Cannabis Legalization Cut Drug Seizures and Modestly Reduced Racial Disparities

Adult-use cannabis legalization significantly reduced overall drug seizures, primarily by eliminating cannabis seizures, and modestly reduced the Black-white disparity in cannabis seizures.

Montgomery, Barrett Wallace et al.·The International journal on drug policy·2025·Strong EvidenceRetrospective Cohort
RTHC-07175Retrospective CohortStrong Evidence2025RETHINKTHC RESEARCH DATABASErethinkthc.com/research

Quick Facts

Study Type
Retrospective Cohort
Evidence
Strong Evidence
Sample
Not reported

What This Study Found

Cannabis legalization significantly reduced overall drug seizures, driven by large drops in cannabis seizures. The Black-white risk ratio for cannabis seizures decreased significantly, though Black individuals remained at higher risk for all drug seizure types. Non-cannabis seizures were mostly unchanged, except methamphetamine seizures increased.

Key Numbers

16 states analyzed, 95%+ population coverage, 2017-2022. Significant reduction in cannabis seizures. Moderate but significant decrease in Black-white cannabis seizure disparity. Methamphetamine seizures increased.

How They Did This

Difference-in-differences analysis of NIBRS drug seizure data from 16 states with 95%+ population coverage (2017-2022), comparing states that legalized to those that did not.

Why This Research Matters

Drug seizures represent the sharp end of drug enforcement policy. This study provides the first evidence on how legalization changes police behavior regarding seizures, not just arrests.

The Bigger Picture

Legalization reforms one piece of the criminal justice puzzle, but racial disparities persist across other drug categories. The methamphetamine seizure increase suggests police may redirect enforcement rather than reduce it overall.

What This Study Doesn't Tell Us

NIBRS data has reporting limitations. Cannot determine whether reduced seizures reflect reduced enforcement or reduced cannabis activity. Methamphetamine increase may be confounded by supply trends.

Questions This Raises

  • ?Why did methamphetamine seizures increase after cannabis legalization?
  • ?Will racial disparities in cannabis seizures continue to narrow?
  • ?Does reduced enforcement change community-police relationships?

Trust & Context

Key Stat:
Legalization reduced cannabis seizures and Black-white enforcement disparities
Evidence Grade:
Robust quasi-experimental design with extensive population coverage, though NIBRS reporting limitations apply.
Study Age:
2025 study analyzing 2017-2022 national incident data.
Original Title:
State adult-use cannabis policy effects on law enforcement efforts to disrupt drug markets.
Published In:
The International journal on drug policy, 140, 104802 (2025)
Database ID:
RTHC-07175

Evidence Hierarchy

Meta-Analysis / Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Cohort / Case-ControlFollows or compares groups over time
This study
Cross-Sectional / Observational
Case Report / Animal Study

Looks back at existing records to find patterns.

What do these levels mean? →

Frequently Asked Questions

Does cannabis legalization reduce police drug enforcement?

Yes. This study found legalization significantly reduced overall drug seizures, primarily through eliminating cannabis seizures. However, police may redirect effort, as methamphetamine seizures actually increased.

Does legalization reduce racial disparities in drug enforcement?

For cannabis specifically, legalization modestly reduced the Black-white seizure disparity. However, Black individuals remained at higher risk for seizures of all drug types, showing that broader enforcement biases persist.

Read More on RethinkTHC

Cite This Study

RTHC-07175·https://rethinkthc.com/research/RTHC-07175

APA

Montgomery, Barrett Wallace; Athimuthu, Pranav; Richardson, Nicholas; Ray, Bradley. (2025). State adult-use cannabis policy effects on law enforcement efforts to disrupt drug markets.. The International journal on drug policy, 140, 104802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104802

MLA

Montgomery, Barrett Wallace, et al. "State adult-use cannabis policy effects on law enforcement efforts to disrupt drug markets.." The International journal on drug policy, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104802

RethinkTHC

RethinkTHC Research Database. "State adult-use cannabis policy effects on law enforcement e..." RTHC-07175. Retrieved from https://rethinkthc.com/research/montgomery-2025-state-adultuse-cannabis-policy

Access the Original Study

Study data sourced from PubMed, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

This study breakdown was produced by the RethinkTHC research team. We analyze and report published research findings without making health recommendations. All interpretations are based solely on the published abstract and study data.