Cannabis CBD Research

CBD, cannabis, or both? Examining use patterns and associated factors among U.S. youth and adults.

Dai, Hongying Daisy · 2026

In 2023, 8.9% of Americans were exclusive cannabis users, 3.4% exclusive CBD users, and 6.4% dual users.

Cannabidiol Lacks Direct Effect on Cortical Excitability: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, 3-Way Crossover Trial.

Gorbenko, Andriy A · 2026

Single doses of 30 mg and 700 mg CBD had no significant effects on single-pulse or paired-pulse TMS-EMG measures of cortical excitability, nor on validated CNS sedation tests, compared to placebo — suggesting CBD may lack intrinsic anti-epileptic and sedative properties..

Recent Advances in the Science of Cannabis-Impaired Driving.

Metrik, Jane · 2026

THC acutely impairs driving performance consistently within the first hour of use, with impairment remaining for approximately 4-5 hours post-inhalation.

Cannabis Co-Use and Endocannabinoid System Modulation in Tobacco Use Disorder: A Translational Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

P A Costa, Gabriel · 2026

Meta-analysis of 18 observational studies (N=229,630) found cannabis use was associated with 35% lower odds of quitting tobacco (OR=0.65).

Vaporized cannabis versus placebo for acute migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.

Schuster, Nathaniel M · 2026

THC+CBD (6% THC + 11% CBD) was superior to placebo for pain relief (67.2% vs 46.6%, OR 2.85), pain freedom (34.5% vs 15.5%, OR 3.30), and most bothersome symptom freedom (60.3% vs 34.5%, OR 3.32) at 2 hours, with sustained benefits at 24 and 48 hours.

The prevalence of cannabidiol (CBD) use in North America and Europe: A meta-analysis.

Weidberg, Sara · 2026

CBD use was significantly more prevalent in North America than Europe across all time periods.

A within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized evaluation of the combined effects of cannabidiol and hydromorphone in a human laboratory pain model.

Bergeria, Cecilia L · 2025

When combined with hydromorphone (which alone did not reliably produce analgesia), CBD increased analgesic effects for some acute pain measures but not chronic pain models.

The Pleiotropic Influence of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol on Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytical Synthesis.

Candeloro, Bruno Moreira · 2025

Pooled estimates showed trivial and imprecise effects: IL-6 (SMD -0.17, p=0.41), IL-8 (SMD -0.30, p=0.06), IL-10 (SMD -0.10, p=0.79), and TNF-alpha (SMD -0.09, p=0.62).

Expanding the therapeutic role of highly purified cannabidiol in monogenic epilepsies: A multicenter real-world study.

Cerulli Irelli, Emanuele · 2025

47.5% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction; 7.4% became seizure-free; no significant difference between approved indications and off-label use; shorter prior seizure-free periods and greater intellectual disability predicted lower effectiveness..

Assessing Real World Efficacy, Safety, and 18-Month Retention Rates of Cannabidiol in Individuals With Drug Resistant Epilepsies.

Chemaly, Nicole · 2025

54% of caregivers reported reduced seizure frequency at 1 month; 48% maintained improvement at 2-6 months; communication (60%), alertness (54%), and motor skills (44%) also improved; 55% retention at 18 months; off-label use had higher retention than approved indications..

Does cannabidiol reduce the adverse effects of cannabis in schizophrenia? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial.

Chesney, Edward · 2025

CBD pre-treatment resulted in worse delayed verbal recall (3.5 vs 4.8 words, p=0.001) and greater increase in positive psychotic symptoms (5.0 vs 2.9 PANSS-P increase, p=0.01) compared to placebo pre-treatment; CBD did not alter THC or 11-OH-THC plasma levels..

Cannabinoids for Medical Purposes in Children: A Living Systematic Review.

Chhabra, Manik · 2025

276 studies included; most common indication was refractory epilepsy (146 studies); purified CBD was most studied (78.6% of interventional); RCTs showed 30-50% seizure reduction; common adverse events were somnolence, diarrhea, vomiting, and decreased appetite..

Cannabidiol and Liver Enzyme Level Elevations in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Florian, Jeffry · 2025

8 of 143 participants (5.6%) taking CBD at 5 mg/kg/day developed ALT or AST elevations >3x ULN, vs 0 of 58 on placebo.

Can Endocannabinoids Explain CBD-Mediated Reduction in Blood Pressure? Insights from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Kumric, Marko · 2025

CBD (225-450 mg/day, 5 weeks) increased AEA by 11.1 ng/mL (p=0.025).

Dysregulation of the Cannabinoid System in Childhood Epilepsy: From Mechanisms to Therapy.

Montebello, Gloria · 2025

The endocannabinoid system regulates neuronal excitability from early life through aging.

Efficacy of cannabidiol alone or in combination with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for the management of substance use disorders: An umbrella review of the evidence.

Redonnet, Bertrand · 2025

From 22 systematic reviews (5 with meta-analysis), CBD monotherapy does not appear efficacious for treating substance use disorders including cannabis, tobacco, alcohol, and opioid use.

A multicenter study on the use of purified cannabidiol for children with treatment-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Reyes Valenzuela, Gabriela · 2025

In 551 children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies treated with purified CBD at 10 centers, 50.6% achieved at least 50% seizure reduction after 12-32 months, including 14.2% who became seizure-free.

The Acute Effects of Cannabidiol on Physiological and Subjective Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Dose-Ranging Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial.

Sahinovic, Ayshe · 2025

In 25 trained runners, neither 50 mg nor 300 mg CBD taken 90 minutes before exercise altered affective valence, enjoyment, perceived exertion, pain, heart rate, VO2, VO2peak, or time to exhaustion compared to placebo.

Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: A systematic review.

Saranti, Anna · 2025

Pharmaceutical CBD (up to 50 mg/kg/day) achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction in at least 20% of participants in 11 of 14 included studies.

Liver enzyme effects of medicinal cannabis in advanced cancer: a substudy of two randomised trials.

Scarborough, Luke · 2025

No patients in the cannabis groups exceeded predefined safety thresholds (3x upper limit of normal for ALT or AST, or 5x for those with liver metastases).

Efficacy and Safety of Transdermal Medical Cannabis (THC:CBD:CBN formula) to Treat Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of Lower Extremities.

Seevathee, Khachornsak · 2025

The transdermal cannabis formulation (THC:CBD:CBN) demonstrated statistically significant reductions in NPSI-T scores across all measured pain dimensions (p<0.001) compared to placebo over 12 weeks.

Update on Cannabidiol in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

Singh, Akanksha · 2025

CBD has been approved for Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex in multiple countries.

Clinically Meaningful Reduction in Drop Seizures in Patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treated with Cannabidiol: Post Hoc Analysis of Phase 3 Clinical Trials.

Specchio, Nicola · 2025

Using CGIC of 'slightly improved' or better, the threshold for clinically meaningful drop seizure reduction was 30.6%, with 57.7% of patients meeting this threshold.

Retrospective Multicenter Chart Review Study of Adjunctive Cannabidiol for Seizures Associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Dravet Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

Strzelczyk, Adam · 2025

Responder rates (>=50% seizure reduction) for total seizures: 43.3% at 3 months, 44.0% at 12 months.

Real-world experience of cannabidiol in conjunction with clobazam for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome: Results from a retrospective multicentre chart review in Germany.

Strzelczyk, Adam · 2025

50%+ seizure reduction in total seizures: 47.5% at 3 months, 45.5% at 12 months.

The Acute and Chronic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Cannabidiol (CBD) With and Without Low Doses of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC).

Wolinsky, David · 2025

Even small amounts of THC in legal hemp CBD products (0.5-3.7 mg) could lead to positive drug tests after repeated use, with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects varying by dose..

Acute effects of different types of cannabis on young adult and adolescent resting-state brain networks.

Ertl, Natalie · 2024

Cannabis caused significant reductions in within-network connectivity in the default mode, executive control, salience, hippocampal, and limbic striatal networks compared to placebo.

Cannabidiol Increases Psychotropic Effects and Plasma Concentrations of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Without Improving Its Analgesic Properties.

Gorbenko, Andriy A · 2024

Co-administration of 450 mg CBD with 9 mg THC increased "Feeling High" by 60.5%, more than doubled THC blood levels (AUC ratio 2.18), and increased the active metabolite 11-OH-THC levels (AUC ratio 1.89).

Charting the therapeutic landscape: a comprehensive evidence map on medical cannabis for health outcomes.

Montagner, Patrícia · 2024

Of 489 descriptions of treatment effects across 71 health outcomes, 278 (57%) reported positive or potentially positive effects.

Cannabidiol does not attenuate acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced attentional bias in healthy volunteers: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study.

Oliver, Dominic · 2024

THC (10 mg) increased attentional bias (d=0.41, P=0.03).

Cost-Utility Analysis of Add-on Cannabidiol vs Usual Care Alone for the Treatment of Seizures in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome or Dravet Syndrome in the Netherlands.

Siddiqui, Jamshaed · 2024

For Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), adding CBD cost an extra 28,338 euros but gained 1.318 QALYs, yielding a cost per QALY of 21,493 euros, well below the Dutch willingness-to-pay threshold of 80,000 euros.

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in children with autism spectrum disorder: randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Silva, Estácio Amaro da · 2024

CBD-rich cannabis extract produced significant improvements in social interaction (p=0.0002), anxiety (p=0.016), psychomotor agitation (p=0.003), number of meals per day (p=0.04), and concentration (p=0.01, mild cases only).

Therapeutic and clinical foundations of cannabidiol therapy for difficult-to-treat seizures in children and adults with refractory epilepsies.

Reddy, Doodipala Samba · 2023

Randomized clinical trials support CBD for seizures in three rare epileptic encephalopathies: Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.

Ried, Karin · 2023

60% of participants no longer classified as clinical insomniacs after 2 weeks of cannabis oil.

Cannabidiol modulates excitatory-inhibitory ratio to counter hippocampal hyperactivity.

Rosenberg, Evan C · 2023

LPI increased excitatory presynaptic release probability and evoked synaptic strength in hippocampal CA3-CA1 connections while simultaneously weakening inhibitory signaling by decreasing GABA receptor (GABAARgamma2) and gephyrin puncta.

Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review.

Shamabadi, Ahmad · 2023

25 systematic reviews were included (24 on recreational use, 1 on therapeutic).

Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.

Bilbao, Ainhoa · 2022

CBD showed high-grade evidence for epilepsy (SMD -0.5) and moderate-grade for Parkinsonism (SMD -0.41).

Cannabis containing equivalent concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) induces less state anxiety than THC-dominant cannabis.

Hutten, Nadia R P W · 2022

Both THC and THC/CBD increased state anxiety compared to placebo, but anxiety after THC/CBD was significantly lower than after THC alone.

Cannabidiol (CBD) product contamination: Quantitative analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations found in commercially available CBD products.

Johnson, Erin · 2022

THC was detected above the quantification limit in 52 of 80 unregulated CBD products (65%).

Label accuracy of unregulated cannabidiol (CBD) products: measured concentration vs. label claim.

Johnson, Erin · 2022

Of 80 products, 37 (46%) contained CBD concentrations more than 10% different from label claims.

Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy.

Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska, Maria · 2022

CBD was isolated from cannabis in 1940 and has a confirmed anti-seizure effect without psychoactive activity.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children: a critical review of the literature.

Moreira, Gabriela Araujo · 2022

CBD efficacy for treating seizures has been confirmed by RCTs for LGS, Dravet syndrome, and TSC.

Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies.

Nielsen, Suzanne · 2022

Preclinical meta-analysis showed THC reduced the effective morphine dose by 3.5-fold (95% CI 2.04-6.03).

Efficacy and safety of therapeutic use of cannabis derivatives and their synthetic analogs: Overview of systematic reviews.

Riera, Rachel · 2022

Evidence certainty was not high for any cannabinoid outcome.

A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cannabinoid Treatment for Disruptive Behavior in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effects on Sleep Parameters as Measured by the CSHQ.

Schnapp, Aviad · 2022

CBD-rich cannabinoid treatment (20:1 CBD:THC ratio) was not superior to placebo for sleep in 150 children and adolescents with autism, including bedtime resistance, sleep-onset delay, and sleep duration..

Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Silvinato, Antônio · 2022

CBD compared to placebo reduced seizure frequency by 33%, increased 50% seizure reduction by 20%, increased seizure freedom by 3%, and improved caregiver-assessed clinical impression by 21% in patients with refractory epilepsy..

The Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabidiol in Non-seizure-related Indications: A Systematic Review of Published Randomized Clinical Trials.

Tang, Yuni · 2022

CBD appears to be anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing).

Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Vela, Jonathan · 2022

Between-group difference in pain intensity at 12 weeks was 0.23 mm on a 0-100 mm scale (95% CI -9.41 to 9.90, p=0.96).

A Comprehensive Review of Cannabis Potency in the United States in the Last Decade.

ElSohly, Mahmoud A · 2021

This third installment from the University of Mississippi's Potency Monitoring Program extended the dataset through 2019, adding 14,234 samples to the two previous reports (RTHC-00039 covering 1995-2014 and RTHC-00049 covering 2008-2017). THC continued its upward trajectory, reaching 14.88% in 2018 before a slight dip to 13.88% in 2019.

Cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Current evidence and perspectives for further research.

Franco, Valentina · 2021

Pharmaceutical-grade CBD has been approved for seizures in Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex based on multiple randomized placebo-controlled trials.

Cannabidiol in conjunction with clobazam: analysis of four randomized controlled trials.

Gunning, Boudewijn · 2021

CBD reduced primary seizure frequency versus placebo in LGS (treatment ratio 0.70) and Dravet syndrome (0.71) in the overall population.

Potential therapeutic benefits of cannabinoid products in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

McKee, Kyle A · 2021

Of 31 RCTs (10 for cannabis use disorder, 6 for schizophrenia, 5 for opioid/tobacco use, 3 for anxiety, 2 each for Tourette's and anorexia, 1 each for ADHD, PTSD, and OCD), the review found limited evidence for acute symptom management in select conditions.

Add-on Cannabidiol Treatment for Drug-Resistant Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial.

Thiele, Elizabeth A · 2021

Both CBD doses significantly reduced TSC-associated seizures versus placebo: 48.6% reduction for 25 mg/kg/day (30.1% reduction from placebo, p<0.001) and 47.5% for 50 mg/kg/day (28.5% from placebo, p=0.002), with no additional benefit from the higher dose but more adverse effects..

Emerging Use of Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) in Epilepsy.

Abu-Sawwa, Renad · 2020

Epidiolex was FDA-approved June 2018 for patients aged 2+ with Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Adverse effects of cannabinoids.

Anciones, Carla · 2020

Short-term CBD side effects are generally transitory, dose-dependent, and mild to moderate: somnolence, decreased appetite, and diarrhea.

Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Arkell, Thomas R · 2020

THC-dominant and THC/CBD-equivalent cannabis significantly increased lane weaving (SDLP +2.33cm and +2.81cm respectively) at 40-100 minutes after vaporization.

Does cannabidiol have antiseizure activity independent of its interactions with clobazam? An appraisal of the evidence from randomized controlled trials.

Bialer, Meir · 2020

47-68% of CBD trial patients were taking clobazam, which shows complex interactions with CBD (3.4-5 fold norclobazam increase).

Cannabidiol efficacy independent of clobazam: Meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2020

CBD vs.

Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: An updated systematic review.

Elliott, Jesse · 2020

Data from both RCTs and non-randomized studies suggest cannabidiol reduces seizure frequency as adjunctive treatment, though RCTs showed no statistically significant difference for seizure freedom, quality of life, or sleep disruption compared to placebo..

Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive Bayesian trial.

Freeman, Tom P · 2020

CBD 400mg reduced urinary THC metabolites by 94 ng/mL and increased abstinent days by 0.48 per week compared to placebo.

Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial.

Grimison, P · 2020

Complete response improved from 14% with placebo to 25% with THC:CBD (RR 1.77, p=0.041).

Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hindley, Guy · 2020

THC produced large effect sizes for total symptoms (SMC 1.10), positive/psychotic symptoms (SMC 0.91), and negative symptoms (SMC 0.78) compared to placebo.

Adjunctive Cannabidiol in Patients with Dravet Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2020

Pooling three RCTs with 359 participants (228 CBD, 131 placebo), adjunctive CBD was associated with a 69% higher likelihood of achieving 50% or greater reduction in convulsive seizures (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21-2.36, p=0.002).

Cannabidiol efficacy and clobazam status: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2020

Across four RCTs with 714 participants, CBD was associated with significantly higher seizure response rates compared to placebo both in patients taking clobazam (52.9% vs 27.8%, RR=1.85) and those not taking it (29.1% vs 15.7%, RR=1.80).

Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: consistency of response across subgroups from the SAVANT randomized clinical trial.

Meuth, Sven G · 2020

In post hoc analysis of the SAVANT RCT, THC:CBD oromucosal spray halved mean spasticity and pain severity scores across all subgroups defined by disability level (EDSS), spasticity severity, and spasticity duration.

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Morano, Alessandra · 2020

Pharmaceutical CBD (Epidiolex) was approved based on four pivotal RCTs enrolling 154 Dravet and 396 Lennox-Gastaut syndrome patients.

Efficacy of cannabinoids in paediatric epilepsy.

Ali, Shayma · 2019

CBD produced a 38-41% median reduction in all seizures compared to 13-19% on placebo in three RCTs for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes.

Cannabinoid therapy in epilepsy.

Billakota, Santoshi · 2019

Epidiolex (>99% CBD, <0.10% THC) received FDA approval for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes and EMA approval for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, based on Phase III RCTs and open-label trials demonstrating efficacy and safety.

Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Black, Nicola · 2019

Pharmaceutical THC (with or without CBD) produced only a very small improvement in anxiety among patients with other medical conditions (SMD -0.25).

Cannabidiol: A New Hope for Patients With Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes.

Chen, Jeffrey W · 2019

In the GWPCARE trial series, CBD reduced key seizure frequencies by 17-23% compared to placebo as adjunctive therapy in patients 2+ years old.

Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: A systematic review.

Elliott, Jesse · 2019

CBD reduced median monthly seizure frequency by 19.8% vs placebo (95% CI: -27.0% to -12.6%) and increased the proportion achieving 50%+ seizure reduction (RR = 1.76).

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol for Epilepsy.

Franco, Valentina · 2019

CBD at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day was superior to placebo in reducing drop seizures (LGS) and convulsive seizures (DS) across four RCTs.

Cannabidiol as adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome.

Lattanzi, S · 2019

The review critically examined CBD's pharmacology and recent clinical trial data showing its efficacy and safety as add-on treatment for LGS and DS, two severe childhood epilepsy syndromes where existing treatments fail to control seizures in most cases..

Long-term safety and efficacy of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: Expanded access program results.

Laux, Linda C · 2019

At 12 weeks, CBD reduced median monthly major motor seizures by 50% and total seizures by 44%.

Tempering aversive/traumatic memories with cannabinoids: a review of evidence from animal and human studies.

Lisboa, Sabrina F · 2019

Direct or indirect CB1 receptor activation consistently facilitated extinction of aversive/traumatic memories across animal and human studies.

Newest evidence for tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol oromucosal spray from randomized clinical trials.

Marková, Jolana · 2019

A Phase IV trial found no effect of THC:CBD spray on cognition and mood after 50 weeks of treatment.

Sativex® as add-on therapy vs. further optimized first-line ANTispastics (SAVANT) in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial.

Markovà, Jolana · 2019

77.4% of patients receiving add-on THC:CBD spray achieved clinically relevant (30%+) spasticity NRS improvement versus 32.1% on placebo (p<0.0001).

A systematic review of cannabidiol dosing in clinical populations.

Millar, S A · 2019

23 of 35 studies reported significant improvement in primary outcomes.

A Phase 1, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Investigate Possible Drug-Drug Interactions Between Clobazam, Stiripentol, or Valproate and Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects.

Morrison, Gilmour · 2019

CBD increased N-desmethylclobazam (active clobazam metabolite) 3.4-fold for both Cmax and AUC.

A randomised controlled trial of vaporised Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination in frequent and infrequent cannabis users: acute intoxication effects.

Solowij, Nadia · 2019

CBD alone (400 mg) showed some intoxicating properties vs.

Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIV). II. Drugs in more advanced clinical development.

Bialer, Meir · 2018

This progress report from the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs documented a landmark regulatory event: on June 25, 2018, the FDA approved a standardized cannabidiol oral solution (Epidiolex) for treating seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome in patients 2 years and older. The report placed cannabidiol within the broader context of antiepileptic drug development, alongside other compounds in advanced clinical development including cannabidivarin, fenfluramine, ganaxolone, and several others.

Medical Use of Cannabinoids.

Fraguas-Sánchez, Ana Isabel · 2018

This extensive review covered the therapeutic landscape of cannabinoids across dozens of medical conditions. Six cannabinoid medications had already received regulatory approval: nabilone and dronabinol capsules for chemotherapy nausea and vomiting, dronabinol capsules and oral solution for anorexia, THC:CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS-related spasticity and cancer pain, and CBD oral solution (Epidiolex) for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut epilepsy syndromes. Beyond approved uses, the review found evidence supporting potential applications in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, various cancer types (brain, breast, prostate), neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's), PTSD and anxiety disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, eye diseases, and substance abuse disorders (particularly alcohol and opioid). The endocannabinoid system's involvement in energy balance, appetite, blood pressure, pain modulation, nausea, memory, learning, and immune response explains the breadth of potential therapeutic applications..

Cannabis for the Treatment of Epilepsy: an Update.

Gaston, Tyler E · 2018

This review compiled all available evidence on cannabis-derived treatments for epilepsy, from artisanal products through FDA-approved purified CBD. While artisanal CBD products showed high rates of reported seizure improvement in surveys and retrospective studies, these lacked controlled dosing and rigorous design. The stronger evidence came from open-label expanded access programs (EAPs) and randomized controlled trials of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex).

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2018

Researchers pooled data from four randomized, placebo-controlled trials of oral CBD as add-on therapy in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) or Dravet syndrome (DS) whose seizures were not controlled by existing medications. Both CBD dose levels showed similar efficacy: the pooled difference in seizure frequency reduction was 19.5 percentage points (95% CI 8.1-31.0) for 10 mg/kg/day and 19.9 percentage points (95% CI 11.8-28.1) for 20 mg/kg/day compared to placebo. The higher dose carried more risk: treatment withdrawal risk was 4.20 times higher for 20 mg/kg/day (95% CI 1.82-9.68) versus placebo but not significantly elevated for 10 mg/kg/day (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.28-7.41). Adverse events occurred in 87.9% of CBD patients versus 72.2% on placebo (RR 1.22).

Individual and combined effects of acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on psychotomimetic symptoms and memory function.

Morgan, Celia J A · 2018

Forty-eight cannabis users were selected based on schizotypal personality scores and use frequency, then received four vaporized conditions in crossover design: placebo, THC 8 mg, CBD 16 mg, and THC 8 mg + CBD 16 mg. THC alone increased psychotic symptoms on the PSI, increased negative symptoms on the BPRS, and robustly impaired both episodic and working memory. Co-administration of CBD at a 2:1 ratio (16 mg CBD with 8 mg THC) did not attenuate any of these THC effects. CBD alone reduced PSI scores, but only in light cannabis users.

Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.

Mücke, Martin · 2018

The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed 16 randomized, double-blind controlled trials (1,750 patients, 2-26 weeks) of cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain. Formulations included: THC/CBD oromucosal spray (10 studies), nabilone (2), inhaled herbal cannabis (2), and dronabinol (2). Efficacy was modest: 21% of cannabis patients achieved 50% or greater pain relief vs 17% with placebo (NNT 20, low-quality evidence).

The Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Treating Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review of Reviews.

Nielsen, Suzanne · 2018

Researchers conducted a "review of reviews" to synthesize high-quality systematic reviews on cannabinoids for multiple sclerosis symptoms. Eleven eligible systematic reviews were identified, providing data from 32 studies including 10 moderate-to-high quality RCTs. Five reviews concluded there was sufficient evidence that cannabinoids may be effective for MS-related pain and/or spasticity. Few reviews reported conclusions for other MS symptoms including disability/progression, bladder function, tremor/ataxia, or quality of life. The authors noted that cannabinoid effects on pain and spasticity were "modest" rather than large, and identified a critical evidence gap: no studies compared cannabinoids to non-cannabinoid treatments, only to placebo..

Cannabidiol for Epilepsy: New Hope on the Horizon?

Sanmartin, Paul E · 2018

Early anecdotal evidence for cannabis as an anticonvulsant was recently replaced by high-quality data from randomized controlled studies.

Abuse potential assessment of cannabidiol (CBD) in recreational polydrug users: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

Schoedel, Kerri A · 2018

Therapeutic CBD (750 mg) showed significantly low abuse potential.

Evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids for epilepsy: a systematic review of controlled and observational evidence.

Stockings, Emily · 2018

CBD 20 mg/kg/day achieved 50%+ seizure reduction more than placebo (RR 1.74, NNT=8).

Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

McGuire, Philip · 2018

In 88 patients with schizophrenia already on antipsychotics, adding 1000 mg/day CBD for 6 weeks significantly reduced positive psychotic symptoms (PANSS positive difference: -1.4, p=0.019) and increased clinician-rated improvement (OR 3.65, p=0.017) versus placebo.

Cannabinoids in Pain Management and Palliative Medicine.

Häuser, Winfried · 2017

This systematic review of systematic reviews examined the highest-quality evidence available on cannabinoids for pain management and palliative medicine. Of 750 publications identified, 11 systematic reviews met inclusion criteria.

The Endocannabinoid System and Anxiety.

Lisboa, S F · 2017

This comprehensive chapter reviewed how the endocannabinoid system influences anxiety across both human anxiety disorders and animal models. The system's effects on anxiety are remarkably complex.

Selective Cannabinoids for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Meng, Howard · 2017

This systematic review and meta-analysis addressed the conflicting recommendations from pain societies about cannabinoids for neuropathic pain. Across 11 RCTs including 1,219 patients, selective cannabinoids (dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols) produced a statistically significant reduction in pain scores compared to placebo or conventional treatment: -0.65 points on a 0-10 scale.

Cannabinoids in treatment-resistant epilepsy: A review.

O'Connell, Brooke K · 2017

This review traced the evolution of cannabis-based epilepsy treatment from millennia of traditional use to modern randomized controlled trials. The strongest evidence centered on Epidiolex (purified CBD at 100 mg/mL).

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last?

Perucca, Emilio · 2017

After years of uncontrolled observations and anecdotal reports, three rigorous placebo-controlled trials of purified CBD (Epidiolex) provided the first class 1 evidence that CBD improves seizure control in specific epilepsy syndromes. In Dravet syndrome, CBD reduced the frequency of convulsive seizures (tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, and atonic) compared to placebo.

Therapeutic effects of cannabinoids in animal models of seizures, epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy-related neuroprotection.

Rosenberg, Evan C · 2017

The review surveyed decades of preclinical research on plant cannabinoids in models of seizures, epilepsy, epileptogenesis (the development of epilepsy), and seizure-related neuroprotection. In simple acute seizure models, activating CB1 receptors typically reduced seizures, and blocking them worsened seizures.

Cannabis Pharmacology: The Usual Suspects and a Few Promising Leads.

Russo, Ethan B · 2017

This major review, authored by leading cannabis researchers, argued that the pharmacology of cannabis cannot be reduced to THC and CBD alone.

Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome

Devinsky, Orrin · 2017

Cannabidiol (20 mg/kg/day) reduced convulsive seizure frequency by 39% compared to 13% with placebo in children with Dravet syndrome.

Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial.

Allsop, David J · 2014

In a double-blind clinical trial, 51 cannabis-dependent treatment seekers received either nabiximols (up to 86.4 mg THC and 80 mg CBD daily) or placebo during a 9-day inpatient admission, followed by 28 days of outpatient follow-up.

Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: recent clinical trials.

Fernández, Oscar · 2014

This review summarized the phase III clinical trial program for THC/CBD oromucosal spray in MS spasticity.

Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders [RETIRED]: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Koppel, Barbara S · 2014

This systematic review by the American Academy of Neurology evaluated 34 studies (8 Class I) on medical marijuana for neurological conditions.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment.

Serpell, M · 2014

At the 30% pain reduction threshold (considered clinically meaningful), significantly more patients on THC/CBD spray achieved this target compared to placebo (p=0.034).

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (Sativex®): a review of its use in patients with moderate to severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis.

Syed, Yahiya Y · 2014

In the largest multinational clinical trial using the approved treatment protocol, Sativex significantly reduced spasticity severity compared to placebo after 12 weeks in patients who had demonstrated initial response during a 4-week trial period.

Complementary and alternative medical therapies in multiple sclerosis--the American Academy of Neurology guidelines: a commentary.

Yadav, Vijayshree · 2014

The AAN's comprehensive evidence-based guidelines issued Level A recommendations (strongest) that oral cannabis extract is effective short-term for spasticity-related symptoms and pain (excluding central neuropathic pain), and that ginkgo biloba is ineffective for cognitive improvement in MS. Level B recommendations (probable) included: THC is probably effective for spasticity symptoms and pain but probably ineffective for objective spasticity or tremor.

Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Yadav, Vijayshree · 2014

This is the full guideline publication (not the commentary).

Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment.

Englund, Amir · 2013

In a between-subjects, double-blind design, 48 healthy participants received either 600 mg oral CBD (n=22) or placebo (n=26) before intravenous THC (1.5 mg).

The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids.

Grotenhermen, Franjo · 2012

This review cataloged the therapeutic evidence for cannabinoids, noting that over 100 controlled clinical trials had been conducted since 1975.

Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.

Leweke, F Markus · 2012

PANSS total improvement: CBD 30.5 (±16.4) vs amisulpride 30.1 (±24.7), p=0.884.

Sativex(®) (tetrahydrocannabinol + cannabidiol), an endocannabinoid system modulator: basic features and main clinical data.

Vermersch, Patrick · 2011

This review summarized data from three pivotal randomized controlled trials of Sativex for MS-related spasticity.

The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin.

Pertwee, R G · 2008

Delta-9-THC functions as a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist, with its efficacy depending on receptor expression levels and ongoing endocannabinoid tone.

The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS).

Freeman, R M · 2006

This was a substudy of the large Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis (CAMS) trial, which had randomized 630 MS patients across 33 UK centers to cannabis extract, THC, or placebo.

Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis.

Rog, David J · 2005

Sixty-six MS patients with central pain (59 with dysesthetic pain, 7 with painful spasms) participated in a 5-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a THC:CBD oromucosal spray.

The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis.

Malfait, A M · 2000

Using two mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, researchers tested CBD given after clinical symptoms had already appeared, mimicking how patients would actually use the treatment. CBD effectively blocked arthritis progression in both acute and chronic relapsing models.

Sex-specific association between low oral doses of cannabidiol (CBD) and plasma concentration of anandamide (AEA), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) in healthy occasional cannabis users.

Abboud, Anita · 2026

The endocannabinoid system doesn't just respond to cannabis—it produces its own cannabinoid-like molecules.

The Pharmacological Profile of Plant-Derived Cannabinoids In Vitro.

Alexander, Stephen P H · 2026

Over 100 unique cannabinoid metabolites exist in cannabis, but pharmacological understanding is heavily concentrated on THC (CB1 partial agonist) and CBD (multiple low-potency targets), with acid phytocannabinoids particularly understudied..

Assessing the Role of Cannabis in Managing Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

AlHabil, Yazan · 2026

Overall standardized mean difference of 39.19 (95% CI: 34.32-44.05) in spasticity scores post-treatment; long-term studies showed larger effects (MD=75.81) compared to short-term (MD=4.53), with generally mild adverse events..

Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.

Ateş, Gülay · 2026

This is the definitive evidence synthesis on cannabis for neuropathic pain—an updated Cochrane Review (originally published 2018) that applied the most rigorous inclusion criteria available: only randomized, double-blind trials lasting at least two weeks. The critical outcome was the proportion of patients achieving at least 50% pain relief—the threshold considered clinically meaningful.

Self-reported use of cannabidiol as a substitute or adjunct for approved medications.

Austin, Emily A C · 2026

35.2% of US adults (~90.8 million) have tried CBD; among users, 32% used it as a substitute or adjunct for medications, with adjunct use (24.2%) more common than substitution (11.0%); most commonly for pain, psychiatric conditions, and replacing ibuprofen/Tylenol..

Vapor pressure measurements on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol to inform cannabis breathalyzer development.

Beuning, Cheryle N · 2026

Vapor pressure measurements extrapolated to body temperature predict all three major cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBN) reside primarily in the vapor phase of exhaled breath, potentially explaining the large variability seen in aerosol-only collection devices..

Effects of cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder patients with and without co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder: Tolerability but no evidence for efficacy in two randomized proof-of-concept trials.

Bogenschutz, Michael P · 2026

Neither trial demonstrated CBD superiority over placebo for drinking outcomes (both groups improved dramatically, Cohen's d>0.9), craving, mood, anxiety, or PTSD symptoms, despite achieving measurable blood levels and acceptable tolerability..

Cannabidiol blood metabolite levels after cannabidiol treatment are associated with broadband EEG changes and improvements in visuomotor and non-verbal cognitive abilities in boys with autism requiring higher levels of support.

Cazares, Christian · 2026

This study analyzed EEG data from 24 boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and higher support needs, drawn from a Phase II clinical trial of pharmaceutical-grade CBD (Epidiolex, up to 20 mg/kg/day). The EEG analysis went beyond traditional approaches, examining both periodic (oscillatory) and aperiodic components of brain activity.

Long-term cannabidiol treatment did not restore bone microstructural defects in skeletally mature ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats.

Chanpaisaeng, Krittikan · 2026

CBD (5 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) did not prevent OVX-induced trabecular bone loss, increased bone resorption markers versus OVX controls, and showed no significant effect on cannabinoid receptor expression or bone metabolism genes in sham-operated rats..

Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : An Updated Systematic Review.

Chou, Roger · 2026

This updated systematic review pooled data from 25 randomized controlled trials involving 2,303 patients, most with neuropathic pain.

Cannabis vaping and mental health: The association of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol with anxiety and depressive symptoms-Findings from the United States National Youth Tobacco Survey (2021-2023).

Chung, Jack · 2026

Adolescents who vaped THC only (aOR=1.40) or dual CBD/THC (aOR=1.51) were more likely to experience depressive symptoms.

A systematic review of highly purified cannabidiol in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and complex treatment-resistant epilepsies: Changes in seizure frequency and adverse events.

Coppola, Antonietta · 2026

CBD reduced seizure frequency in at least one patient across 47 of 57 studies, spanning 37 different developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) and treatment-resistant epilepsies (TREs).

Beyond neurons: Impact of cannabidiol on glial cells in ischemic stroke.

de Rezende, Victória Linden · 2026

Preclinical evidence indicates CBD attenuates glial reactivity, reduces pro-inflammatory signaling (NF-κB, TNF), mitigates oxidative stress, and preserves blood-brain and intestinal barrier integrity after stroke.

Cannabidiol mitigates alcohol dependence and withdrawal with neuroprotective effects in the basolateral amygdala and striatum.

Dirik, Selen · 2026

In alcohol-dependent rats, CBD reduced alcohol self-administration during withdrawal, decreased motivation for alcohol, reduced somatic withdrawal signs, withdrawal-induced anxiety, and pain sensitivity.

Cannabidiol as a treatment for cocaine use disorder: a scoping review.

Dos Santos, Leticia Custódio · 2026

Clinical studies did not demonstrate significant efficacy of CBD over placebo in reducing cocaine craving, preventing relapse, or improving cognitive performance.

The Influence of CBD and THC on Hepatic Enzymes of the Human Cytochrome P450 Complex Family: A Systematic Literature Review.

Dos Santos, Mariana Candeias · 2026

CBD was consistently identified as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 — enzymes that metabolize approximately 80% of therapeutic drugs.

Unlocking the potential: Cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising anti-tumor agent.

Duan, Shuqin · 2026

CBD exhibits multi-target anti-tumor effects including inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, suppressing metastasis, and remodeling the tumor microenvironment through immunomodulation.

Phytocannabinoids and Male Fertility: Implications of Cannabis sativa and the Endocannabinoid System in Reproductive Regulation.

Erukainure, Ochuko L · 2026

THC disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reducing luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels.

Genotype-Specific Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Healthy Volunteers.

Etkins, Jumar · 2026

CYP2C19 metabolizer status significantly affected CBD exposure, with lower CBD levels in intermediate metabolizers (p=0.014 single dose, p=0.003 steady state).

Daily Use of a Broad-Spectrum Cannabidiol Supplement Produces Detectable Concentrations of Cannabinoids in Urine Prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency: An Effect Amplified by Exercise.

Gillham, Scott H · 2026

Daily use of a broad-spectrum CBD product (150 mg/day) led to detectable urinary concentrations of CBG in 42% and CBDV in 68% of pre-exercise samples, rising to 74% and 84% post-exercise, despite no THC detection at any timepoint..

Cannabidiol as Adjunctive Treatment in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy With Epileptic Spasms Beyond Two Years of Age.

González-Alguacil, Elena · 2026

Of 53 patients with drug-resistant childhood epileptic spasms treated with purified CBD (Epidyolex), 58.5% achieved ≥50% reduction in spasm frequency and 15% became completely spasm-free, with the highest response rates in patients with cortical malformations and Down syndrome..

Behavioural Economic Demand for Medicinal and Recreational Cannabis Among People Who Use Over-The-Counter CBD Products, THC Only and CBD + THC.

González-Roz, Alba · 2026

People using CBD+THC products showed significantly higher medicinal and recreational cannabis demand than those using THC or CBD alone (all p<0.001), and 65.2% of participants would try medicinal cannabis if legalized vs.

Unmasking hazardous compounds in cannabidiol-containing oils using planar bioassays and high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Haase, Annika · 2026

Effect-directed screening of 13 CBD oils across 13 biological/toxicological endpoints revealed hazardous compounds including various cannabinoids with unexpected bioactivity, estrogenic contaminants (dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate), and the estrogenic and mutagenic mycotoxin zearalenone and its metabolites..

Recreational Cannabis Use During Human Pregnancy: Its Effects on the Placenta and Endocannabinoid System.

Harhangi, Madhavi S · 2026

Cannabis use interferes with the placental endocannabinoid system which regulates placental development and blood flow, with THC and CBD exerting effects via this system — and epidemiological data linking cannabis use to placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and potential epigenetic transgenerational effects..

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol for Pain: Preclinical and Clinical Models.

Harris, H M · 2026

While preclinical models consistently show cannabinoid analgesic effects, human studies produce largely mixed results that depend on the specific cannabinoid, route of administration, and pain modality tested — with the current evidence insufficient to make definitive clinical recommendations..

Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review.

Hsu, Michael · 2026

Published in JAMA — the most widely read medical journal in the world — this review synthesized the therapeutic evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids across all conditions studied in randomized trials and meta-analyses. The strongest evidence supports three FDA-approved indications: HIV/AIDS-related anorexia (cannabinoids moderately increased body weight; SMD 0.57), chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (small but significant reduction; SMD −0.29), and certain pediatric seizure disorders (CBD as Epidiolex). For chronic pain — the most common reason people report using medical cannabis — the review found that approximately 27% of US and Canadian adults have used cannabis medicinally, with 10.5% of the US population reporting CBD use for therapeutic purposes.

Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol in Dentistry: A Systematic Review From Cellular Mechanisms to Clinical Trials.

Kornsuthisopon, Chatvadee · 2026

Among 57 included studies, cell-based research demonstrated CBD's anti-inflammatory properties in oral-origin cells and impact on bone formation.

A temporary spike: Investigating Lennox-Gastaut syndrome incidence in the US following FDA approval of cannabidiol.

Marcinski Nascimento, Kaley J · 2026

Annual LGS incidence rose ~30% from 2018 to 2019 and ~60% from 2017 to 2019, before returning to pre-approval baseline (2020-2023).

Impact of cannabidiol on myocardial recovery in patients with acute myocarditis: primary results of the ARCHER study.

McNamara, Dennis M · 2026

CBD (up to 10 mg/kg BID for 12 weeks) did not significantly improve ECV (p=0.054) or GLS (p=0.90).

Cannabidiol and Parkinson's disease: Investigating receptor interactions and their therapeutic implications.

Okrah, Eric A · 2026

CBD exerts effects through the endocannabinoid system and numerous non-cannabinoid receptors, neurotransmitters, and enzymes.

Cannabidiol suppresses emergency MDSCs generation by disturbing EEF1B2-mediated C/EBPβ protein synthesis in colorectal adenomas.

Pan, Jie · 2026

CBD prevented colorectal adenomas in both AOM/DSS and high-fat diet Apcmin/+ mouse models by binding to EEF1B2, inhibiting C/EBPb protein synthesis, and suppressing MDSC generation.

Cannabinoids and skin cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic potential, and translational perspectives.

Pareek, Ashutosh · 2026

Phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids demonstrated antitumor activity against melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers in preclinical models by inhibiting proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis while inducing apoptosis and autophagy.

Unveiling Neurological Benefits: A Review of Hemp Leaf, Flower, Seed Oil Extract, and Their Phytochemical Properties in Neurological Disorders.

Purushothaman, Atchuthan · 2026

This review synthesized evidence on how different parts of the hemp plant — seeds, leaves, and flowers — contain distinct bioactive compound profiles with relevance to neurological disorders. Flowers are richest in cannabinoids (particularly CBD) and terpenes, which interact with the endocannabinoid system, neurotransmitter receptors, and inflammatory pathways.

Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol oil in psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Roongpisuthipong, Wanjarus · 2026

In a 28-patient RCT, oral CBD oil 60 mg/day did not significantly improve PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) scores versus placebo.

Treatment with a botanical mixture of cannabidiol:Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances microglial phagocytosis and shapes amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Ruiz de Martín Esteban, Samuel · 2026

Chronic treatment (28 days) with CBD:THC (99:1) at 50 mg/kg twice daily in 5xFAD Alzheimer's mice enhanced microglial phagocytic activity and reduced amyloid peptide accumulation in neuritic plaques.

Effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on myofascial pain modulation in patients with temporomandibular disorder: a prospective crossover study.

Schinko, Francisco Gomes Bonetto · 2026

THC/CBD improved all outcomes versus both baseline and post-placebo (p < 0.05).

Adjunctive cannabidiol in intractable pediatric epilepsy: A retrospective study on tolerability, efficacy, and safety across genetic and nongenetic etiologies.

Shim, Youngkyu · 2026

At 12 months, 79.3% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction and 34.5% achieved 75% or greater reduction without generalized motor seizures.

UK Medical Cannabis Registry: a case series analysing clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for fibromyalgia.

Varadpande, Madhur · 2026

All patient-reported outcome measures improved significantly from baseline through 18 months of follow-up.

Therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanisms of cannabinoids in alleviating chemotherapy-induced organ toxicity and adverse effects.

Zia, Bushra · 2026

CB2 receptor activation attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by enhancing antioxidant defenses and reducing inflammation.

Adjunctive use of cannabidiol in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy: A retrospective multicenter analysis.

Aizara, Ermekbaeva · 2025

Among all patients with drug-resistant epilepsy receiving adjunctive CBD, 49% achieved up to 25% seizure reduction, 5% had 26-50% reduction, 21% reached 51-75% reduction, 20% experienced 76-99% reduction, and 5% achieved near seizure freedom.

Cannabinoids in hair and their prospective association with mental and physical health outcomes in adolescents.

Aks, Isabel R · 2025

Among 2,262 youth ages 9-15, greater hair THC concentrations predicted more frequent strength exercise one year later; greater CBD concentrations predicted fewer strength exercise days; and greater THCCOOH concentrations predicted shorter sleep duration.

Are Cannabis-Based Medicines a Useful Treatment for Neuropathic Pain? A Systematic Review.

Almuntashiri, Nawaf · 2025

Among 22 RCTs of cannabis-based medicines for neuropathic pain, 15 reported significant pain reductions for conditions including multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, HIV-associated neuropathy, and peripheral neuropathic pain.

Long-term safety and tolerability of transdermal cannabidiol gel in children and adolescents with Fragile X syndrome (ZYN2-CL-017): an interim analysis of an ongoing open-label extension study.

Berry-Kravis, Elizabeth · 2025

Over a mean exposure of 28 months, treatment-related adverse events occurred in 12.9% of patients, with application site pain being most common (6.7%).

Long-term plasma monitoring of THC and CBD in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy: Implications for cannabidiol therapy with Epidyolex®.

Cafaro, Alessia · 2025

THC was undetectable (<0.2 mcg/L) at all timepoints across all 38 patients throughout the study period (2019-2024).

A randomized clinical trial of low-dose cannabis extract in Alzheimer's disease.

Cury, Rafael de Morais · 2025

Patients receiving low-dose THC-CBD extract (0.350 mg THC + 0.245 mg CBD daily) had significantly higher Mini-Mental State Exam scores at week 26 compared to placebo..

Minor Cannabinoid Use Among Medical Cannabis Patients.

Cuttler, Carrie · 2025

The most commonly used cannabinoids were CBD, delta-9 THC, delta-8 THC, and THCA.

Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies.

da Silva, Giovanna Hanike Santos · 2025

Cannabinoids significantly improved sleep quality compared to placebo (SMD 0.53, P = 0.04), with stronger effects in people with insomnia or poor sleep (SMD 0.60, P = 0.02).

D1-like dopamine receptors in the dentate gyrus mediate cannabidiol's facilitation of extinction and prevention of reinstatement in methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference.

Danesh, Elaheh · 2025

CBD enhanced extinction of meth-conditioned place preference and prevented reinstatement.

The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.

de Bode, Nora · 2025

High doses of CBD provided some acute relief in anxiety disorders.

The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Hemp-Derived "Full-Spectrum" Oral Cannabinoid Product with a 1:1 Ratio of Cannabidiol to Cannabidiolic Acid and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Within-Subjects Human Laboratory Study.

Elder, Harrison J · 2025

CBDA and THCA achieved 19-25 times higher peak blood concentrations and reached peak levels up to twice as fast compared to CBD and THC.

The use of cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome in the UK Early Access Program: A retrospective chart review study.

Eltze, Christin · 2025

At 12 months, median motor seizure reduction was 60%, with 67% of patients achieving at least 50% reduction and 40% achieving at least 75% reduction.

Cannabidiol in Foods and Food Supplements: Evaluation of Health Risks and Health Claims.

Engeli, Barbara E · 2025

The lowest dose tested in humans that caused adverse effects (liver enzyme elevations) was 4.3 mg/kg/day, and this level can easily be reached by following the dosage recommendations on commercially available CBD oil products..

Relationships Between Motives for Cannabis and Cannabidiol Use in People Who Co-Use: Results From the European Web Survey on Drugs.

Fortin, Davide · 2025

Among 35,789 cannabis users, 42.3% also used CBD.

Cannabidiol Prevents Heart Failure Dysfunction and Remodeling Through Preservation of Mitochondrial Function and Calcium Handling.

García-Rivas, Gerardo · 2025

In mice with heart failure, CBD treatment attenuated cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and loss of ejection fraction.

Preclinical evaluation of cannabidiolic acid as a neuroprotective agent in TDP-43 transgenic mice, an experimental model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

García-Toscano, Laura · 2025

Among five phytocannabinoids tested, CBDA at 10 mg/kg was the most effective, improving motor coordination, reducing neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation, and shifting microglia from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory.

Combination of CBD with minor cannabinoid CBDV suppresses CXCR4 via CB2 receptor and alleviates colitis in mice.

Gelfand, Anat · 2025

The CBD:CBDV 20:1 combination significantly reduced CXCR4 expression in multiple immune cell types, impaired chemotaxis, and improved disease activity, colon length, and histological outcomes in DSS-induced colitis.

Prevalence of Cannabidiol (CBD) Use Among Patients Taking Medications with Known Drug-Drug Interactions: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Geneau, Hunter · 2025

Of 681 survey respondents, 254 (37.3%) reported CBD use in their household.

Cannabidiol regulates L-carnitine and butyric acid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota to ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis.

Geng, Qishun · 2025

CBD altered gut microbiota composition in collagen-induced arthritis rats, notably changing abundances of Allobaculum and Prevotella species.

Comparative Effects of THC and CBD on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Large Real-World Self-Reported Dataset.

Geva, Ravit · 2025

Both THC-high and CBD-high groups improved, but the THC-high group showed significantly greater improvement in burning sensation (p=0.024), cold sensation (p=0.008), activities of daily living (p=0.029), and quality of life (p=0.006).

Behavioural effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) treatment in the superoxide dismutase 1 G93 A (SOD1G93 A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Ghimire, Sandip · 2025

CBD (36 mg/kg/day oral) ameliorated weight loss in female SOD1G93A mice, tended to restore sociability in males, strengthened social recognition memory in females, and improved prepulse inhibition in younger females.

Low-dose cannabidiol increases plasma concentrations of amitriptyline: A clinical drug-drug interaction study.

Gorbenko, Andriy A · 2025

In a crossover study of 12 healthy volunteers, a single 30 mg CBD dose taken one hour before amitriptyline significantly increased amitriptyline's AUC by 13% and peak concentration by 17%.

Cannabidiol in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE) in Children: A Retrospective Study.

Gowda, Vykuntaraju K · 2025

In a retrospective review of 50 children with drug-resistant epilepsy (mostly Lennox-Gastaut syndrome), CBD as add-on therapy produced complete seizure response (>90% reduction) in 10 children, partial response (30-90% reduction) in 18, and no response in 14.

Use of cannabidiol for off-label treatment of patients with refractory focal, genetic generalised and other epilepsies.

Hollander, Marie · 2025

Add-on CBD showed meaningful seizure reduction across epilepsy types beyond its approved indications (Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet, TSC).

The effect of cannabidiol on neurometabolite levels in alcohol use disorder.

Hurzeler, Tristan · 2025

In 22 participants with AUD receiving 800 mg CBD or placebo in a crossover trial, no overall treatment effects on neurometabolites were found.

Cannabidiol attenuates precuneus activation during appetitive cue exposure in individuals with alcohol use disorder.

Hurzeler, Tristan · 2025

In 22 non-treatment-seeking AUD participants, 800 mg CBD did not affect alcohol cue-elicited brain activation in pre-specified regions of interest.

Short-term repeated oral intake of low dose cannabidiol: effects on liver enzyme activity and creatinine concentration during intense exercise.

Isenmann, Eduard · 2025

In a three-arm crossover RCT, exercise significantly increased liver enzymes GOT and GPT in placebo groups.

Alterations of the endocannabinoid system in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Jia, Xinlei · 2025

Blood anandamide (AEA) levels were significantly lower in individuals with ASD (SMD=-0.79, p=0.002) compared to controls.

Minor Cannabinoid Profile of Unregulated Cannabidiol Products.

Johnson, Erin · 2025

Among 80 over-the-counter CBD products, the most frequently detected minor cannabinoids were CBDV (100%), CBG (77%), CBC (72%), CBN (67%), CBL (67%), and CBDA (51%).

Beyond the hype - who uses cannabidiol for self-medication - and why: a cross-sectional study in Germany.

Krowartz, Eva-Maria · 2025

37.9% used CBD for self-medication.

Cannabinoids and Adverse Convulsive Effects: A Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance Analysis of Cases Reported in France.

Laroche, Marie-Laure · 2025

130 seizure cases among 4,296 cannabinoid reports (3%).

Exploring the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of medical cannabinoids in ischemic stroke: a systematic meta-analysis with bibliometric mapping of cerebral ischemia research.

Li, Xiaoqun · 2025

Across 26 studies, cannabinoids significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological function, increased cerebral blood flow, and decreased blood-brain barrier permeability, brain water content, cell death, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta).

Comparative analysis of 105 datasets across species and tissues reveals differential transcriptomic responses to cannabinoids THC and CBD.

Liu, Ruoshui · 2025

CBD datasets showed more differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways across species.

Cannabinoid Vaping Products: Regulation, Composition, Toxicological Effects, and Emerging Research.

Love, Charlotte A · 2025

Hemp-derived cannabinoid vaping products pose multiple respiratory risks: high cannabinoid concentrations, contaminants (heavy metals, flavoring agents), and harmful byproducts from heating.

National Multicenter Cohort Study: Adjunctive Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Oil for Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Treatment in Thailand.

Lusawat, Apasri · 2025

Among 101 pediatric patients who had failed an average of 7 antiseizure medications, CBD-enriched oil at a median dose of 6 mg/kg/day produced consistent improvements in 50%+ seizure reduction rates at 3, 6, 9, 12 months and latest follow-up.

The Endocannabinoid System in PTSD: Molecular Targets for Modulating Fear and Anxiety.

Lyndon, Stanley · 2025

The endocannabinoid system plays a pivotal role in regulating fear learning and extinction.

Efficacy of a 20:1 CBD:THC cannabis herbal extract for pain and inflammation in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Lyons, Chloe · 2025

There were no significant differences in pain scores, range of motion, thigh circumference, or gait symmetry between dogs receiving CBD:THC extract and those receiving placebo, when both groups also received standard analgesics.

Effects of Cannabinoids on Emotional States and Alcohol Use Among Underrepresented Groups: Moderation by Perceived Discrimination.

Martin-Willett, Renée · 2025

Participants using CBD showed greater decreases in DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) scores compared to THC users over 4 weeks.

Cannabidiol and Alzheimer Disease: A Comprehensive Review and In Silico Insights Into Molecular Interactions.

Mello-Hortega, João V · 2025

CBD has demonstrated effects on amyloid plaques, tau protein, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cholinergic pathways in preclinical Alzheimer's models.

Cannabidiol and cognitive functions/inflammatory markers in Parkinson's disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial at Buriram Hospital (CBD-PD-BRH trial).

Mitarnun, Witoon · 2025

Among 51 Parkinson's patients completing the trial, low-dose CBD (26 mg/day) was safe with no serious side effects.

Effects and safety of a CBD-rich Cannabis sativa oil in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial - CANOA - cannabis for osteoarthritis.

Mojoli, Andrés · 2025

This Brazilian trial is one of the most rigorous tests of CBD for osteoarthritis pain.

Cannabis-based products for medicinal use in dogs and cats: a systematic review.

Moreno-López, N · 2025

Across 22 studies, CBD-based formulations showed benefits for osteoarthritis pain, epilepsy, atopic dermatitis, postsurgical pain, and behavioral issues in dogs, with no serious adverse events reported.

Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Mediator Synthesis in Humans.

Morris, Alan W J · 2025

Using plasma data from multiple clinical studies, high-CBD cannabis use led to increased levels of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, particularly lipoxins produced through the 15-LOX pathway.

A randomized trial on efficacy of purified cannabidiol on spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients with gait problems: first report in Iran.

Mousavi, Pegah · 2025

CBD treatment (escalating from 5 to 80 mg/day over 4 weeks) significantly improved walking speed on the T25-FW test (p=0.031) and reduced maximum pain (p=0.033) compared to placebo, but did not significantly reduce spasticity severity at 4 or 8 weeks..

Exploratory analysis of United States-based cannabis product health benefit claims on online marketplaces.

Nali, Matthew C · 2025

Among 624,805 cannabis product listings on Leafly and Weedmaps, 1.9% and 4.47% respectively included specific health benefit claims.

Practical approach to the safe use of cannabidiol in patients with refractory epilepsy: a mini review.

Navarro, Cristian E · 2025

While CBD's efficacy for certain severe epilepsy syndromes is established (Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut), the practical details of prescribing it safely remain challenging.

Patterns of cannabidiol use among marijuana users in the United States.

Park, Ji-Yeun · 2025

Current CBD use was 10.5% overall in the U.S.

Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant focal epilepsies treated in the Expanded Access Program.

Patel, Anup D · 2025

CBD treatment was associated with median reductions of 51-87% in focal seizures and 44-87% in total seizures in the TSC group, and 46-75% and 45-71% in the non-TSC group, sustained through 144 weeks.

Naturalistic investigation of cannabis strains varying in THC and CBD ratios and verbal recognition memory.

Paulich, Katie N · 2025

The idea that CBD might counteract THC's cognitive effects has been a popular hypothesis in cannabis research—and a selling point for balanced THC:CBD products.

Cannabinoids for Anxiety and Sleep Disturbances: A Scoping Review.

Perez, Juan G · 2025

Of 29 studies meeting inclusion criteria, about 45% reported positive effects on both anxiety and sleep outcomes.

Caregiver-reported non-seizure and seizure outcomes with cannabidiol and clobazam in patients aged ≥2 years with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: A subgroup analysis of the BECOME survey.

Perry, M Scott · 2025

Caregivers reported improvements across multiple domains: seizure frequency (87%), severity (81%), alertness/cognition/executive function (84%), language/communication in non-verbal patients (81%) and verbal patients (76%), emotional/social functioning (79%), daily activities (56%), physical functioning (44%), and sleep (56%).

Real-world efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Perulli, Marco · 2025

Clinical trials establish whether a drug works under ideal conditions.

The Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia As a Risk Factor or For Its Therapeutic Potential: A Systematic Review of Evidence.

Rajput, Jaisingh · 2025

The cannabis-schizophrenia relationship is one of the most polarized debates in psychiatric research.

Effects of Different Cannabinoid Formulations on Anxiety-Related Disorders, and Tourette Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Raminelli, Adrieli Oliveira · 2025

Across 21 placebo-controlled RCTs covering social anxiety, GAD, PTSD, OCD, and Tourette syndrome, pure CBD compounds showed a moderate significant effect (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.07).

Measuring the Effects of Cannabis on Anxiety and Depression Among Cancer Patients.

Reddy, Apoorva C · 2025

This longitudinal study followed 1,962 cancer patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program, measuring self-reported anxiety and depression before and after 30 days of use.

The effects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on sleep in cancer patients.

Reddy, Apoorva C · 2025

Among 1,962 cancer patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program (2015-2023), those in the highest CBD dose quintile showed sleep improvement of 1.87 points on a 0-10 scale, compared to approximately 1.5 points for lower quintiles.

Medicinal cannabis in the management of anxiety disorders: A systematic review.

Roberts, Leah · 2025

This review examined 57 studies on medicinal cannabis for diagnosed anxiety disorders.

Cannabidiol in Skin Health: A Comprehensive Review of Topical Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetic Science.

Rusu, Aura · 2025

Preclinical and clinical evidence supports CBD's efficacy for acne, psoriasis, atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis.

A high-fat meal significantly impacts the bioavailability and biphasic absorption of cannabidiol (CBD) from a CBD-rich extract in men and women.

Saals, Bo Anne Daniëlla Frederique · 2025

In 11 healthy participants, consuming 70 mg CBD from a hemp extract with a high-fat meal dramatically increased bioavailability.

Prevalence and reasons for using cannabidiol, delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, and hexahydrocannabinol among US adults.

Satybaldiyeva, Nora · 2025

Lifetime CBD use was 35.2%, delta-8 THC 7.7%, CBN 4.5%, CBG 1.3%, HHC 1.5%.

Cannabis and cannabinoids in dermatology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative outcomes.

Sermsaksasithorn, Pim · 2025

Cannabinoid treatment significantly reduced pruritus (SMD=-0.29, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.06, I-squared=0%).

Cannabidiol and cognition: a literature review of human randomized controlled trials.

Singh, Jyotpal · 2025

In healthy participants, CBD showed some effects on cognitive function and sleep quality with various dosing strategies.

Experimental study on cannabis use and affect: Effects on reactivity to and recovery from negative stimuli.

Skrzynski, Carillon J · 2025

All three cannabis conditions (THC-dominant, CBD-dominant, 1:1 ratio) showed greater emotional reactivity to a rumination task but also stronger recovery after a breathing exercise compared to the non-use condition.

Effect of caffeine and cannabidiol (CBD) co-administration on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) subjective effects, performance impairment, and pharmacokinetics.

Strickland, Justin C · 2025

Caffeine produced minimal changes in THC-induced subjective effects, performance, or metabolism, though signals for perceived driving impairment were observed.

Substances of Health Concern: Label Accuracy of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol in Commercial Cannabidiol Tinctures from the United States.

Sullivan, Zander · 2025

12 of 18 CBD tinctures had CBD concentrations deviating more than 10% from labeled amounts.

Astrogliosis Occurs Selectively in Amygdala of Adolescent Primate and Rodent Following Daily Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Prevented by Cannabidiol Co-Treatment.

Sun, Yalin · 2025

THC induced GFAP and complement factor-B upregulation (proinflammatory gliosis) exclusively in the adolescent amygdala, not in other brain regions or adults.

Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis.

Svendsen, Kristofer · 2025

Single injections of CBD or CBG (10 mg/kg) each reduced visceral hypersensitivity and spinal cord c-Fos activation in colitis mice.

Comparative Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Innovative Sublingual, Rectal and Vaporizer Cannabis Products Versus Approved Cannabis Products in Healthy Volunteers.

Tarlovski, Sheina · 2025

Novel cannabis products showed faster absorption of THC and CBD compared to Sativex and oil-based oromucosal products.

Novel approaches for drug development against chronic primary pain: A systematic review.

Tékus, Valéria · 2025

Among novel drug development approaches for fibromyalgia, CRPS, and chronic low back pain (2014-2024), only CBD and esketamine have been tested across all three conditions.

Cannabidiol Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Olsalazine and Cyclosporine in a Murine Model of Colitis.

Thapa, Dinesh · 2025

In both acute and chronic colitis mouse models, combining low-dose CBD with olsalazine (50 mg/kg) or cyclosporine (2.5-5 mg/kg) significantly reduced disease activity index, MPO activity, and inflammatory cytokines while restoring colon length and GLP-1 levels.

Cannabidiol prevents cognitive and social deficits in a male rat model of Alzheimer's disease through CB1 activation and inflammation modulation.

Toledano, Roni Shira · 2025

STZ-induced Alzheimer's rats showed impaired object recognition, location memory, and social behavior, along with elevated amyloid-beta, tau phosphorylation, TREM2, APOEε4, TNFα, NF-κB1, and IL-1β in the hippocampus.

Cardiovascular Effects of Cannabidiol: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implementation.

Urlić, Hrvoje · 2025

CBD acts through CB2 and multiple targets: attenuating atherosclerosis, limiting infarct size, decreasing oxidative stress.

The Cannabinoid Pharmacology of Bone Healing: Developments in Fusion Medicine.

Urreola, Gabriel · 2025

CB2 agonists uniformly osteogenic.

Longitudinal Neurocognitive Trajectories in a Large Cohort of Youth Who Use Cannabis: Combining Self-Report and Toxicology.

Wade, Natasha E · 2025

This is the most comprehensive longitudinal study to date on adolescent cannabis use and cognitive development, drawing from the ABCD Study—a landmark NIH-funded project tracking brain development in American children. The primary analysis followed 11,036 participants from ages 9 to 17, combining self-reported substance use with objective toxicological testing (hair, urine, breath, oral fluid).

Placebo effects in a RCT assessing 30 days of low dose Cannabidiol (CBD) treatment for psychological distress in stressed students at risk for depression.

Winkler, Alexander · 2025

Both CBD and placebo oil groups showed improvements over the no-treatment control, suggesting that expectation and the ritual of taking a substance contribute significantly to perceived CBD benefits for stress..

Therapeutic Potential for Cannabidiol on Alzheimer's Disease-Related Neuroinflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Wu, Shuo · 2025

In preclinical AD models, CBD significantly reduced key neuroinflammation markers (GFAP and Iba-1).

The efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) in pediatric patients with Dravet Syndrome: a narrative review of clinical trials.

Aderinto, Nicholas · 2024

Across 10 clinical trials, CBD demonstrated efficacy in reducing seizure frequency in children with Dravet syndrome.

The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review.

André, Rebeca · 2024

Analysis found no evidence of neuroprotective or anti-aggregatory effects of pinene against beta-amyloid toxicity, though modest lipid peroxidation inhibition was observed.

Cannabinoid treatment for the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.

Aran, Adi · 2024

Uncontrolled case series documented improvements in both core ASD symptoms and behavioral challenges with CBD-rich cannabis extracts.

Advances and Challenges in Modeling Cannabidiol Pharmacokinetics and Hepatotoxicity.

Beers, Jessica L · 2024

CBD causes dose-dependent hepatocellular toxicity at therapeutic doses.

Caregiver-reported outcomes with real-world use of cannabidiol in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome from the BECOME survey.

Berg, Anne T · 2024

Caregivers reported improvements in seizure frequency (85%), seizure severity (76%), and seizure-free days (67%).

Cannabidiol-Only Product Use in Pregnancy in the United States and Canada: Findings From the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Bhatia, Devika · 2024

Prevalence of CBD-only use in pregnant women was 20.4% vs.

Acute and Extended Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol in Cannabis Flower: A Quasi-Experimental ad libitum Use Study.

Bidwell, L Cinnamon · 2024

All cannabis groups reported anxiety reduction over 4 weeks, but CBD-dominant use was associated with lower DASS anxiety scores (difference=-1.03, p=0.02) and lower acute tension and paranoia compared to THC-dominant.

Pharmacovigilance of unlicensed cannabidiol in European countries.

Calapai, Fabrizio · 2024

Serious adverse reactions made up 18.9% of all reported events for unlicensed CBD.

Cannabidiol Treatment for Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsies: A Real-World Study in a Tertiary Center.

Calonge, Quentin · 2024

No significant difference in responder rates (greater than 50% seizure reduction) between authorized-indication patients (31.3%) and off-label patients (35.6%, p=0.85).

Characteristics for Medical Cannabis Treatment Adherence among Autistic Children and Their Families: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

David, Ayelet · 2024

75% adherence rate over 6 months.

The acute effects of cannabis, with and without cannabidiol, on attentional bias to cannabis related cues: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

Hall, Daniel · 2024

In a three-condition crossover trial (THC, THC+CBD, placebo), participants showed an attentional bias away from cannabis cues on placebo.

Use and perceptions of Cannabidiol among individuals in treatment for opioid use disorder.

Kudrich, Christopher · 2024

CBD has become wildly popular, with claims ranging from anxiety relief to pain management.

Cannabidiol prescribing in the United States: An analysis of real-world data.

Lin, Binx Yezhe · 2024

Of 4,214 Epidiolex recipients, 40% lacked FDA-approved diagnostic indications (Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet, or tuberous sclerosis) in their records.

A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial on the effect of a 20:1 cannabidiol: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol medical cannabis product on neurocognition, attention, and mood.

Manning, Brooke · 2024

A sublingual dose of CannEpil (100mg CBD, 5mg THC) impaired visuospatial working memory and delayed pattern recognition compared to placebo, but largely preserved mood.

The Effect of Cannabidiol on Subjective Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

McCartney, Danielle · 2024

In 51 participants, 150mg oral CBD 90 minutes before a self-paced 10km run had no significant effects on any outcome compared to placebo.

Clinical Benefits and Safety of Medical Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review on Natural Extracts.

Mick, Gérard · 2024

THC-predominant and balanced THC/CBD products showed the strongest evidence for chronic neuropathic pain.

Renal Outcomes and Other Adverse Effects of Cannabinoid Supplementation.

Młynarska, Ewelina · 2024

CB2 agonists showed therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, and obesity-related kidney dysfunction.

Cannabidiol - Help and hype in targeting mucosal diseases.

Moniruzzaman, Md · 2024

CBD has demonstrated promise for alleviating gut and lung diseases in vitro, and Epidiolex is the only FDA/TGA-approved CBD product.

Distinct antinociceptive and conditioned behavioral effects are produced by individual cannabinoids and a cannabis-derived mixture.

Morris, Tamara · 2024

NEPE14 significantly reduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia via both injection and oral routes without decreasing operant response rates.

Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis.

Nachnani, Rahul · 2024

This systematic review went hunting for something specific: documented real-world cases where cannabis or cannabinoids caused clinically significant interactions with prescription medications that have narrow therapeutic windows — drugs where even small changes in blood levels can cause serious harm. After screening 4,600 reports, they identified 31 cases meeting their criteria.

High-purified cannabidiol efficacy and safety in a cohort of adult patients with various types of drug-resistant epilepsies.

Perriguey, M · 2024

Among 73 patients (51 with epileptic encephalopathies, 22 with focal/multifocal epilepsy), 29.4% and 22.7% respectively were responders during follow-up, with no significant difference between groups (P=0.552).

Does the "Entourage Effect" in Cannabinoids Exist? A Narrative Scoping Review.

Simei, João Luís Q · 2024

The entourage effect is recognized as a synergistic phenomenon where multiple cannabis components interact to modulate therapeutic actions.

Non-Intoxicating Cannabinoids in Visceral Pain.

Svendsen, Kristofer · 2024

Non-intoxicating cannabinoids (niCBs) show potential to normalize intestinal motility, reduce inflammation, and produce analgesic effects in preclinical models of visceral pain.

Real-Life Experience With Purified Cannabidiol Treatment for Refractory Epilepsy: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Tzadok, Michal · 2024

92.2% of patients had reduced seizure frequency after starting purified CBD.

Consensus panel recommendations for the optimization of EPIDIOLEX® treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Wechsler, Robert T · 2024

Key recommendations include individualizing starting dose and titration rate based on baseline variables and prior medication responses, differentiating Epidiolex from non-approved CBD products, managing drug-drug interactions (particularly with clobazam and valproate), and tracking maximum tolerated dose as a measure of effectiveness..

Updated Risk Assessment of Cannabidiol in Foods Based on Benchmark Dose-Response Modeling.

Wisotzki, Eva · 2024

Animal studies yielded a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) of 43 mg/kg bw/day, translating to approximately 15 mg/day for humans.

Cannabidiol, a plant-derived compound, is an emerging strategy for treating cognitive impairments: comprehensive review of randomized trials.

Yndart Arias, Adriana · 2024

Nine of 16 outcomes across 14 trials showed CBD improved anxiety and cognition.

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial of Cannabis in Adults with Tourette Syndrome.

Abi-Jaoude, Elia · 2023

THC 10% did not significantly improve the primary outcome (video-rated tic severity, MRVTRS) but was significantly better than placebo on secondary measures: premonitory urges (PUTS), subjective distress (SUDS), and clinical global impression.

The safety and efficacy of low oral doses of cannabidiol: An evaluation of the evidence.

Arnold, Jonathon C · 2023

Therapeutic benefits became clearly evident at doses of 300 mg or higher.

Evaluation of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cannabinoid-Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants.

Bansal, Sumit · 2023

When you take a medication, your liver enzymes (called cytochrome P450 or CYP enzymes) break it down.

Differences in Plasma Cannabidiol Concentrations in Women and Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study.

Batinic, Ana · 2023

Among 62 hypertensive volunteers in a triple-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, females had significantly higher plasma CBD concentrations than males after receiving the same DehydraTECH2.0 CBD formulation.

Cannabinoids for symptom management in children with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chhabra, Manik · 2023

Of 19 studies (including 7 RCTs), cannabinoids were most commonly used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (58%).

Retrospective chart review study of use of cannabidiol (CBD) independent of concomitant clobazam use in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome.

Nabbout, Rima · 2023

Among 107 patients (92 LGS, 15 DS) receiving CBD without clobazam for at least 3 months, median seizure frequency change ranged from -6.2% to -20.9% for LGS and 0% to -16.7% for DS over 3-month intervals.

Cannabis-based magistral formulation is highly effective as an adjuvant treatment in drug-resistant focal epilepsy in adult patients: an open-label prospective cohort study.

Navarro, Cristian Eduardo · 2023

Among 44 patients who completed 3+ months of follow-up, median monthly seizures dropped from 11 to 2.5 (p < significant).

The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Review of the Literature.

Nduma, Basil N · 2023

The majority of selected studies reported reduced clinical complications as measured by Mayo scores, CDAI, Lichtiger Index, and Harvey-Bradshaw Index, along with weight gain and improved patient wellbeing.

The therapeutic potential of purified cannabidiol.

O'Sullivan, Saoirse Elizabeth · 2023

The areas with the most clinical evidence for purified CBD were anxiety (7 uncontrolled + 17 RCTs), psychosis/schizophrenia (1 uncontrolled + 8 RCTs), PTSD (2 uncontrolled + 4 RCTs), and substance abuse (2 uncontrolled + 3 RCTs).

A systematic review of cannabidiol trials in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Parrella, Nina-Francecsa · 2023

Nine RCTs across ADHD, autism, intellectual disability, Tourette's, and complex motor disorders showed some positive signals but inconsistent results.

Concomitant cannabidiol does not impact safety and effectiveness of diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters: Post hoc analysis of a phase 3 safety study.

Peters, Jurriaan M · 2023

Of 163 patients, 73% received no CBD, 14.1% received purified CBD (Epidiolex), and 12.9% received other CBD.

Safety assessment and redox status in rats after chronic exposure to cannabidiol and cannabigerol.

Polanska, Hana Holcova · 2023

CBD (0.66 mg/kg/day for 90 days) produced no changes in blood counts or biochemistry and improved redox status in blood plasma and liver, reducing malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins.

Therapeutic and Supportive Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with Brain Tumors (CBD Oil and Cannabis).

Rodriguez-Almaraz, J Eduardo · 2023

Published and anecdotal evidence suggests cannabis may help with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, appetite stimulation, pain reduction, and seizure management in brain tumor patients.

Cannabidiol and brain function: current knowledge and future perspectives.

Schouten, Moniek · 2023

CBD has documented therapeutic effects for epileptic seizures, psychosis, anxiety, neuropathic pain, and inflammation.

The Effects of Acute Cannabis With and Without Cannabidiol on Neural Reward Anticipation in Adults and Adolescents.

Skumlien, Martine · 2023

Adults showed reduced ventral striatum activation during reward anticipation after THC, while adolescents did not.

Oral Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC):Cannabinoid (CBD) Cannabis Extract Adjuvant for Reducing Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV): A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Sukpiriyagul, Apichaya · 2023

Nausea scores were significantly lower in the THC:CBD extract group (2.11) compared to placebo (2.99).

Subchronic oral toxicity assessment of a cannabis extract.

Tallon, Mark J · 2023

CBD was tolerated up to 460 mg/kg/day in males over 90 days.

Real-world experience with cannabidiol as add-on treatment in drug-resistant epilepsy.

Vicino, Walter · 2023

In routine clinical practice, CBD produced clinically meaningful seizure reduction (>30%) in a substantial proportion of patients.

Sex differences in acute cannabis effects revisited: Results from two randomized, controlled trials.

Arkell, Thomas R · 2022

After controlling for BMI and plasma THC, relatively few sex differences emerged.

The effects of acute Cannabis smoke or Δ9-THC injections on the trial-unique, nonmatching-to-location and five-choice serial reaction time tasks in male Long-Evans rats.

Barnard, Ilne L · 2022

High-THC cannabis smoke and THC injections impaired working memory on the TUNL task but had no effect on attention, impulsivity, or perseveration on the 5-CSRTT.

Medial prefrontal cortex mechanisms of cannabidiol-induced aversive memory reconsolidation impairments.

Bayer, Hugo · 2022

Systemic CBD reduced Zif268/Egr1 protein (a synaptic plasticity marker for reconsolidation) in the anterior cingulate and prelimbic cortex but not the infralimbic cortex.

Medicinal cannabis for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Berger, Maximus · 2022

CBD demonstrated anxiolytic effects in trials with healthy volunteers and clinical populations, though evidence remains insufficient for first-line treatment.

Pharmacokinetic Profile of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Metabolites in Blood following Vaporization and Oral Ingestion of Cannabidiol Products.

Bergeria, Cecilia L · 2022

Mean peak CBD blood concentration was 171.1 ng/mL for vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis, 104.6 ng/mL for vaporized pure CBD, and only 13.7 ng/mL for oral CBD.

A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Comparator-Controlled Parallel Study Investigating the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol in a Novel Delivery System, Solutech, in Association with Cannabis Use History.

Berl, Volker · 2022

Solutech produced significantly greater peak concentration, faster time to peak, and larger absorption rate constants for THC, CBD, and metabolites compared to MCT-oil.

Cannabidiol Product Dosing and Decision-Making in a National Survey of Individuals with Fibromyalgia.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2022

Average CBD dose per session was 16 mg, with 24-27 mg per day.

Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in fibromyalgia: A review of preclinical and clinical research.

Bourke, Stephanie L · 2022

Clinical evidence shows endocannabinoid system alterations in fibromyalgia patients, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased circulating endocannabinoids.

Long-term use of cannabidiol-enriched medical cannabis in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2022

After a median 20 months of treatment, 78% of children had ≥50% seizure reduction and 47.5% had >75% reduction.

Cannabidiol use and perceptions in France: a national survey.

Casanova, Clémence · 2022

10.1% of French adults used CBD and 69.2% had heard of it.

Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis.

Chesney, Edward · 2022

CBD has demonstrated antipsychotic effects in clinical studies and has a relatively benign side effect profile compared to standard antipsychotics.

Variability in Serum Concentrations and Clinical Response in Artisanal Versus Pharmaceutical Cannabidiol Treatment of Pediatric Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy.

Cohen, Nathan T · 2022

Mean serum CBD was 124 ng/mL for pharmaceutical CBD vs.

Increased White Matter Coherence Following Three and Six Months of Medical Cannabis Treatment.

Dahlgren, Mary Kathryn · 2022

FA values (indicating white matter integrity) significantly increased in corpus callosum regions after 3 and 6 months of MC treatment.

Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis.

Filippini, Graziella · 2022

Nabiximols probably increases the number of people reporting significant spasticity reduction (OR 2.51, moderate certainty).

Effects of cannabidiol in cannabis flower: Implications for harm reduction.

Gibson, Laurel P · 2022

Among 159 regular cannabis users randomly assigned to three chemovars, the THC+CBD chemovar (9% THC, 10% CBD) produced similar positive mood effects but significantly less paranoia and anxiety compared to the THC-dominant chemovar (24% THC, 1% CBD).

Acute effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on auditory mismatch negativity.

Greenwood, Lisa-Marie · 2022

THC and CBD both increased duration and intensity MMN amplitude in less-frequent users.

Cannabinoids, reward processing, and psychosis.

Gunasekera, Brandon · 2022

THC modulated activity in the striatum, midbrain, insula, and anterior cingulate during reward processing, with some effects correlating with the severity of THC-induced psychotic symptoms.

Children and adolescents with ASD treated with CBD-rich cannabis exhibit significant improvements particularly in social symptoms: an open label study.

Hacohen, Micha · 2022

Significant improvements in social communication were observed on the ADOS (clinical assessment), SRS (parent report), and Vineland (adaptive behaviors).

The Efficacy of Cannabis on Multiple Sclerosis-Related Symptoms.

Haddad, Fatma · 2022

Nabiximols (oromucosal spray) demonstrated improvement in MS spasticity, pain, and quality of life with tolerable adverse effects.

Safety and Efficacy of Medical Cannabis in Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared with Commonly Used Medications.

Holdman, Richard · 2022

Commonly prescribed ASD medications display varying efficacy, safety, and tolerability, with some causing side effects (aggression, anxiety, irritability, cognitive effects) that mirror the very symptoms they target.

In utero exposure to cannabidiol disrupts select early-life behaviors in a sex-specific manner.

Iezzi, Daniela · 2022

Male pups from CBD-treated dams gained more weight than controls.

Cannabis Vapor Exposure Alters Neural Circuit Oscillatory Activity in a Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Differential Impact of Cannabis Constituents.

Jenkins, Bryan W · 2022

NVHL rats (schizophrenia model) had reduced baseline gamma power in multiple brain regions.

Cannabidiol enhances the antinociceptive effects of morphine and attenuates opioid-induced tolerance in the chronic constriction injury model.

Jesus, Carlos Henrique Alves · 2022

CBD (30 mg/kg) combined with a sub-effective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg) produced enhanced pain relief for both evoked and ongoing pain that neither drug achieved alone.

Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone.

Kajero, Jaiyeola Abiola · 2022

CBD (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced risperidone-induced elevated fasting blood sugar when given after risperidone.

Review: Cannabinoids as Medicinals.

Khalsa, Jag H · 2022

Current research shows CBD and other cannabinoids are not ready for formal indications as medicines to treat the wide range of conditions promoted, except for limited use of CBD for two rare forms of childhood epilepsy and CBD combined with THC for MS-associated spasticity..

Effects of Cannabidiol on Adaptive Behavior and Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients With Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy.

Kim, Se Hee · 2022

26.8% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction after six months of CBD.

A scoping review of the use of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders.

Kirkland, Anna E · 2022

Only 16 randomized controlled trials or within-subject studies met inclusion criteria.

The Role of Cannabis, Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain. The Perspective of Physicians.

Köstenberger, Markus · 2022

Most reviews concluded cannabis plays a significant role in pain management.

An Open Retrospective Study of a Standardized Cannabidiol Based-Oil in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy.

Marchese, Francesca · 2022

Among 37 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy of various causes, 7 (19%) became seizure-free and 27 (73%) reported more than 50% seizure reduction at 40-month follow-up.

Cannabis-Based Products for the Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases: A Timely Review.

Martins, Ana M · 2022

The discovery of a skin endocannabinoid system and its role in maintaining skin homeostasis supports the anti-inflammatory potential of topical cannabinoids.

Effects of cannabidiol on simulated driving and cognitive performance: A dose-ranging randomised controlled trial.

McCartney, Danielle · 2022

Non-inferiority analyses established that CBD at 15, 300, and 1,500 mg did not impair driving performance beyond a threshold equivalent to 0.05% blood alcohol.

Orally administered cannabidiol does not produce false-positive tests for Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on the Securetec DrugWipe® 5S or Dräger DrugTest® 5000.

McCartney, Danielle · 2022

Among 259 DrugWipe 5S and 256 DrugTest 5000 tests following oral CBD administration (placebo, 15, 300, or 1,500 mg), no THC-positive results were observed.

Cannabidiol for the Management of Endometriosis and Chronic Pelvic Pain.

Mistry, Megha · 2022

Of 264 articles screened, 41 were included.

Randomized controlled trials on the use of cannabis-based medicines in movement disorders: a systematic review.

Oikonomou, P · 2022

In Parkinson's disease, no RCT showed motor symptom improvement, though nabilone improved quality of life and reduced dyskinesia in one trial.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: hope or hype?

Pedrazzi, João F C · 2022

Preclinical data show CBD modulates the endocannabinoid system, which appears altered in ASD patients.

Potency and Therapeutic THC and CBD Ratios: U.S. Cannabis Markets Overshoot.

Pennypacker, Sarah D · 2022

The ratio of THC to CBD in cannabis products matters enormously for therapeutic outcomes.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Yellow Oil in Healthy Participants.

Peters, Erica N · 2022

CBD showed dose-proportional absorption (AUC slope=1.03, Cmax slope=0.92).

Cannabis and cannabinoid use in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.

Silva, Estácio Amaro da · 2022

Across 9 studies, cannabis products reduced the number or intensity of multiple ASD symptoms including hyperactivity, self-mutilation, anger, sleep problems, anxiety, irritability, and depression.

Medical cannabis for the treatment of comorbid symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: An interim analysis of biochemical safety.

Stolar, Orit · 2022

No clinically significant differences were found in complete blood count, glucose, liver enzymes, kidney function, electrolytes, thyroid function, lipid profile, or hormones between baseline and 3 months of CBD-rich treatment.

The Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabidiol-Enriched Oil in Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

Tzadok, Michal · 2022

73.3% of 114 patients reported some seizure improvement.

Outcomes from a Spanish Expanded Access Program on cannabidiol treatment in pediatric and adult patients with epilepsy.

Villanueva, Vicente · 2022

44.9% of patients had at least 50% seizure reduction at 6 months, 38.9% at 12 months.

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Vuilleumier, Caroline · 2022

Dronabinol reduced withdrawal symptoms but had limited broader efficacy.

The Impact of THC and CBD in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.

Ahmed, Saeed · 2021

Intravenous THC increased psychosis in stable patients.

Targeting the endocannabinoid system for management of HIV-associated neuropathic pain: A systematic review.

Aly, Esraa · 2021

10 preclinical studies found that endocannabinoids, CB2-selective agonists, and FAAH inhibitors prevented or reversed HIV-associated neuropathic pain.

Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial.

Aran, Adi · 2021

The primary outcome (HSQ-ASD Total Score) showed no significant difference between groups.

Cannabidiol Interactions with Medications, Illicit Substances, and Alcohol: a Comprehensive Review.

Balachandran, Premalatha · 2021

CBD has confirmed or suspected drug interactions with anti-epileptic drugs, antidepressants, opioid analgesics, THC, acetaminophen, and alcohol.

From an Alternative Medicine to a New Treatment for Refractory Epilepsies: Can Cannabidiol Follow the Same Path to Treat Neuropsychiatric Disorders?

Bitencourt, Rafael M · 2021

Strong evidence supports CBD's anticonvulsant properties for epilepsy, and accumulating research suggests promising effects for depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction, neurodegenerative disorders, and autism.

Prevalence of Cannabinoid Use in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis.

Deckey, David G · 2021

24% of 200 patients presenting with hip or knee osteoarthritis had used CBD products.

Cannabinoid Interactions with Cytochrome P450 Drug Metabolism: a Full-Spectrum Characterization.

Doohan, Peter T · 2021

This was the most comprehensive cannabinoid-enzyme interaction study published to date.

Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2021

CBD-dominant users were more likely female, used cannabis at lower frequency and amount (except edibles), cited medical motivations, used cannabis for pain, and reported more health problems.

Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabidiol in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review.

Furgiuele, Alessia · 2021

Rodent EAE models strongly support CBD as effective against autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Interaction of cannabidiol with other antiseizure medications: A narrative review.

Gilmartin, Christopher G S · 2021

CBD has potential pharmacokinetic interactions with brivaracetam, clobazam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, potassium bromide, pregabalin, rufinamide, sirolimus/everolimus, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, and zonisamide.

The Yin and Yang of Cannabis: A Systematic Review of Human Neuroimaging Evidence of the Differential Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol.

Gunasekera, Brandon · 2021

Despite heterogeneous methods, an overall pattern of opposite THC and CBD effects was evident, primarily from head-to-head challenge studies.

Endocannabinoid System as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A Systematic Review.

Hryhorowicz, Szymon · 2021

The endocannabinoid system regulates intestinal homeostasis, gut motility, visceral sensation, and inflammation.

Results From an Italian Expanded Access Program on Cannabidiol Treatment in Highly Refractory Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.

Iannone, Luigi Francesco · 2021

At 3 months, 40.2% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction, with 1.2% becoming seizure-free.

A Systematic Review of Fibromyalgia and Recent Advancements in Treatment: Is Medicinal Cannabis a New Hope?

Khurshid, Hajra · 2021

Across 22 studies, medical cannabis (including nabilone, dronabinol, and various THC/CBD ratios) showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in fibromyalgia patients.

Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study.

Klotz, Kerstin A · 2021

Interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) rate dropped significantly from 36.8 to 19.6 per minute after 3 months of CBD (p<0.0001).

Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Cannabis in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review.

Kurlyandchik, Inna · 2021

Across 3 RCTs and 6 observational studies, cannabis showed potential benefit for fibromyalgia symptoms with side effects limited to feeling "high," dizziness, dry mouth, cough, red eyes, and drowsiness.

Highly Purified Cannabidiol for Epilepsy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Epileptic Conditions Beyond Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2021

Beyond its approved indications (DS, LGS, TSC), purified CBD showed effectiveness in open-label studies for CDKL5 deficiency disorder, Aicardi syndrome, Dup15q syndrome, Doose syndrome, SYNGAP1 encephalopathy, and epilepsy with myoclonic absences.

Tolerability profile of topical cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide: a compilation of single-centre randomized evaluator-blinded clinical and in vitro studies in normal skin.

Maghfour, J · 2021

Patch testing on healthy participants showed no irritation or sensitization from any CBD or PEA product tested.

The Pharmacological Effects of Plant-Derived versus Synthetic Cannabidiol in Human Cell Lines.

Maguire, Ryan F · 2021

All six CBD samples (4 natural, 2 synthetic) similarly reduced cancer cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, protected brain pericytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation via 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms, and restored inflammation-disrupted intestinal permeability via CB1 receptor antagonism.

Acute effects of cannabis on speech illusions and psychotic-like symptoms: two studies testing the moderating effects of cannabidiol and adolescence.

Mokrysz, Claire · 2021

Cannabis increased psychotic-like symptoms (PSI scores) in both studies.

Cannabis use and measurement of cannabinoids in plasma and breast milk of breastfeeding mothers.

Moss, Michael J · 2021

Median breast milk THC concentration was 27.5 ng/ml vs 3.7 ng/ml in plasma, a milk-to-plasma ratio of 7.0.

Oral CBD-rich Cannabis Induces Clinical but Not Endoscopic Response in Patients with Crohn's Disease, a Randomised Controlled Trial.

Naftali, Timna · 2021

CDAI dropped from 282 to 166 in the cannabis group vs 264 to 237 in placebo (P < 0.05).

Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic.

Rapin, Lucile · 2021

All ESAS-r symptom scores improved significantly from baseline to 3 months (all p<0.003).

Opposite Roles for Cannabidiol and δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Psychotomimetic Effects of Cannabis Extracts: A Naturalistic Controlled Study.

Sainz-Cort, Alberto · 2021

THC+CBD combined extracts produced significantly lower psychotomimetic scores than THC alone.

Evidence for Use of Cannabinoids in Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and PTSD: A Systematic Review.

Stanciu, Corneliu N · 2021

Of 8 identified RCTs, CBD pretreatment showed promise for social anxiety in laboratory settings, but THC showed no benefit for depression and actually worsened anxiety and psychotic symptoms in over 50% of hospitalized depression patients.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluation of cannabidiol (CBD) product use and health among people with epilepsy.

Strickland, Justin C · 2021

Artisanal CBD users showed significantly better quality of life, lower psychiatric symptom severity, improved sleep, better medication tolerability, fewer prescription medications, and reduced healthcare utilization compared to controls, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally when participants initiated CBD use..

Cannabidiol-enriched oil in children and adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy-does tolerance exist?

Uliel-Sibony, Shimrit · 2021

Of 84 patients analyzed for tolerance (treated at least 3 months), 21 (25%) developed tolerance after a mean of 7.3 months.

Cannabidiol treatment of severe refractory epilepsy in children and young adults.

Zilmer, Monica · 2021

At 3 months, 31.4% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction and 68.6% showed some improvement.

Can Hemp Help? Low-THC Cannabis and Non-THC Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Cancer.

Afrin, Farjana · 2020

THC can inhibit cancer cell growth via CB1R and CB2R modulation, but clinical confirmation is lacking.

The Impact of Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function: A Systematic Review.

Batalla, Albert · 2020

In healthy volunteers, CBD enhanced fronto-striatal resting state connectivity and had opposite effects to THC during emotional processing (fronto-temporal), verbal memory (fronto-striatal), response inhibition (fronto-limbic-striatal), and auditory/visual processing (temporo-occipital).

Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia.

Berger, Amnon A · 2020

Fibromyalgia affects up to 10% of the population.

Clinical trial simulations of the interaction between cannabidiol and clobazam and effect on drop-seizure frequency.

Bergmann, Kirsten Riber · 2020

Simulations showed that the observed seizure reduction from CBD could be replicated by assuming: (1) patients on clobazam had a 2- to 7-fold increase in norclobazam (active metabolite) exposure, and (2) patients not on clobazam had seizure reduction and variability similar to placebo.

Effectiveness of cannabidiol in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy in Argentina.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2020

Of 49 children followed for 3-12 months, 80% responded to CBD add-on therapy.

A perspective on cannabinoids for treating epilepsy: Do they really change the landscape?

Cross, J Helen · 2020

Only purified CBD formulations have been rigorously evaluated in controlled trials, showing modest but significant improvements in motor seizures.

Slow Titration of Cannabidiol Add-On in Drug-Resistant Epilepsies Can Improve Safety With Maintained Efficacy in an Open-Label Study.

D'Onofrio, Gianluca · 2020

At 6 months, mean seizure frequency decreased 41% from baseline, and 37.8% had 50%+ seizure reduction.

Diversity of molecular targets and signaling pathways for CBD.

de Almeida, Douglas L · 2020

CBD's effects are mediated through multiple molecular mechanisms rather than a single target.

The endocannabinoidome as a substrate for noneuphoric phytocannabinoid action and gut microbiome dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders
.

Di Marzo, Vincenzo · 2020

The endocannabinoidome extends beyond classical CB1/CB2 to include numerous lipid mediators, receptors, and enzymes involved in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Terpenoids From Cannabis Do Not Mediate an Entourage Effect by Acting at Cannabinoid Receptors.

Finlay, David B · 2020

None of the five terpenes tested (myrcene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-caryophyllene, and limonene) showed direct interactions with CB1 or CB2 receptors, either alone or in mixtures.

Cannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies.

Fusar-Poli, Laura · 2020

Cannabinoids improved some autism-associated symptoms including problem behaviors, sleep problems, and hyperactivity, with limited side effects.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis among patients with schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: A systematic review with a risk of bias assessment.

Ghabrash, Maykel Farag · 2020

CBD showed limited antipsychotic efficacy across studies, with no evidence supporting cognitive or functional benefits.

Anticonvulsive Properties of Cannabidiol in a Model of Generalized Seizure Are Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Dependent.

Gray, Royston A · 2020

CBD at 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly raised seizure thresholds in wildtype mice but not in TRPV1 knockout mice.

Pharmacokinetic investigation of synthetic cannabidiol oral formulations in healthy volunteers.

Izgelov, Dvora · 2020

CBD in lipid-based vehicles (oil and nano-emulsion) significantly increased both peak blood levels and total exposure compared to powder.

A Critical Review of the Role of the Cannabinoid Compounds Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) and their Combination in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment.

Jones, Éamon · 2020

The review found the strongest evidence for nabiximols (Sativex, a 1:1 THC:CBD oromucosal spray) in reducing spasticity and neuropathic pain in MS patients.

The therapeutic role of Cannabidiol in mental health: a systematic review.

Khan, Rabia · 2020

Across 23 included studies, CBD showed the most consistent positive signals for anxiety disorders and as an adjunct treatment for schizophrenia.

Cannabidiol for Treating Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and Dravet Syndrome in Korea.

Koo, Chung Mo · 2020

Among 34 Lennox-Gastaut and 10 Dravet syndrome patients (ages 1-16), CBD at 10 mg/kg/day produced 50%+ seizure reduction in 32.3% of LGS patients at 3 months (declining to 20.6% at 6 months) and 30% of DS patients at 3 months (20% at 6 months).

Dosage, Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Administration in Adults: A Systematic Review of Human Trials.

Larsen, Christian · 2020

Across 25 studies (927 patients), CBD showed anxiolytic effects with acute administration and therapeutic effects for social anxiety disorder, psychotic disorder, and substance use disorders.

Model-based analysis on systemic availability of co-administered cannabinoids after controlled vaporised administration.

Liu, Zheng · 2020

In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, concomitant inhalation of high-dose CBD significantly decreased the systemic availability of THC.

Effects of Hemp Extract on Markers of Wellness, Stress Resilience, Recovery and Clinical Biomarkers of Safety in Overweight, But Otherwise Healthy Subjects.

Lopez, Hector L · 2020

Among 65 overweight but healthy adults, 60mg/day hemp extract (containing 15mg CBD) significantly improved HDL cholesterol (p=0.004, ES=0.75).

An overview of cannabis based treatment in Crohn's disease.

Naftali, Timna · 2020

Among the three existing placebo-controlled trials in active Crohn disease (93 subjects total), two showed significant clinical improvement (reduced CDAI scores) but no improvement in inflammatory markers.

Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) in children with treatment-resistant epilepsy: Results from a state-based expanded access program.

Park, Yong D · 2020

Over 36 months, 45 children with treatment-resistant epilepsy (various etiologies beyond Dravet/LGS) treated with adjunctive CBD (Epidiolex, up to 50 mg/kg/day) showed statistically significant reductions in seizure frequency at months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36.

The Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia: Causative or Curative? A Systematic Review.

Patel, Shweta · 2020

After screening 96 articles and including 12 final studies (5 traditional reviews, 2 systematic reviews, 2 meta-analyses, 3 observational), 10 studies supported a causative link between cannabis and schizophrenia, 8 supported symptom exacerbation, and 6 supported therapeutic effects of CBD.

A new mechanism for cannabidiol in regulating the one-carbon cycle and methionine levels in Dictyostelium and in mammalian epilepsy models.

Perry, Christopher J · 2020

Using the model organism Dictyostelium, researchers identified that CBD activity depends partly on the glycine cleavage system, linked to folate one-carbon metabolism (FOCM).

A time-dependent contribution of hippocampal CB1 , CB2 and PPARγ receptors to cannabidiol-induced disruption of fear memory consolidation.

Raymundi, Ana Maria · 2020

CBD (10-30 pmol) injected into the dorsal hippocampus impaired fear memory consolidation when given immediately or 1 hour after conditioning, but not at 3 hours.

The effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the recognition of emotions in facial expressions: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Rossi, Giordano Novak · 2020

Across 7 experiments (170 total participants), THC (7.5-15 mg) had no effect in 3 experiments and reduced facial emotion recognition in 3 others.

Cannabidiol as a treatment option for schizophrenia: recent evidence and current studies.

Schoevers, Julie · 2020

Recent trials focused on sub-acute schizophrenia, clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P), and frequent cannabis users.

Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.

Suraev, Anastasia S · 2020

Across 26 studies (14 preclinical, 12 clinical), evidence was insufficient for routine clinical use of cannabinoids for any sleep disorder due to limited research and moderate-to-high risk of bias.

Attitudes and knowledge about cannabis and cannabis-based therapies among US neurologists, nurses, and pharmacists.

Szaflarski, Magdalena · 2020

Over 80% supported medical cannabis use and legalization, especially CBD for epilepsy when prescribed by a provider.

Abrupt withdrawal of cannabidiol (CBD): A randomized trial.

Taylor, Lesley · 2020

After four weeks of 1,500 mg daily CBD, volunteers randomized to abrupt discontinuation showed no increase in withdrawal scores.

Cognitive function and adaptive skills after a one-year trial of cannabidiol (CBD) in a pediatric sample with treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Thompson, Matthew D · 2020

Among 38 pediatric patients (ages 3-19) with treatment-resistant epilepsy, those who completed cognitive testing showed no significant changes after one year of CBD.

Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Endocannabinoid System-Is there Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Ambrose, Tim · 2019

In animal models, both exogenous cannabinoids and modulation of the endocannabinoid system consistently improved colitis.

Coadministered cannabidiol and clobazam: Preclinical evidence for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2019

CBD potently inhibited liver enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C19) that metabolize clobazam and its metabolite, increasing plasma clobazam levels.

Cannabidiol (CBD) content in vaporized cannabis does not prevent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced impairment of driving and cognition.

Arkell, Thomas R · 2019

Both THC-dominant and THC/CBD equivalent cannabis increased lane weaving during simulated driving.

Self-management strategies amongst Australian women with endometriosis: a national online survey.

Armour, Mike · 2019

Self-management was used by 76% of women with endometriosis.

Real life Experience of Medical Cannabis Treatment in Autism: Analysis of Safety and Efficacy.

Bar-Lev Schleider, Lihi · 2019

After six months of treatment with cannabis oil (30% CBD, 1.5% THC), 82.4% of 188 ASD patients were still in active treatment.

Cannabis and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: An Updated Review.

Chayasirisobhon, Sirichai · 2019

CBD has demonstrated therapeutic benefit across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions including autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, psychosis, neuropathic pain, cancer pain, migraine, MS, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, hypoxic-ischemic injury, and epilepsy.

Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for psychosis.

Davies, Cathy · 2019

CBD shows potential as a novel antipsychotic with a unique non-dopamine-D2 mechanism of action.

Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of pre-clinical and clinical findings.

Elsaid, Sonja · 2019

CBD is safe, well-tolerated, and efficacious for several seizure disorders.

Potential of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands as Treatment for Substance Use Disorders.

Galaj, Ewa · 2019

Neutral CB1R antagonists (AM4113), CB2R agonists (JWH133, Xie2-64), and phytocannabinoids (CBD, beta-caryophyllene, THCV) show therapeutic potential for SUDs in animals.

Is there a role for cannabidiol in psychiatry?

Khoury, Julia Machado · 2019

Evidence levels varied: B-level for cannabis withdrawal, C2 for cannabis addiction, C1 for positive symptoms in schizophrenia and anxiety in social anxiety disorder.

Cannabidiol-from Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer.

Kis, Brigitta · 2019

The review documents CBD's effects against cancer through multiple mechanisms: inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting cancer cell death, blocking invasion and angiogenesis, and modulating inflammation and immune responses.

A Novel Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Based on VESIsorb® Formulation Technology Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects.

Knaub, Katharina · 2019

The SEDDS-CBD formulation produced a 4.4-fold higher peak concentration (Cmax), 2.85-fold higher 8-hour exposure (AUC0-8h), and reached peak levels in 1 hour versus 3 hours for standard MCT oil.

Dermatology-Related Uses of Medical Cannabis Promoted by Dispensaries in Canada, Europe, and the United States.

Lim, Megan · 2019

Dispensary websites claimed cannabis treats acne, aging, dermatitis, psoriasis, lupus, epidermolysis bullosa, and even melanoma.

Drug-drug interactions between antiepileptics and cannabinoids.

Miziak, Barbara · 2019

In animal models, WIN 55,212-2 (CB1/CB2 agonist) potentiated anticonvulsant activity of various AEDs but caused profound neurotoxicity when combined with conventional AEDs.

Cannabinoids: the lows and the highs of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Mortimer, Toni Leigh · 2019

Cannabinoids reduce CINV primarily by inhibiting serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells in the small intestine, disrupting the vomiting reflex.

Single and combined effects of plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids on cognition and cannabinoid-associated withdrawal signs in mice.

Myers, Alyssa M · 2019

THC caused significant motor and cognitive impairment in Barnes maze; adding CBD did not attenuate these effects.

Insights into the role of cannabis in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Picardo, Sherman · 2019

In animal models, cannabinoids improved intestinal inflammation through the endocannabinoid system.

The effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on low-frequency activity and functional connectivity in the brain of adults with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Pretzsch, Charlotte M · 2019

CBD significantly increased fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in the cerebellar vermis and right fusiform gyrus across all participants, but post-hoc analysis showed this was driven by the ASD group with no significant change in controls.

Effects of cannabidiol on brain excitation and inhibition systems; a randomised placebo-controlled single dose trial during magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder.

Pretzsch, Charlotte Marie · 2019

Across groups, CBD increased subcortical glutamate (Glx) but decreased cortical Glx.

The Potential for Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Cannabis Products and Conventional Medications.

Qian, Yuli · 2019

CYP2C9, CYP1A1/2, and CYP1B1 are likely inhibited by all three major cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBN).

Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Efficacy and Safety in Epilepsy.

Samanta, Debopam · 2019

CBD modulates multiple endogenous systems for anticonvulsant effects.

Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cannabidiol in Children with Refractory Epilepsy: Results from an Expanded Access Program in the US.

Sands, Tristan T · 2019

Seven of 26 children (26.9%) achieved sustained >50% seizure reduction, including 3 (11.5%) who became seizure-free.

An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia.

van de Donk, Tine · 2019

None of the four treatments (high-THC, THC+CBD, high-CBD, placebo) had greater effect than placebo on spontaneous or electrical pain.

Dissociable effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol on the human brain's resting-state functional connectivity.

Wall, Matthew B · 2019

Both cannabis strains reduced functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) and salience network compared to placebo.

A Review of Human Studies Assessing Cannabidiol's (CBD) Therapeutic Actions and Potential.

White, C Michael · 2019

Refractory seizure control has strong evidence.

Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science.

Baron, Eric P · 2018

This comprehensive review examined the medicinal properties of individual components in cannabis well beyond the usual focus on THC and CBD.

A new ESI-LC/MS approach for comprehensive metabolic profiling of phytocannabinoids in Cannabis.

Berman, Paula · 2018

Researchers developed a new analytical method to profile 94 individual phytocannabinoids across 10 different subclasses in 36 of the most commonly prescribed medical cannabis strains in Israel.

Cannabis and cannabinoid drug development: evaluating botanical versus single molecule approaches.

Bonn-Miller, Marcel O · 2018

Researchers outlined the two parallel approaches to cannabinoid drug development and their respective challenges.

Cannabinoids for epilepsy: What do we know and where do we go?

Brodie, Martin J · 2018

The authors reviewed the rapidly evolving field of cannabinoids for epilepsy, noting several important developments and remaining challenges. Recent randomized placebo-controlled trials confirmed CBD's efficacy in two severe childhood epilepsy syndromes: Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Toxicology of Marijuana, Synthetic Cannabinoids, and Cannabidiol in Dogs and Cats.

Brutlag, Ahna · 2018

As cannabis becomes more accessible through both medical and recreational legalization, pet exposures to cannabis products have increased significantly.

The influence of THC:CBD oromucosal spray on driving ability in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity.

Celius, Elisabeth G · 2018

Researchers reviewed all available evidence on whether Sativex, a THC:CBD mouth spray prescribed for MS-related spasticity, affects driving ability.

Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age.

Crippa, José A · 2018

Brazilian researchers who have been at the forefront of CBD research reviewed the translational evidence, from basic science to clinical application, for CBD across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. The most established properties of CBD include anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing), antipsychotic, and neuroprotective effects.

Cannabis Dampens the Effects of Music in Brain Regions Sensitive to Reward and Emotion.

Freeman, Tom P · 2018

Researchers gave 16 cannabis users three different treatments across separate sessions: cannabis with CBD, cannabis without CBD, and placebo, then measured brain responses to music using fMRI. Cannabis without CBD dampened the brain's response to music in several key regions: bilateral auditory cortex, right hippocampus, right amygdala, and right ventral striatum (a core reward region).

The Potential of Cannabidiol Treatment for Cannabis Users With Recent-Onset Psychosis.

Hahn, Britta · 2018

This review examined the potential of CBD as a treatment specifically for cannabis users with recent-onset psychosis, a population with currently poor outcomes and no specialized effective intervention. Cannabis misuse is a major factor associated with poor outcomes after a first psychotic break and is especially common in individuals with recent-onset psychosis.

Efficacy of CBD-enriched medical cannabis for treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents - An observational, longitudinal study.

Hausman-Kedem, Moran · 2018

Researchers followed 57 patients aged 1-20 years with epilepsy of various causes who were treated with CBD-enriched cannabis oil (CBD:THC ratio of 20:1) for at least 3 months, with a median follow-up of 18 months. Of 46 patients included in efficacy analysis, 26 (56%) achieved at least 50% reduction in mean monthly seizure frequency. Response rates did not differ significantly by epilepsy type or cannabis strain used.

Cannabinoids for the treatment of rheumatic diseases - where do we stand?

Katz-Talmor, Daphna · 2018

Researchers reviewed the available evidence on cannabinoids for rheumatic diseases. Preliminary clinical trials have explored cannabis effects on rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia.

Slowly Signaling G Protein-Biased CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist LY2828360 Suppresses Neuropathic Pain with Sustained Efficacy and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance and Dependence.

Lin, Xiaoyan · 2018

Researchers characterized LY2828360, a CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist that had previously failed in a clinical trial for osteoarthritis due to lack of efficacy. In vitro, LY2828360 was identified as a "G protein-biased" agonist: it activated G protein signaling but did not recruit arrestin, a pattern that may explain its sustained efficacy. In mice with chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (from paclitaxel), LY2828360 at 3 mg/kg/day for 12 days suppressed pain without developing tolerance.

Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing.

MacCallum, Caroline A · 2018

The authors compiled practical clinical guidance for medical cannabis dosing and administration. Key recommendations: - Total daily THC should generally be limited to 30 mg/day or less to avoid psychoactive effects and tolerance development. - THC should preferably be combined with CBD, which can attenuate THC-associated anxiety and tachycardia. - CBD is less potent than THC and may require much higher doses for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic benefits. - Dose initiation should start at modest levels with slow titration over up to two weeks. - Administration methods covered include smoking, vaporization, and oral ingestion, each with different onset times and bioavailability profiles. The review addressed cannabis-drug interactions, patient monitoring standards, and special populations including epilepsy, cancer, chronic pain, elderly patients, Parkinson's disease, pediatrics, concurrent opioid use, and driving..

Pharmacological properties of cannabidiol in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a critical overview.

Mandolini, G M · 2018

Researchers reviewed all clinical studies investigating CBD as treatment for psychiatric symptoms and linked findings to pharmacological mechanisms. For schizophrenia: CBD may exert antipsychotic effects primarily through facilitation of endocannabinoid signaling and CB1 receptor antagonism.

A prospective open-label trial of a CBD/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome.

McCoy, Bláthnaid · 2018

Twenty children with Dravet syndrome received add-on therapy with TIL-TC150, a cannabis oil containing 100 mg/mL CBD and 2 mg/mL THC. Doses ranged from 2-16 mg/kg/day of CBD (mean achieved: 13.3 mg/kg/day) and 0.04-0.32 mg/kg/day of THC (mean: 0.27 mg/kg/day). Nineteen of 20 participants completed the 20-week intervention. Results showed a median motor seizure reduction of 70.6%, with 63% of patients achieving at least 50% seizure reduction. There was a statistically significant improvement in quality of life and reduction in EEG spike activity. Adverse events during titration included somnolence, anorexia, and diarrhea.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure.

Miller, Sally · 2018

Researchers tested topical THC and CBD on intraocular pressure (IOP) in mice. A single topical application of THC lowered IOP by approximately 28% for 8 hours in male mice.

Potential Clinical Benefits of CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Over Purified CBD in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Observational Data Meta-analysis.

Pamplona, Fabricio A · 2018

Researchers pooled data from 11 observational studies involving 670 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy to compare CBD-rich extracts to purified CBD products. Overall, 64% of patients (399/622) reported seizure improvement. CBD-rich extracts were associated with significantly better outcomes: - 71% improvement rate (318/447) vs 46% for purified CBD (81/175), p < 0.0001. - Lower average dose needed: 6.0 mg/kg/day vs 25.3 mg/kg/day. - Fewer mild adverse effects: 33% vs 76%, p < 0.0001. - Fewer severe adverse effects: 2.2% vs 12.6%, p < 0.0001 (note: rates of severe AEs with purified CBD corrected). The authors attributed the difference to synergistic effects of CBD with other phytocompounds (the entourage effect), though they noted this needs confirmation in controlled trials..

Efficacy of artisanal preparations of cannabidiol for the treatment of epilepsy: Practical experiences in a tertiary medical center.

Porcari, Giulia S · 2018

Researchers reviewed records of 108 pediatric epilepsy patients using artisanal CBD oil preparations at a tertiary medical center. 39% of patients achieved greater than 50% seizure reduction, with 10% becoming seizure-free. No patients achieved CBD monotherapy, but AED weaning became possible in 22% of patients. Patients also taking clobazam had a slightly higher response rate (44% vs 33% without clobazam), but this difference was not statistically significant. Sedation was the most common side effect, occurring in less than 4% of patients, all of whom were also taking clobazam. Notably, 14% of patients showed increased alertness and improved verbal interactions, a positive cognitive effect. Benefits were more marked in the CBD-alone group compared to CBD + clobazam, but this difference was also not statistically significant..

Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology.

Russo, Ethan B · 2018

The review presents evidence supporting cannabis-based interventions for intractable epilepsy, brain tumors, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and traumatic brain injury/CTE.

Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?

Ružić Zečević, Dejana · 2018

Preclinical studies confirmed anticonvulsant activity of CBD and CBDV across multiple epilepsy models.

Cannabinoid-Based Therapies and Brain Development: Potential Harmful Effect of Early Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System.

Schonhofen, Patrícia · 2018

The endocannabinoid system regulates progenitor cell fate, neural differentiation, migration, and survival from early developmental stages.

Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs

Gamble, Lauri-Jo · 2018

CBD oil at 2 mg/kg twice daily significantly reduced pain (CBPI score 21→14, p<0.01) and increased activity (Hudson score 54→67, p<0.01) in dogs with osteoarthritis.

Oral cannabidiol does not produce a signal for abuse liability in frequent marijuana smokers.

Babalonis, Shanna · 2017

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 31 healthy frequent marijuana users received oral CBD at 0, 200, 400, and 800mg.

A selective review of medical cannabis in cancer pain management.

Blake, Alexia · 2017

The review identified five clinical studies evaluating THC or CBD for cancer pain.

Cannabis cultivation: Methodological issues for obtaining medical-grade product.

Chandra, Suman · 2017

The review described the production practices of two institutions with extensive cannabis cultivation experience.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Review.

Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein · 2017

Among ten medicinal plants with clinical evidence for MS symptom management, Cannabis sativa had the highest level of support.

Cannabinoids for treating inflammatory bowel diseases: where are we and where do we go?

Hasenoehrl, Carina · 2017

Fifty years after THC was identified, this expert review assessed the clinical translation of cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Surveys and small clinical studies confirmed that IBD patients frequently use cannabis to manage diarrhea, abdominal pain, and appetite loss.

Immunoregulatory Role of Cannabinoids during Infectious Disease.

Hernández-Cervantes, Rosalía · 2017

This review examined the complex relationship between the endocannabinoid system, cannabis use, and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The overall pattern is that recreational or medicinal cannabis use tends to increase susceptibility to infections because of its impact on immune modulation.

Medical cannabis: Another piece in the mosaic of autoimmunity?

Katz, D · 2017

This review examined cannabis and its active compounds as potential treatments for autoimmune diseases, conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. The evidence supports cannabinoids as immune-modulating agents that affect T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and microglia cells.

Cannabis for Pain and Headaches: Primer.

Kim, Philip S · 2017

This primer reviewed the landscape of cannabis-based pain treatment for physicians, covering three main categories of active compounds. Synthetic cannabinoids like dronabinol and nabilone have already received FDA approval for chemotherapy-related nausea and HIV wasting, providing a regulatory pathway for cannabinoid medicines.

The use of cannabis in supportive care and treatment of brain tumor.

Likar, Rudolf · 2017

This review examined the dual role of cannabinoids in brain tumor care: established palliative symptom management and emerging anti-tumor potential. For palliative care, cannabinoids have documented roles in managing nausea, vomiting, pain, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in cancer patients.

Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn's Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Naftali, Timna · 2017

This randomized, placebo-controlled trial tested oral CBD (10 mg twice daily) in 20 patients with moderately active Crohn's disease who had not responded to standard treatments. After 8 weeks of treatment, both the CBD and placebo groups showed similar improvements in disease activity (CDAI decreased from 337 to 220 in CBD group vs.

Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: "High"-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges.

Oláh, Attila · 2017

This review summarized how the endocannabinoid system influences the immune system at multiple levels. Cannabinoids affect nearly every type of immune cell: T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and others.

The arguments for and against cannabinoids application in glaucomatous retinopathy.

Panahi, Yunes · 2017

The review examined evidence on cannabinoids for glaucoma from multiple angles.

Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration.

Swortwood, Madeleine J · 2017

This controlled study compared oral fluid (saliva) pharmacokinetics after three routes of cannabis administration: smoking, vaporizing, and oral (brownie) consumption. Peak THC in saliva occurred during or immediately after consumption for all routes, driven by direct oral mucosa contamination from inhaled smoke/vapor or the brownie itself.

Duration of use of oral cannabis extract in a cohort of pediatric epilepsy patients.

Treat, Lauren · 2017

A retrospective review of 119 pediatric epilepsy patients using oral cannabis extracts (OCEs) revealed high rates of discontinuation.

Pediatric Concerns Due to Expanded Cannabis Use: Unintended Consequences of Legalization.

Wang, George Sam · 2017

The review identified cannabis legalization's impact on children across four developmental stages. Prenatal: Cannabis remains one of the most commonly used substances during pregnancy, with increasing use as legalization normalizes cannabis.

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Tobacco, Cannabinoids and Smoking Cessation Products.

Anderson, Gail D · 2016

This pharmacokinetics review examined how tobacco smoking, cannabis use, and smoking cessation products interact with medications metabolized by liver enzymes. Both marijuana and tobacco smoke induce the CYP1A2 enzyme through the same pathway (aromatic hydrocarbon receptor), and the effect is additive when both are smoked.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: Separating the chemicals from the "weed," a pharmacodynamic discussion.

Boggs, Douglas Lee · 2016

This review examined the pharmacodynamic interplay between THC and CBD, the two most studied of the 70+ phytocannabinoids in cannabis. THC directly activates CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, producing its well-known psychoactive effects.

Cannabinoids for Symptom Management and Cancer Therapy: The Evidence.

Davis, Mellar P · 2016

This review from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network examined cannabinoids across multiple cancer-related applications. For pain, multiple studies (mostly moderate to low quality) showed that THC and THC/CBD combinations modestly reduce cancer pain.

Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2016

This landmark open-label trial enrolled 214 patients (aged 1-30 years) with severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy across 11 US epilepsy centers.

THC:CBD in Daily Practice: Available Data from UK, Germany and Spain.

Fernández, Óscar · 2016

Since Sativex became available in European countries in 2010 for treatment-resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity, real-world data has been collected through registry and observational studies across multiple countries. The most recent analysis of registry data from over 900 patients in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland showed long-term continuation rates of 68% at one year, with an average dose of 5.4 sprays per day.

Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis.

Haney, Margaret · 2016

Some studies have suggested that CBD can counteract certain effects of THC, leading to widespread claims that CBD-rich products might reduce the downsides of cannabis use.

Influence of Previous Failed Antispasticity Therapy on the Efficacy and Tolerability of THC:CBD Oromucosal Spray for Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity.

Haupts, Michael · 2016

A key question for any treatment is whether it works in difficult-to-treat patients.

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study.

Jadoon, Khalid A · 2016

This was the first randomized controlled trial testing cannabinoids specifically for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: an evaluation of the cannabis 'amotivational' hypotheses.

Lawn, Will · 2016

The "amotivational syndrome" associated with cannabis is one of the most debated topics in cannabis research.

Cannabidiol as a Potential New Type of an Antipsychotic. A Critical Review of the Evidence.

Rohleder, Cathrin · 2016

This review examined the evidence for cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential antipsychotic medication.

CBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: The current Israeli experience.

Tzadok, Michal · 2016

Researchers reported the experience of five Israeli pediatric epilepsy centers treating 74 children and adolescents (ages 1-18) with intractable epilepsy using CBD-enriched medical cannabis oil (20:1 CBD to THC ratio dissolved in olive oil). These children had severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy: all had failed more than 7 antiepileptic drugs, and 66% had also failed a ketogenic diet, vagal nerve stimulator, or both.

Enhancement of Anandamide-Mediated Endocannabinoid Signaling Corrects Autism-Related Social Impairment.

Wei, Don · 2016

Researchers tested whether enhancing the endocannabinoid system could correct the core social impairment seen in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Zurier, Robert B · 2016

The review surveyed anti-inflammatory actions across several cannabinoid categories.

Cannabinoid replacement therapy (CRT): Nabiximols (Sativex) as a novel treatment for cannabis withdrawal.

Allsop, D J · 2015

The review outlines a novel approach to treating cannabis dependence using nabiximols (Sativex), a buccal spray containing THC and CBD.

Cannabinoid modulation of functional connectivity within regions processing attentional salience.

Bhattacharyya, Sagnik · 2015

Researchers administered THC, CBD, or placebo to healthy occasional cannabis users and scanned their brains during a task involving processing novel and salient stimuli.

Turning Over a New Leaf: Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Modulation of Immune Function.

Cabral, Guy A · 2015

This review examined how cannabinoid signaling interacts with the brain's immune system.

Placebo effects in a multiple sclerosis spasticity enriched clinical trial with the oromucosal cannabinoid spray (THC/CBD): dimension and possible causes.

Di Marzo, Vincenzo · 2015

This review examined the placebo response in enriched clinical trials of THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS spasticity.

Acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and their combination on facial emotion recognition: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in cannabis users.

Hindocha, Chandni · 2015

Forty-eight cannabis users received THC (8mg), CBD (16mg), THC+CBD (8mg+16mg), and placebo by inhalation in a four-way crossover design.

A multicentre, open-label, follow-on study to assess the long-term maintenance of effect, tolerance and safety of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in the management of neuropathic pain.

Hoggart, B · 2015

This open-label extension study followed 380 patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (from diabetes or allodynia) who had participated in two prior randomized controlled trials of THC/CBD oromucosal spray.

The Antitumor Activity of Plant-Derived Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids.

McAllister, Sean D · 2015

This review examined how non-psychoactive cannabinoids, particularly CBD, affect cancer cells through mechanisms that do not require activation of CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors. In animal models, CBD inhibited the progression of glioblastoma, breast, lung, prostate, and colon cancers.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in counteracting chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: an exploratory review.

Ostadhadi, Sattar · 2015

This exploratory review examined evidence for cannabinoids addressing a wider range of chemotherapy side effects than just nausea and vomiting. Beyond the established use for chemotherapy-induced nausea, the review identified emerging evidence for cannabinoids in: appetite stimulation for cancer cachexia, protection against chemotherapy-induced bone loss (through CB2 receptor activation), reduction of kidney toxicity (nephroprotection), reduction of heart damage (cardioprotection), pain management, mood improvement, and relief from insomnia. The review also noted that cannabinoids showed direct antitumoral effects in some preclinical models, suggesting they might simultaneously fight cancer while mitigating treatment side effects..

Phytocannabinoids for Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Updates and Future Prospects.

Patil, K R · 2015

This review examined how plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) from both cannabis and non-cannabis plants interact with the endocannabinoid system to fight cancer. The review focused on strategies to avoid psychoactive effects: targeting CB2 receptors (found primarily on immune cells rather than in the brain), inhibiting endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes (FAAH and MAGL), and using non-psychoactive cannabinoids.

"Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis.

Schmitz, Katja · 2015

This extensive review examined nutritional and natural compounds as potential disease-modifying agents for multiple sclerosis.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol + cannabidiol. A reasonable option for some patients with multiple sclerosis.

· 2014

This review evaluated clinical trial evidence for a THC/CBD oromucosal spray in MS-related spasticity.

Medical marijuana in neurology.

Benbadis, Selim R · 2014

This expert review assessed the evidence for cannabinoids in neurological diseases.

The case for assessing cannabidiol in epilepsy.

Cilio, Maria Roberta · 2014

This editorial-style review from leading epilepsy researchers argued that pure CBD had accumulated sufficient preclinical evidence to justify systematic clinical investigation for treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2014

This landmark review by leading researchers summarized the evidence for CBD across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions.

Advances in the management of MS spasticity: recent observational studies.

Fernández, Oscar · 2014

This review compiled observational data from post-marketing registries and real-world studies of THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS spasticity.

Cannabinoids: new promising agents in the treatment of neurological diseases.

Giacoppo, Sabrina · 2014

This review evaluated the state of cannabinoid research for neurological diseases.

The detection of THC, CBD and CBN in the oral fluid of Sativex® patients using two on-site screening tests and LC-MS/MS.

Molnar, Anna · 2014

After Sativex dosing, oral fluid contained very high concentrations of both THC and CBD.

Performance, egg quality, and blood plasma chemistry of laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil.

Neijat, M · 2014

Forty-eight laying hens fed hemp-containing diets for 12 weeks showed no significant differences from control-fed hens in feed intake, rate of lay, egg weight, body weight gain, or egg quality.

A review of the cultivation and processing of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) for production of prescription medicines in the UK.

Potter, David J · 2014

Cannabis is an extremely inhomogeneous raw material, with cannabinoid ratios affected by genetics, growing conditions, storage conditions, maturity at harvest, and processing methods.

THC:CBD spray and MS spasticity symptoms: data from latest studies.

Rekand, Tiina · 2014

A randomized, placebo-controlled long-term trial demonstrated that THC:CBD spray (Sativex) was not associated with cognitive decline, depression, or significant mood changes after 12 months of treatment.

Cannabinoids and schizophrenia: therapeutic prospects.

Robson, P J · 2014

Standard antipsychotic drugs fail to adequately control symptoms in approximately one-third of schizophrenia patients.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines.

Robson, P J · 2014

The review covers the endocannabinoid system's role in immune response, appetite, cognition, emotion, perception, motor coordination, body temperature, sleep, and bone metabolism.

Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review.

Stout, Stephen M · 2014

The review identified the specific cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzymes responsible for metabolizing major cannabinoids.

Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy--from receptors to clinical response.

Szaflarski, Jerzy P · 2014

The review covers three key areas.

Neural effects of cannabinoid CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin on food reward and aversion in healthy volunteers.

Tudge, Luke · 2014

Twenty healthy volunteers received either 10mg THCV or placebo in a double-blind crossover design.

Anti-inflammatory activity of topical THC in DNFB-mediated mouse allergic contact dermatitis independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Gaffal, E · 2013

Researchers applied THC topically to mice with allergic contact dermatitis (ear swelling model).

Cannabinoids decrease the th17 inflammatory autoimmune phenotype.

Kozela, Ewa · 2013

Researchers studied immune cells that cause experimental autoimmune encephalitis (a model of multiple sclerosis) in mice.

Plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence.

Sarris, Jerome · 2013

The review examined 1,525 papers and identified 53 plants with anxiolytic evidence, of which 21 had human clinical trials.

A phase I study to assess the single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of THC/CBD oromucosal spray.

Stott, C G · 2013

In this Phase I pharmacokinetic trial, healthy male volunteers received a THC/CBD oral spray at three dose levels (2, 4, or 8 sprays) either as single doses or daily for nine days.

Analysis of cannabis seizures in NSW, Australia: cannabis potency and cannabinoid profile.

Swift, Wendy · 2013

Researchers analyzed 206 cannabis samples confiscated from recreational users under the New South Wales Cannabis Cautioning scheme, along with 26 samples from known indoor or outdoor cultivation sites.

What place for ▾ cannabis extract in MS?

· 2012

This Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin evaluation reviewed the clinical evidence for Sativex (cannabis extract containing THC and CBD) for MS-related spasticity.

Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: the role of cannabinoids in treating spasticity.

Leussink, Verena Isabell · 2012

This review covered the biological rationale and clinical evidence for cannabinoids in MS spasticity.

Cost effectiveness of oromucosal cannabis-based medicine (Sativex®) for spasticity in multiple sclerosis.

Lu, Lanting · 2012

Using a Markov model to project costs and quality-of-life benefits over 5 years, researchers estimated that adding Sativex to standard spasticity treatment cost an additional 7,600 pounds and gained 0.15 QALYs per patient.

Acute effects of a single, oral dose of d9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) administration in healthy volunteers.

Martin-Santos, R · 2012

Sixteen healthy male volunteers received oral THC (10 mg), CBD (600 mg), or placebo in a double-blind crossover design with one-month intervals between sessions.

Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of Sativex, a combined cannabinoid medicine, in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity.

Oreja-Guevara, Celia · 2012

The review examined accumulating clinical evidence for Sativex, an oromucosal spray containing equal parts THC and cannabidiol.

Nabiximols in the treatment of spasticity, pain and urinary symptoms due to multiple sclerosis.

Podda, Giulio · 2012

The review analyzed clinical trials of nabiximols for three MS symptoms: spasticity, neuropathic pain, and bladder dysfunction.

Cannabidiol in humans-the quest for therapeutic targets.

Zhornitsky, Simon · 2012

The review identified 34 studies: 16 in healthy subjects and 18 in clinical populations covering MS, schizophrenia, bipolar mania, social anxiety, pain, cancer, Huntington's disease, insomnia, and epilepsy. Key findings included: high inhaled/IV doses of CBD were needed to block THC effects.

Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients.

Bergamaschi, Mateus M · 2011

Twenty-four treatment-naive SAD patients were randomized to CBD 600 mg (n=12) or placebo (n=12), with 12 healthy controls.

Endocannabinoid pathways and their role in multiple sclerosis-related muscular dysfunction.

Di Marzo, Vincenzo · 2011

The review examined the role of endocannabinoids in MS-related muscular dysfunction and the therapeutic potential of Sativex (nabiximols), containing equal parts THC and CBD. Endocannabinoid levels were found to be altered in both animal models of MS and in cerebrospinal fluid samples from MS patients.

Subjective and physiological effects after controlled Sativex and oral THC administration.

Karschner, E L · 2011

Nine cannabis smokers received five treatments in randomized, double-blind fashion: placebo, low and high doses of oral synthetic THC, and low and high doses of Sativex (1:1 THC:CBD oromucosal spray). At therapeutic doses, Sativex and oral THC produced similar, clinically insignificant increases in heart rate, anxiety, and "good drug effects." No serious adverse events occurred with either treatment. Contrary to the hypothesis that CBD would attenuate THC-induced side effects, no substantial CBD-induced modulation of THC's effects was evident at these dose levels.

Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration.

Karschner, Erin L · 2011

Researchers measured plasma levels of cannabinoids after administering Sativex (THC+CBD) and pure oral THC to determine whether CBD alters THC pharmacokinetics. Nine cannabis smokers received five treatments in randomized, double-blind sessions: placebo, low and high oral THC, and low and high Sativex doses.

Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids.

Parker, Linda A · 2011

This review pulled together decades of research on how the endocannabinoid system regulates nausea and vomiting.

Abuse potential and psychoactive effects of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray (Sativex), a new cannabinoid medicine.

Robson, Philip · 2011

This review compiled safety data from all published Sativex clinical trials, including the integrated safety analysis for multiple sclerosis patients.

Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.

Russo, Ethan B · 2011

This review, which became one of the most cited papers in cannabis science, examined how non-cannabinoid plant compounds, particularly terpenes, might contribute to the therapeutic effects of whole-plant cannabis beyond what THC or CBD alone can do. Russo cataloged eight major cannabis terpenes (limonene, myrcene, pinene, linalool, beta-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol, and phytol) and their documented pharmacological effects.

THC and CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex®) in the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.

Sastre-Garriga, Jaume · 2011

This review compiled clinical trial evidence for Sativex oromucosal spray in MS-related spasticity.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the subjective abuse potential and cognitive effects of nabiximols oromucosal spray in subjects with a history of recreational cannabis use.

Schoedel, Kerri Alexandra · 2011

This crossover study gave 23 recreational cannabis users single doses of Sativex (at three dose levels), dronabinol (at two dose levels), or placebo.

Modulation of auditory and visual processing by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: an FMRI study.

Winton-Brown, Toby T · 2011

Fourteen healthy volunteers were scanned with fMRI on three occasions after receiving THC (10 mg), CBD (600 mg), or placebo.

Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy

Shrivastava, Ashutosh · 2011

CBD induced concentration-dependent cell death in both ER-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells while having little effect on nontumorigenic MCF-10A mammary cells.

Opposite effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathology.

Bhattacharyya, Sagnik · 2010

In a two-part study, 15 healthy men completed four tasks during fMRI after receiving THC (10 mg), CBD (600 mg), or placebo. THC and CBD had opposite effects on brain activation across all four tasks: - In the striatum during verbal recall - In the hippocampus during response inhibition - In the amygdala while viewing fearful faces - In the superior temporal cortex during speech processing - In the occipital cortex during visual processing In a second experiment with 6 volunteers, CBD pretreatment prevented the acute psychotic symptoms normally induced by intravenous THC. This demonstrated that the two main cannabis compounds have fundamentally opposing brain effects, and that CBD can actively block THC-induced psychosis..

Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain.

Johnson, Jeremy R · 2010

One hundred seventy-seven cancer patients whose pain was inadequately controlled by opioids were randomized to THC/CBD extract spray (60 patients), THC-only extract spray (58 patients), or placebo (59 patients) for two weeks. The THC/CBD group showed statistically significant pain improvement compared to placebo (mean change -1.37 vs -0.69 on a numerical rating scale).

Neuroimaging in cannabis use: a systematic review of the literature.

Martín-Santos, R · 2010

Researchers systematically reviewed 66 brain imaging studies, of which 41 met inclusion criteria.

New approaches in the management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients: role of cannabinoids.

Smith, Paul F · 2010

The review examined clinical trial evidence for cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) in treating spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients consistently reported subjective improvement in spasticity when using CBMEs.

Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and related analogs in inflammation.

Burstein, Sumner H · 2009

This review examined five years of research on the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids across several categories: plant-derived cannabinoids (THC, CBD), synthetic analogs (ajulemic acid, nabilone), endocannabinoids (anandamide and related compounds), and non-cannabinoid cannabis components. All classes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity.

Cannabidiol: a promising drug for neurodegenerative disorders?

Iuvone, Teresa · 2009

This review examined the evidence for CBD as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, which involve progressive neuron loss and are among the leading causes of death in industrialized countries. Inflammation was identified as a common factor across diverse neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progressive nature of neurodegeneration. Preclinical evidence showed CBD has both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.

Whole plant cannabis extracts in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.

Lakhan, Shaheen E · 2009

Six randomized controlled trials of combined THC and CBD extracts for MS-related spasticity were systematically reviewed. A consistent trend of reduced spasticity in treated patients was observed across studies.

Do cannabinoids reduce multiple sclerosis-related spasticity?

Thaera, Greg M · 2009

A structured critical appraisal examined whether cannabinoids improve MS-related spasticity. The largest randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral cannabinoid therapy found no improvement on the Ashworth scale (an objective spasticity measure).

Neural basis of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: effects during response inhibition.

Borgwardt, Stefan J · 2008

Fifteen healthy volunteers performed a Go/No-Go task (requiring them to withhold a response on certain trials) under three conditions: THC, CBD, or placebo, in a double-blind crossover design with fMRI. THC attenuated activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex, two brain regions well established as critical for response inhibition (the ability to stop an action once initiated). CBD produced a different pattern entirely: it deactivated the left temporal cortex and insula, regions not typically associated with response inhibition. Importantly, these brain changes were not explained by differences in anxiety, intoxication, sedation, or psychotic-like symptoms between conditions, suggesting direct pharmacological effects on brain function rather than secondary consequences of feeling impaired..

Cannabidiol, extracted from Cannabis sativa, selectively inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice.

Capasso, R · 2008

Researchers tested CBD's effects on both normal and inflamed mouse intestines.

Plant-derived cannabinoids modulate the activity of transient receptor potential channels of ankyrin type-1 and melastatin type-8.

De Petrocellis, Luciano · 2008

Researchers tested six plant cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBD acid, THC acid, cannabichromene/CBC, and cannabigerol/CBG) on two ion channels involved in pain sensing: TRPA1 and TRPM8. All six cannabinoids activated TRPA1 channels (which detect chemical irritants and contribute to inflammatory pain).

The profile of immune modulation by cannabidiol (CBD) involves deregulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT).

Kaplan, Barbara L F · 2008

Building on previous findings that CBD suppresses IL-2 production, researchers investigated the mechanism and found CBD has broad immunosuppressive effects on T cells. CBD suppressed production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma (key immune signaling molecules), inhibited T cell proliferation, reduced surface expression of the activation marker CD25, and suppressed antibody production in response to a standard immune challenge. The mechanism involved suppression of two critical transcription factors: AP-1 and NFAT, which are essential regulators of T cell activation and cytokine production. Critically, these immunosuppressive effects persisted in splenocytes from mice completely lacking both CB1 and CB2 receptors, proving CBD's immune effects operate through an entirely different pathway than traditional cannabinoid signaling.

Effects of acute oral Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract on the auditory P300 event-related potential in healthy volunteers.

Roser, Patrik · 2008

In a double-blind crossover study, 20 healthy volunteers received pure THC, a standardized cannabis extract containing THC and CBD, or placebo on separate occasions. As expected, pure THC significantly reduced P300 amplitude at frontal, central, and parietal electrodes.

Acute effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract on the auditory evoked mismatch negativity.

Juckel, Georg · 2007

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 22 healthy volunteers received either pure THC, a standardized cannabis extract containing both THC and CBD, or placebo on separate occasions. The cannabis extract (THC + CBD) produced significantly greater mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitudes at central brain electrodes compared to both placebo and pure THC.

Sativex: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain.

Barnes, Michael Philip · 2006

This review covered the clinical development of Sativex, one of the first cannabis-based medicines approved through conventional pharmaceutical pathways.

Combined cannabinoid therapy via an oromucosal spray.

Perez, Jordi · 2006

This review covered the clinical development of Sativex as a combined cannabinoid medicine (THC and CBD) delivered via oromucosal spray.

Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study.

Tomida, Ileana · 2006

Six patients with ocular hypertension or early primary open angle glaucoma received single sublingual doses of 5 mg THC, 20 mg CBD, 40 mg CBD, or placebo in a randomized, double-masked crossover design. Two hours after THC administration, intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly lower than after placebo (23.5 mmHg vs.

Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis.

Wade, D T · 2006

Following a 10-week placebo-controlled study, 137 MS patients entered this open-label trial and used Sativex for an average of 434 days (range 21-814 days).

Recent developments in the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids.

Corey, Susan · 2005

This review identified 15 independent, qualifying clinical trials (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled) of cannabinoid therapeutics published since 1997.

Neurophysiological and subjective profile of marijuana with varying concentrations of cannabinoids.

Ilan, A B · 2005

Twenty-three healthy marijuana users (12 men, 11 women) participated in four sessions where they smoked marijuana cigarettes under blinded conditions.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study about the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the pharmacokinetics of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after oral application of THC verses standardized cannabis extract.

Nadulski, Thomas · 2005

Twenty-four volunteers (12 male, 12 female) received soft-gelatin capsules of either 10 mg THC alone, cannabis extract containing 10 mg THC plus 5.4 mg CBD, or placebo in a crossover design.

Sativex for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms.

Perras C · 2005

Sativex, containing THC and CBD in a 1:1 ratio delivered as an oromucosal spray, was one of the first cannabis-based medicines to undergo conventional clinical development and receive prescription approval.

The safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Smith, Paul F · 2005

This review assessed the safety profile of cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) for MS treatment.

Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial.

Berman, Jonathan S · 2004

In 48 patients with chronic nerve pain from brachial plexus root avulsion, both Sativex (THC:CBD approximately 1:1) and a THC-only extract delivered by oral spray produced statistically significant improvements in pain severity compared to placebo during two-week treatment periods.

Pharmacology of cannabinoids.

Grotenhermen, Franjo · 2004

THC acts as an agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors distributed across the central nervous system and peripheral tissues including spleen, leukocytes, reproductive and urinary tracts, endocrine glands, arteries, and heart.

Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep and early-morning behavior in young adults.

Nicholson, Anthony N · 2004

In 8 healthy volunteers given sublingual cannabis extracts before sleep, 15 mg THC alone had no effect on nocturnal sleep architecture but produced next-day sedation, impaired memory, and reduced sleep latency (indicating increased sleepiness).

Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies.

Notcutt, William · 2004

Thirty-four patients with chronic, mainly neuropathic, pain used three cannabis-based sublingual sprays (THC, CBD, and 1:1 THC:CBD) over 12 weeks in individual randomized crossover trials.

Medicinal cannabis extracts for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Smith, Paul F · 2004

The review contrasted two approaches to cannabis-based MS treatment.

Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Vaney, C · 2004

Researchers enrolled 57 MS patients with poorly controlled spasticity into a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study during inpatient rehabilitation.

Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients.

Wade, Derick T · 2004

Researchers recruited 160 MS outpatients experiencing significant problems with spasticity, spasms, bladder issues, tremor, or pain across three centers.

Cannabis-based medicines--GW pharmaceuticals: high CBD, high THC, medicinal cannabis--GW pharmaceuticals, THC:CBD.

· 2003

GW Pharmaceuticals was developing distinct cannabis-based prescription medicines using three delivery systems: sublingual spray, sublingual tablet, and inhaled (non-smoked) forms.

A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms.

Wade, Derick T · 2003

In 24 patients with neurological conditions (18 MS, 4 spinal cord injury, 2 other) whose symptoms had not responded to standard treatments, sublingual cannabis extracts produced significant pain relief.

Medicinal cannabis: is delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol necessary for all its effects?

Wilkinson, J D · 2003

In a mouse model of MS, whole cannabis extract (SCE) and pure THC inhibited spasticity to comparable levels, but the extract produced faster onset of muscle relaxation and shorter time to maximum effect.

Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS.

Killestein, J · 2002

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 16 patients with severe multiple sclerosis spasticity received oral THC, cannabis plant extract, and placebo in different periods.

The cannabinoids: an overview. Therapeutic implications in vomiting and nausea after cancer chemotherapy, in appetite promotion, in multiple sclerosis and in neuroprotection.

Mechoulam, R · 2001

The review traced cannabinoid science from historical use in Assyria and China through to the identification of CB1 and CB2 receptors and the discovery of endogenous cannabinoids.

Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease.

Consroe, P · 1991

Based on encouraging preliminary findings, researchers conducted a rigorous controlled trial of CBD in 15 Huntington's Disease patients who were not taking neuroleptic medications. Patients received either oral CBD (10 mg/kg/day, averaging about 700 mg/day) or placebo (sesame oil) for six weeks each in a double-blind, randomized crossover design.

Cannabidiol in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Abdalla, Hesham M · 2026

CBD demonstrates potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory properties relevant to pericarditis, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias, with preliminary trials showing promise for recurrent pericarditis..

Adolescent cannabinoid vapour exposure sex-dependently alters the relationship between vulnerability traits and ethanol self-administration and modifies naltrexone actions on ethanol intake in rats.

Acosta-Vargas, Jairo S · 2026

Adolescent cannabinoid vapor exposure didn't increase overall ethanol self-administration but sex-dependently altered correlations between vulnerability traits and drinking behavior, and increased naltrexone's effectiveness in THC-exposed rats..

Aerobic training and cannabidiol activate the PI3K/AKT/PDX1 axis to ameliorate beta-cell dysfunction in a rat model of diet-induced obesity.

Akbarzadeh Zarei, Hamid Reza · 2026

CBD (10 mg/kg) and combined CBD+aerobic training significantly improved beta-cell function (HOMA-Beta) and upregulated PI3K/AKT/PDX1 gene expression in obese rats, while exercise alone activated the pathway without improving functional beta-cell mass..

Cannabidiol Protects the Heart from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through SIRT-1/PGC-1α Activation and NF-κB Modulation: Experimental Insights.

Aksoy, Fatih · 2026

Prophylactic CBD treatment restored myocardial architecture, suppressed inflammatory and apoptotic responses, and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through SIRT-1/PGC-1α activation in a rat heart attack model, with therapeutic CBD providing partial protection..

Synthetic cannabidiol analogues exhibit lower toxicity than cannabidiol and protect against ethanol-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.

Almeida, Carolina Aparecida Faria · 2026

Synthetic CBD analogues PQM-242 and PQM-249 showed LC50 values >600 µM compared to CBD's 44 µM (>13x less toxic), with NOAELs of 100 µM vs.

Modulatory function of cannabidiol on the extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior through the D2-like dopamine receptors in the dentate gyrus.

Azizbeigi, Ronak · 2026

CBD facilitated extinction and suppressed reinstatement of methamphetamine conditioned place preference, effects that were blocked by the D2 receptor antagonist Sulpiride in the dentate gyrus, suggesting CBD works partly through indirect dopamine modulation..

Phytocannabinoids influence phospholipid metabolism of melanoma cells: Modulation of in vitro effects of the UVA irradiation.

Biernacki, Michał · 2026

CBD (5 µM) and CBG (1 µM) altered melanoma cell membrane phospholipid fatty acids, sialic acid, surface charge, and lipid rafts; increased endocannabinoid 2-AG levels; and when combined, reduced pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and modified cannabinoid receptor expression after UVA irradiation..

Cannabidiol reduces oxycodone self-administration while preserving its analgesic efficacy in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Bruijnzeel, Adriaan W · 2026

This study addresses one of the most pressing questions in pain medicine: can we reduce opioid misuse without taking away pain relief? Rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone (pressing a lever to receive intravenous doses), then given chronic neuropathic pain via sciatic nerve injury.

Cannabidiol-Ion Channel Interactions Represent a Promising Preventive and Therapeutic Strategy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Chávez-López, María de Guadalupe · 2026

CBD interacts with multiple ion channels implicated in liver cancer cell proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis, offering a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism for hepatocellular carcinoma prevention and therapy..

Cannabidiol Enhances SIRT1 and Autophagy for the Maintenance of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Chueaphromsri, Phongsakorn · 2026

CBD treatment significantly increased SIRT1 expression and autophagy markers in mesenchymal stem cells, reducing senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and maintaining telomere function and proliferative capacity..

Exploring the effects of cannabidiol on pain sensitivity using quantitative sensory testing among individuals receiving methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: an open-label, proof-of-concept study.

Costa, Gabriel P A · 2026

CBD showed a significant interaction with medication type for heat pain measures: buprenorphine patients had significantly higher heat pain threshold (at 400mg CBD) and heat tolerance (at 800mg CBD) compared to methadone patients.

CBD-Rich Cannabis Therapy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder May Improve Symptoms of Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit: An Open-Label Study.

Dana, Barchel · 2026

Significant improvements were observed in anxiety-shyness, perfectionism, ADHD index, emotional lability, and hyperactivity-impulsivity (all p<0.001).

Cannabidiol against Epilepsy: Insights and an Experimental In Silico Approach.

Dos Santos, Aline Matilde Ferreira · 2026

This study used computational (in silico) methods to model how CBD might interact with five types of brain receptors implicated in epilepsy: T-type calcium channels (CaV), GABA-A receptors, KCNQ2 potassium channels, voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV), and AMPA receptors. Pharmacodynamic analysis showed CBD has good oral absorption characteristics and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, as indicated by its pharmacokinetic parameters.

Cannabidiol improves cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury by attenuating neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis via the SET/PP2A/Akt signaling axis.

Gao, Shan · 2026

CBD inhibited neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro.

Impact of Oral Cannabinoids on the Endocannabinoidome and Gut Microbiome in People with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy (CTN PT028 Pilot Clinical Trial).

Giorgini, Giada · 2026

Cannabinoid capsule administration significantly decreased plasma levels of two monoacylglycerols (2-EPG and 2-OG), part of the expanded endocannabinoid system, but did not alter fecal bacterial taxa after 12 weeks of treatment in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy..

The effects of cannabidiol on sleep disturbances within a sample of high trait worriers: A double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial.

Gournay, L Riley · 2026

300 mg CBD decreased sleep disturbances significantly more than 50 mg CBD (B=-0.39, t=-2.59, p<0.05, d=0.08) but not significantly more than placebo (B=-0.32, t=-2.09, p=0.10, d=0.07), with no effects on sedation or cognitive impairment..

A Randomized, Single-Dose, Single-Sequence, Two-Arm (Fasting and Fed), Open-Label Study on the Oral Pharmacokinetics of a Nanodispersible Cannabidiol Solution (150 mg/mL).

Gundugurti, Prasad Rao · 2026

In a randomized trial with 18 healthy male subjects, a novel nanodispersible CBD oral solution (150 mg/mL) was tested under fasting and fed conditions.

Placental transfer and vasoactivity of cannabidiol: beware of rapid oxidation.

Harhangi, M S · 2026

CBD achieved a fetal/maternal ratio of 0.32 ± 0.23 and dilated healthy placental arteries by 36 ± 4% via CB1 and CB2 receptors, while THC induced vasoconstriction in the presence of CB1 receptor blockade — but CBD's rapid oxidation (>80% loss in 30 minutes) complicates in vivo predictions..

The differential effects of CBD and CBDA on viability and mRNA expression in colorectal cancer cells.

Heinzle, Christine · 2026

CBD exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect in both CRC cell lines (HCT116 IC50=9.87 μM; HT29 IC50=17.11 μM), while CBDA showed minimal toxicity.

Perceived impact of medicinal cannabis on pelvic pain and endometriosis related symptoms in Aotearoa New Zealand: an observational cohort study.

Henry, Claire · 2026

Over 12 weeks of medicinal cannabis use, overall pelvic pain scores decreased from 5.46 to 3.77, worst pain from 7.62 to 5.38, and EHP-30 total quality-of-life scores dropped from 68.77 to 37.40 — with limited adverse events reported..

Effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) on spontaneous opioid withdrawal in male and female rats.

Jenkins, Bryan W · 2026

In a well-powered study (N=100, 50% female), researchers made rats dependent on morphine through 10 days of escalating doses (10–50 mg/kg, twice daily), then abruptly stopped and treated with oral CBD (10 or 30 mg/kg daily) or vehicle starting 14 hours after the last morphine injection. The results were largely negative for CBD's ability to treat acute withdrawal.

Ferroptosis under fire: cannabidiol mitigates iron-dependent injury in differentiated human neuroblastoma cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation.

Klimiuk, Maciej · 2026

CBD significantly reduced oxidative stress, preserved glutathione peroxidase 4 activity (a key anti-ferroptosis enzyme), enhanced Nrf2 activation, prevented downregulation of ferroportin (iron efflux protein), and further enhanced VEGF expression in neuronal cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation..

Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol supplementation in mitigating lipid precursors of inflammation in hepatic steatosis progression.

Konstantynowicz-Nowicka, Karolina · 2026

CBD decreased pro-inflammatory n-6 PUFA pathway activity while increasing anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFA pathway activity in liver tissue.

Cannabidiol (CBD) and Other Cannabinoids as a Promising Alternative Antibacterial Agent-Pilot Study on Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Clinical Strains.

Kraszewska, Zuzanna · 2026

CBD displayed antibacterial properties against all 20 tested clinical strains of E.

Species differences in pregnane X receptor activation by Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol.

Lau, Aik Jiang · 2026

THC, CBD, and CBN activated human PXR at 10 μM by 28-fold, 23-fold, and 17-fold respectively — significantly more than rat or mouse PXR.

Differential Regulatory Effects of Cannabinoids and Vitamin E Analogs on Cellular Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Human Macrophages.

Li, Mengrui · 2026

THC increased CD36/FAT expression (promoting lipid uptake), reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory signaling via CB1-mediated NFκB activation.

Cannabidiol alleviates methamphetamine-induced autophagy and oxidative stress by suppressing sigma 1 receptor expression.

Li, Yi · 2026

METH upregulated sigma 1 receptor (S1R) expression, which mediated autophagy and oxidative stress.

Sex and dose-dependent effects of cannabidiol on cocaine consumption in mice.

Llerena, Veronika · 2026

In female mice, 10 mg/kg CBD attenuated cocaine self-administration acquisition by altering reward and cognitive markers in the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

The dual roles of natural cannabidiol in combating oxidative stress and inflammation: A potential intestinal guardian.

Lv, Biguang · 2026

This review synthesized evidence on CBD's protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on its redox-related (antioxidant) and anti-inflammatory effects. CBD appears to work through several converging pathways.

Chronic cannabidiol treatment effects on contextual fear and neuropathic pain in Carioca rats high and low conditioned freezing.

Macêdo-Souza, Carolina · 2026

CBD (5 mg/kg daily for 10 days) reduced allodynia across all rat lineages bred for different anxiety levels, though anxiety-prone (CHF) rats showed less benefit.

The parabss1 Drosophila melanogaster as Model for Chronic Nociception: Insights Into Cannabidiol Analgesic Effects.

Malta, Serena Mares · 2026

The parabss1 Drosophila mutant exhibited enhanced chemical nociceptive sensitivity compared to wild-type.

Hemp seed extract exerts cytostatic effects through metabolic stress and autophagy modulation in malignant cells.

Moccia, Stefania · 2026

The oil polar extract (OPE) from the Codimono hemp cultivar induced metabolic stress in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, decreasing ATP by approximately 40%, activating AMPK (a cellular energy sensor), and disrupting autophagic flux.

High doses of orally administered cannabigerol produce deficits in sustained attention in female rats.

Moore, Catherine F · 2026

CBG at 300-600 mg/kg impaired sustained attention in female rats but not males.

Cannabinoid Signaling and Autophagy in Oral Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.

Munkhsaikhan, Undral · 2026

Cannabinoids acting through CB1 and CB2 receptors modulate autophagy by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR, activating AMPK and Beclin-1, and promoting ROS-induced autophagy.

The effects of chronic cannabidiol administration on brain pathology and behavioral deficits found in the tau P301s-line PS19 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Nixon, Abigail G · 2026

CBD did not improve cognitive or motor behavior and did not restore hippocampal volume.

Therapeutic use of cannabinoids in age-related pain: Current evidence and clinical perspectives.

Pulone, Sabina · 2026

This review explored the intersection of aging, chronic pain, and the endocannabinoid system (ECS), building a case for why cannabinoids might be particularly relevant for older adults. The key biological insight is that aging involves a process called "inflammaging" — chronic low-grade inflammation driven by immune system changes (immunosenescence).

Cannabivarin and tetrahydrocannabivarin modulate nociception via vanilloid channels and cannabinoid-like receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Rahmani, Nasim · 2026

Both CBV and THCV produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in C.

Could cannabigerol protect against neuroinflammation? Insights from an in vitro microglial study.

Santos, Júlia Maiara Dos · 2026

CBG at 100 microM reduced cell viability by ~80%, increased nitric oxide ~400% and reactive oxygen species ~900%.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Bone Health: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.

Shakir, Shabbir Adnan · 2026

Eleven of 24 studies demonstrated beneficial effects of CBD on bone formation, mineralization, callus quality, or strength.

Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol-rich Cannabis sativa to mitigate the severity of inflammation and pain: A pre-clinical study.

Singh, Munmun Kumar · 2026

The CBD-rich cannabis extract (CSFE) significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated macrophages at 3, 10, and 30 mcg/ml without cytotoxicity.

Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.

Singh, Santosh Kumar · 2026

Acidic cannabinoids show unique biological activities distinct from their neutral counterparts, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and anti-proliferative effects mediated through 5-HT1A receptors, COX-2, TRP channels, and PPARgamma.

Anticancer Potential of Cannabidiol in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Serum Modulation and Preliminary Mechanistic Insights.

Sousa, Débora · 2026

CBD decreased renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell viability and proliferation dose-dependently and induced reactive oxygen species accumulation.

Phytocannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Synergistic effects when combined with Cannabis sativa L. matrices.

Strnad, Ondřej · 2026

All ten tested non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects.

Cannabidiol-hyaluronic acid combination delivered rectally for attenuating abacterial prostatitis symptoms: Single-arm open-label pilot clinical trial.

Student, Vladimir · 2026

In this pilot trial, 16 men aged 24–49 with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) self-administered rectal suppositories containing 100 mg CBD and 6.6 mg hyaluronic acid nightly for 30 days. The primary outcome — the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) — decreased from a median of 24.5 to 20.0 points (p=0.003), with a median reduction of 7.0 points.

Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.

Suraev, Anastasia · 2026

In a pilot randomized controlled trial with 20 patients diagnosed with insomnia disorder (16 female, mean age 46), a single oral dose of 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD was compared to placebo using 256-channel high-density EEG — the most detailed sleep measurement technology available. The results contradicted the widespread perception that cannabis aids sleep.

Fast and reliable in vitro activity-based detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in e-liquids.

Timmerman, Axelle · 2026

Researchers applied a cell-based activity screening method (CB1/β-arrestin2 recruitment assay using the NanoBiT principle) to detect synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in e-liquids — the first time this approach was used on a real patient case. When applied to an e-liquid from an intoxicated patient, the assay demonstrated strong cannabinoid activity, confirming the presence of SCRAs.

Investigating Cannabidiol's Effectiveness to Mitigate the Adverse Consequences of Exposure to Neonatal Procedural Pain.

Timmerman, Brian · 2026

Neonatal pain exposure decreased ultrasonic vocalizations and increased adult anxiety-like behavior in male rats.

Cannabis and cannabidiol for postoperative pain management in orthopedic surgery: a scoping review.

Tran, Kevin · 2026

CBD-only interventions showed mixed results for post-orthopedic surgical pain.

Repeated administration of cannabidiol decreases splenic lymphocyte subset numbers in rats.

Turkki, Tara H · 2026

CBD at 5 mg/kg/day for 14 days decreased splenic T cells and non-T/NK CD45RA+ lymphocytes but not NK cells.

A CBD-rich hemp extract is superior to CBD alone in reducing relapse to methamphetamine-seeking in rats.

Umpierrez, Laísa S · 2026

All CBD-containing treatments reduced meth-primed reinstatement, but hemp extract (HE) and CBD+HE were more effective than CBD isolate alone.

Cannabidiol as a Prophylactic Agent Against Glioblastoma Growth: A Preclinical Investigation.

Wang, Lei P · 2026

Fourteen days of inhaled CBD pretreatment before tumor implantation significantly reduced glioblastoma burden compared to both placebo and 3-day CBD groups.

Cannabidiol Regulates CD47 Expression and Apoptosis in Jurkat Leukemic Cells Dependent upon VDAC-1 Oligomerization.

Wang, Lixing · 2026

CBD reduced CD47 surface expression and triggered apoptosis in Jurkat leukemic cells.

Cannflavin B ameliorates behavioural and neuronal systems alterations in adolescent rats exposed to prenatal valproic acid.

Williams, Olivia O F · 2026

Cannflavin B (0.2 mg/kg) was well tolerated and ameliorated most VPA-induced changes.

Cannabidiol attenuates the LPS/D-Galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting parkin-mediated ubiquitination of MFN2.

Zhan, Zhikun · 2026

CBD at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg mitigated LPS/D-GalN-induced liver damage, suppressed inflammatory cytokines, reduced hepatocyte death, and inhibited oxidative stress.

Cannabidiol inhibits melanoma progression by regulating PPARγ-TET1 complex-dependent LRSAM1 demethylation.

Zhang, Xuedan · 2026

CBD induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells in vitro and reduced lung metastasis in vivo.

Cannabidiol Alleviates LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors Via Improving Mitochondria Function.

Zhao, Junning · 2026

Researchers induced depression-like behaviors in mice using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin that triggers neuroinflammation.

Antiseizure Effects of Cannabidiol in Combination With Cannabigerol in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure Model.

Zhou, Han Zhong · 2026

Current antiseizure therapy fails for about 30% of epilepsy patients.

A Randomized, Open-Label Trial to Assess Feasibility and Tolerability of Topical Cannabis Balms for the Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Syndrome (AIMSS).

Zylla, Dylan · 2026

86% of participants reported improvement in hand-related symptoms from baseline to week 2.

Oral Cannabidiol for Acute Post-Extraction Pain: A Randomized Pilot Study.

Abidi, Ammaar H · 2025

Dental extractions are one of the most common surgeries worldwide, and post-operative pain management typically relies on ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or opioids.

Sativex (nabiximols) for the treatment of Agitation & Aggression in Alzheimer's dementia in UK nursing homes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial.

Albertyn, Christopher P · 2025

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial, 29 nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease and clinically significant agitation were randomized to nabiximols or placebo for 4 weeks.

Cannabis Oil Protects Against Valproic Acid-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder by Reducing Oxidative Stress.

Ali, Faiza · 2025

In a valproic acid-induced autism mouse model, CBD oil (100 mg/kg/day orally for 3 weeks starting at postnatal day 21) improved autistic behaviors including anxiety, delayed response to painful stimuli, and impaired social interaction.

Pharmacovigilance in the Age of Legalized Cannabis: Using Social Media to Monitor Drug-Drug Interactions Between Immunosuppressants and Cannabis-Derived Products.

Allen, Matthew R · 2025

Searching 63.5 million Reddit posts, researchers identified 190 posts discussing both cannabis-derived products (CDPs) and immunosuppressants.

Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene: Chronic inflammatory pain.

Alnoud, Mohammed · 2025

In a chronic inflammatory pain model (CFA-induced), the combination of CBD and beta-caryophyllene (BCP) produced synergistic pain-relieving effects that exceeded either compound alone.

Morphine-induced side effects can be differentially modulated by cannabidiol in male and female rats.

Alves Jesus, Carlos Henrique · 2025

In rats made physically dependent on morphine (10 days of twice-daily treatment), repeated CBD (30 mg/kg) prevented thermal hyperalgesia in both males and females.

Cannabigerol does not affect contextual fear memory in mice but modulates nociception in a sex-dependent manner.

Andreotti, Julia P · 2025

CBG at 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg failed to significantly change acquisition, consolidation, or retrieval/expression of contextual fear memories in either male or female mice.

High CBD extract (CBD-X) modulates inflammation and immune cell activity in rheumatoid arthritis.

Aswad, Miran · 2025

This study takes the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cannabis research a significant step forward from RTHC-00097 (CBG in RA cells) by testing a high-CBD extract not just in isolated human cells but also in two animal models of the disease. The ex vivo experiments showed that CBD-X inhibited the secretion of key inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β from macrophages and IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α from human neutrophils — all central players in RA joint destruction.

Cannabidiol Induced Manic Episode: A Case Report.

Auf, Anas Ibn · 2025

A 31-year-old male with no psychiatric history developed irritability, decreased need for sleep, hyperactivity, and aggression after three months of escalating daily CBD use via vaping, reaching high doses before admission.

Combination treatment with medium dose THC and CBD had no therapeutic effect in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's disease but affected other domains including anxiety-related behaviours and object recognition memory.

Aumer, Beate · 2025

Chronic treatment with 3 mg/kg THC and 20 mg/kg CBD did not improve anxiety-like behavior or object recognition deficits in 14.5-month-old Alzheimer's model mice.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes following prenatal cannabidiol exposure in male and female Sprague Dawley rat offspring.

Baccetto, Sarah L · 2025

Prenatal CBD exposure (5 and 10 mg/kg daily) resulted in lower birth weight and reduced weight gain before weaning.

Cannabidiol dose dependently reduces alcohol intake in mice via a non-5-HT1A receptor mechanism: Exploration of other potential receptor targets.

Badolato, Connie J · 2025

Acute CBD (7.5-120 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced binge-like alcohol drinking and blood ethanol levels in mice.

Unveiling the Unexpected: A Case of Synergistic Drug Reaction to Cannabidiol.

Balouch, Aiman · 2025

A 45-year-old female on therapeutic cannabis oil developed an acute surge in liver transaminases.

Non-psychoactive cannabis extract promotes extinction and reduces reinstatement by priming dose in smoked cocaine-induced conditioned place preference.

Barreto, Fabián Leonardo · 2025

A non-psychoactive cannabis extract (NPCE) significantly reduced the extinction latency of smoked cocaine-induced place preference, while pure CBD did not.

The Effects of an Acute Dose of Cannabidiol on Health and Two-Mile Time Trial Performance-A Pilot Study.

Bell, Elyssa R · 2025

CBD has become popular among athletes for recovery and anxiety, but does it actually affect performance? This small crossover study gave 12 runners either 300 mg of CBD or placebo capsules two hours before a 2-mile treadmill time trial and measured everything from mood to physiology. The mood findings were clear: CBD significantly increased feelings of calm (21% more than placebo) and relaxation (22% more).

Protective Role of CBD Against Nicotine Pouch-Induced Seizure Aggravation and Alterations in Brain Glymphatic Biomarkers.

Bhandari, Bidhan · 2025

Seven days of nicotine pouch exposure significantly worsened seizure severity, raised brain inflammation markers (IL-6, HMGB1), and impaired the brain's waste-clearance system in mice.

Unlocking the resorption potential of cannabidiolic acid: A comprehensive in vitro and in vivo bioavailability study.

Binova, Zuzana · 2025

CBDA plasma concentrations in mice were approximately two orders of magnitude (100x) higher than CBD under identical dosing conditions.

Molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease onset in a mouse model: effects of cannabidiol treatment.

Bishara, Mary A · 2025

RNA sequencing identified over 1,000 differentially expressed markers of Alzheimer's disease onset in mice.

Cannabidiol regulates apoptosis and glial cells homeostasis in the prefrontal cortex of offspring from obese rat mothers.

Bitencourt, Yasmin Meireles · 2025

Adult offspring of rats fed an obesity-inducing diet showed elevated levels of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD in the prefrontal cortex, which CBD treatment (50 mg/kg for 3 weeks) mitigated.

Differential effects of gestational Cannabis smoke and phytocannabinoid injections on male and female rat offspring behavior.

Black, Tallan · 2025

Injected THC and CBD had more severe impacts on maternal and litter health and produced distinct behavioral patterns compared to smoked cannabis.

Immunomodulatory Effects of a High-CBD Cannabis Extract: A Comparative Analysis with Conventional Therapies for Oral Lichen Planus and Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Blal, Kifah · 2025

The CBD-rich extract CAN296 reduced T cell activation markers (CD69) to 2-11% in CD4+ cells and 5-17% in CD8+ cells.

Low-dose cannabidiol treatment prevents chronic stress-induced phenotypes and is associated with multiple synaptic changes across various brain regions.

Borràs-Pernas, Sara · 2025

A very low dose of CBD (1 mg/kg) partially reversed behavioral effects of chronic stress in mice.

Combination of Cannabidiol and Low-Dose Buprenorphine Suggests Synergistic Analgesia and Attenuates Buprenorphine-Induced Respiratory Depression.

Briones, Marisa S · 2025

The combination of a sub-analgesic buprenorphine dose and CBD produced statistically significant increases in pain threshold compared to either compound alone.

Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in a single-center pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy cohort: a retrospective study.

Butera, Ambra · 2025

11 of 15 patients showed seizure frequency reduction: 7 were responders (over 50% reduction, including 2 seizure-free) and 4 were partial responders (30-50% reduction).

Cannabidiol alleviates the inflammatory response in rats with traumatic brain injury through the PGE 2-EP2-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.

Cao, Yan · 2025

CBD significantly improved neurological deficit scores, reduced neuronal damage, and decreased blood-brain barrier permeability after TBI.

Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and THC:CBD mixtures on behavioral and physiological signs of morphine withdrawal in rhesus monkeys.

Carey, Lawrence M · 2025

THC at 1.0 mg/kg decreased unusual tongue movements (a key behavioral sign of opioid withdrawal in monkeys) and heart rate.

Post-weaning exposure to cannabidiol disrupts testicular cytoarchitecture and sperm quality in mice.

Carvalho, Renata K · 2025

Both CBD doses (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) reduced Sertoli cell numbers at multiple spermatogenesis stages, decreased viable sperm percentage, and reduced morphologically normal sperm..

Cannabidiol dampens propagation of hippocampal hyperactivity and differentially modulates feedforward and feedback inhibition.

Chamberland, Simon · 2025

CBD caused a GPR55-dependent reduction in CA3-to-CA1 hippocampal activity propagation by increasing PV interneuron recruitment while reducing SST interneuron activity; this effect was mimicked by GPR55 antagonism and PV interneuron enhancement..

Part 1: Evaluation of Pediatric Cannabis-Drug Interaction Reports.

Chapin, Maryann R · 2025

Seven published case reports and 9,142 FAERS adverse event reports identified potential interactions between cannabis/cannabinoids and pediatric medications; cannabinoids may inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, increasing drug exposure and ADR risk..

Cannabidiol reshapes the gut microbiome to promote endurance exercise in mice.

Chen, Si · 2025

CBD increased running endurance, oxidative muscle fibers, and mitochondrial biogenesis; these effects depended on gut microbiome (abolished by antibiotics); CBD-enriched Bifidobacterium animalis alone improved running performance..

Large-Scale Profiling of Coding and Long Noncoding Transcriptomes in the Hippocampus of Mice Acutely Exposed to Vaporized CBD or THC.

Choi, Mi Ran · 2025

THC upregulated glutamate receptor genes and downregulated dopamine genes (Drd1, Drd2, Gnal, Adcy5); CBD altered Wnt7a and Camk2b; most changes recovered by day 14 except Adcy5; lncRNA-mRNA correlations suggest regulatory mechanisms..

Maternal ingestion of cannabidiol (CBD) in mice leads to sex-dependent changes in memory, anxiety, and metabolism in the adult offspring, and causes a decrease in survival to weaning age.

Compagno, Martina Krakora · 2025

Fetal CBD exposure significantly decreased pup survival to weaning.

Comparative Analysis of Cannabidiol and Risperidone on Behavioral and Neurochemical Outcomes, and Neurodevelopment Markers in a Zebrafish Model of Embryonic Exposure to Sodium Valproate.

Costa, Karla C M · 2025

CBD treatment reversed VPA-induced hyperlocomotion and aggression in zebrafish, reduced lipid peroxidation, restored anandamide levels, and normalized markers of glial function.

The Current State of Unapproved Cannabidiol Product Use in Children.

Cowell, Braden · 2025

CBD has one FDA-approved pediatric use: Epidiolex for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Efficacy of different cannabinoid compounds on migraine-like responses in female rats.

da Luz, Fernanda Mariano Ribeiro · 2025

CBD/THC combination produced the longest-lasting pain relief (up to 3 hours) and was the only compound that reduced light sensitivity in the CGRP-induced migraine model.

Effects of Medical Cannabis Treatment for Autistic Children on Family Accommodation: An Open-Label Mixed-Methods Study.

David, Ayelet · 2025

Quantitative results showed reductions in family accommodation frequency and parental distress at 3 and 6 months.

Effects of Medical Cannabis Treatment for Autistic Children on Anxiety and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors and Interests: An Open-Label Study.

David, Ayelet · 2025

Significant reductions in overall anxiety and specific subtypes (general, social, panic, separation) after 6 months.

Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in oral disorders: A systematic review of clinical evidence.

de Abreu, Lukas Mendes · 2025

Across six RCTs and one non-randomized trial, topical and intraoral CBD reduced pain, muscle tension, gingival inflammation, bacterial load, and aphthous ulcer symptoms, with no serious adverse effects.

Cannabidiol engages the peripheral endogenous opioid system to produce analgesia in neuropathic mice.

de Almeida, Douglas Lamounier · 2025

CBD at 20 mg/kg produced significant antinociception in mice with sciatic nerve injury.

Nanoemulsions of Cannabidiol, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Their Combination Similarly Exerted Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant Effects in Mice Treated with Pentylenetetrazole.

de Aquino, Pedro Everson Alexandre · 2025

In acute seizure tests, CBD and THC at 3-10 mg/kg and their 1:1 combinations increased latency to generalized seizures and improved survival.

Unravelling a potential therapeutic effect of polymeric lipid-core nanoencapsulated cannabidiol on anxiety- and panic-like behaviours elicited by Bothrops jararaca lancehead pit vipers.

de Paula Rodrigues, Bruno Mangili · 2025

Polymeric lipid-core nanoencapsulated CBD at low doses significantly reduced defensive attention, flat-back approach, and escape behaviors in mice facing a pit viper.

Effects of five cannabis oils with different CBD: THC ratios and terpenes on hypertension, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and CB1 receptor in an experimental model.

Degrave, Valentina · 2025

THC-rich oil and CBD:THC 1:1 and 2:1 ratio oils showed the greatest benefits against hepatic steatosis and liver damage.

Safety assessment on CBD-rich hemp extract in sub-chronic cross-sex study with rats.

Dehner, Jan · 2025

No adverse effects on organ weight, body weight, behavior, locomotion, food intake, or mortality were observed at any dose (0.5-35 mg/kg/day).

Cannabidiol/tetrahydrocannabinol-enrich extract decreases neuroinflammation and improves locomotor outcome following spinal cord injury.

Del Core, Julián · 2025

After acute spinal cord injury, the cannabis extract increased anti-inflammatory (arginase-1 positive) microglial cells at the injury site, decreased pro-inflammatory microglia and reactive astrocytes, downregulated inflammatory genes (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, C3), and upregulated anti-inflammatory markers (ARG-1, MRC).

Effectiveness of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Case Series.

Di Mauro, Giovanni · 2025

Both patients achieved resolution of status epilepticus after adding highly purified CBD (hpCBD) as add-on therapy via nasogastric tube, without adverse events.

Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes.

Di Meo, Camilla · 2025

CBN increased CB1 gene expression and TRPV1 protein expression and function in keratinocytes.

Bioinformatics differential expression analysis of the effect of cannabidiol in chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line.

Donchev, Petar P · 2025

CBD treatment at its IC50 (17.69 microM) induced 3,518 DEGs at 12 hours and 3,433 at 4 hours.

Cannabidiol Modulates Brain Copper Homeostasis in Wild-Type-Like But Not Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Female Mice: Implications for Neuroprotective Therapy.

Dosseto, Anthony · 2025

CBD elevated whole-brain copper in wild-type mice but not APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

In vivo and In vitro Crosstalk Among CBD, Aβ, and endocannabinoid system enzymes and receptors.

Duan, Fangyuan · 2025

CBD induced autophagy and apoptosis specifically in amyloid-beta-expressing cells via LC3B and Caspase-3 pathways, while producing side effects in non-pathological cells.

Medicinal cannabis for tics in adolescents with Tourette syndrome.

Eapen, Valsamma · 2025

Statistically significant improvements were observed in parent and clinician reports on tics, behavioral and emotional issues, and quality of life in adolescents treated with a THC:CBD formulation..

A Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Medicinal Cannabis in Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome.

Efron, Daryl · 2025

Seven of ten randomized adolescents completed the full protocol.

Full spectrum cannabis oil combined with omega-3 fish oil for neuropathic pain management: a novel therapeutic approach.

Elorriaga, Cristina F · 2025

Combined CBD-cannabis oil and omega-3 treatment effectively prevented both thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in nerve-injured rats, while also improving motor impairment and showing protective effects against nerve degeneration on histological analysis..

Rethinking Alzheimer's: Harnessing Cannabidiol to Modulate IDO and cGAS Pathways for Neuroinflammation Control.

Emami Naeini, Sahar · 2025

CBD treatment reduced both IDO and cGAS expression in the brains of 5XFAD Alzheimer's mice, with corresponding decreases in TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma.

Cannabidiol induces autophagy via CB1 receptor and reduces α-synuclein cytosolic levels.

Erustes, Adolfo G · 2025

CBD enhanced autophagic flux (increased LC3-II accumulation and GFP-LC3-positive vesicles) and reduced cytosolic alpha-synuclein in neuroblastoma cells.

Cannabidiol Extracted from Cannabis sativa L. Plant Shows Neuroprotective Impacts Against 6-HODA-Induced Neurotoxicity via Nrf2 Signal Transduction Pathway.

Esfandi, Afsaneh · 2025

CBD increased cell survival, decreased apoptosis, reduced reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, and improved antioxidant capacity in 6-OHDA-exposed cells.

Cannabidiol in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: preclinical evidence, molecular mechanisms, and translational challenges.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD exhibited antitumor properties through ER stress and apoptosis (via CerS1), GPR55/MAPK inhibition, immune modulation, and chemosensitization to gemcitabine.

The potential role of cannabidiol (CBD) in lung cancer therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD induced apoptosis through PPAR-gamma activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.

Cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential therapeutic agent for liver cancer: a comprehensive review of current evidence.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD induced pyroptosis (inflammatory cell death) via caspase-3/GSDME, modulated autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and sensitized liver cancer cells to both sorafenib and cabozantinib..

Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers with Cannabidiol: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Implications.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD modulated multiple molecular pathways relevant to GI cancers, including inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibiting new blood vessel formation, reducing inflammation, and potentially enhancing chemotherapy effectiveness and overcoming drug resistance..

Short-Term Low Dose Cannabidiol Does Not Influence Glucose Tolerance or the Gut Microbiome in Sedentary Adults with Overweight and Obesity: Pilot Study.

Ewell, Taylor R · 2025

CBD (30mg every 12 hours for 4 weeks) showed no significant effect on glucose tolerance (Matsuda Index), gut microbiome composition, or inflammatory markers compared to placebo in 16 adults with overweight or obesity..

Cannabidiol attenuates behavioral and electrophysiological changes in the MAM model of schizophrenia in male and female rats.

Fabris, Débora · 2025

Both male and female MAM rats showed increased VTA dopamine neuron population activity, which was reversed by CBD (60 mg/kg) in both sexes.

Rapid suppression of neuropathic pain and somatosensory hyperactivity by nano-formulated cannabidiol.

Feng, Jingyu · 2025

An inclusion-complex-enhanced nano-micelle formulation (CBD-IN) significantly improved CBD delivery to the brain and fully suppressed both allodynia and hyperalgesia in a neuropathic pain mouse model with a single dose, while leaving normal sensorimotor and cognitive functions intact..

Pilot Study of Cannabidiol for Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Breast Cancer.

Fleege, Nicole M G · 2025

In a phase 2 clinical trial, 17 of 39 breast cancer patients (43.6%) taking CBD (Epidiolex, titrated to 100mg twice daily) achieved at least a 2-point reduction in worst pain from aromatase inhibitor therapy.

Characterizing Cannabidiol Use in a Breast Cancer Population.

Fleege, Nicole M G · 2025

Of 141 breast cancer patients surveyed, 68 (48.2%) reported prior or current CBD use.

Cannabidiol sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to NK cell-mediated killing via EGFR inhibition and FAS upregulation.

Garunyapakun, Perawat · 2025

CBD elevated FAS death receptor expression on MDA-MB-468 cells to 125% versus 83% with EGF alone, and enhanced NK-92 cell cytotoxicity, reducing cancer cell viability to 52% versus 114% with EGF alone.

Orally Administered CBD/CBG Hemp Extract Reduces Severity of Ulcerative Colitis and Pain in a Murine Model.

Godbole, Shivani S · 2025

Cannabinoid treatment reduced damage to the colonic epithelium and decreased pain-related responses in DSS-induced colitis mice.

Cannabidiol and ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Endometriosis: A Literature Review on Therapeutic Applications and Mechanisms.

Godoy, Joana Retzke · 2025

An experimental rat study demonstrated CBD's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic effects in endometriosis treatment via intraperitoneal administration.

The Impact of Major and Minor Phytocannabinoids on the Maintenance and Function of INS-1 β-Cells Under High-Glucose and High-Lipid Conditions.

Gojani, Esmaeel Ghasemi · 2025

All five phytocannabinoids (THC, CBD, THCV, CBC, CBG) reduced high-glucose-high-lipid-induced apoptosis in INS-1 beta cells, likely through decreased TXNIP protein levels.

Perception of Risks of Cannabis and Cannabidiol Use during Pregnancy: A Multi-Methods Study.

Goodin, Amie · 2025

Among 261 women surveyed, there was no significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant participants in how they perceived the risks of cannabis or CBD use during pregnancy.

Cannabidiol improves learning and memory deficits and alleviates anxiety in 12-month-old SAMP8 mice.

Goodland, Monica N · 2025

In SAMP8 mice (a model for Alzheimer's disease), high-dose CBD (30 mg/kg daily for two months) significantly improved learning and memory in T-maze and novel object recognition tests.

Cannabinoid treatment impacts adaptive behavior in autism patients and caregivers' mental health: A prospective real-life cohort study.

Guimarães, Kelly Álvares · 2025

In a prospective study of 16 patients with severe autism treated with CBD-rich extract and 17 untreated controls with moderate autism, the CBD group showed significant reduction in maladaptive internalizing behaviors on the Vineland 3 scale (p=0.008) after three months.

Differences in Cannabis and Cannabidiol Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behaviors Between US Adolescents Receiving Mood Disorder Treatment and Their Parents Across Legal Contexts.

Hammond, Christopher J · 2025

In a multisite survey of 84 youth and 66 parents across six mood disorder clinics, 76% of youth and 65% of parents believed cannabis is safe and effective for mental health conditions.

Oral Cannabis for Taxane-Induced Neuropathy: A Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

Haney, Margaret · 2025

All 12 participants completed the 8-week trial.

Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.

Hausenblas, Heather · 2025

In a double-blind crossover trial of 20 adults with subthreshold insomnia, a multi-cannabinoid oral supplement (3 mg THC, 6 mg CBN, 10 mg CBD, plus terpenes) significantly improved sleep quality/efficiency, insomnia symptoms, and health-related quality of life compared to placebo after 10 days.

Carvone derived cannabidiol enantiomers as novel anticonvulsants.

Hines, Rochelle M · 2025

Natural CBD (marketed as Epidiolex) works for certain severe childhood epilepsy syndromes, but its effectiveness is limited and it carries regulatory complexity as a cannabis-derived product.

Medical Cannabis and Epilepsy: The Evidence.

Kaur, Varinder · 2025

This review summarizes the state of evidence for cannabis-based treatments in epilepsy, focusing on the two main phytocannabinoids: cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The clinical need is real: roughly 30% of epilepsy patients have seizures that resist available medications.

Differential inhibitory effects of endocannabinoids on neuronal firing of mouse meningeal afferents.

Krivoshein, Georgii · 2025

AEA reduced meningeal nerve firing more profoundly and for longer than 2-AG.

The Effects of Indirect and Direct Modulation of Endocannabinoid System Function on Anxiety-Related Behavior in Mice Assessed in the Elevated Plus Maze Test.

Kruk-Slomka, Marta · 2025

CB1 antagonist AM 251 was anxiogenic.

Ex vivo study of the vasorelaxant activity induced by cannabigerol in human pulmonary artery- the role of endothelium, sex and selected clinical factors.

Krzyżewska, Anna · 2025

CBG relaxed human pulmonary arteries through endothelium-dependent mechanisms involving cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide, K+ channels, and likely CB1/CB2, PPARgamma, GPR55, and TRPV1 receptors.

The anti-biofilm activity of cannabinoids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Kwong, Pancy Tsz Hei · 2025

All five cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBN, CBG, CBC) had MICs of 1-2 ug/mL against MRSA.

Cannabidiol Lipid Nanoparticles Stabilize Gut-Brain-Bone Axis Integrity and Enhance Neuroplasticity in Stressed Rats: A Comparison with Atomoxetine and Escitalopram.

Lapmanee, Sarawut · 2025

Stressed rats showed 2.03-fold increase in IL-6, 1.89-fold TNF-alpha, decreased BDNF and osteocalcin, and disrupted gut metabolites (SCFAs dropped from 155.3 to 94.83 umol/L).

Cross-sectional comparison of cannabis use in adults with neuropathic versus non-neuropathic pain.

Laroya, Carl Joshua P · 2025

This study surveyed 104 adults at a pain clinic, comparing cannabis use patterns between those whose most bothersome pain was neuropathic (nerve-related, 36.5%) versus non-neuropathic (63.5%). Patients with neuropathic pain reported significantly more days per month of THC/CBD product use compared to those with non-neuropathic pain.

The effects of cannabidiol and its main metabolites on human neural stem cells.

Latham, Leah E · 2025

CBD, 7-OH-CBD, and 7-COOH-CBD all dose-dependently reduced NSC viability.

Preventive beneficial effects of cannabidiol in a reserpine-induced progressive model of parkinsonism.

Lima, Alvaro C · 2025

In mice given low-dose reserpine to progressively develop Parkinson-like symptoms, CBD (0.5 mg/kg) delayed the appearance of catalepsy and abnormal mouth movements.

Inflammatory state moderates response to cannabis on negative affect and sleep quality in individuals with anxiety.

Lisano, Jonathon K · 2025

While cannabis use did not change cytokine concentrations over four weeks, baseline inflammation moderated outcomes.

Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of Oral Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol for Essential Tremor.

Longardner, Katherine · 2025

Among seven enrolled participants (five completers), intent-to-treat analyses found no significant effects on the primary endpoint (tremor amplitude via digital spiral assessment) or any secondary endpoints.

Chronic cannabidiol administration modulates depressive and cognitive alterations induced by social isolation in male mice.

Lucindo, Marcel S S · 2025

CBD mitigated anhedonia (loss of pleasure) and reduced immobility in the tail suspension test in socially isolated mice.

Orally consumed cannabinoids: the effect of carrier oil on acute tissue distribution in male C57BL/6 mice.

Lust, Cody A C · 2025

Sesame oil resulted in significantly higher concentrations of both CBD and THC across all tissues and timepoints compared to EPA/DHA omega-3 oils.

Cannabidiol ameliorates seizures and neuronal damage in ferric chloride-induced posttraumatic epilepsy by targeting TRPV1 channel.

Ma, Lin · 2025

CBD reduced seizure severity, decreased EEG amplitude and total power, and lowered spike wave discharges in a ferric chloride-induced post-traumatic epilepsy model.

Acute cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and their mixture (THC:CBD) exert differential effects on brain activity and blood flow in rats: A translational neuroimaging study.

MacNicol, Eilidh · 2025

THC increased whole-brain functional connectivity and clustering coefficient, with elevated blood flow in cortical and subcortical regions.

Cannabidiol Is Associated with Improved Survival in Pancreatic Cancer and Modulation of Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota.

Malhotra, Pratibha · 2025

Only CBD alone improved survival in KPC mice (a genetic model that mimics human pancreatic cancer).

Efficacy of non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. standardized extracts in a model of intestinal inflammation.

Maranta, Nicole · 2025

Cannabis extracts standardized for CBD and CBG content inhibited pro-inflammatory chemokines (CXCL-9, CXCL-10, CCL-20) in inflammation-stimulated intestinal cells.

Cannabinoids and Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Hypothesis-Driven Review.

Marques, Bruno L · 2025

Emerging evidence indicates a bidirectional relationship: endocannabinoids can be loaded into extracellular vesicles for intercellular signaling, while THC and CBD alter EV release and cargo composition.

Cannabidiol prevents social avoidance, potentiation of cocaine reward and gene expression alterations induced by exposure to intermittent social defeat in mice.

Martínez-Caballero, Maria Ángeles · 2025

CBD (30 or 60 mg/kg) given during intermittent social defeat prevented social interaction deficits and the potentiation of cocaine conditioned place preference that normally follows stress exposure.

Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel inhibitor of HLA-G expression in human choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG-3).

Martínez, Kevin I · 2025

Both pure CBD and a high-CBD cannabis extract reduced cell proliferation and migration, increased apoptosis, and significantly downregulated HLA-G expression at mRNA and protein levels in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells.

Possible Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) Administration on Feline Responses to a Fear Response Test.

Masataka, Nobuo · 2025

After two weeks of CBD administration (4.0 mg/kg/day), cats exposed to a simulated thunderstorm showed significantly reduced fear-related urination compared to their initial test.

Advancing cervical cancer treatment: integrating cannabinoids, combination therapies and nanotechnology.

Mathibela, S P · 2025

THC and CBD demonstrate anticancer effects in cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, suppressing metastasis, promoting oxidative stress, and modulating immune responses.

Cannabinoids and ADHD: a New Frontier in Neuropharmacology?

Mavaddat, Helia · 2025

Individuals with ADHD have elevated risk for substance use and cannabis dependence.

An open-label phase I comparator-controlled clinical trial to assess tolerability and pharmacokinetics of IHL-675 A a fixed dose combination of cannabidiol plus hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers.

Mbogo, George Williams · 2025

IHL-675A was generally well-tolerated with no serious adverse events.

Preclinical assessment of pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant activity of CBDTech, a novel orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) formulation for seizure and epilepsy.

McDonald, Jacob D · 2025

One of CBD's biggest pharmacological limitations is poor oral bioavailability—most of what you swallow gets destroyed by the liver before reaching the bloodstream (first-pass metabolism).

Parent and caregiver perceptions of cannabidiol products may put children at risk for unintentional exposure.

McNally, Michael · 2025

While most parents and caregivers had heard of CBD, opinions split on whether CBD products pose safety risks to children.

The role of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in metabolic disorders: A promising cannabinoid for diabetes and weight management.

Mendoza, Scott · 2025

THCV acts as a CB1 receptor antagonist and partial CB2 agonist, which in preclinical studies translated to appetite suppression, improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced glucose uptake, and reduced fat accumulation.

Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) treatment on age-related cognitive decline in C57 mice.

Mirza Agha, Behroo · 2025

Fourteen-month-old mice given oral CBD for 7 months showed reduced inflammatory response in the brain and improvements in age-related cognitive decline when tested between 19-21 months of age across tasks measuring perirhinal cortex, hippocampal, amygdala, and motor function..

Cannabis: What We Use, Why It Matters, and When It Is Prescribed (Ethics, Policy, and Practice).

Mistry, Laresh N · 2025

Cannabinoids show potential for treating orofacial pain, TMJ disorders, bruxism, and dental anxiety.

Targeting Human Cancer Cells with Cannabidiol (CBD): Apoptotic Cytotoxicity in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and CaCo-2 Lines.

Montes-de-Oca-Saucedo, Carlos R · 2025

CBD at 5-20 micromolar concentrations killed cancer cells through apoptosis with LC50 values of 9.4 (HeLa cervical), 10.3 (MDA-MB-231 breast), and 4.3 (CaCo-2 colon) micromolar at 24 hours.

Cannabidiol and low-dose γ-radiation regulate alterations consequences of hepatic-encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide: neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory role.

Mostafa, Dalia M · 2025

CBD (20 mg/kg for 7 days) significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with liver damage-induced brain dysfunction.

A preliminary randomized trial of the safety, tolerability, and clinical effects of hemp-derived cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder.

Mueller, Raeghan L · 2025

Among 44 participants with AUD randomized to full-spectrum CBD (with trace THC), broad-spectrum CBD (without THC), or placebo for 8 weeks, full-spectrum CBD reduced craving and AUD symptoms relative to both broad-spectrum CBD and placebo.

Cannabidiol as an immune modulator: A comprehensive review.

Mujahid, Khizra · 2025

This comprehensive review maps how CBD interacts with the immune system, and the picture is remarkably broad.

Field safety and efficacy study with a cannabidiol/cannabidiol acid-rich hemp paste in cats with osteoarthritic pain.

Mulder, Liza M · 2025

Among 26 cats with OA, 14 completed the crossover study.

Efficacy and Safety of Topical 5% Cannabidiol Plus Myrcene for the Treatment of Vestibulodynia: A Multi-Centric Randomized Controlled Trial.

Murina, Filippo · 2025

Women applying 5% CBD plus myrcene gel to the vulvar vestibule for 60 days experienced significantly greater reductions in pain during intercourse compared to placebo, though both groups showed some improvement in overall pain scores..

The impact of cannabis use on ageing and longevity: a systematic review of research insights.

Nain, Sonam · 2025

Eleven preclinical studies showed promising results for cannabinoids in aging, including improved lifespan, cognitive function, reduced inflammation, better sleep, and enhanced social interaction.

Same-Day Sedative and Night-Time Sleep Effects Following Combined Cannabinoid Formulations: A Randomised-Controlled Trial.

Narayan, Andrea J · 2025

Subjective sleepiness increased from 40 to 265 minutes post-dosing across all conditions (including placebo), but neither the 1:1 THC:CBD nor the 1:16 THC:CBD oil produced greater sleepiness than placebo.

Cannabidiol improves L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and modulates neuroinflammation and the endocannabinoid, endovanilloid and nitrergic systems.

Nascimento, Glauce Crivelaro · 2025

CBD (30 mg/kg) and its fluorinated derivative PECS-101 (3 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced abnormal involuntary movements in L-DOPA-treated rats without reducing L-DOPA's motor benefits.

Cannabidiol modulates brain molecular alterations, gut microbiota dysbiosis and alcohol self-administration in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Navarrete, F · 2025

Mice with prenatal alcohol exposure showed increased anxiety and depression-like behavior, sex-dependent changes in brain receptors and neurotransmitters, and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Long-term cannabinoid therapy can ameliorate chronic sleep deprivation-induced behavioral and neuroinflammatory changes in mice.

Niazi, Nasar Ullah Khan · 2025

Chronic sleep deprivation caused memory impairment, depression-like behavior, microglial activation, and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice.

The appetite stimulating effect and safety of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in older patients with poor appetite: A triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial.

Nielsen, Rikke Lundsgaard · 2025

No statistically significant difference in mean caloric intake was observed between cannabis-based medicine and placebo (10 kcal difference, CI -55 to 75 kcal, favoring CBM).

Assessing the Market Readiness for Medical Cannabis in Greece: A Qualitative Study of Patient Perspectives.

Ntais, Christos · 2025

CBD-experienced patients (n=12) generally perceived cannabis-based treatments as beneficial for musculoskeletal pain, migraines, anxiety, stress, and sleep, despite concerns about product quality, cost, and limited medical guidance.

Cannabidiol mechanism of action on modulating extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior: Targeting D2-like dopamine receptors in the hippocampus.

Omidiani, Seyed Erfan · 2025

A D2-like receptor antagonist (Sulpiride) at 1 and 4 micrograms significantly attenuated CBD's acceleration of methamphetamine conditioned place preference extinction (p<0.01, p<0.05).

Advertising Among Cannabidiol (CBD) Retailers in North Carolina: A Pilot Study.

Parker, Renee · 2025

All 13 CBD retailers displayed advertisements containing either misleading product descriptors or unapproved health claims.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Social Relating, Anxiety, and Parental Stress in Autistic Children: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Parrella, Nina-Francesca · 2025

CBD oil (10 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) did not significantly improve the primary outcome of social responsiveness (SRS-2).

Acute cannabidiol treatment reverses behavioral impairments induced by embryonic valproic acid exposure in male mice.

Pedrazzi, J F C · 2025

In mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid (a model of autism), acute CBD at 30-60 mg/kg reversed pre-pulse inhibition deficits, decreased repetitive marble-burying, improved social interaction time, and restored object recognition memory.

Assessing patient perceptions of off-label cannabidiol use for insomnia through sentiment analysis.

Pereira, Gabriel Rodrigues Coutinho · 2025

From 74,562 unique tweets, 25,005 were classified as relevant to CBD for insomnia.

Epilepsy, neuroinflammation and cannabidiol What do we know thus far?

Pesántez Ríos, Gabriela · 2025

One of the challenges in understanding CBD's anti-seizure action is that it doesn't work through a single, clean mechanism the way most drugs do.

Effects of cannabidiol on behavioral and psychological symptoms of vascular dementia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Pessoa, Rebeca Mendes P · 2025

CBD (300 mg/day for 4 weeks) significantly reduced scores on both the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI, p=0.05) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS, p<0.05) compared to placebo.

Cannabidiol potentiates phenobarbital effects in the control of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in neonate rats.

Pinto, Lillian Soares · 2025

Low CBD doses (3 and 30 mg/kg) had limited antiseizure effects alone, while higher doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) modestly reduced seizures.

Prophylactic efficacy of cannabidiol and sodium nitroprusside in a ketamine-model of schizophrenia: sex-dependent effects on positive-like and cognitive impairments.

Prado, Daniel B A · 2025

Rats pretreated with CBD and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) during brain development (postnatal days 12-32) and later challenged with ketamine showed sex-dependent responses.

Cannabidiol as a multifaceted therapeutic agent: mitigating Alzheimer's disease pathology and enhancing cognitive function.

Raïch, Iu · 2025

In the 5xFAD Alzheimer's mouse model, CBD decreased pTau and amyloid-beta aggregation, reduced their transport between brain regions, shifted microglia toward a neuroprotective M2 phenotype, reduced inflammatory cytokine release, and partially reversed neurite formation loss.

The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol in Skin Conditions.

Redmond, Maria C · 2025

Preclinical evidence suggests CBD may treat various skin conditions through its multiple molecular targets expressed in skin.

Cannabigerol Modulates Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Expression in the Spinal Dorsal Horn and Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Models.

Rezende, Bismarck · 2025

Most cannabis research focuses on THC and CBD.

Repeated Administration of a Full-Spectrum Cannabidiol Product, Not a Cannabidiol Isolate, Reverses the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior and Hypolocomotion in a Rat Model of Low-Grade Subchronic Inflammation.

Ribeiro de Novais Júnior, Linério · 2025

In rats with inflammation-induced depressive-like behavior (7 days of LPS), full-spectrum CBD extract at both 15 and 30 mg/kg reversed depressive behavior in the forced swim test, while CBD isolate at the same doses did not.

The neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol is enhanced by resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid in social isolation.

Ricciardi, Federica · 2025

Low-dose CBD (2.5 mg/kg) was ineffective alone, but when combined with resveratrol (20 mg/kg) or alpha-lipoic acid (10 mg/kg), it restored attack latency, reduced aggression, and decreased immobility in the tail suspension test to levels comparable to high-dose CBD (10 mg/kg).

Therapeutic Use of Cannabis Derivatives and Their Analogs for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Riera, Rachel · 2025

Of 1,264 references screened, only 11 RCTs met inclusion criteria, with just four having available results for children/adolescents with autism.

The impact of oral cannabis consumption during pregnancy on maternal spiral artery remodelling, fetal growth and offspring behaviour in mice.

Ritchie, Tyrah M · 2025

Oral CBD and THC (20 mg/kg) from early to mid-gestation both impaired maternal spiral artery remodeling and fetal growth.

Prescription and Nonprescription Drug Use Among People With Eating Disorders.

Rodan, Sarah-Catherine · 2025

Among 6,612 respondents with eating disorders, cannabis and psychedelics received the highest ratings for improving ED symptoms specifically.

Cannabidiol reverses microglia activation and deficits of parvalbumin interneurons and their perineuronal nets in a MK-801-induced mouse model of schizophrenia.

Rodrigues da Silva, Naielly · 2025

Chronic MK-801 treatment (an NMDA receptor blocker) caused memory deficits and reduced gamma brain wave power in mice.

A cannabidiol (CBD) lipid-based nanoemulsion induces anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like effects and increases FosB/deltaFosB immunoreactivity in serotonergic cells of the dorsal raphe.

Rosário, Bárbara A · 2025

Chronic oral CBD nanoemulsion (2.5 mg/kg for 21 days) produced anxiolytic and panicolytic effects in rats tested on the elevated T-maze.

A Treatment Approach for Severe Pain in Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: A Case Report.

Russo, Marc A · 2025

A patient with widespread, severe, refractory MCAS pain was treated with orphenadrine and CBD oil.

Cannabidiol Effects on Depressive-like Behavior and Neuroinflammation in Female Rats Exposed to High-Fat Diet and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress.

Sabbag, Tal · 2025

Female rats exposed to both a high-fat diet (2 weeks) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (4 weeks) received CBD (10 mg/kg) during the final 2 weeks.

Oral formulations for cannabidiol: Improved absolute oral bioavailability of biodegradable cannabidiol self-emulsifying drug delivery systems.

Sandmeier, Matthias · 2025

Polyglycerol-based self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) achieved 3.8% absolute oral bioavailability for CBD compared to 3.4% for Epidiolex, with peak plasma concentrations of 30.6-35.8 ng/mL versus 25.0 ng/mL for Epidiolex..

Neuroprotective effects of a cannabidiol nanoemulsion in a rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease: Insights into the gut-brain axis.

Santos, Júlio César Claudino Dos · 2025

CBD nanoemulsion treatment restored glutathione levels (which had dropped 38-47% from rotenone treatment), reduced alpha-synuclein accumulation in both the striatum and duodenum, and normalized glial activation markers GFAP and IBA1 to control levels..

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells induced by commercial CBD products.

Sanz-Pérez, A · 2025

Treatment with commercial CBD samples at 50 micrograms/mL significantly increased reactive oxygen species, reduced the GSH/GSSG ratio (indicating oxidative stress), elevated lipid peroxidation, inhibited key antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GR), and decreased mitochondrial content in neuroblastoma cells..

Cannabidiol Enhances Stress-Induced Cellular Damage: Potential Contribution of Kv2.1 Inhibition.

Sayehmiri, Fatemeh · 2025

CBD enhanced Kv2.1 channel inactivation in a dose-dependent manner (3-3000 nM), and cells expressing Kv2.1 that were treated with CBD showed marked morphological deterioration and decreased viability under nutrient deprivation, despite Kv2.1 normally being protective in stressed cells..

Do Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol have opposed effects on male fertility?

Scandlan, Olivia L M · 2025

THC has been associated with reduced sperm quality, altered hormone levels, and changes in genetic and epigenetic profiles.

Secondary metabolite profiles and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of ethanolic extracts from nine genotypes of Cannabis sativa L.

Schadich, Ermin · 2025

Only the neutral (decarboxylated) extracts containing CBD or THC as predominant cannabinoids showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, with all IC50 values below 10.0 micromolar.

Identification of cannabinoid-sensitive and -resistant oral bacteria.

Scott, David A · 2025

Multiple oral bacteria were sensitive to physiological CBD concentrations, including A.

CBD promotes antitumor activity by modulating tumor immune microenvironment in HPV associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Sen, Prakriti · 2025

CBD activated the MAPK pathway (ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK, MK2), promoting apoptosis in cancer cells.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol selectively suppress toll-like receptor (TLR) 7- and TLR8-mediated interleukin-1β production by human CD16+ monocytes by inhibiting its post-translational maturation.

Sermet, Sera · 2025

THC and CBD suppressed IL-1beta production by blocking inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activity in TLR7/TLR8-activated CD16+ monocytes.

Interaction of cytochrome P450 3A4 with cannabinoids and the drug darifenacin.

Sevrioukova, Irina F · 2025

THC and CBD act as type I ligands causing a nearly complete high-spin transition in CYP3A4 (Kd of 1.9 and 3.6 micromolar respectively), while cannabinol caused negligible changes.

The Potential Use of Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Shafie, Mahan · 2025

Human clinical studies showed CBD reduced cravings and alleviated abstinence-induced anxiety in opioid use disorder.

Cannabidiol attenuates methamphetamine-induced oxidative neurotoxicity via regulating transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1.

Shen, Baoyu · 2025

In METH users' brain tissue, TRPV1 overactivation, calcium overload, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were observed.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of rat liver sinusoids under condition of a long-term experimental exposure to cannabidiol oil.

Shevchuk, Mykola M · 2025

No pathohistological changes were observed in rat liver sinusoids after 10 weeks of daily CBD oil.

Efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of liposomal synthetic cannabidiol injected subcutaneously in dogs: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial.

Shilo-Benjamini, Yael · 2025

Oral CBD has a fundamental problem: most of it gets destroyed by the liver before reaching the bloodstream (first-pass metabolism).

Cannabidiol as a therapeutic agent for rosacea through simultaneous inhibition of multiple inflammatory pathways.

Shrestha, Chandani · 2025

Both CBD and metronidazole significantly inhibited redness, epidermal thickness, and mast cell infiltration in a rosacea-like mouse model.

Clinical and Cognitive Improvement Following Treatment with a Hemp-Derived, Full-Spectrum, High-Cannabidiol Product in Patients with Anxiety: An Open-Label Pilot Study.

Smith, Rosemary T · 2025

Patients reported significant reductions in anxiety symptoms over 6 weeks.

The DEC2-SCN2A Axis is Essential for the Anticonvulsant Effects of Cannabidiol by Modulating Neuronal Plasticity.

Song, Huifang · 2025

DEC2 acts as a transcriptional repressor of SCN2A by binding to class B E-boxes in its promoter.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for treating atopic dermatitis.

Stoco, Adriel Aparecido Geraldo · 2025

Cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system in skin to potentially address multiple aspects of atopic dermatitis: skin barrier repair, anti-inflammatory effects, and itch reduction.

Cannabidiol perturbs macrophage polarization by interfering with the metabolic flux and PI3K/Akt pathway.

Sukdee, Thadaphong · 2025

CBD inhibited IL-6 and nitric oxide production without affecting TNF-alpha in M1-polarized macrophages.

Selective anti-cancer effects of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol via PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition and PTEN restoration in ovarian cancer cells.

Tong, Siyao · 2025

CBD:THC at a 3:1 ratio showed synergistic cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cell lines.

Opposing Synovial Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Expression in Painful Osteoarthritis.

Toups, Collin A · 2025

Dual modulation of CB2R (agonist) and TRPV1 (antagonist) produced greater analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects than either approach alone in a mouse osteoarthritis model.

Evaluating the impact of cannabis oil for autistic children with and without concomitant medications: Insights from an open-label study.

Treves, Nir · 2025

60% of children showed clinical improvement on the CGI-I scale.

Evaluating the Antitumor Potential of Cannabichromene, Cannabigerol, and Related Compounds from Cannabis sativa and Piper nigrum Against Malignant Glioma: An In Silico to In Vitro Approach.

Turizo Smith, Andrés David · 2025

CBC, CBG, and CBD demonstrated strong binding to GPR55 and PINK1 glioblastoma targets.

Unraveling Cannabidiol's Dual Modulatory Role in Schizophrenia: Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Validation of Neuroinflammatory and Behavioral Modulation.

Wei, Ying · 2025

RTHC-00193 reviewed clinical evidence that CBD may have therapeutic potential for schizophrenia.

Cannabidiol Is a Potential Inhibitor of Ferroptosis in Human Articular Chondrocytes.

Wipplinger, A · 2025

CBD protected human articular chondrocytes from ferroptosis induced by multiple known inducers (RSL3, erastin, IKE, FINO2, FIN56), with varying effects across different cell lines and primary cells..

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cannabis sativa L. Extract in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Dermatitis in Rats.

Wolińska, Renata · 2025

Cannabis extract reduced inflammation markers in a DNCB-induced dermatitis rat model, providing preclinical evidence for its potential use in inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis..

Hypothesized pharmacogenomic and medication influences on tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol metabolism in a cohort of unselected oral cannabis users.

Wright, Jessica A · 2025

Why do two people taking the same cannabis product at the same dose sometimes have dramatically different responses? This study points to genetics as a major factor. The researchers reviewed charts of 71 patients who had both pharmacogenomic testing and reported oral cannabis use.

Antitumor effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on osteosarcoma by targeting TNF-α/NF-κB/CCL5 signaling axis.

Yang, Fan · 2025

CBD directly binds the NF-kB subunit p65, disrupting a positive feedback loop between NF-kB and CCL5 that drives osteosarcoma inflammation and proliferation.

Differential metabolic pathways underlie THC- and CBD-mediated inhibition of B-cell activation in both young and aged mice.

Yekhtin, Zhanna · 2025

Both cannabinoids reduced B-cell activation dose-dependently, but THC selectively reduced certain amino acids while CBD increased citrulline and allantoin.

Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) to overcome extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Yosboonruang, Atchariya · 2025

CBD synergized with gentamicin, meropenem, and colistin against XDR A.

Multi-level inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 invasion by cannabidiol and epigallocatechin gallate.

Zhang, Meng-Chun · 2025

CBD decreased ACE2 receptor expression (virus entry point), while EGCG suppressed spike protein expression.

Cannabidiol Reprograms Glucose Metabolism in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma by Targeting HIF-1α/LDHA Pathway.

Zhang, Yuzhe · 2025

CBD downregulated HIF-1alpha, LDHA, and GLUT1, reducing ATP production, glucose uptake, and lactate levels in colon cancer cells.

Cannabinoids rescue migraine symptoms caused by central CGRP administration in mice.

Zorrilla, Erik · 2025

Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg CBD + 1 mg/kg THC rescued CGRP-induced light aversion, reduced resting time in darkness, increased light/dark transitions, and partially rescued spontaneous pain (squint assay) in mice.

Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol Antinociceptive Activity is Mediated by Distinct Receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Boujenoui, Fatma · 2024

CBD and THC both reduced the nocifensive response to noxious heat in C.

Assessment of the effects of cannabidiol and a CBD-rich hemp extract in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Camacho, Jessica A · 2024

CBD delayed developmental milestone acquisition irreversibly when exposure began at the onset of feeding, while locomotor effects were reversible after removing CBD.

Drug-Cannabinoid Interactions in Selected Therapeutics for Symptoms Associated with Epilepsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, and Pain.

Campos, Maria G · 2024

As medical cannabis use expands, patients are increasingly combining cannabinoids with prescription medications for serious conditions.

Effects of Cannabidiol on the Functions of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Hematologic Malignancies.

Chantarat, Natthida · 2024

CBD at 8 microM (the maximum non-toxic dose) did not alter CAR T cell surface expression, immune characteristics, T cell subset, or memory phenotype.

Cannabidiol as a potential cessation therapeutic: Effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms in mice.

Cheeks, Samantha N · 2024

CBD produced a significant decrease in nicotine self-administration across multiple CBD doses and both low and moderate nicotine levels.

The potential neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: in vitro study on neurite outgrowth.

Creanga-Murariu, Ioana · 2024

When combined with paclitaxel, cannabinoids maintained cell viability at 70-89% compared to 40% with chemotherapy alone at 48 hours.

Long-Term Treatment for Unspecified Anxiety Disorders with Cannabidiol: A Retrospective Case Series from Real-World Evidence in Colombia.

Galvez-Florez, Juan F · 2024

After 6 months at median 100 mg CBD daily, 54% still had significant anxiety.

Cannabidiol Reduces Nicotine Withdrawal Severity and State Anxiety During an Acute E-cigarette Abstinence Period: A Novel, Open-Label Study.

Gournay, L Riley · 2024

After controlling for positive CBD expectancies, 320 mg oral CBD reduced both nicotine withdrawal symptom severity and state anxiety during a 4-hour e-cigarette abstinence period compared to abstinence alone.

Serum Markers of Bone Turnover Following Controlled Administration of Two Medical Cannabis Products in Healthy Adults.

Kulpa, Justyna · 2024

After 7 days of treatment, the bone resorption marker CTx was significantly lower in the THC-dominant product group (Spectrum Red) versus placebo (b = -164.28, p = 0.04) and marginally lower in the CBD-dominant group (Spectrum Yellow, p = 0.06).

Cannabidiol and positive effects on object recognition memory in an in vivo model of Fragile X Syndrome: Obligatory role of hippocampal GPR55 receptors.

Manduca, Antonia · 2024

CBD corrected short-term recognition memory deficits in Fmr1 knockout rats.

Off-label use of cannabidiol in genetic epileptic and developmental encephalopathies: A case report.

Mannini, Elisa · 2024

Off-label cannabidiol produced significant seizure frequency reduction in a patient with a rare genetic DEE not covered by current CBD indications.

Cannabidiol and Alzheimer's disease.

Marques, Bruno L · 2024

Preclinical studies show CBD can mitigate cognitive decline and amyloid-beta-induced neurodegeneration through modulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Medicinal cannabis extracts are neuroprotective against Aβ1-42-mediated toxicity in vitro.

Marsh, Dylan T · 2024

Five proprietary cannabis extracts were tested against amyloid-beta toxicity in PC12 cells.

Anti-Cancer and Anti-Proliferative Potential of Cannabidiol: A Cellular and Molecular Perspective.

Mashabela, Manamele Dannies · 2024

CBD inhibits tumor growth, reduces inflammation, and induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Cannabinoids and Genetic Epilepsy Models: A Review with Focus on CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder.

Massey, Sean · 2024

CBD is proven for LGS, Dravet, and TSC.

Clinical and Family Implications of Cannabidiol (CBD)-Dominant Full-Spectrum Phytocannabinoid Extract in Children and Adolescents with Moderate to Severe Non-Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): An Observational Study on Neurobehavioral Management.

Mazza, Jeanne Alves de Souza · 2024

Thirty children (5-18) with moderate-severe ASD showed improvements in communication, attention, learning, eye contact, and reduced aggression.

Unveiling the Potential of Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis and the Dawn of Nano-Cannabinoid Medicine.

Nouh, Roua A · 2024

Cannabinoids demonstrate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and immunosuppressive properties relevant to MS.

A narrative review of the therapeutic and remedial prospects of cannabidiol with emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Omotayo, Oluwadara Pelumi · 2024

CBD antagonizes pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulates oxidative stress, downregulates TNF-alpha, restores BDNF and serotonin across neurological disorders..

Cannabidiol exerts multitarget immunomodulatory effects on PBMCs from individuals with psoriasis vulgaris.

Pagano, Cristina · 2024

CBD shifted immune responses from Th1 to Th2, boosted NK cell cytotoxic activity, blocked monocyte migration in response to inflammatory stimuli, prevented full dendritic cell maturation, and promoted M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophage polarization in PBMCs from psoriasis patients..

Therapeutic potential of CBD in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Pedrazzi, João F C · 2024

CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system, which plays crucial roles in social and behavioral processing and neuronal development relevant to ASD.

Exploring the Possible Role of Cannabinoids in Managing Post-cardiac Surgery Complications: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence and a Call for Future Research Directions.

Pollak, Uri · 2024

Preclinical evidence suggests CBD has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties relevant to post-cardiac surgery recovery.

Cannabidiol Reduced the Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Opioid Withdrawal in Male and Female Mice.

Scicluna, Rhianne L · 2024

CBD at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg dose-dependently reduced gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, fecal output, weight loss) during both precipitated and spontaneous oxycodone withdrawal in male mice and during precipitated withdrawal in female mice.

Cannabidiol is a behavioral modulator in BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism.

Shrader, Sarah H · 2024

High-dose CBD (50 mg/kg) reduced repetitive self-grooming and hyperlocomotion in BTBR mice.

Examining the hepatotoxic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiol-containing hemp extract, and cannabinol at consumer-relevant exposure concentrations in primary human hepatocytes.

Striz, Anneliese · 2024

Cell viability was not significantly affected by CBD, CBN, or hemp extract at any concentration tested (10nM to 25uM) after 24 or 48 hours.

Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) Inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel Through its Kinase Domain.

Suzuki, Sayuri · 2024

CBGA had the strongest inhibitory effect on TRPM7 channels among all major and minor cannabinoids tested.

Anti-inflammatory effects of phytocannabinoids and terpenes on inflamed Tregs and Th17 cells in vitro.

Tan, Kyle B C · 2024

In an initial blinded screen at 20uM, cannabigerol, caryophyllene oxide, and gamma-terpinene reduced cytotoxicity and expression of multiple inflammatory genes.

Prenatal broad-spectrum cannabidiol administration prevents an autism-like phenotype in male offspring from a maternal stress/terbutaline rat model.

Taylor, Jeremy A · 2024

Broad-spectrum CBD oil (10 mg/kg/day, THC-free) administered to pregnant rats during embryonic days 3-16 significantly reduced all three core ASD-related behavioral measures in male offspring from a neuroinflammation-based ASD model: decreased vocalizations when alone (social communication), fewer marbles buried (repetitive behavior), and increased time with a novel peer (social interaction)..

Comprehensive Assessment of Cannabidiol and HU308 in Acute and Chronic Colitis Models: Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanistic Innovations.

Thapa, Dinesh · 2024

CBD at 60 mg/kg (but not lower doses) significantly reduced colitis symptoms, inflammation, cytokine levels, and MPO activity.

Feasibility of a cannabidiol-dominant cannabis-based medicinal product for the treatment of long COVID symptoms: A single-arm open-label feasibility trial.

Thurgur, Hannah · 2024

All 12 participants adhered to the treatment protocol for the full 21 weeks with no serious adverse events.

Gestational exposure to cannabidiol leads to glucose intolerance in 3-month-old male offspring.

Vanin, Sebastian R · 2024

Daily prenatal CBD (3 mg/kg from gestational day 6 to birth) produced no observable changes in maternal or neonatal outcomes.

Sex Differences in the Anxiolytic Properties of Common Cannabis Terpenes, Linalool and β-Myrcene, in Mice.

Wagner, Jasmin K · 2024

Both terpenes had anxiolytic effects in female mice with repeated vapor pulls over 30 minutes, while in males only a single vapor hit was effective.

The immunomodulatory effects of cannabidiol on Hsp70-activated NK cells and tumor target cells.

Wang, Fei · 2024

CBD treatment significantly reduced the release of interferon-gamma and granzyme B from activated NK cells, lowered Hsp70 expression on tumor surfaces, and decreased NK cell killing of high-Hsp70-expressing cancer cells.

Cannabinoids and healthy ageing: the potential for extending healthspan and lifespan in preclinical models with an emphasis on Caenorhabditis elegans.

Wang, Zhizhen · 2024

CBD extends healthspan and lifespan in C.

Oral Cannabidiol for Seborrheic Dermatitis in Patients With Parkinson Disease: Randomized Clinical Trial.

Weber, Isaac · 2024

CBD treatment did not significantly reduce seborrheic dermatitis severity or presence.

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 as a Potential Biomarker of the Intersection of Trauma and Cannabis Use.

Weiss, Emily R · 2024

The endocannabinoid system and the glutamate system are deeply intertwined in the brain, and both are implicated in trauma-related conditions and cannabis use.

Pseudocannabinoid H4CBD improves glucose response during advanced metabolic syndrome in OLETF rats independent of increase in insulin signaling proteins.

Wilson, Jessica N · 2024

Four weeks of oral H4CBD treatment in 41-week-old OLETF rats with advanced metabolic dysfunction reduced body mass by 15% (attributed to abdominal fat loss), decreased glucose area under the curve by 29%, and lowered fasting insulin.

Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study

Gibson, Laurel P · 2024

90.5% reported more enjoyment with cannabis.

Long-Term Treatment with Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Extract Induces Synaptic Changes in the Adolescent Rat Hippocampus.

Aguiar, Andrey F L · 2023

CBD-enriched extract (3 mg/kg/day CBD for 15 days) did not affect food intake, locomotion, or cognitive performance in adolescent rats.

A type II cannabis extract and a 1:1 blend of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol display distinct antinociceptive profiles and engage different endocannabinoid targets when administered into the subarachnoid space.

Benredjem, Besma · 2023

When injected into the spinal fluid of rats with diabetic neuropathy, a type II cannabis extract and a 1:1 THC:CBD mix produced different antinociceptive responses despite equivalent THC content.

Social stress under binge-like alcohol withdrawal in adolescence: evidence of cannabidiol effect on maladaptive plasticity in rats.

Brancato, Anna · 2023

Rats exposed to binge-like alcohol during adolescence showed compromised defensive social behavior, blunted stress responses, and abnormal dopamine/glutamate plasticity in the nucleus accumbens.

Cannabis-derived products antagonize platinum drugs by altered cellular transport.

Buchtova, Tereza · 2023

Even low concentrations of cannabinoids reduced the toxicity of cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin in human cell cultures.

CBD enhances the cognitive score of adolescent rats prenatally exposed to THC and fine-tunes relevant effectors of hippocampal plasticity.

Castelli, Valentina · 2023

Prenatal THC exposure (2 mg/kg, gestational days 5-20) impaired spatial and configural memory and disrupted hippocampal plasticity markers in adolescent rats.

Assessing Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Agent for Preventing and Alleviating Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration.

Chen, Long · 2023

CBD demonstrated protective effects against amyloid-beta toxicity both in cell cultures and in mice, ameliorating cognitive impairment.

The effect of medical cannabis in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry.

Dalavaye, Nishaanth · 2023

Among 76 patients (51 Crohn's, 25 ulcerative colitis), median SIBDQ scores improved at both 1 and 3 months.

Factors associated with ever using cannabidiol in a cohort of younger pregnant people.

De Genna, Natacha M · 2023

Among 186 pregnant participants under age 22 (75% Black or Biracial), approximately one in five had ever used CBD products.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabigerol in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cultures Are Partly Mediated by TRPA1.

Lowin, Torsten · 2023

Most cannabis research focuses on THC and CBD, but the cannabis plant produces over 100 cannabinoids.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Immunity: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Relevance.

Martini, Stefano · 2023

CBD has FDA approval for epilepsy (Epidiolex), but its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have attracted attention for conditions ranging from autoimmune diseases to COVID-19.

Consumer perception, knowledge, and uses of cannabidiol.

Nguyen, Cambrey · 2023

Among 1,158 respondents (median age 43, 50% female), CBD was used for neurological disorders, pulmonary conditions, GI disorders, and chronic pain.

Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of cognitive impairment in psychiatric and neurological illness: A narrative review.

Ortiz, Rachel · 2023

Preclinical studies demonstrated CBD improved cognitive performance in animal models of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and others.

Cannabis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Benefits, Risks, and Future Research Directions.

Paland, Nicole · 2023

Preclinical studies demonstrated cannabinoids can halt disease progression and relieve pain.

The dual role of cannabidiol on monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation and maturation.

Pénzes, Zsófia · 2023

CBD during differentiation had no acute effect on resting dendritic cells, but when subsequently activated by LPS (bacterial signal), CBD-treated cells showed a markedly tolerogenic response: more IL-6, TNFa, and importantly IL-10 (anti-inflammatory), with IL-10 signaling being the most prominently induced pathway.

A machine learning approach for understanding the metabolomics response of children with autism spectrum disorder to medical cannabis treatment.

Quillet, Jean-Christophe · 2023

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine distinguished ASD from typically developing groups.

Cannabis-assisted psychotherapy for complex dissociative posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report.

Ragnhildstveit, Anya · 2023

Dissociative PTSD (D-PTSD) is a particularly severe form of PTSD where patients experience detachment from their own body and surroundings — depersonalization and derealization — on top of standard PTSD symptoms.

Vaping additives cannabinoid oil and vitamin E acetate adhere to and damage the human airway epithelium.

Reidel, Boris · 2023

CBD oil exposure caused dramatically increased cell death after 3 days, and this effect was even higher with CBD + vitamin E acetate (VEA) combined.

Virtual screening and in vitro experiments highlight cannabidiol as a drug-like phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor.

Ribaudo, Giovanni · 2023

Computational screening of 7 phytocannabinoids and 4 terpenes identified CBD as a potential PDE9 ligand with a calculated binding energy of -9.1 kcal/mol and stable molecular dynamics interaction.

High-CBD Cannabis Vapor Attenuates Opioid Reward and Partially Modulates Nociception in Female Rats.

Rivera-Garcia, Maria T · 2023

High-CBD whole-plant extract (WPE) vapor prevented morphine-induced conditioned place preference and reinstatement.

The Reversal of Empathy-Induced Hypernociception in Male Mice by Intra-Amygdala Administration of Midazolam and Cannabidiol Depends on 5-HT3 Receptors.

Rodrigues Tavares, Lígia Renata · 2023

Mice housed with chronic pain partners showed hypernociception and increased 5-HT3 receptor and GAD67 expression in the amygdala.

Interactive Effects of Ayahuasca and Cannabidiol in Social Cognition in Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Feasibility, Randomized-Controlled Trial.

Rossi, Giordano Novak · 2023

No evidence of interactive effects between ayahuasca and CBD on emotion recognition or empathy tasks.

CBD lengthens sleep but shortens ripples and leads to intact simple but worse cumulative memory.

Samanta, Anumita · 2023

CBD extended the sleep period but changed properties of rest and non-REM sleep oscillations (delta, spindle, ripples).

The Potential of Salivary Lipid-Based Cannabis-Responsive Biomarkers to Evaluate Medical Cannabis Treatment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Siani-Rose, Michael · 2023

22 potential lipid-based cannabis-responsive biomarkers shifted toward typically developing (TD) physiological levels after medical cannabis treatment.

Cannabis-Responsive Biomarkers: A Pharmacometabolomics-Based Application to Evaluate the Impact of Medical Cannabis Treatment on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Siani-Rose, Michael · 2023

65 potential cannabis-responsive biomarkers shifted toward TD physiological levels in ASD children after medical cannabis treatment.

The Place of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Gynecological Pain.

Sinclair, Justin · 2023

Cannabis has a long history of use for menstrual and reproductive pain, predating modern medicine by centuries.

Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants.

Treyer, Andrea · 2023

If you take a blood thinner like warfarin and use cannabis, this study has important implications.

High-CBD cannabis extracts inhibit the expression of proinflammatory factors via miRNA-mediated silencing in human small intestinal epithelial cells.

Wang, Bo · 2023

The gut is increasingly recognized as a key site where cannabis compounds interact with the body, and inflammatory bowel conditions affect millions of people worldwide.

Phytocannabinoids in the Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis.

Wroński, Adam · 2023

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition where the immune system attacks healthy skin cells, causing red, scaly patches that can be painful and disfiguring.

A Phase I Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study on Efficacy and Safety Profile of a Sublingually Administered Cannabidiol /Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabidiol (10: 1) Regimen in Diabetes Type 2 Patients.

Afshar, Shima · 2022

After 8 weeks, the CBD/THC spray significantly reduced total cholesterol (treatment difference -19.73 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol, and HbA1c compared to placebo.

Brief Report: Suspected Cannabis-Induced Mania and Psychosis in Young Adult Males with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Al-Soleiti, Majd · 2022

All three patients had ASD and developed mania or psychotic symptoms after consistent cannabis use containing both CBD and THC.

The Effect of Cannabidiol Coated by Nano-Chitosan on Learning and Memory, Hippocampal CB1 and CB2 Levels, and Amyloid Plaques in an Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model.

Amini, Mohammadali · 2022

Nano-chitosan-coated CBD significantly reduced escape latency and travel distance in memory tests while increasing time in the target zone.

Medical cannabis and cannabidiol: A new harvest for Malawi.

Bandawe, Gama · 2022

CBD has an established role in treating epilepsy (FDA-approved Epidiolex) and emerging evidence for antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties, with the authors proposing potential adjunctive use for neuropsychological complications of malaria..

The Metabolic Efficacy of a Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) Derivative in Treating Diet- and Genetic-Induced Obesity.

Ben-Cnaan, Elad · 2022

EPM301 (40 mg/kg/day) produced weight loss, increased physical activity, and improved glycemic and lipid profiles in diet-induced obese mice.

Cannabidiol for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders in Young People: An Open-Label Trial.

Berger, Maximus · 2022

Mean OASIS anxiety scores decreased from 10.8 at baseline to 6.3 at week 12, a 42.6% reduction (p<0.001).

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.

Blevins, Lance K · 2022

Of 21 immune parameters tested, THC affected 11, followed by cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and CBD with the fewest effects.

Non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex modulates microglial inflammatory response through CB2 receptors-, endocannabinoids-, and NF-κB-mediated signaling.

Borgonetti, Vittoria · 2022

The cannabis extract significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in activated microglia, while pure CBD only partially reduced them and beta-caryophyllene was ineffective.

Differential Enantiomer-Specific Signaling of Cannabidiol at CB1 Receptors.

Bosquez-Berger, Taryn · 2022

(+)-CBD had a 5-fold lower inhibition constant for displacing a CB1 agonist and was approximately 10 times more potent at inhibiting depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE), a form of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity.

Acceptability of cannabidiol in patients with psychosis.

Chesney, Edward · 2022

86% of patients were willing to try CBD.

Pilot clinical and pharmacokinetic study of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/Cannabidiol (CBD) nanoparticle oro-buccal spray in patients with advanced cancer experiencing uncontrolled pain.

Clarke, Stephen · 2022

The water-soluble formulation produced dose-dependent plasma cannabinoid levels, with higher systemic exposure for THC than CBD.

Therapeutic properties of multi-cannabinoid treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease.

Coles, Madilyn · 2022

CBD reversed and prevented cognitive deficits in AD rodent models through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective mechanisms.

Cannabinoids in Late Life Parkinson's Disease and Dementia: Biological Pathways and Clinical Challenges.

Costa, Alana C · 2022

This review confronted a growing clinical reality: older adults with Parkinson's disease and dementia are increasingly using cannabinoids, but the evidence supporting this use is almost entirely preclinical.

Clinical and cognitive improvement following full-spectrum, high-cannabidiol treatment for anxiety: open-label data from a two-stage, phase 2 clinical trial.

Dahlgren, Mary Kathryn · 2022

Anxiety scores decreased significantly by week 4 (BAI: p<0.001; OASIS: p<0.001).

Cannabinoids Reduce Extracellular Vesicle Release from HIV-1 Infected Myeloid Cells and Inhibit Viral Transcription.

DeMarino, Catherine · 2022

CBD significantly reduced the concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from HIV-1 infected U1 monocytes and primary macrophages.

Immunosuppressive activity of non-psychoactive Cannabis sativa L. extract on the function of human T lymphocytes.

Devi, Seema · 2022

A cannabis extract with 14% CBD and 0.2% THC inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner without causing cell death.

Cannabidiol Interferes with Establishment of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Nausea Through a 5-HT1A Mechanism.

DeVuono, Marieka V · 2022

CBD (5 mg/kg) blocked the establishment of THC-induced conditioned gaping (a measure of nausea) in rats, and this effect was reversed by a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY-100635).

Effects of Rare Phytocannabinoids on the Endocannabinoid System of Human Keratinocytes.

Di Meo, Camilla · 2022

CBG, CBC, THCV, and CBGA each produced distinct patterns of gene and protein expression changes in ECS components of human keratinocytes.

The role of cannabinoids in neurodevelopmental disorders of children and adolescents.

Dias-de Freitas, F · 2022

CBD modulates the endocannabinoid system in developing brains through multiple mechanisms and appears to have anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and neuroprotective properties.

Regulation of DNA Methylation by Cannabidiol and Its Implications for Psychiatry: New Insights from In Vivo and In Silico Models.

Domingos, Luana B · 2022

CBD appears to regulate DNA methylation both directly, by binding to methylation enzymes (DNMTs), and indirectly, through neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways.

Understanding the Potential Benefits of Cannabidiol for Patients With Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review.

Dyck, Garrison J B · 2022

Studies suggest CBD may treat multiple symptom domains of schizophrenia: positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), negative symptoms (social withdrawal, flat affect), and cognitive deficits.

Cannabis sativa Extract Induces Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic 3D Cancer Models: Importance of Major Antioxidant Molecules Present Therein.

Emhemmed, Fathi · 2022

CBD emerged as the primary compound responsible for inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.

Broad-spectrum cannabis oil ameliorates reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model in mice.

Ferrarini, Eduarda Gomes · 2022

Oral broad-spectrum cannabis oil (0.1-3 mg/kg) inhibited both mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal allodynia in a single dose.

Medicinal cannabis in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review.

Fletcher, Sarah · 2022

Eight completed studies (five ongoing) showed substantial behavior and symptom improvement with medicinal cannabis in pediatric ASD, with 61-93% of subjects showing benefit.

Cannabidiol as a treatment for arthritis and joint pain: an exploratory cross-sectional study.

Frane, Nicholas · 2022

CBD use was associated with improvements in pain (83%), physical function (66%), and sleep quality (66%).

Cannabidiol impairs fear memory reconsolidation in female rats through dorsal hippocampus CB1 but not CB2 receptor interaction.

Franzen, Jaqueline M · 2022

Systemic CBD reduced freezing behavior for over a week in female rats when given during the reconsolidation window (within 6 hours of memory reactivation).

Improved Therapeutic Efficacy of CBD with Good Tolerance in the Treatment of Breast Cancer through Nanoencapsulation and in Combination with 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD).

Fu, Jingxin · 2022

CBD and 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD, from ginseng) co-loaded into liposomes (mean particle size 138.8 nm) achieved 82.2% tumor inhibition in mice bearing breast tumors (4T1 cells) with good tolerance.

Cannabis as an Anticancer Agent: A Review of Clinical Data and Assessment of Case Reports.

Guggisberg, Jordan · 2022

Of 207 pre-clinical articles, 107 contained original data showing anticancer activity.

A cannabinoid Hairy-Tale: Hair loss or hair gain?

Gupta, Aditya K · 2022

CBD appeared to promote hair growth, but the effect was concentration-dependent.

Examining the Use of Antidepressants for Adolescents with Depression/Anxiety Who Regularly Use Cannabis: A Narrative Review.

Hen-Shoval, Danielle · 2022

Almost all randomized clinical trials of antidepressants excluded participants using cannabis or other drugs, so the expected course of therapy in cannabis users is unknown.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral Effects of Cannabinoids in Inhibiting and Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Janecki, Marcin · 2022

Cannabinoids interact with multiple receptors (GPR55, TRPV1, PPARs, 5-HT1A, adenosine, glycine) beyond CB1/CB2 to produce anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects.

Cannabis, cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in sport: an overview.

Kennedy, Michael · 2022

CBD and THC do not enhance performance.

Adjunctive Management of Opioid Withdrawal with the Nonopioid Medication Cannabidiol.

Kudrich, Christopher · 2022

CBD has been reported to have anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, and analgesic properties, plus reduction of cue-induced craving for opioids, all highly relevant to withdrawal symptoms.

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Lichen Simplex Chronicus Successfully Treated with Topical Cannabinoid Oil: A Case Report and Summary of Cannabinoids in Dermatology.

Laborada, Jennifer · 2022

Both squamous cell carcinoma and lichen simplex chronicus resolved with topical application of 20% cannabidiol.

Cannabidiol in Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study.

Ma, Lucy · 2022

Treatment with full-spectrum CBD oil (20 mg CBD/<1 mg THC per mL), titrated from 0.1 mL to 0.5 mL twice daily, resulted in reduced violent outbursts, self-injurious behaviors, and sleep disruptions.

A Survey of Topical Cannabis Use in Canada.

Mahmood, Farhan · 2022

Among survey respondents, 24.3% had used cannabis topically at least once.

Topical cannabidiol (CBD) in skin pathology - A comprehensive review and prospects for new therapeutic opportunities.

Makhakhe, Lehlohonolo · 2022

With the discovery of cannabinoid receptors on the skin, topical cannabis has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-itching, analgesic, wound healing, and anti-proliferative effects.

Cannabis for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Report of 3 Cases.

Mansell, Holly · 2022

Semistructured interviews and validated rating scales showed improvements in PHQ-9 depression scores (8-22 points, 30-81%), SCARED anxiety scores (0-27 points, up to 33%), CEER-9 regulation scores (2-7 points, 22-78%), and SNAP-9 inattention scores (2-8 points, 7-30%).

Safety and Tolerability of Oral Cannabinoids in People Living with HIV on Long-Term ART: A Randomized, Open-Label, Interventional Pilot Clinical Trial (CTNPT 028).

Mboumba Bouassa, Ralph-Sydney · 2022

Eight of ten HIV-positive participants completed 12 weeks of treatment.

CBD-mediated regulation of heroin withdrawal-induced behavioural and molecular changes in mice.

Navarrete, Francisco · 2022

Mice given CBD (10 and 20 mg/kg) during spontaneous heroin withdrawal showed significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior, motor hyperactivity, and somatic withdrawal signs compared to untreated heroin-dependent mice..

Oral cannabidiol for prevention of acute and transient chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Nielsen, Sebastian W · 2022

CBD-treated patients receiving CAPOX or Carbo-Tax chemotherapy showed significantly better high-frequency vibrometry scores compared to controls.

Insomnia treatment: a new multitasking natural compound based on melatonin and cannabis extracts.

Palmieri, G · 2022

PSQI (sleep quality) and HAM-A (anxiety) scores showed significant improvements.

Prediction of Carboxylesterase 1-mediated In Vivo Drug Interaction between Methylphenidate and Cannabinoids using Static and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models.

Qian, Yuli · 2022

Both THC and CBD reversibly inhibited the CES1 enzyme that metabolizes methylphenidate.

In Vitro Effects of Cannabidiol on Activated Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Major Depressive Patients and Healthy Controls.

Rachayon, Muanpetch · 2022

CBD at 0.1 mcg/mL had no immune effects.

Dissociable changes in spike and wave discharges following exposure to injected cannabinoids and smoked cannabis in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg.

Roebuck, Andrew J · 2022

Absence epilepsy causes brief seizure episodes (staring spells) characterized by distinctive spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) on EEG.

Is Cannabis Legalization Eliciting Abusive Behaviors in Parents? A Case Report.

Russo, Marianna · 2022

A 4-year-old with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis tested positive for cannabis and other substances during investigation of treatment-resistant behavioral disturbances.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Exercise Physiology and Bioenergetics: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial.

Sahinovic, Ayshe · 2022

CBD appeared to increase VO2 during steady-state running, ratings of pleasure, and blood lactate.

Cannabidiol-Treated Ovariectomized Mice Show Improved Glucose, Energy, and Bone Metabolism With a Bloom in Lactobacillus.

Sui, Ke · 2022

CBD-treated ovariectomized mice had improved oral glucose tolerance, increased energy expenditure, and improved bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture.

Evaluation of Cannabis and Cannabinoid Product Use, Knowledge, and Attitudes in the Eczema Community.

Whiting, Cleo · 2022

100% of respondents supported medical cannabis use.

Differential Effects of D9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- and Cannabidiol (CBD)-Based Cannabinoid Treatments on Macrophage Immune Function In Vitro and on Gastrointestinal Inflammation in a Murine Model.

Yekhtin, Zhanna · 2022

Both pure cannabinoids and cannabis extracts inhibited macrophage nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine release and reduced expression of cell surface inflammatory markers in vitro.

Chronic administration of synthetic cannabidiol induces antidepressant effects involving modulation of serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the hippocampus.

Abame, Melkamu Alemu · 2021

Only the high dose (100 mg/kg) produced antidepressant effects in the forced swim test after 7 days of administration.

Cannabidiol Modulates the Motivational and Anxiety-Like Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in Mice.

Alegre-Zurano, Laia · 2021

CBD (20 mg/kg) reduced MDPV-induced conditioned place preference.

Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2021

This study combined lab work and real patient data to examine whether CBD interacts with common antidepressants.

Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2021

Screening identified CBGA, CBDVA, and CBGVA as novel anticonvulsants.

Cannabis constituents interact at the drug efflux pump BCRP to markedly increase plasma cannabidiolic acid concentrations.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2021

Plasma CBDA concentrations were 14-fold higher from cannabis extract versus isolated CBDA at the same dose.

Assessment of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiol in Mouse Models of Medulloblastoma and Ependymoma.

Andradas, Clara · 2021

THC and CBD induced dose-dependent cell death in medulloblastoma and ependymoma cell lines, with synergistic effects in combination.

Cannabis compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in COVID-19-related inflammation in lung epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages.

Anil, Seegehalli M · 2021

The cannabis fraction (FCBD, containing CBD, CBG, and THCV) dose-dependently reduced IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL7, and ACE2 expression in A549 lung epithelial cells.

Efficacy of Cannabidiol for Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Psychotic Symptoms, Schizophrenia, and Cannabis Use Disorders: A Narrative Review.

Bartoli, Francesco · 2021

Across 10 clinical studies, CBD appeared to reduce psychotic-like symptoms triggered by THC in healthy volunteers and positive symptoms in people with schizophrenia.

CBD-enriched cannabis for autism spectrum disorder: an experience of a single center in Turkey and reviews of the literature.

Bilge, Serap · 2021

Among 33 children treated with CBD-enriched cannabis (average 0.7 mg/kg/day), 32.2% showed decreased behavioral problems, 22.5% improved in expressive language, 12.9% improved in cognition, and 9.6% increased social interaction.

Substituting Cannabidiol for Opioids and Pain Medications Among Individuals With Fibromyalgia: A Large Online Survey.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2021

72% of CBD-using fibromyalgia patients substituted CBD for medications: NSAIDs (59%), opioids (53.3%), gabapentinoids (35%), and benzodiazepines (23.1%).

Cannabidiol Use for Fibromyalgia: Prevalence of Use and Perceptions of Effectiveness in a Large Online Survey.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2021

Among 2,701 fibromyalgia patients, 32.4% currently used CBD and 29.4% had used it previously.

Cannabis and Athletic Performance.

Burr, Jamie F · 2021

Whole cannabis and THC generally show null or detrimental effects on exercise performance.

Cannabidiol-enriched medical cannabis as add-on therapy in children with treatment-resistant West syndrome: A study of eight patients.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2021

Of 8 children with treatment-resistant West syndrome treated with CBD:THC (25:1 ratio), 2 had 75-99% seizure reduction, 2 had 50-74% reduction, 3 had less than 50% reduction, and 1 had no change.

Regarding the Mechanisms of Promiscuous Cannabinoid Pharmacology: An Elephant Has Entered the Room.

Cogan, Peter S · 2021

Recent research shows CBD can form colloidal dispersions in aqueous solutions, which are known to cause nonspecific effects in biochemical assays.

Emerging potential of cannabidiol in reversing proteinopathies.

Dash, Raju · 2021

CBD has been shown in preclinical models to reduce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding across multiple neurodegenerative disease models.

Crosstalk between the transcriptional regulation of dopamine D2 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors in schizophrenia: Analyses in patients and in perinatal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-exposed rats.

Di Bartolomeo, Martina · 2021

Perinatal THC exposure increased both Cnr1 (CB1) and Drd2 (D2 receptor) mRNA levels in the adult rat prefrontal cortex, with reduced DNA methylation at the Drd2 regulatory region.

A pilot randomised placebo-controlled trial of cannabidiol to reduce severe behavioural problems in children and adolescents with intellectual disability.

Efron, Daryl · 2021

All eight randomized children completed the full 8-week protocol.

Cannabidiol Modulates Behavioural and Gene Expression Alterations Induced by Spontaneous Cocaine Withdrawal.

Gasparyan, Ani · 2021

Mice undergoing spontaneous cocaine withdrawal showed increased motor activity, somatic signs, and anxiety.

Cannabidiolic acid exhibits entourage-like improvements of anticonvulsant activity in an acute rat model of seizures.

Goerl, Brett · 2021

In the maximal electroshock seizure test, Chylobinoid (CBDa plus minor cannabinoids) had an ED50 of 76.7 mg/kg, Mg-CBDa (purified) had an ED50 of 115.4 mg/kg, and CBD had an ED50 of 68.8 mg/kg.

The effect of cannabis toxicity on a model microbiome bacterium epitomized by a panel of bioluminescent E. coli.

Harpaz, Dorin · 2021

Only THC and THCA produced genotoxic (DNA-damaging) effects on E.

A phase I trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered as single-dose oil solution and single and multiple doses of a sublingual wafer in healthy volunteers.

Hosseini, Adele · 2021

CBD sublingual wafer bioavailability was comparable to oil solution (90% CI: 83-131%).

Cannabidiol enhances verbal episodic memory in healthy young participants: A randomized clinical trial.

Hotz, Janine · 2021

CBD enhanced verbal episodic memory performance compared to placebo (7.71 vs.

Cannabis and cannabidiol use among autistic and non-autistic adults in the UK: a propensity score-matched analysis.

Hua, Daniel Ying-Heng · 2021

Autistic participants were more likely to use CBD (OR=3.52, p=0.002) and used it on more days (34 vs.

Cannabidiol Exposure During the Mouse Adolescent Period Is Without Harmful Behavioral Effects on Locomotor Activity, Anxiety, and Spatial Memory.

Kaplan, J S · 2021

Prolonged adolescent CBD exposure (20 mg/kg twice daily, days 25-45) had no detrimental effects on locomotor activity, anxiety behavior (elevated plus maze), or spatial memory (Barnes Maze) compared to vehicle-treated mice.

Hempseed (Cannabis sativa) offers effective alternative over statins in ameliorating hypercholesterolemia associated nephropathy.

Kaur, Simarpreet · 2021

Hempseed lipid extract (HEMP) improved lipid profiles and morphological signs of high cholesterol, and was safer than simvastatin for liver and kidney function markers.

Cannabidiol Cigarettes as Adjunctive Treatment for Psychotic Disorders - A Randomized, Open-Label Pilot-Study.

Köck, Patrick · 2021

No significant group differences on primary outcomes (PANSS, BDI) after 4 weeks.

Use of Cannabis in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.

Koren, Gideon · 2021

All 5 cases (2 children, 3 young adults) with FASD and severe disruptive behavior showed significant improvement after cannabis use, primarily CBD.

Cannabidiol treatment in an adolescent with multiple substance abuse, social anxiety and depression.

Laczkovics, Clarissa · 2021

After unsuccessful antidepressant treatment, the patient received escalating CBD doses (100-600mg over 8 weeks).

Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabidiol but Not Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rat Hippocampal Slices Exposed to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation: Studies with Cannabis Extracts and Selected Cannabinoids.

Landucci, Elisa · 2021

CBD and the CBD-rich FM2 extract protected against ischemic brain damage in hippocampal slices.

Cannabidiol prevents several of the behavioral alterations related to cocaine addiction in mice.

Ledesma, Juan Carlos · 2021

CBD (30-120mg/kg) did not produce rewarding effects on its own and did not affect cocaine reward acquisition, expression, or extinction.

N-linoleyltyrosine exerts neuroprotective effects in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via cannabinoid receptor-mediated autophagy.

Long, Chun-Mei · 2021

N-linoleyltyrosine (NITyr) improved motor coordination and spatial memory in APP/PS1 mice, reduced amyloid-beta levels in the hippocampus, and upregulated autophagy markers.

Cannabidiol Confers Neuroprotection in Rats in a Model of Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia: Impact of Hippocampal Synaptic Neuroplasticity.

Meyer, Erika · 2021

CBD (10 mg/kg) attenuated ischemia-induced memory deficits in both radial maze and object location tasks.

Case Report: CBD Cigarettes for Harm Reduction and Adjunctive Therapy in a Patient With Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder.

Meyer, Maximilian · 2021

After years of treatment failure with 30 hospitalizations, introducing CBD cigarettes (<1% THC) as adjunctive therapy, combined with off-label methylphenidate, led the patient to report significantly less need for illegal high-THC cannabis.

Differential contribution of CB1, CB2, 5-HT1A, and PPAR-γ receptors to cannabidiol effects on ischemia-induced emotional and cognitive impairments.

Mori, Marco Aurélio · 2021

CBD prevented anxiety-like behavior, memory impairments, and despair-like behaviors after cerebral ischemia.

Cannabidiol modulation of hippocampal glutamate in early psychosis.

O'Neill, Aisling · 2021

Compared to placebo, CBD produced a significant increase in hippocampal glutamate (p=0.035) and a significantly greater decrease in symptom severity on the PANSS scale (p=0.032).

Normalization of mediotemporal and prefrontal activity, and mediotemporal-striatal connectivity, may underlie antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol in psychosis.

O'Neill, Aisling · 2021

Psychosis patients on placebo showed altered prefrontal activation during verbal encoding and altered mediotemporal and prefrontal activation during recall, along with greater hippocampal-striatal connectivity.

Cannabidiol prevents disruptions in sensorimotor gating induced by psychotomimetic drugs that last for 24-h with probable involvement of epigenetic changes in the ventral striatum.

Pedrazzi, João F C · 2021

CBD (30 and 60 mg/kg) attenuated amphetamine- and MK-801-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition, similar to clozapine.

Short and long-term neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol after neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy.

Perez, Matheus · 2021

CBD increased spinal motor neuron survival by approximately 54% at both 5 days and 8 weeks post-injury.

Female but not male rats show biphasic effects of low doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety: can cannabidiol interfere with these effects?

Salviato, Beatriz Zanutto · 2021

This study revealed a striking sex difference that most cannabis research has missed by testing only males.

Cannabidiol selectively modulates interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production in toll-like receptor activated human peripheral blood monocytes.

Sermet, Sera · 2021

CBD (0.5-10 μM) significantly suppressed IL-1β secretion across most toll-like receptor pathways and modulated IL-6 production, while 11 other immune mediators remained largely unaffected, revealing a highly selective anti-inflammatory profile..

Two-center experience of cannabidiol use in adults with Dravet syndrome.

Silvennoinen, Katri · 2021

Among 17 evaluable adults with Dravet syndrome treated with CBD (up to 20 mg/kg), 3 (17.6%) achieved greater than 30% reduction in convulsive seizures (range 87.5-100%), while adverse effects occurred in all patients, with transaminitis in 52.9% and behavioral side effects leading to discontinuation in 16.7%..

Endocannabinoid Levels in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Correlate With Clinical Parameters and Are Affected by Cannabis Consumption.

Tartakover Matalon, Shelly · 2021

In UC patients treated with placebo, levels of PEA, AEA, and arachidonic acid decreased significantly over 8 weeks, while levels remained stable in cannabis-treated UC patients.

The Impact of Marijuana on Antidepressant Treatment in Adolescents: Clinical and Pharmacologic Considerations.

Vaughn, Samuel E · 2021

CBD and THC inhibit cytochrome enzymes (particularly CYP2C19) that metabolize SSRIs.

A pilot safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic study of an oro-buccal administered cannabidiol-dominant anti-inflammatory formulation in healthy individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled single-blinded study.

Vitetta, Luis · 2021

The nanoparticle CBD spray met primary outcomes for safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics.

Developmental cannabidiol exposure increases anxiety and modifies genome-wide brain DNA methylation in adult female mice.

Wanner, Nicole M · 2021

F1 offspring exposed to CBD during development exhibited increased anxiety and improved memory in a sex-specific manner.

Global brain network dynamics predict therapeutic responsiveness to cannabidiol treatment for refractory epilepsy.

Anderson, David E · 2020

Patients who achieved >70% seizure reduction (responders) showed increased network integration (higher global efficiency, lower degree) and increased segregation (higher modularity) in the beta frequency band compared to non-responders.

Interactions between cannabidiol and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in modulating seizure susceptibility and survival in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2020

CBD (100 mg/kg) alone was anticonvulsant against heat-induced seizures.

Cannabidiol disrupts conditioned fear expression and cannabidiolic acid reduces trauma-induced anxiety-related behaviour in mice.

Assareh, Neda · 2020

CBD disrupted cued fear memory expression (conditioned fear response) but did not affect generalized anxiety.

A Case of Toxicity from Cannabidiol Gummy Ingestion.

Bass, Jessica · 2020

After consuming 370mg of CBD gummies (from two packages, well above the 30mg serving size), the patient developed slurred speech, vomiting, respiratory depression (O2 sat 78-84%), sinus bradycardia (HR 47), and hypotension (BP 88/52).

The effects of acute cannabidiol on cerebral blood flow and its relationship to memory: An arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging study.

Bloomfield, Michael A P · 2020

CBD increased cerebral blood flow in the hippocampus by an average of 15 mL/100g/min compared to placebo (Cohen's d = 0.75, p = 0.004).

Potential Adverse Drug Events with Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Due to Drug-Drug Interactions.

Brown, Joshua D · 2020

This review mapped out the pharmacological interactions between THC and other medications, revealing a more complex picture than most cannabis users — or their doctors — appreciate.

Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia pain: a critical review of recent studies (2015-2019).

Cameron, Erinn C · 2020

Five studies using six different cannabis treatments (including nabilone, dronabinol, Bedrocan, Bediol, CBD, and medical cannabis) showed generally favorable patient-reported outcomes for fibromyalgia pain.

The Synthetic Cannabinoid URB447 Reduces Brain Injury and the Associated White Matter Demyelination after Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Rats.

Carloni, Silvia · 2020

URB447 strongly reduced brain injury when given before hypoxia-ischemia.

Cannabis and Canabidinoids on the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Going Beyond Misuse.

Carvalho, Antonelly Cassio Alves de · 2020

Cannabis use was associated with improvement in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease symptom scores and quality of life across reviewed studies.

Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in anxiety, depression, and dysregulation of emotion in humans.

Chadwick, Verity L · 2020

Some evidence suggests cannabinoids, CBD, or CBD-enriched cannabis have anxiety-reducing properties.

Cannabidiol increases the nociceptive threshold in a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease.

Crivelaro do Nascimento, Glauce · 2020

The Parkinson's model (6-OHDA) decreased thermal and mechanical pain thresholds.

Cannabinoid-profiled agents improve cell survival via reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and Nrf2 activation in a toxic model combining hyperglycemia+Aβ1-42 peptide in rat hippocampal neurons.

Elmazoglu, Zubeyir · 2020

All five cannabinoid agents preserved cell viability, stimulated mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced oxidative damage and inflammation.

The "Entourage Effect": Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders.

Ferber, Sari Goldstein · 2020

The endocannabinoid system is involved in depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorders, and the review proposes that terpenes found in cannabis (such as those also in lavender oil) may enhance cannabinoid therapeutic effects through complementary receptor mechanisms..

Cannabidiol attenuates the rewarding effects of cocaine in rats by CB2, 5-HT1A and TRPV1 receptor mechanisms.

Galaj, Ewa · 2020

CBD (10-40 mg/kg) reduced cocaine self-administration, shifted the cocaine dose-response curve downward, and lowered break-points for cocaine seeking.

Safety and pharmacokinetics of medical cannabis preparation in a monocentric series of young patients with drug resistant epilepsy.

Gherzi, Marcella · 2020

The cannabis preparation was generally well tolerated, with adverse events in 6 of 10 patients (mostly GI, sleep, or behavioral issues).

Acute effects of cannabinoids on symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A human laboratory study.

Kayser, Reilly R · 2020

Fourteen adults with OCD underwent symptom provocation after smoking cannabis with high THC, high CBD, or placebo in a crossover design.

Medicinal Use of Cannabis in Children and Pregnant Women.

Koren, Gideon · 2020

The review identified early-stage evidence for medical cannabis in three populations typically excluded from research: children with autism spectrum disorder (reduced behavioral symptoms), children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (improved behavioral outcomes), and pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum (reduced severe nausea)..

Safety and Molecular-Toxicological Implications of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Methylsulfonylmethane Co-Administration.

Kutanzi, Kristy R · 2020

Researchers gave mice a high-dose cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) alongside methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a popular over-the-counter supplement often taken for joint pain.

The acute effects of cannabidiol on the neural correlates of reward anticipation and feedback in healthy volunteers.

Lawn, Will · 2020

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 23 healthy participants showed no differences in reward-related brain activity (measured by fMRI during a monetary incentive delay task) after 600mg CBD compared to placebo.

Safety and Tolerability of Cannabidiol in Parkinson Disease: An Open Label, Dose-Escalation Study.

Leehey, Maureen A · 2020

Thirteen Parkinson disease patients taking CBD at 20-25 mg/kg/day showed significant improvement in total MDS-UPDRS scores (17.8% decrease, p=0.012) and motor scores (24.7% decrease, p=0.004).

Cannabidiol and Sports Performance: a Narrative Review of Relevant Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research.

McCartney, Danielle · 2020

Preclinical studies show CBD has anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic properties potentially beneficial for athletes.

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Medical Cannabis: Review and Clinical Experience.

Mostafavi, Mojdeh · 2020

The review found emerging preclinical evidence linking the endocannabinoid system to ASD pathophysiology and limited clinical data suggesting cannabis and CBD may improve core symptoms (social interaction, communication), noncore behaviors (aggression, self-injury), and comorbidities.

Response to cannabidiol in epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures associated with KCNT1 mutations: An open-label, prospective, interventional study.

Poisson, Kelsey · 2020

Three patients with EIMFS secondary to KCNT1 mutations received pharmaceutical-grade CBD.

A pediatric patient with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy using cannabinoid extracts as complementary therapy: a case report.

Ponton, Juliana Andrea · 2020

A 15-year-old boy with autism, selective mutism, anxiety, and controlled epilepsy was prescribed CBD-based extract to potentially replace seizure medications.

Effect of Cannabinoids on Electroencephalography of a Child with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.

Prakash, Vikram · 2020

A 9-year-old boy with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome of unknown etiology treated with highly purified CBD (Epidiolex) achieved complete seizure control and near-normalization of EEG background activity.

Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil Does Not Display an Entourage Effect in Reducing Cancer Cell Viability in vitro.

Raup-Konsavage, Wesley M · 2020

Pure CBD (10 μM) reduced cell viability in 3 of 6 cancer cell lines tested.

Effects of co-administration of rapamycin and evening primrose/hemp seed oil supplement on immunologic factors and cell membrane fatty acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Rezapour-Firouzi, Soheila · 2020

In a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), researchers tested whether evening primrose oil combined with hemp seed oil (EPO/HSO) could improve immune function, and how it compared to rapamycin, an established immunosuppressant. The EPO/HSO combination improved the fatty acid composition of spleen and blood cell membranes, increasing the incorporation of beneficial omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

CBD modulates DNA methylation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice exposed to forced swim.

Sales, Amanda J · 2020

CBD (10 mg/kg) produced antidepressant-like behavior in the forced swim test.

Cannabidiol (CBD) modulation of apelin in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Salles, Évila Lopes · 2020

Using intranasal Poly(I:C) to mimic viral ARDS in mice, researchers found that ARDS significantly decreased apelin expression in blood and lung tissue.

Drug-Drug Interactions Between Cannabidiol and Lithium.

Singh, Rani K · 2020

An autistic patient with LGS and psychiatric comorbidities on multiple medications including lithium developed hypersomnolence, ataxia, and decreased oral intake several weeks after starting CBD.

Potential Probiotic or Trigger of Gut Inflammation - The Janus-Faced Nature of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract.

Skinner, Charles M · 2020

CBD-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) at multiple doses substantially increased the gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila (currently considered probiotic) in mouse fecal samples.

Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist promotes parameters implicated in mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Tartakover Matalon, Shelly · 2020

In inflamed colon tissue from 16 IBD patients, the CB2 agonist JWH-133 increased epithelial cell proliferation by more than 50%, reduced programmed cell death, and lowered MMP9 activity and IL-8 levels, all of which are associated with mucosal healing..

Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract Microdepots Support Controlled Release of Multiple Phytocannabinoids for Extended Therapeutic Effect.

Uziel, Almog · 2020

Subcutaneously injected microdepots released CBD and other phytocannabinoids over 14+ days, maintaining elevated serum levels.

Antidepressant-Like Effect of Terpineol in an Inflammatory Model of Depression: Involvement of the Cannabinoid System and D2 Dopamine Receptor.

Vieira, Graziela · 2020

Terpineol at 100-200 mg/kg reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test.

Subacute cannabidiol alters genome-wide DNA methylation in adult mouse hippocampus.

Wanner, Nicole M · 2020

CBD-treated mice had 3,323 differentially methylated loci with a slight skew toward global hypomethylation.

Chronic cannabidiol (CBD) treatment did not exhibit beneficial effects in 4-month-old male TAU58/2 transgenic mice.

Watt, Georgia · 2020

TAU58/2 transgenic mice showed reduced body weight, reduced anxiety, impaired motor function, and increased freezing in fear conditioning compared to wildtype.

In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.

Zagzoog, Ayat · 2020

THC, THCA, THCV, CBD, CBDA, CBDV, CBG, and CBC were tested for receptor binding, cAMP inhibition, beta-arrestin2 recruitment, and in vivo effects.

Current state of evidence of cannabis utilization for treatment of autism spectrum disorders.

Agarwal, Rumi · 2019

Only five small studies have specifically examined cannabis use in autism spectrum disorders.

Combination of Cannabinoids, Δ9- Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol, Ameliorates Experimental Multiple Sclerosis by Suppressing Neuroinflammation Through Regulation of miRNA-Mediated Signaling Pathways.

Al-Ghezi, Zinah Zamil · 2019

THC+CBD combination (10 mg/kg each) attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by reducing brain-infiltrating inflammatory T cells and pro-inflammatory molecules while increasing anti-inflammatory markers.

Combination of cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by altering the gut microbiome.

Al-Ghezi, Zinah Zamil · 2019

THC+CBD treatment reduced a mucin-degrading gut bacterium (Akkermansia muciniphila) that was elevated in EAE mice, lowered brain LPS levels, and increased beneficial short-chain fatty acids.

Cannabidiol improves vocal learning-dependent recovery from, and reduces magnitude of deficits following, damage to a cortical-like brain region in a songbird pre-clinical animal model.

Alalawi, Ali · 2019

CBD at 10 and 100 mg/kg effectively reduced the time required to recover vocal phonology and syntax after brain microlesions in zebra finches.

β-Caryophyllene, a CB2-Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain.

Aly, Esraa · 2019

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) prevented the development of mechanical allodynia when co-administered with the NRTI zalcitabine and attenuated established pain through CB2 receptor activation.

Brief Report: Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Severe Behavioral Problems-A Retrospective Feasibility Study.

Aran, Adi · 2019

Following CBD-rich cannabis treatment, behavioral outbreaks were "much improved" or "very much improved" in 61% of 60 children with ASD and severe behavioral problems, as rated by caregivers on the Clinical Global Impression of Change scale.

The Potential of Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Psychosis and Addiction: Who Benefits Most? A Systematic Review.

Batalla, Albert · 2019

CBD as monotherapy or adjunct to antipsychotics improved symptoms in schizophrenia patients, with particularly promising effects in early-stage illness.

Experimental Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Activation by Phyto-Derived and Synthetic Cannabinoid Ligands in LPS-Induced Interstitial Cystitis in Mice.

Berger, Geraint · 2019

Both beta-caryophyllene (BCP) and the synthetic CB2 agonist HU308 significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion in bladder venules and improved capillary perfusion when instilled directly into the bladder.

Cannabidiol (CBD) use in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review.

Bonaccorso, Stefania · 2019

From 1,301 screened papers, 27 met inclusion criteria (RCTs of CBD for psychiatric disorders).

Cannabidiol Treatment Might Promote Resilience to Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use Disorders: A Review of Possible Mechanisms.

Calpe-López, Claudia · 2019

CBD reversed cocaine-induced toxicity and seizures, blocked amphetamine behavioral sensitization, reduced cocaine and methamphetamine self-administration, promoted extinction of drug-place associations, and prevented stress- and drug-induced reinstatement.

Cannabis for refractory epilepsy in children: A review focusing on CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder.

Dale, Tristan · 2019

Evidence supports cannabinoids for refractory epilepsies similar to CDD (Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut syndromes).

Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabidiol for Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Damages on the Liver and the Brain.

De Ternay, Julia · 2019

In animal models, CBD reduced overall alcohol drinking by decreasing ethanol intake, motivation for ethanol, relapse, anxiety, and impulsivity.

Effects of CBD-Enriched Cannabis sativa Extract on Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms: An Observational Study of 18 Participants Undergoing Compassionate Use.

Fleury-Teixeira, Paulo · 2019

Of 15 patients who adhered to treatment, 14 showed improvement in at least one of eight symptom categories.

Marijuana-Derived Cannabinoids Trigger a CB2/PI3K Axis of Suppression of the Innate Response to Oral Pathogens.

Gu, Zhen · 2019

All three major phytocannabinoids (CBD, CBN, THC) at physiological doses suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine release (IL-12, IL-6, IL-8, TNF) and enhanced anti-inflammatory IL-10 in response to three oral pathogens.

Cannabis, a potential treatment option in pediatric IBD? Still a long way to go.

Halbmeijer, Nienke · 2019

Cannabis may relieve IBD symptoms and improve quality of life in individual patients.

Cannabidiol (CBD) for Treatment of Neurofibromatosis-related Pain and Concomitant Mood Disorder: A Case Report.

Hegazy, Omar · 2019

CBD was used to manage chronic pain from neurofibromas and associated mood disorder (depression and anxiety) in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1, leveraging its reported anti-inflammatory, analgesic, mood-stabilizing, and anxiolytic properties..

Cannabis Oil Use by Adolescents and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Hoffenberg, Edward J · 2019

15 cannabis oil users and 67 non-users had similar clinical characteristics and pain/appetite scores.

Cannabidiol Counteracts the Psychotropic Side-Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the Ventral Hippocampus through Bidirectional Control of ERK1-2 Phosphorylation.

Hudson, Roger · 2019

Intra-hippocampal THC increased VTA dopamine neuron firing and bursting, decreased GABA frequency, and amplified oscillatory activity via ERK1-2 phosphorylation.

Cannabidiol attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via serotonergic system activation through 5-HT1A receptors.

Jesus, Carlos Henrique Alves · 2019

Acute CBD (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) reduced mechanical allodynia in diabetic rats.

Marijuana use among patients with epilepsy at a tertiary care center.

Kerr, Alysse · 2019

87.2% used cannabis to treat epilepsy.

Cannabinoids Reduce Inflammation but Inhibit Lymphocyte Recovery in Murine Models of Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Khuja, Iman · 2019

In an allogeneic transplant model, THC-high and CBD-high cannabis extracts reduced GVHD severity and improved survival better than pure cannabinoids.

Prospective evaluation of oral cannabis extracts in children with epilepsy.

Knupp, Kelly G · 2019

The 24% responder rate (50%+ seizure reduction) matched placebo rates from formal clinical trials.

A Novel Standardized Cannabis sativa L. Extract and Its Constituent Cannabidiol Inhibit Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions.

Mabou Tagne, Alex · 2019

Both CM5 (5% CBD cannabis extract) and pure CBD inhibited polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration, ROS production, and TNF-alpha production.

The safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of PTL-101, an oral cannabidiol formulation, in pediatric intractable epilepsy: A phase II, open-label, single-center study.

Mitelpunkt, Alexis · 2019

Median seizure count reduced by 81.9% from baseline.

Cannabidiol improves behavioural and neurochemical deficits in adult female offspring of the maternal immune activation (poly I:C) model of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Osborne, Ashleigh L · 2019

Three weeks of CBD treatment (10 mg/kg) restored recognition memory and social interaction in female poly I:C offspring.

Pure delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its combination with cannabidiol in treatment-resistant Tourette syndrome: A case report.

Pichler, Eva-Maria · 2019

Standard antipsychotic treatments (risperidone, aripiprazole) and pure delta-9-THC had no significant effect on tics.

Purified Cannabidiol for Treatment of Refractory Epilepsies in Pediatric Patients with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy.

Pietrafusa, Nicola · 2019

Eleven of 29 patients (37.9%) achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction.

Cannabidiol as a suggested candidate for treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

Poleg, Shani · 2019

ASD has no effective treatment for core symptoms.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Diabetes Outcomes and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Comorbidities in Middle-Aged Rats.

Santiago, Amanda Nunes · 2019

Diabetes worsened cognitive deficits from chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in middle-aged rats.

Efficacy of Cannabinoids in a Pre-Clinical Drug-Screening Platform for Alzheimer's Disease.

Schubert, David · 2019

Nine of 11 cannabinoids protected cells in four distinct neurodegeneration assays (proteotoxicity, trophic loss, oxidative stress, energy loss).

Peripubertal cannabidiol treatment rescues behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in the MAM model of schizophrenia.

Stark, Tibor · 2019

Peripubertal CBD treatment (30 mg/kg/day from PND 19-39) reversed social interaction deficits and cognitive impairment in MAM rats.