal spray.

Stott, C G · 2013

In this Phase I pharmacokinetic trial, healthy male volunteers received a THC/CBD oral spray at three dose levels (2, 4, or 8 sprays) either as single doses or daily for nine days.

The dose effects of short-term dronabinol (oral THC) maintenance in daily cannabis users.

Vandrey, Ryan · 2013

Thirteen daily cannabis smokers completed a within-subject crossover study receiving 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg dronabinol per day for five consecutive days each.

What place for ▾ cannabis extract in MS?

· 2012

This Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin evaluation reviewed the clinical evidence for Sativex (cannabis extract containing THC and CBD) for MS-related spasticity.

The biology that underpins the therapeutic potential of cannabis-based medicines for the control of spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

Baker, David · 2012

This review connected the biology of MS to the biology of the endocannabinoid system, explaining why cannabis-based medicines work for spasticity at a fundamental level.

Medicinal Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on-the-road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in Standard Field Sobriety Tests.

Bosker, Wendy M · 2012

Twenty-four participants (12 occasional users, 12 heavy users) received dronabinol (10 mg and 20 mg) or placebo in a crossover design, then drove on actual roads.

Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana.

Bostwick, J Michael · 2012

This extensive review covered the full landscape of cannabis issues circa 2012.

Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Corey-Bloom, Jody · 2012

Thirty MS patients with treatment-resistant spasticity completed a placebo-controlled crossover trial.

Medical marijuana: clearing away the smoke.

Grant, Igor · 2012

This review summarized the growing clinical trial evidence for medical cannabis, focusing on recent trials of smoked and vaporized marijuana as well as botanical extracts.

Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: the role of cannabinoids in treating spasticity.

Leussink, Verena Isabell · 2012

This review covered the biological rationale and clinical evidence for cannabinoids in MS spasticity.

Cost effectiveness of oromucosal cannabis-based medicine (Sativex®) for spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

Lu, Lanting · 2012

Using a Markov model to project costs and quality-of-life benefits over 5 years, researchers estimated that adding Sativex to standard spasticity treatment cost an additional 7,600 pounds and gained 0.15 QALYs per patient.

Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain.

Lucas, Philippe · 2012

This review compiled evidence from preclinical and clinical sources on using cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in chronic pain.

Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of Sativex, a combined cannabinoid medicine, in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity.

Oreja-Guevara, Celia · 2012

The review examined accumulating clinical evidence for Sativex, an oromucosal spray containing equal parts THC and cannabidiol.

Targeting the endocannabinoid system with cannabinoid receptor agonists: pharmacological strategies and therapeutic possibilities.

Pertwee, Roger G · 2012

Three cannabinoid medicines were already in clinical use at the time: Cesamet (nabilone), Marinol (dronabinol), and Sativex (THC with CBD).

Nabiximols in the treatment of spasticity, pain and urinary symptoms due to multiple sclerosis.

Podda, Giulio · 2012

The review analyzed clinical trials of nabiximols for three MS symptoms: spasticity, neuropathic pain, and bladder dysfunction.

Potential control of multiple sclerosis by cannabis and the endocannabinoid system.

Pryce, Gareth · 2012

The review examined two distinct roles for cannabinoids in MS.

Evaluation of the safety and tolerability profile of Sativex: is it reassuring enough?

Wade, Derick · 2012

The reviewer evaluated published data on Sativex safety across several concern areas.

Medical marijuana: medical necessity versus political agenda.

Clark, Peter A · 2011

The review examined the conflict between federal marijuana classification (Schedule I, no accepted medical use) and accumulating scientific evidence. Studies showed medical marijuana was effective for controlling chronic non-cancer pain, alleviating chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting, treating AIDS wasting syndrome, and controlling MS muscle spasms.

Endocannabinoid pathways and their role in multiple sclerosis-related muscular dysfunction.

Di Marzo, Vincenzo · 2011

The review examined the role of endocannabinoids in MS-related muscular dysfunction and the therapeutic potential of Sativex (nabiximols), containing equal parts THC and CBD. Endocannabinoid levels were found to be altered in both animal models of MS and in cerebrospinal fluid samples from MS patients.

Effects of cannabis on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Honarmand, Kimia · 2011

Researchers compared 25 MS patients who used cannabis to 25 matched MS non-users using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery designed specifically for MS. Cannabis users performed significantly worse on information processing speed, working memory, executive functions, and visuospatial perception.

Subjective and physiological effects after controlled Sativex and oral THC administration.

Karschner, E L · 2011

Nine cannabis smokers received five treatments in randomized, double-blind fashion: placebo, low and high doses of oral synthetic THC, and low and high doses of Sativex (1:1 THC:CBD oromucosal spray). At therapeutic doses, Sativex and oral THC produced similar, clinically insignificant increases in heart rate, anxiety, and "good drug effects." No serious adverse events occurred with either treatment. Contrary to the hypothesis that CBD would attenuate THC-induced side effects, no substantial CBD-induced modulation of THC's effects was evident at these dose levels.

Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration.

Karschner, Erin L · 2011

Researchers measured plasma levels of cannabinoids after administering Sativex (THC+CBD) and pure oral THC to determine whether CBD alters THC pharmacokinetics. Nine cannabis smokers received five treatments in randomized, double-blind sessions: placebo, low and high oral THC, and low and high Sativex doses.

Cannabis and its derivatives: review of medical use.

Leung, Lawrence · 2011

The review provided a practical update for family physicians on medical cannabis, covering several key points. Clinical trials demonstrated benefits for alleviating chronic and neuropathic pain, though significant psychotropic and physical side effects accompanied use.

Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids.

Parker, Linda A · 2011

This review pulled together decades of research on how the endocannabinoid system regulates nausea and vomiting.

Abuse potential and psychoactive effects of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray (Sativex), a new cannabinoid medicine.

Robson, Philip · 2011

This review compiled safety data from all published Sativex clinical trials, including the integrated safety analysis for multiple sclerosis patients.

Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.

Russo, Ethan B · 2011

This review, which became one of the most cited papers in cannabis science, examined how non-cannabinoid plant compounds, particularly terpenes, might contribute to the therapeutic effects of whole-plant cannabis beyond what THC or CBD alone can do. Russo cataloged eight major cannabis terpenes (limonene, myrcene, pinene, linalool, beta-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol, and phytol) and their documented pharmacological effects.

THC and CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex®) in the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.

Sastre-Garriga, Jaume · 2011

This review compiled clinical trial evidence for Sativex oromucosal spray in MS-related spasticity.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the subjective abuse potential and cognitive effects of nabiximols oromucosal spray in subjects with a history of recreational cannabis use.

Schoedel, Kerri Alexandra · 2011

This crossover study gave 23 recreational cannabis users single doses of Sativex (at three dose levels), dronabinol (at two dose levels), or placebo.

Role of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis.

Zajicek, John P · 2011

This review covered both the endocannabinoid system biology and clinical evidence for cannabinoids in MS.

Cannabinoid-Induced Hyperemesis: A Conundrum-From Clinical Recognition to Basic Science Mechanisms.

Darmani, Nissar A · 2010

Cannabinoids are clinically used as anti-nausea medications (preventing chemotherapy-induced vomiting through CB1 receptor stimulation), making the recently recognized cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) a paradox. CHS is characterized by repeated cyclical vomiting and compulsive hot water bathing in chronic cannabis users.

Pharmacology and toxicology of Cannabis derivatives and endocannabinoid agonists.

Gerra, Gilberto · 2010

This review covered the pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and toxicology of cannabis-derived medications. Existing clinical applications included Sativex (THC/CBD extract) for MS symptoms, nabilone and dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea, and dronabinol for appetite stimulation.

Immunoactive effects of cannabinoids: considerations for the therapeutic use of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists.

Greineisen, William E · 2010

This review examined the immunological effects of cannabinoids in the context of their clinical applications. Both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids were shown to be "potently immunoactive." The review argued that these immune effects are not incidental side effects but are highly relevant to the conditions for which cannabinoid therapeutics are prescribed. For cannabinoid receptor agonists (used for pain, nausea, appetite, spasticity), immunosuppressive effects could be beneficial in inflammatory conditions but harmful in infections or cancer. For CB1 receptor antagonists (developed for obesity), immune activation could either help or harm depending on the patient's immune status. The central argument was that immunological effects should be considered with each prescribing decision, not treated as secondary concerns..

Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain.

Johnson, Jeremy R · 2010

One hundred seventy-seven cancer patients whose pain was inadequately controlled by opioids were randomized to THC/CBD extract spray (60 patients), THC-only extract spray (58 patients), or placebo (59 patients) for two weeks. The THC/CBD group showed statistically significant pain improvement compared to placebo (mean change -1.37 vs -0.69 on a numerical rating scale).

Cannabis-derived substances in cancer therapy--an emerging anti-inflammatory role for the cannabinoids.

Liu, Wai M · 2010

While previous cannabinoid-cancer research focused primarily on direct anti-tumor effects (inducing cancer cell death through disrupting signaling pathways like ERK and PI3-K), this review highlighted a newer perspective: cannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents in cancer. Chronic inflammation has long been associated with cancer development and progression.

Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to immunosuppression.

Rieder, Sadiye Amcaoglu · 2010

The review catalogued how cannabinoids mediate immunosuppression through four broad mechanisms: 1.

New approaches in the management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients: role of cannabinoids.

Smith, Paul F · 2010

The review examined clinical trial evidence for cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) in treating spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients consistently reported subjective improvement in spasticity when using CBMEs.

The abuse potential of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone.

Ware, Mark A · 2010

Researchers conducted a comprehensive evaluation of whether the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone (approved in Canada since 1981 for chemotherapy nausea) was being abused, particularly as off-label pain management prescribing increased. The scientific literature and popular press contained very little reference to nabilone abuse.

The effects of nabilone on sleep in fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled trial.

Ware, Mark A · 2010

Twenty-nine fibromyalgia patients with chronic insomnia completed a crossover trial comparing nabilone (0.5-1.0 mg at bedtime) to amitriptyline (10-20 mg at bedtime), each for two weeks with a two-week washout period. Nabilone was significantly superior to amitriptyline on the Insomnia Severity Index (difference = 3.2 points, 95% CI: 1.2-5.3).

Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions.

Aggarwal, Sunil K · 2009

This review traced the arc of medical cannabis from ancient Chinese use (c.

Characteristics of patients with chronic pain accessing treatment with medical cannabis in Washington State.

Aggarwal, Sunil K · 2009

Researchers reviewed charts of 139 patients legally authorized for medical cannabis in Washington State, seen at a university pain clinic. The patient population was complex: 88% had more than one pain syndrome.

Psychopathological and cognitive effects of therapeutic cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study.

Aragona, Massimiliano · 2009

Seventeen cannabis-naive MS patients were randomized in a double-blind crossover trial to receive Sativex or placebo for 3-week periods, with comprehensive psychological and cognitive assessments. No significant differences were found between the Sativex and placebo phases on any measured psychological or cognitive variable.

Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and related analogs in inflammation.

Burstein, Sumner H · 2009

This review examined five years of research on the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids across several categories: plant-derived cannabinoids (THC, CBD), synthetic analogs (ajulemic acid, nabilone), endocannabinoids (anandamide and related compounds), and non-cannabinoid cannabis components. All classes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity.

The analgesic potential of cannabinoids.

Elikkottil, Jaseena · 2009

This review examined the history, pharmacology, and clinical data on cannabinoids as pain treatments. Clinical and experimental studies showed that cannabis-derived compounds act as antiemetic, appetite-modulating, and analgesic agents.

Naturally occurring and related synthetic cannabinoids and their potential therapeutic applications.

Galal, Ahmed M · 2009

This review covered the landscape of naturally occurring cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) and their synthetic analogs, focusing on patents filed between 2003 and 2007. The review noted that while psychotropic effects of cannabis are mainly attributed to THC, cannabinoids also affect the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems through interactions with CB1 and CB2 receptors. The FDA had approved synthetic THC (dronabinol/Marinol) in 1985 for chemotherapy-related nausea and in 1992 as an appetite stimulant for AIDS patients.

Whole plant cannabis extracts in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.

Lakhan, Shaheen E · 2009

Six randomized controlled trials of combined THC and CBD extracts for MS-related spasticity were systematically reviewed. A consistent trend of reduced spasticity in treated patients was observed across studies.

The future of endocannabinoid-oriented clinical research after CB1 antagonists.

Le Foll, Bernard · 2009

Rimonabant, the first clinically available CB1 receptor antagonist, showed promise for treating obesity, metabolic syndrome, and potentially drug addiction.

Endocannabinoid system: An overview of its potential in current medical practice.

Mouslech, Zadalla · 2009

This extensive review covered the endocannabinoid system (ECS) across multiple body systems. In the brain, CB1 receptors are concentrated in areas controlling motor function, emotional responses, motivated behavior, and energy balance.

Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines.

Pertwee, Roger G · 2009

Five strategies for improving cannabinoid therapeutics while reducing psychoactive side effects: (1) peripheral restriction — drugs that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier; (2) tissue-specific delivery — intrathecal, transdermal, topical routes; (3) receptor upregulation — exploiting disease-induced increases in receptor density; (4) CB2 selectivity — targeting immune receptors that don't cause intoxication; (5) multi-targeting — synergistic combinations, especially cannabinoid-opioid at sub-effective doses..

Use of cannabinoid receptor agonists in cancer therapy as palliative and curative agents.

Pisanti, Simona · 2009

This review examined the growing evidence for cannabinoids in cancer treatment, covering both established palliative uses and emerging anti-tumor evidence. Preclinical studies showed that cannabinoid receptor agonists can limit cell proliferation and induce tumor-selective cell death.

Do cannabinoids reduce multiple sclerosis-related spasticity?

Thaera, Greg M · 2009

A structured critical appraisal examined whether cannabinoids improve MS-related spasticity. The largest randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral cannabinoid therapy found no improvement on the Ashworth scale (an objective spasticity measure).

The endocannabinoid system and multiple sclerosis.

Baker, David · 2008

This review examined the dual potential of the endocannabinoid system in MS: symptom management and disease modification. For symptom relief, the evidence showed that spasticity is tonically (continuously) regulated by the endocannabinoid system, and clinical trials suggested cannabis can relieve pain, spasms, and spasticity.

Direct suppression of autoreactive lymphocytes in the central nervous system via the CB2 receptor.

Dittel, B N · 2008

This review focused on the CB2 cannabinoid receptor's role in controlling autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system. While THC activates both CB1 (mainly brain) and CB2 (mainly immune system) receptors, the generation of mice lacking specific cannabinoid receptors has allowed researchers to separate these functions.

Cannabinoid control of neuroinflammation related to multiple sclerosis.

Baker, D · 2007

This review from the British Journal of Pharmacology examined whether cannabinoids can modify the neuroinflammatory process driving MS, beyond just controlling symptoms. Experimental studies revealed two mechanisms: synthetic cannabinoids can indirectly suppress the immune response through CB1 receptor signaling in nerve centers that control systemic immunosuppression, and can directly inhibit lymphocyte and macrophage/microglial function through CB2 receptors. However, the review concluded that these immunosuppressive effects, which could reduce relapsing attack frequency, would probably not be achieved clinically through medical cannabis use due to dose constraints: the doses needed for immunosuppression would likely cause unacceptable psychoactive effects. A more promising avenue was cannabinoid modulation of the glial response within damaged CNS tissue, which could slow the progressive neurodegeneration accounting for disability accumulation in MS..

On the pharmacological properties of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Costa, Barbara · 2007

This review covered the pharmacological landscape of THC as of 2007, drawing on clinical trials, animal studies, and anecdotal reports. The evidence supported THC's therapeutic applications across several areas including pain relief, nausea suppression, appetite stimulation, neuroprotection, and anti-tumor effects.

Cannabinoids:their role in pain and palliation.

McCarberg, Bill H · 2007

This review examined the evidence for cannabinoid use in pain management and palliative care across several conditions. The author described how the endocannabinoid system works alongside the opioid system as a retrograde neuromodulatory network.

Control of spasticity in a multiple sclerosis model is mediated by CB1, not CB2, cannabinoid receptors.

Pryce, G · 2007

Researchers tested cannabinoid effects on spasticity in both normal mice and mice genetically lacking CB1 receptors, all with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of MS). Some CB2-selective agonists (like RWJ400065) appeared to reduce spasticity.

Oromucosal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial.

Rog, David J · 2007

This open-label extension followed 63 MS patients with central neuropathic pain for up to 917 days (over 2.5 years) of Sativex (THC/CBD mouth spray) treatment. Of the 63 patients who entered the extension, 34 (54%) completed more than one year, and 28 (44%) completed the full follow-up.

Medical marijuana and the developing role of the pharmacist.

Seamon, Matthew J · 2007

This review outlined the pharmacological, therapeutic, and legal landscape of medical marijuana for pharmacists as of 2007. The authors identified five general indications with varying levels of evidence: chemotherapy-induced nausea, weight loss from debilitating illness (HIV, cancer), spasticity from neurological diseases, pain syndromes, and other uses including glaucoma. The review cataloged known adverse effects across psychiatric, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immunologic domains, and highlighted potential drug-drug interactions and disease-state interactions that pharmacists should be aware of. A key practical challenge was noted: since marijuana remained a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law, patients using state-legal medical marijuana might never interact with a pharmacist, creating a gap in patient safety..

Symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis using cannabinoids: recent advances.

Smith, Paul F · 2007

This review surveyed the rapidly expanding clinical trial landscape for cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis, covering THC, dronabinol, Sativex (THC:CBD), CT-3, nabilone, and other cannabis extracts. The author noted a shift from earlier conflicting evidence to emerging consensus: the majority of recent studies suggested cannabinoids were useful for at least some MS patients with pain and spasticity.

Sativex: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain.

Barnes, Michael Philip · 2006

This review covered the clinical development of Sativex, one of the first cannabis-based medicines approved through conventional pharmaceutical pathways.

Rimonabant: a cannabinoid receptor type 1 blocker for management of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors.

Gelfand, Eli V · 2006

This review from the Journal of the American College of Cardiology summarized clinical trial evidence for rimonabant, the first selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor blocker developed for cardiometabolic risk management. Across four large trials, rimonabant 20 mg daily produced greater weight loss and waist circumference reduction compared to placebo after one year.

A multicenter dose-escalation study of the analgesic and adverse effects of an oral cannabis extract (Cannador) for postoperative pain management.

Holdcroft, Anita · 2006

Patients were given a single dose of 5, 10, or 15 mg of oral cannabis extract (Cannador) for post-operative pain after stopping patient-controlled analgesia.

Cannabinoid-induced immune suppression and modulation of antigen-presenting cells.

Klein, Thomas W · 2006

This review examined how the endocannabinoid system, originally discovered through neuroscience research, also regulates immune function.

The cannabinergic system as a target for anti-inflammatory therapies.

Lu, Dai · 2006

This review examined how modulating the endocannabinoid system affects immune function.

The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in endocrine regulation and energy balance.

Pagotto, Uberto · 2006

This comprehensive review published in Endocrine Reviews detailed the endocannabinoid system's emerging role in regulating hormonal function.

Combined cannabinoid therapy via an oromucosal spray.

Perez, Jordi · 2006

This review covered the clinical development of Sativex as a combined cannabinoid medicine (THC and CBD) delivered via oromucosal spray.

Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study.

Tomida, Ileana · 2006

Six patients with ocular hypertension or early primary open angle glaucoma received single sublingual doses of 5 mg THC, 20 mg CBD, 40 mg CBD, or placebo in a randomized, double-masked crossover design. Two hours after THC administration, intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly lower than after placebo (23.5 mmHg vs.

Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis.

Wade, D T · 2006

Following a 10-week placebo-controlled study, 137 MS patients entered this open-label trial and used Sativex for an average of 434 days (range 21-814 days).

Recent developments in the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids.

Corey, Susan · 2005

This review identified 15 independent, qualifying clinical trials (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled) of cannabinoid therapeutics published since 1997.

Cannabinoids.

Grotenhermen, Franjo · 2005

This comprehensive review covered 15 years of research since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system.

Cannabinoids and cancer: causation, remediation, and palliation.

Hall, Wayne · 2005

This review addressed three distinct relationships between cannabinoids and cancer. First, regarding cancer causation: case reports linked cannabis smoking to upper respiratory tract cancers in young adults, but epidemiological evidence from cohort and case-control studies was inconsistent. Second, regarding anti-tumor effects: some lab studies showed THC and synthetic cannabinoids had antineoplastic effects, while others showed THC impaired immune responses to cancer.

Endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and body weight.

Kirkham, T C · 2005

This review compiled evidence on the endocannabinoid system's role in appetite and body weight regulation.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study about the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the pharmacokinetics of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after oral application of THC verses standardized cannabis extract.

Nadulski, Thomas · 2005

Twenty-four volunteers (12 male, 12 female) received soft-gelatin capsules of either 10 mg THC alone, cannabis extract containing 10 mg THC plus 5.4 mg CBD, or placebo in a crossover design.

The endocannabinoid system and the treatment of obesity.

Pagotto, Uberto · 2005

This review detailed how the endocannabinoid system contributes to obesity through two parallel mechanisms.

Sativex for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms.

Perras C · 2005

Sativex, containing THC and CBD in a 1:1 ratio delivered as an oromucosal spray, was one of the first cannabis-based medicines to undergo conventional clinical development and receive prescription approval.

Human studies of cannabinoids and medicinal cannabis.

Robson, P · 2005

This review traced the arc of medicinal cannabis from its prominence in 19th century Western medicine through its early 20th century prohibition and 1960s recreational explosion, to the current state of clinical research. The author identified major methodological challenges that had kept clinical evidence weak: studies tended to be small, imperfectly controlled, and often used synthetic cannabinoid analogs or smoked herbal material with uncertain composition and irregular bioavailability. New research opportunities were emerging from three developments: the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, expanding knowledge of cannabinoid pharmacology, and a more sympathetic political environment in several countries.

The safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Smith, Paul F · 2005

This review assessed the safety profile of cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) for MS treatment.

Cannabinoids and the regulation of ingestive behaviour.

Vickers, S P · 2005

This review compiled evidence on how cannabinoids regulate eating behavior, covering both exogenous (plant-derived) and endogenous cannabinoids.

Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial.

Berman, Jonathan S · 2004

In 48 patients with chronic nerve pain from brachial plexus root avulsion, both Sativex (THC:CBD approximately 1:1) and a THC-only extract delivered by oral spray produced statistically significant improvements in pain severity compared to placebo during two-week treatment periods.

Medical marijuana: emerging applications for the management of neurologic disorders.

Carter, Gregory T · 2004

Cannabis contains over 60 different cannabinoids with capacity for neuromodulation through direct, receptor-based mechanisms at many levels within the nervous system.

Towards cannabis and cannabinoid treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Croxford, J Ludovic · 2004

The review identified a gap between promising preclinical evidence and disappointing clinical results.

Pharmacology of cannabinoids.

Grotenhermen, Franjo · 2004

THC acts as an agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors distributed across the central nervous system and peripheral tissues including spleen, leukocytes, reproductive and urinary tracts, endocrine glands, arteries, and heart.

Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex.

Haney, Margaret · 2004

In two controlled studies with heavy marijuana users (6-10 joints per day), oral THC (10 mg five times daily) administered during marijuana abstinence decreased anxiety, misery, trouble sleeping, chills, and craving, and reversed large decreases in food intake.

Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis: do they have a therapeutic role?

Killestein, Joep · 2004

While the identification of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid ligands, along with animal model efficacy, generated excitement about cannabinoid treatment for MS, the clinical evidence was described as equivocal.

Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies.

Notcutt, William · 2004

Thirty-four patients with chronic, mainly neuropathic, pain used three cannabis-based sublingual sprays (THC, CBD, and 1:1 THC:CBD) over 12 weeks in individual randomized crossover trials.

Medicinal cannabis extracts for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Smith, Paul F · 2004

The review contrasted two approaches to cannabis-based MS treatment.

Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Vaney, C · 2004

Researchers enrolled 57 MS patients with poorly controlled spasticity into a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study during inpatient rehabilitation.

Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients.

Wade, Derick T · 2004

Researchers recruited 160 MS outpatients experiencing significant problems with spasticity, spasms, bladder issues, tremor, or pain across three centers.

Cannabis-based medicines--GW pharmaceuticals: high CBD, high THC, medicinal cannabis--GW pharmaceuticals, THC:CBD.

· 2003

GW Pharmaceuticals was developing distinct cannabis-based prescription medicines using three delivery systems: sublingual spray, sublingual tablet, and inhaled (non-smoked) forms.

The therapeutic potential of cannabis.

Baker, David · 2003

The review drew parallels between the cannabinoid and opioid research fields, noting that in both cases, study of drug-producing plants led to discovery of endogenous control systems with central roles in neurobiology.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease.

Croxford, J Ludovic · 2003

The review mapped cannabinoid therapeutic potential across multiple CNS conditions.

Microbial infections, immunomodulation, and drugs of abuse.

Friedman, Herman · 2003

The review described how multiple drugs of abuse, including marijuana, modulated the immune system.

Medical marijuana initiatives : are they justified? How successful are they likely to be?

Hall, Wayne · 2003

THC was moderately effective for nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, and acute and chronic pain.

Cannabis use as described by people with multiple sclerosis.

Page, S A · 2003

Of 420 MS patients who completed the survey (62% response rate), 96% were aware that cannabis could potentially be therapeutically useful for MS and 72% supported legalization for medical purposes.

Cannabinoids inhibit neurodegeneration in models of multiple sclerosis.

Pryce, Gareth · 2003

Using experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, researchers demonstrated that the cannabinoid system was neuroprotective.

A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms.

Wade, Derick T · 2003

In 24 patients with neurological conditions (18 MS, 4 spinal cord injury, 2 other) whose symptoms had not responded to standard treatments, sublingual cannabis extracts produced significant pain relief.

Established and potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in oncology.

Walsh, Declan · 2003

Two uses for the synthetic cannabinoid dronabinol were established: chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and AIDS-related anorexia.

Medicinal cannabis: is delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol necessary for all its effects?

Wilkinson, J D · 2003

In a mouse model of MS, whole cannabis extract (SCE) and pure THC inhibited spasticity to comparable levels, but the extract produced faster onset of muscle relaxation and shorter time to maximum effect.

Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS.

Killestein, J · 2002

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 16 patients with severe multiple sclerosis spasticity received oral THC, cannabis plant extract, and placebo in different periods.

Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial.

Müller-Vahl, K R · 2002

THC significantly reduced tics (p=0.015) and obsessive-compulsive behavior (p=0.041) compared to placebo.

Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis.

Pertwee, Roger G · 2002

Clinical evidence from 8 trials in MS patients and 1 in spinal cord injury showed that cannabis, THC, and nabilone produced objective or subjective relief from spasticity, pain, tremor, and nocturia.

Cannabinoids in the treatment of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

Smith, Paul F · 2002

The review acknowledged substantial evidence that cannabinoids could reduce muscle spasticity and pain through CB1 receptor mechanisms.

The role of cannabinoids in neurodegenerative diseases.

Glass, M · 2001

This review synthesized the rapidly growing understanding of the endocannabinoid system's role in neurological disease. The endocannabinoid system, consisting of two receptors (CB1, CB2) and two endogenous ligands (anandamide, 2-AG), is involved in normal movement control, memory formation, and appetite regulation.

Medicinal use of cannabis: history and current status.

Kalant, H · 2001

THC and several analogues showed significant therapeutic benefits for nausea, vomiting, and appetite stimulation in patients with wasting syndrome.

The cannabinoids: an overview. Therapeutic implications in vomiting and nausea after cancer chemotherapy, in appetite promotion, in multiple sclerosis and in neuroprotection.

Mechoulam, R · 2001

The review traced cannabinoid science from historical use in Assyria and China through to the identification of CB1 and CB2 receptors and the discovery of endogenous cannabinoids.

Influence of treatment of Tourette syndrome with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on neuropsychological performance.

Müller-Vahl, K R · 2001

In 12 adult Tourette syndrome patients given a single dose of 5-10 mg THC or placebo, researchers found no significant differences in verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, intelligence, sustained attention, divided attention, vigilance, or mood.

The ethics of medical marijuana: government restrictions vs. medical necessity.

Clark, P A · 2000

This ethics review examined the medical marijuana controversy through the lens of biomedical ethics. The factual foundation was established by the 1999 Institute of Medicine report, in which eleven independent scientists found medical marijuana effective for controlling some pain, alleviating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, treating AIDS-related wasting, and combating MS-related muscle spasms.

An approach to the medical marijuana controversy.

Hollister, L E · 2000

Writing in Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Leo Hollister (a highly respected pharmacologist) proposed a practical solution to the medical marijuana impasse. The evidence supporting therapeutic marijuana use was insufficient for FDA approval, yet many patients maintained it was necessary for their treatment.

Cancer cachexia and cannabinoids.

Gorter, R W · 1999

Anorexia and cachexia (severe weight loss) are diagnosed in more than two-thirds of cancer patients with advanced disease and independently increase illness and death risk.

Cannabis in movement disorders.

Müller-Vahl, K R · 1999

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are densely concentrated in the basal ganglia output nuclei (globus pallidus and substantia nigra), the brain circuits that control voluntary movement.

Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology and rationale for clinical use.

Pertwee, R G · 1999

This review provided a comprehensive pharmacological roadmap for cannabinoid therapeutics.

Abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol).

Calhoun, S R · 1998

Researchers investigated the abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol), a prescription oral THC product, through literature review, surveys, and interviews with addiction specialists, oncologists, HIV researchers, and law enforcement. The findings were consistently negative across all measures of abuse potential.

Medical marijuana.

Marmor, J B · 1998

Writing in the Western Journal of Medicine as California patients were self-medicating with marijuana under Proposition 215, the author assessed the state of medical marijuana evidence and policy. Clinical studies suggested medical utility for some conditions, but the scientific evidence was described as weak.

Analysis of the medical use of marijuana and its societal implications.

Taylor, H G · 1998

This review from a pharmacist's perspective assessed marijuana across pharmacology, risks, and therapeutic potential. For risks: acute intoxication featured euphoria, short-term memory loss, sensory enhancement, and impaired linear thinking.

Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana.

Voth, E A · 1997

Following the passage of ballot initiatives in California and Arizona making marijuana accessible to patients, the authors reviewed all relevant research from 1975 to 1996 on medical applications of THC and marijuana. The evidence supported selective use of pure THC preparations for two conditions: nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy and appetite stimulation.

Marijuana as an antiemetic drug: how useful is it today? Opinions from clinical oncologists.

Schwartz, R H · 1994

Researchers surveyed two groups of practicing oncologists about their antiemetic preferences, receiving completed surveys from 141 physicians (78% response rate).

Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease.

Consroe, P · 1991

Based on encouraging preliminary findings, researchers conducted a rigorous controlled trial of CBD in 15 Huntington's Disease patients who were not taking neuroleptic medications. Patients received either oral CBD (10 mg/kg/day, averaging about 700 mg/day) or placebo (sesame oil) for six weeks each in a double-blind, randomized crossover design.

Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes.

Doblin, R E · 1991

In 1990, researchers surveyed a random sample of 2,430 members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology about their experiences and attitudes toward medical marijuana.

Therapeutic issues of marijuana and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).

Ungerleider, J T · 1985

By 1985, sufficient clinical evidence had accumulated to assess cannabis and THC across three primary medical applications. For chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, THC had demonstrated efficacy in multiple controlled trials.

Review of cannabinoids and their antiemetic effectiveness.

Vincent, B J · 1983

This review synthesized the growing body of evidence on cannabinoid antiemetics.

Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy: a comparison of oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine.

Ungerleider, J T · 1982

Two hundred fourteen cancer patients were randomized in a double-blind crossover design to receive either THC (dosed by body surface area) or prochlorperazine (Compazine, a standard antiemetic) before chemotherapy. Both drugs were equally effective at reducing nausea and vomiting across a wide range of chemotherapy regimens and tumor types.

A critical review of the safety and antiemetic efficacy of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Cocchetto, D M · 1981

By 1981, both government and industry had invested substantial effort in isolating cannabis compounds with medical potential.

Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence.

Jones, R T · 1981

Drawing on data from 120 research subjects, this review documented how the body adapts to repeated cannabis exposure and what happens when use stops. Tolerance developed to multiple effects: cardiovascular changes, lowered eye pressure, sleep disruption, mood changes, and behavioral effects.

THC therapeutic research by independent and state-sponsored investigators: a historical review.

Scigliano, J A · 1981

The path from cannabis prohibition to medical research was shaped by three key pieces of federal legislation: the Marihuana Tax Stamp Act of 1937, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1962. Starting in 1968, Congress directed initial studies toward understanding long-term cannabis use in humans.

Cannabis, 1977.

· 1978

This review synthesized the state of cannabis science as of 1977, covering both therapeutic potential and health concerns. On the therapeutic side, cannabis showed promise for reducing eye pressure in glaucoma and for bronchodilation in asthma.

Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.

Sallan, S E · 1975

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, oral THC was tested as an anti-nausea treatment for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy drugs known to cause severe vomiting.

Pain, Depression, and Functional Outcomes Among Older Adults Who Use Cannabis or Opioid Analgesics for Chronic Pain Conditions.

Aebischer, Jonathan H · 2026

This longitudinal study tracked older adults enrolled in the Oregon Center for Aging and Technology with chronic pain lasting at least 12 weeks.

Effects of prescribed medical cannabis and alcohol on real-world driving performance (CAN-TRACK): a study protocol for a two-phase trial.

Arkell, Thomas R · 2026

Study protocol for the first real-world on-track driving study of prescribed medical cannabis patients (n=72 across pain, anxiety, insomnia) compared to alcohol-impaired healthy controls (n=24 at 0.05% BAC), measuring lateral vehicular control..

Cannabis Use Patterns and Blood Profiles in Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome.

Bloom, Joshua · 2026

This pilot study screened 869 adolescent emergency department patients to identify 10 with cyclic vomiting onset after chronic cannabis use—a ratio that illustrates both how common the screening population is and how specifically they identified CHS cases. All 10 participants had cannabis use disorder (9) or hazardous cannabis use (1) by validated assessment.

Cannabidiol reduces oxycodone self-administration while preserving its analgesic efficacy in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Bruijnzeel, Adriaan W · 2026

This study addresses one of the most pressing questions in pain medicine: can we reduce opioid misuse without taking away pain relief? Rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone (pressing a lever to receive intravenous doses), then given chronic neuropathic pain via sciatic nerve injury.

Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence on Medicinal Cannabis for Treatment of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: A Scoping Review.

Cooling, Sophie · 2026

This scoping review mapped all available randomized controlled trial evidence on medicinal cannabis for mental health conditions classified by the DSM-5.

Motivations and Pathways: A Thematic Analysis of Interviews with Medicinal Cannabis Consumers in Australia.

Dawson, Danielle · 2026

Medicinal cannabis users reported diverse motivations including managing treatment-resistant conditions and avoiding legal consequences of illicit use.

Cannabidiol against Epilepsy: Insights and an Experimental In Silico Approach.

Dos Santos, Aline Matilde Ferreira · 2026

This study used computational (in silico) methods to model how CBD might interact with five types of brain receptors implicated in epilepsy: T-type calcium channels (CaV), GABA-A receptors, KCNQ2 potassium channels, voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV), and AMPA receptors. Pharmacodynamic analysis showed CBD has good oral absorption characteristics and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, as indicated by its pharmacokinetic parameters.

A comparative study on phytochemical analysis and biological properties of three varieties of cannabis sativa L. seeds.

El-Mernissi, Rafik · 2026

Researchers compared the chemical composition and biological activity of three Moroccan Cannabis sativa seed varieties: Cric, Khard, and Beldiya.

A Longitudinal Assessment of Endometriosis Patients Prescribed Cannabis-Based Medicinal Products: A Case Series From the UK Medical Cannabis Registry.

Getter, Sara · 2026

Cannabis-based medicinal products were associated with significant improvements in all pain-specific measures from baseline to 18 months (p<.050).

Building the Mountain Mama and Baby Cohort: Study Design, Protocol, and Early Prenatal Clinic-based Recruitment Outcomes.

Gibbs, Bethany Barone · 2026

The Mountain Mama & Baby Study established a prospective cohort of pregnant women in West Virginia, enrolling participants during their first-trimester telehealth visits with nurse navigators.

A Randomized, Single-Dose, Single-Sequence, Two-Arm (Fasting and Fed), Open-Label Study on the Oral Pharmacokinetics of a Nanodispersible Cannabidiol Solution (150 mg/mL).

Gundugurti, Prasad Rao · 2026

In a randomized trial with 18 healthy male subjects, a novel nanodispersible CBD oral solution (150 mg/mL) was tested under fasting and fed conditions.

A Scoping Systematic Review of Cannabis Use in Endometriosis.

McLaren, Kindha · 2026

Pain indication: 57.3-95.5%.

Medical Cannabis Formulations, Administration Routes, and Dosing: Perspectives of Patients With Cancer Who Consume.

Nayak, Manan M · 2026

Through interviews with 24 cancer patients using medical cannabis across 8 states, researchers documented the lived experience of navigating cannabis therapeutics during cancer care. A dominant theme was the sheer number of product formulations available at dispensaries, which triggered feelings of astonishment and burden rather than empowerment.

Do Cannabis Users Require More Anesthesia During Third Molar Removal Under Intravenous General Anesthesia When Compared to Nonusers?

Panesar, Kanvar S · 2026

After adjusting for confounders, cannabis exposure years were significantly associated with total propofol requirements (coefficient = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.07-1.25, p = 0.03).

A qualitative study on cannabis use for harm reduction and pain among veterans enrolled in an SUD treatment program.

Pleasant, Traben · 2026

Through interviews with 33 veterans receiving care in a VA substance use disorder treatment program, researchers documented how veterans with chronic pain viewed and used cannabis alongside their addiction treatment. Most participants had a primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (70%), followed by opioid use disorder (18%) and stimulant use disorder (12%).

Survey of MaineHealth Cancer Care Network Providers on Cannabis Use: Preparation for Studies Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.

Prescott, Jill M · 2026

A survey of cancer care network providers found 89% agree cannabis can manage cancer symptoms, 54% are sensitive to stigma around cannabis use (57% of their patients feel similarly), only 15% consider themselves knowledgeable, only 30% routinely ask about cannabis use, and 85% want to learn more..

Therapeutic use of cannabinoids in age-related pain: Current evidence and clinical perspectives.

Pulone, Sabina · 2026

This review explored the intersection of aging, chronic pain, and the endocannabinoid system (ECS), building a case for why cannabinoids might be particularly relevant for older adults. The key biological insight is that aging involves a process called "inflammaging" — chronic low-grade inflammation driven by immune system changes (immunosenescence).

Understanding the acceptance of medical marijuana among Malaysian adults: a cross-sectional online survey.

Rahman, Abu Bakar · 2026

Among 2,047 respondents, 88.4% supported medical marijuana decriminalization.

The Effects of Extended Cannabis Abstinence in Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder.

Rodas, Justyne D · 2026

In this open-label pilot study, 21 veterans with both PTSD and cannabis use disorder attempted 12 weeks of cannabis abstinence with contingency reinforcement (progressive payments for confirmed abstinence at weeks 4, 8, and 12). Eleven participants achieved sustained abstinence; ten did not.

Impact of self-reported cannabis use on veterans' intensive PTSD treatment outcomes.

Schubert, Ryan A · 2026

Across two samples of veterans undergoing Cognitive Processing Therapy-based intensive treatment programs (3-week program: N=488; 2-week program: N=253), researchers examined whether cannabis use frequency before or during treatment affected PTSD and depression outcomes. Veterans in both programs reported low rates of cannabis use overall.

Medical cannabis authorization and opioid milligram equivalents over time in patients with chronic pain: a retrospective analysis.

Sexton, Michelle · 2026

Average opioid dose at the final time point was 33.4 mg/day OME overall.

Effect of Preoperative Cannabis Use on Postoperative Pain and Outcomes Following Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Shah, Sareena · 2026

Average morphine equivalents in the first 48 hours: cannabis users 60.98 vs non-users 59.90 (p=0.93).

Effects of Cannabidiol on Bone Health: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.

Shakir, Shabbir Adnan · 2026

Eleven of 24 studies demonstrated beneficial effects of CBD on bone formation, mineralization, callus quality, or strength.

Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy due to Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Sherman, Justin J · 2026

Three of four RCTs reported statistically significant reductions in neuropathic pain with cannabinoid interventions compared to placebo.

Cannabis and Endometriosis: When Is an Adverse Effect Not Adverse?

Sinclair, Justin · 2026

Among endometriosis patients using cannabis for symptom management, 32% experienced side effects, consistent with published literature.

Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.

Singh, Santosh Kumar · 2026

Acidic cannabinoids show unique biological activities distinct from their neutral counterparts, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and anti-proliferative effects mediated through 5-HT1A receptors, COX-2, TRP channels, and PPARgamma.

Population pharmacokinetic modelling revealed large variability in oromucosal absorption of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in older patients with poor appetite.

Storgaard, Ida Klitzing · 2026

THC pharmacokinetics in older patients showed enormous variability, with coefficient of variation ranging from 40.2% to 152% across pharmacokinetic parameters.

Cannabidiol-hyaluronic acid combination delivered rectally for attenuating abacterial prostatitis symptoms: Single-arm open-label pilot clinical trial.

Student, Vladimir · 2026

In this pilot trial, 16 men aged 24–49 with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) self-administered rectal suppositories containing 100 mg CBD and 6.6 mg hyaluronic acid nightly for 30 days. The primary outcome — the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) — decreased from a median of 24.5 to 20.0 points (p=0.003), with a median reduction of 7.0 points.

Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.

Suraev, Anastasia · 2026

In a pilot randomized controlled trial with 20 patients diagnosed with insomnia disorder (16 female, mean age 46), a single oral dose of 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD was compared to placebo using 256-channel high-density EEG — the most detailed sleep measurement technology available. The results contradicted the widespread perception that cannabis aids sleep.

Cannabis and cannabidiol for postoperative pain management in orthopedic surgery: a scoping review.

Tran, Kevin · 2026

CBD-only interventions showed mixed results for post-orthopedic surgical pain.

Differential Expression of Endocannabinoid Receptors in Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin of Psoriasis Patients: Insights Into Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets.

Turk, Jaime N · 2026

In psoriatic lesional skin, CB2 (CNR2), TRPA1, TRPV3, PPARD, GPR18, and several serotonin receptors were significantly upregulated, while PPARG, TRPV4, PPARA, and GPR12 were significantly downregulated compared to healthy controls.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents: A Single Institution Case Series.

Vega Castellvi, Claudia · 2026

CHS, a recurring vomiting disorder triggered by long-term frequent cannabis use, is being identified in pediatric patients but remains underdiagnosed.

Patients' Perspectives and Experiences of Cannabinoids to Manage Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease: An In-Depth Interview Study.

Walker, Rachael C · 2026

Of 17 participants, 13 used non-prescribed and 4 used prescribed cannabis.

In Their Own Words: A Qualitative Exploration of Veterans' Perspectives and Experiences of Medical Cannabis Use.

Ward, Rachel · 2026

Veterans used cannabis for a variety of health conditions and perceived few or no harms, or felt benefits outweighed risks.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential.

Zhai, Haoyan · 2026

THC inhibited S.

Cannabidiol Alleviates LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors Via Improving Mitochondria Function.

Zhao, Junning · 2026

Researchers induced depression-like behaviors in mice using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin that triggers neuroinflammation.

Antiseizure Effects of Cannabidiol in Combination With Cannabigerol in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure Model.

Zhou, Han Zhong · 2026

Current antiseizure therapy fails for about 30% of epilepsy patients.

Pilot Randomized Trial of Medical Cannabis to Reduce Symptom Burden in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (CanPan).

Zylla, Dylan · 2026

The trial met all prespecified feasibility benchmarks: 74% enrollment (goal 20%), 81% compliance (goal 60%), and 75% outcome completion (goal 50%).

A Randomized, Open-Label Trial to Assess Feasibility and Tolerability of Topical Cannabis Balms for the Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Syndrome (AIMSS).

Zylla, Dylan · 2026

86% of participants reported improvement in hand-related symptoms from baseline to week 2.

Oral Cannabidiol for Acute Post-Extraction Pain: A Randomized Pilot Study.

Abidi, Ammaar H · 2025

Dental extractions are one of the most common surgeries worldwide, and post-operative pain management typically relies on ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or opioids.

An assessment of the prevalence of cannabis use in eye clinic patients and its implications on glaucoma diagnosis and management.

Adamek, Andrew J · 2025

Recent marijuana use (past month): 15.7%.

Modulatory Effects of "Minor" Cannabinoids in an in vitro Model of Neuronal Hypersensitivity.

Anand, Uma · 2025

Cannabis produces over 100 cannabinoids, but research has focused almost exclusively on THC and CBD.

High CBD extract (CBD-X) modulates inflammation and immune cell activity in rheumatoid arthritis.

Aswad, Miran · 2025

This study takes the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cannabis research a significant step forward from RTHC-00097 (CBG in RA cells) by testing a high-CBD extract not just in isolated human cells but also in two animal models of the disease. The ex vivo experiments showed that CBD-X inhibited the secretion of key inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β from macrophages and IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α from human neutrophils — all central players in RA joint destruction.

Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease as a Qualifying Condition for Medical Cannabis in the United States: A Brief Report on Current Trends.

Bonar, Erin E · 2025

Agitation in Alzheimer's disease is a devastating symptom affecting up to 70% of patients, and current pharmaceutical options carry significant risks, including increased mortality from antipsychotics.

Endocannabinoid system and mood responses to acute aerobic exercise in adult cancer patients versus healthy controls: a pilot study.

Cheema, Birinder S · 2025

The 'runner's high' was long attributed to endorphins, but recent research has shifted the credit to the endocannabinoid system — specifically anandamide, the body's own cannabis-like molecule.

The Current State of Unapproved Cannabidiol Product Use in Children.

Cowell, Braden · 2025

CBD has one FDA-approved pediatric use: Epidiolex for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

"It's legal, now what?" development, implementation, and evaluation of interdisciplinary cannabis education for healthcare trainees.

Cronin, Sean P · 2025

345 trainees in pharmacy, nursing, public health, and medicine completed the program.

A pilot study of dronabinol for the treatment of pain in sickle cell disease.

Curtis, Susanna A · 2025

Of 27 patients approached, 85% were interested.

Efficacy of different cannabinoid compounds on migraine-like responses in female rats.

da Luz, Fernanda Mariano Ribeiro · 2025

CBD/THC combination produced the longest-lasting pain relief (up to 3 hours) and was the only compound that reduced light sensitivity in the CGRP-induced migraine model.

Evaluating the use and perceptions of cannabis and vaping post-cannabis legalisation in people with cystic fibrosis and CFTR-related disorder: survey results from a large Canadian adult cystic fibrosis clinic.

Dagenais, Renee · 2025

43% identified as current cannabis users.

The endocannabinoid system & malignant hyperthermia: From molecular signaling towards clinical implications.

Dalle, Simon · 2025

CB1 receptor activation inhibits PKA-mediated phosphorylation of RYR1 and L-type calcium channels, potentially reducing the excessive calcium release that causes malignant hyperthermia.