Cannabis Legalization Research

CBD, cannabis, or both? Examining use patterns and associated factors among U.S. youth and adults.

Dai, Hongying Daisy · 2026

In 2023, 8.9% of Americans were exclusive cannabis users, 3.4% exclusive CBD users, and 6.4% dual users.

Effect of Nonmedical Cannabis Legalization and Exposure to Retail Stores on Cannabis Harms : A Quasi-experimental Study.

Friesen, Erik Loewen · 2026

Neighborhoods exposed to cannabis stores (within 1000m) had a monthly increase of 1.30 cannabis-attributable ED visits per 100,000 persons (95% CI: 0.51-2.09, p<.001) compared to matched unexposed neighborhoods.

Cannabis legalization and cannabis and opioid use in a large, multistate sample of people who inject drugs: A staggered adoption difference-in-differences analysis.

Haley, Danielle F · 2026

Compared to medical-only legalization, adding recreational cannabis legalization was associated with a 9-11% decrease in the probability of daily opioid misuse among PWID (any opioids 95% CI: -14.0 to -4.0; injected opioids 95% CI: -19.0 to -2.0), while daily cannabis use increased mainly among non-Latinx White PWID in states transitioning from no law to medical legalization..

Changes in Cross-Sectional Associations Between Cannabis Use and Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidality in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadians From 2012 to 2022: Évolution des relations transversales entre la consommation de cannabis et la dépression, l'anxiété et les idées suicidaires au sein d'un échantillon représentatif de Canadiens à l'échelle nationale, de 2012 à 2022.

Halladay, Jillian · 2026

From 2012 to 2022, the prevalence ratio for weekly+ cannabis use (vs.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Suicide Mortality Among Youth Aged 12-25 Years Following Medical and Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the U.S.

Hammond, Christopher J · 2026

Asian/Pacific Islander youth in medical and recreational cannabis law states had significantly increased suicide rates (MCL IRR=1.30, 95% CI=1.13-1.50; RCL IRR=1.42, 95% CI=1.20-1.67), and Hispanic youth in recreational states had increased rates vs.

Associations between recreational cannabis legalisation and disparities in use and co-use of tobacco and cannabis.

Hawkins, Summer Sherburne · 2026

Legalization increased cannabis-only use (aRRR=1.88, 95% CI=1.78-1.99) and tobacco-cannabis co-use (aRRR=1.44, 95% CI=1.34-1.54) compared to no use, while decreasing tobacco-only use (aRRR=0.87, 95% CI=0.83-0.91), with co-use increases observed among ages 18-24 and 55+, those with high school education+, and White and Black adults..

The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use in U.S. Adults From 2016 to 2023: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Hawkins, Summer Sherburne · 2026

Legalization was associated with 44% lower odds of zero cannabis use (95% CI=40-48%), indicating more people trying cannabis, but not with greater frequency among existing users — and groups with historically lower use (age 60+, female, White, college-educated) showed the strongest response with 1-2 percentage point increases..

Increasing use of cannabis edibles in response to recreational cannabis legalization in the United States.

Hawkins, Summer Sherburne · 2026

Post-legalization, the likelihood of eating/drinking cannabis vs.

Cannabis Use Among Individuals With Psychosis After State-Level Commercial Cannabis Legalization.

Hyatt, Andrew S · 2026

Individuals with psychosis in recreational cannabis legalization states increased 30-day cannabis use by 9.53 percentage points (95% CI=3.05-16.00, p=0.004), with sensitivity analyses showing significant increases after retail outlets opened but not before, and no changes in higher-frequency use..

Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990-2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study.

Kang, Jiseung · 2026

In 2023, cannabis use disorder was the most prevalent drug use disorder globally (age-standardized prevalence 270.8 per 100,000), followed by opioid use disorder (205.9).

Oregon Adults' Cannabis and Alcohol Use: Associations With Local Cannabis Retail Access, 2014-2022.

Kerr, David C R · 2026

Oregon adults in highest-access areas had 59% higher odds of 30-day cannabis use (AOR=1.59, 95% CI=1.36-1.86) than those in pre-market periods, with dose-response across access levels.

Urinary Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolite concentrations following cannabis use: A systematic review.

McCartney, Danielle · 2026

This systematic review synthesized 92 studies examining urinary THC and THC-metabolite concentrations across different cannabis use patterns and testing contexts. The findings exposed major problems with current testing thresholds.

Relationships of Changing State Cannabis Policies With Alcohol Policy Effectiveness and Alcohol or Cannabis Involvement in Motor Vehicle Fatalities.

Naimi, Timothy S · 2026

A 10-point increase in alcohol policy scores was associated with 6.3% lower odds of alcohol-involved crash fatalities.

Does the total consumption model apply to cannabis use?

Norström, Thor · 2026

The distribution of cannabis use frequency among Swedish adolescents remained remarkably stable over 33 years, and increases in average use were consistently associated with proportional increases in high-frequency users..

Cannabis-Related Healthcare Encounters Among U.S. Commercially Insured Adults.

Perez-Vilar, Silvia · 2026

Among 115 million eligible individuals, cannabis-related healthcare encounter rates increased from 44.0 to 75.1 per 10,000 person-years between 2017 and 2022 (p=0.01).

Cannabis use among sexual minority adults: insights from recent U.S. nationally representative data.

Qin, Weisiyu Abraham · 2026

Among women, bisexual identity was linked to the highest odds of cannabis vaping (aOR=2.57) and non-vaping use (aOR=2.57).

The prevalence of cannabis use pre-versus post-cannabis legalization in Canada by mental health status: findings from national repeat cross-sectional surveys.

Rundle, Samantha · 2026

Past 12-month cannabis use increased from pre-legalization among those with anxiety (AOR 1.33) in the year immediately following legalization.

Local Cannabis Policy and Cannabis Use by California High School Students Before and After Statewide Retail Legalization.

Simard, Bethany J · 2026

Frequent cannabis use among 11th graders increased post-retail legalization.

Cannabis and pediatric cannabis exposure - evidence from America's Poison Centers.

Steuart, Shelby R · 2026

Medical cannabis dispensary openings were associated with a 52.3% increase in cannabis exposures among children ages 2-6.

Youth Initiation of Cannabis Vaping Is Associated With State Cannabis Policy and E-Cigarette Use.

Vuolo, Mike · 2026

Youth in recreational cannabis states had 1.449 times the odds of initiating cannabis vaping compared to states where cannabis was illicit.

The prevalence of cannabidiol (CBD) use in North America and Europe: A meta-analysis.

Weidberg, Sara · 2026

CBD use was significantly more prevalent in North America than Europe across all time periods.

Cannabis Marketing Restrictions and Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Legal US Cannabis Markets: Findings From the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Winfield-Ward, Lauren · 2026

States with low and moderate marketing restrictions had similar exposure rates (61.4% and 61.8%).

Cannabis Legalization and Cannabis Use Disorder by Sex in Veterans Health Administration Patients, 2005-2019.

Wisell, Caroline G · 2026

CUD prevalence increased in both sexes across the study period.

Partial cannabis legalization and the increase of the THC threshold in road traffic: a statistical analysis of traffic cases before and after legal changes.

Wohlfarth, Ariane · 2026

Median THC levels in administrative and criminal traffic offenses were identical (3.44 ng/mL).

The impact of recreational cannabis retailer allocation on emergency department visits: A natural experiment utilizing lottery design.

Bai, Yihong · 2025

The allocation of recreational cannabis retailers through Ontario's randomized lottery system had no significant effect on cannabis-, alcohol-, or opioid-related emergency department visits.

Effects of legal access versus illegal market cannabis on use and mental health: A randomized controlled trial.

Baltes-Flueckiger, Lavinia · 2025

After 6 months, the legal cannabis group showed a trend toward lower cannabis misuse scores compared to the illegal market group (10.1 vs 10.9, p=0.052).

Getting "The whole picture": A review of international research on the outcomes of regulated cannabis supply.

Belackova, Vendula · 2025

Across the Netherlands, Spain, US legalization states, Uruguay, and Canada, consistent outcomes included decreased cannabis-related arrests, increased adult (but not adolescent) cannabis use, and increased healthcare utilization (not traffic-related).

Past 30-Day Cannabis Use by Perception of Risk and Age Group: Implications for Prevention.

Burrow-Sánchez, Jason J · 2025

A significant interaction between age group and perceived risk predicted cannabis use.

Trends in Post Legalization Cannabis Use Among Ethnic Groups in California: 2018-2023.

Caetano, Raul · 2025

Multivariable analysis showed a flat overall trend in past 30-day cannabis use from 2018 to 2023.

Examining the Interactive Associations of Cannabis and Alcohol Outlets With Self-harm Injuries in California: A Spatiotemporal Analysis.

Charris, Rafael · 2025

Recreational cannabis outlets were not associated with fatal or nonfatal self-harm injuries; a hypothetical 20% reduction in alcohol outlets was associated with 1.59 fewer nonfatal self-harm injuries per 100,000; no interaction between cannabis and alcohol outlet densities..

Packaging of Cannabis Edibles, Health Warning Recall, and Perceptions Among Young Adults.

Cooper, Michael · 2025

Plain packaging increased correct warning recall (52.9%, OR 1.47), decreased appeal ratings (OR 0.70), and increased perceived harm (OR 1.48) compared to branded packaging.

Disparities in use modalities among adults who currently use cannabis, 2022-2023.

Diaby, Meman · 2025

Smoking was most common (77.3%), followed by edibles (37.3%), vaping (34.8%), dabbing (15.0%), topicals (5.9%), sublingual (4.5%), and pills (2.1%).

Cannabis legalization and increasing cannabis use in the United States: Data from urine toxicology testing in emergency room patients.

Fink, David S · 2025

Using biological urine drug screens rather than self-report, recreational cannabis law (RCL) enactment was associated with a 2.9% increase in cannabis-positive tests among ER patients, while medical cannabis laws alone were associated with a 0.8% increase.

Accuracy of labeled THC potency across flower and concentrate cannabis products.

Giordano, Gregory · 2025

Labeling accuracy depended dramatically on product type: 96% of concentrates were within 15% of labeled THC versus only 56.7% of flower products.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Perinatal Substance Use Emergency Department Visits Before and During COVID-19.

González-Alvarez, Ana Daniela · 2025

Pandemic period showed increased odds of ED visits involving alcohol (aOR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.05-1.27) and cannabis (aOR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20).

Changes in Sources of Information About the Risks and Benefits of Cannabis in a National Cohort of U.S. Adults From 2017 to 2021.

Graham, Francis Julian L · 2025

In a longitudinal study of 5,053 US adults surveyed at three time points, the use of health professionals as an information source for cannabis risks increased by 17.4%, making it the largest increase among all sources.

Cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder in United States Veterans Health Administration patients with and without psychiatric disorders, 2005-2022: a repeated cross-sectional study.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2025

CUD prevalence among veterans with any psychiatric disorder rose from ~3.3% in 2005 to ~5.7-6.4% by 2022, depending on state legalization status.

Cannabis Use in California Following Legalization of Recreational Use.

Hill, Linda · 2025

Among 15,208 census-weighted California adults surveyed in 2022-2023, 37% currently used cannabis, 30% formerly used, and 33% never used.

Cannabis and driving: A repeat cross-sectional analysis of driving after cannabis use pre- vs. post-legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada.

Kucera, Ava · 2025

Overall driving after use rose from 5.7% (2018) to 8.8% (2022, OR=1.43) and 7.6% (2023, OR=1.20).

Controlled Use of Cannabis Among Young Adults in Los Angeles Across Changes in Cannabis Policies.

Lankenau, Stephen E · 2025

Two latent classes emerged: Controlled and Uncontrolled, becoming more distinct over time.

Using decision trees to examine risk profiles for cannabis use among large samples of underage youth before and after cannabis legalization in Canada.

Leatherdale, Scott T · 2025

Current cannabis use dropped from 15.0% (pre-legalization 2017-18) to 12.3% (post-legalization 2021-22).

Cannabis Laws and Opioid Use Among Commercially Insured Patients With Cancer Diagnoses.

Lozano-Rojas, Felipe · 2025

Medical cannabis dispensary openings were associated with a reduction of 41 fewer patients per 10,000 with opioid prescriptions, 2.54 fewer days of supply per prescription, and 0.099 fewer prescriptions per patient.

Trends in cannabis-attributable hospitalizations and emergency department visits: data from the Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Study (2007-2020).

Malam, Raadiya · 2025

Between 2007 and 2020, cannabis-attributable inpatient hospitalizations increased from 6.4 to 14.0 per 100,000, while ER visits rose from 52.1 to 111.0 per 100,000.

Cannabis Legalization and Opioid Use Disorder in Veterans Health Administration Patients.

Mannes, Zachary L · 2025

OUD prevalence increased by 0.06 percentage points after medical cannabis law enactment and 0.07 points after recreational law enactment.

The Combined Relationship of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Enactment and Medical Cannabis Laws with Chronic Pain-Related Healthcare Visits.

Mannes, Zachary L · 2025

Prescription drug monitoring programs alone were not associated with changes in chronic pain outpatient visits.

Treatment demand for cannabis use problems: analyses of routine data from 30 European countries.

Manthey, Jakob · 2025

The cannabis-attributable treatment fraction rose from 29.4% in 2013 to 37.1% in 2020 across 20 European countries.

Cannabis use, health problems, and criminal offences in Germany: national and state-level trends between 2009 and 2021.

Manthey, Jakob · 2025

Age-standardized cannabis use prevalence nearly doubled (5.7% to 10.6%), cannabis-related diagnoses more than tripled (1.1 to 3.7 per 1,000), and minor possession offences increased (1.8 to 3.1 per 1,000) between 2009 and 2021.

The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Markets on Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Adults: A Synthetic Control Analysis.

Marinello, Samantha · 2025

Using the synthetic control method, recreational cannabis markets were associated with moderate increases in adolescent use prevalence and initiation (11% and 13%), large increases among young adults 18-25 (17% and 33%), and the largest increases among adults 26+ (33% prevalence increase, 82% initiation increase) within 2-4 years of dispensary opening..

Trends in cannabis use among those with and without a cancer diagnosis according to state-level cannabis policy: findings from the PATH Study, Waves 1-5 (2013-2019).

Martin, Connor D · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence among people with a cancer diagnosis rose from 6.6% in 2013 to 10.6% in 2019 (approximately 60% increase), mirroring the 11.8% to 18.6% increase in the general population.

Age-Varying Patterns of Cannabis Use, Related Risk Factors, and their Associations among Young Adults in the Context of Legalized Nonmedical Cannabis.

Martinez, Griselda · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence increased from ages 18-22 and remained relatively stable through age 26.

The rising burden of drug use disorders in the Americas, 2000-2021.

Martinez, Ramon · 2025

In 2021, 17.7 million people in the Americas had drug use disorders, with opioids (42.7%) and cannabis (31.5%) dominating.

The relationship of medical and recreational cannabis laws with opioid misuse and opioid use disorder in the USA: Does it depend on prior history of cannabis use?

Martins, Silvia S · 2025

Overall, neither medical nor recreational cannabis laws were associated with changes in opioid misuse or use disorder at the population level.

Evaluating the association between cannabis decriminalization and legalization and cannabis arrests and related disparities: A Systematic review.

McCarthy, Stephen D S · 2025

100% of studies (7/7) showed significant reductions after decriminalization (13.5-78% reduction).

Cannabis Use and Misuse Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

McDonald, André J · 2025

Cannabis use frequency increased by 0.35% of days per year overall (1.75% over 5 years).

Association of recreational cannabis legalization with changes in medical, illegal, and total cannabis expenditures in Canada.

McDonald, André J · 2025

Before legalization, illegal cannabis was 88.2% and medical 11.8% of the market.

The Impact of Medical Cannabis Laws on Cannabis and Opioid Use Disorder Treatment and Overdose-Related Health Care Utilization Among Adults With Chronic Noncancer Pain.

McGinty, Emma E · 2025

Medical cannabis laws had estimated effects of less than 0.005 percentage points on CUD or OUD treatment, less than 0.009 points on new treatment initiation, and less than 0.0005 points on overdose-related care (all p > 0.05).

The adverse public health effects of non-medical cannabis legalisation in Canada and the USA.

Mekonen Yimer, Tesfa · 2025

The review found that cannabis legalization has been associated with several adverse public health outcomes including increased emergency department visits, cannabis-impaired driving incidents, and accidental pediatric exposures, though effects vary by jurisdiction and policy design..

Increasing Prevalence of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Young Adults and Minority Populations.

Miki, Akari · 2025

CHS prevalence in Massachusetts ERs increased 14-fold from 2012 to 2021 (0.729 to 10.6 per 10,000 visits).

Legalizing Youth-Friendly Cannabis Edibles and Extracts and Adolescent Cannabis Use.

Mital, Shweta · 2025

Among 106,032 students in grades 7-11, provinces that legalized cannabis edibles saw a 3.8 percentage point (26%) increase in overall cannabis use and 3.4 percentage point (43%) increase in edible use compared to Quebec where youth-friendly products were banned.

State adult-use cannabis policy effects on law enforcement efforts to disrupt drug markets.

Montgomery, Barrett Wallace · 2025

Cannabis legalization significantly reduced overall drug seizures, driven by large drops in cannabis seizures.

Minimum Legal Age of Nonmedical Cannabis Purchase Laws and Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations in Canada, 2015 to 2022.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Cannabis-related hospitalizations declined by 2% per quarter among individuals below the minimum legal age after legalization, while no slope change occurred for those above the MLA.

Cannabis Use Disorder Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations and 5-Year Mortality.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Within 5 years of incident hospital-based CUD care, 3.5% of individuals died compared to 0.6% of matched general population members.

Changes in Incident Schizophrenia Diagnoses Associated With Cannabis Use Disorder After Cannabis Legalization.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

The population-attributable risk fraction (PARF) for CUD associated with schizophrenia nearly tripled from 3.7% pre-legalization to 10.3% post-legalization.

Psychoactive Substance Use in Germany: Findings From the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) in 2024.

Olderbak, Sally · 2025

12-month cannabis use prevalence was 9.8% (5.1 million Germans).

The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002-2019.

Pessar, Seema Choksy · 2025

Using the Cannabis Policy Scale, a comprehensive measure of 17 state cannabis policy areas, more restrictive policies were significantly associated with lower past-month cannabis use.

Multilevel Risk and Protective Factors Influencing Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review.

Phares, Belinda A · 2025

Risk factors operated at every level: individual (older age, early initiation, low perceived harm, polysubstance use), interpersonal (peer influence, parental acceptance, family structure), community (neighborhood stress, social media, proximity to dispensaries), and societal (legalization, lower SES).

Routes of Marijuana Use - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 22 U.S. States and Two Territories, 2022.

Quader, Zerleen S · 2025

Using the 2022 BRFSS data from 22 states and 2 territories, 15.3% of adults reported past 30-day cannabis use.

Are cannabis policy changes associated with alcohol use patterns? Evidence for age-group differences based on primary care screening data.

Van Doren, Natalia · 2025

Following cannabis legalization passage in 2016, rates of exceeding weekly alcohol limits and frequent heavy episodic drinking showed statistically significant gradual declines overall, but age-stratified analysis revealed the reductions were concentrated in adults 21–34, while adults 65+ showed some increases..

Cannabis Consumption Among Adults Aged 55-65 in Canada, 2018-2021.

Wadsworth, Elle · 2025

Past 12-month cannabis use among 55–65-year-olds significantly increased from 19.3% (2018, pre-legalization) to 24.5% in 2019 (first year post-legalization) and continued rising.

Exposure to cannabis marketing in the United States and differences by cannabis laws: Findings from the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Winfield-Ward, Lauren · 2025

Cannabis marketing exposure was substantially higher in recreational-legal states compared to medical-only and illegal states, with differences across multiple marketing channels..

The Effects of Cannabis Access Laws on Sleep in the U.S.

Xu, Carol · 2025

Recreational cannabis laws reduced sleep by 5.37 minutes per night (99% CI: 0.91-9.83), primarily by delaying sleep onset by 7.14 minutes without changing wake times.

State-Level Recreational Cannabis Legalization Is Not Differentially Associated with Cannabis Risk Perception Among Children: A Multilevel Regression Analysis.

Gilman, Jodi M · 2024

There was no significant main effect of state recreational cannabis laws on perceived risk of cannabis use among children, and no differences in how risk perception changed over time between states with and without legalization.

Young Adult Alcohol and Cannabis Impaired Driving After the Opening of Cannabis Retail Stores in Washington State.

Hultgren, Brittney A · 2024

From 2014 to 2019, alcohol DUI decreased overall (AOR 0.93) and among drinkers (AOR 0.95).

Associations between cannabis policies and state-level specialty cannabis use disorder treatment in the United States, 2004-2019.

Mauro, Pia M · 2024

CUD treatment decreased 2.15 points after MCL with dispensaries (2004-2014).

Why Are Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment Admissions Declining in the US? The Mediated Pathway of State Treatment Admissions Rates before and after Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

Mennis, Jeremy · 2024

Before legalization, perceiving cannabis as low-risk predicted more use, which predicted more CUD treatment admissions.

Association between cannabis use and physical activity in the United States based on legalization and health status.

Merrill, Ray M · 2024

After adjusting for demographics, smoking, BMI, and legalization status, cannabis users had 24% higher odds of physical activity (OR 1.24).

Cannabis-involvement in emergency department visits for self-harm following medical and non-medical cannabis legalization.

Myran, Daniel T · 2024

Among 158,912 self-harm ER visits, cannabis co-diagnosis increased 90.1% (3.6 to 6.9/100,000) while alcohol declined 17.3%.

Trends in use of tobacco and cannabis across different alcohol consumption levels in the United States, 2010-19.

Pham, Huyen · 2024

Among 395,256 US adults, tobacco use and nicotine dependence decreased while cannabis use increased across all alcohol consumption levels from 2010-2019.

Cannabis legalization and changes in cannabis and tobacco/nicotine use and co-use in a national cohort of U.S. adults during 2017-2021.

Pravosud, Vira · 2024

Cannabis use increased 3.3% from 2017-2021 while tobacco/nicotine use declined 1.9%.

Special Report from the CDC: Driving under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit drugs among drivers aged ≥16 years - National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016-2019.

Schumacher, Amy C · 2024

In 2019, 5.3% of US drivers reported driving under the influence of marijuana in the past year, up from 4.5% in 2016.

Trends of emergency department visits for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in Nevada: An interrupted time series analysis.

Soh, Jaeseung · 2024

Emergency department visits for CHS increased continuously from 2013 to 2021.

Perception of harm is strongly associated with complete ban on in-home cannabis smoking: a cross-sectional study.

Tripathi, Osika · 2024

Those who perceived secondhand cannabis smoke as "extremely harmful" had 6x higher odds of a complete home smoking ban (OR=6.0) compared to those rating it "totally safe." Even moderate harm perception ("somewhat harmful") was associated with 2.6x higher odds of a ban.

Cannabis Use During Early Pregnancy Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2024

Prenatal cannabis use rose from 4.5% in 2012 to 7.1% before legalization implementation, then jumped to 8.6% after implementation (level change RR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16).

Medical Marijuana Legalization and Opioid- and Pain-Related Outcomes Among Patients Newly Diagnosed With Cancer Receiving Anticancer Treatment.

Bao, Yuhua · 2023

In a difference-in-differences analysis of 58,195 cancer patients across 34 states, medical marijuana legalization was associated with a 5.6 percentage point reduction in opioid dispensing among breast cancer patients with recent opioid use and a 6.3 percentage point reduction in pain-related hospital events among lung cancer patients..

Driving under the influence of cannabis, alcohol, and illicit drugs among adults in the United States from 2016 to 2020.

Myers, Matthew G · 2023

Using nationally representative NSDUH data, over 1 in 10 US adults reported DUI of any substance annually.

Association between non-medical cannabis legalization and emergency department visits for cannabis-induced psychosis.

Myran, Daniel T · 2023

Across 6,300 ER visits for cannabis-induced psychosis, restricted legalization showed no change relative to pre-legalization.

Cannabis-Involved Emergency Department Visits Among Persons Aged <25 Years Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2019-2022.

Roehler, Douglas R · 2023

Mean weekly cannabis-involved ED visits among all youth under 25 were higher during 2020, 2021, and 2022 compared to 2019.

Annual incidence of substance-induced psychoses in Scandinavia from 2000 to 2016.

Rognli, Eline Borger · 2023

Cannabis-induced psychosis incidence increased in all three countries: Denmark (2.6 to 5.6), Sweden (0.8 to 2.7), Norway (1.8 to 3.0 per 100,000).

Using the Severity of Dependence Scale to examine cannabis consumers with impaired control in Canada.

Rotermann, Michelle · 2023

4.7% of past-year cannabis consumers had Severity of Dependence Scale scores of 4 or higher (impaired control).

Incidence of Newborn Drug Testing and Variations by Birthing Parent Race and Ethnicity Before and After Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

Schoneich, Sebastian · 2023

NDT was ordered for 7.3% of Black vs.

Health, safety, and socioeconomic impacts of cannabis liberalization laws: An evidence and gap map.

Sevigny, Eric L · 2023

The EGM includes 447 studies (438 primary, 9 systematic reviews).

Cannabis and adverse cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Theerasuwipakorn, Nonthikorn · 2023

As cannabis legalization expands globally, the cardiovascular safety question becomes increasingly urgent.

Associations Between Canada's Cannabis Legalization and Emergency Department Presentations for Transient Cannabis-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia Conditions: Ontario and Alberta, 2015-2019.

Callaghan, Russell C · 2022

Cannabis-induced psychosis ED presentations doubled between April 2015 and December 2019.

Association of Recreational Cannabis Legalization With Cannabis Possession Arrest Rates in the US.

Gunadi, Christian · 2022

In 4 states without prior decriminalization, legalization reduced adult arrests by 76.3%.

Cannabis decriminalization and racial disparity in arrests for cannabis possession.

Gunadi, Christian · 2022

After decriminalization in 11 states, adult arrest rates declined over 70% and youth rates over 40% for both Black and White individuals.

Textual and pictorial enhancement of cannabis warning labels: An Online experiment among at-risk U.S. young adults.

Kim, Sang Jung · 2022

Pictorially enhanced cannabis warning labels significantly improved recall accuracy (b = 0.59, p < 0.001) and perceived message effectiveness (b = 0.31, p = 0.008) compared to current California labels.

The Impact of Cannabis Packaging Characteristics on Perceptions and Intentions.

Kowitt, Sarah D · 2022

Edible gummies were perceived as healthier, less "grown up," and more socially acceptable than concentrates.

Trends in cannabis or cocaine-related dependence and alcohol/drug treatment in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.

Mauro, Pia M · 2022

Adjusted cannabis dependence increased from 0.7% to 1.5% in Argentina, 0.8% to 2.8% in Chile, and 1.4% to 2.4% in Uruguay.

The Characteristics of Clinical Trials on Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review of Trials for Therapeutic or Drug Development Purposes.

Modaresi, Farhang · 2022

Of 2,966 reviewed trials, 834 met criteria.

Changes in Emergency Department Visits for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Subsequent Commercialization in Ontario, Canada.

Myran, Daniel Thomas · 2022

CHS ED visits increased from 0.26 to 3.43 per 100,000 population over 7.5 years (13-fold).

A national effectiveness trial of an eHealth program to prevent alcohol and cannabis misuse: responding to the replication crisis.

Newton, Nicola C · 2022

Students who received the Climate Schools program were 38% less likely to drink a full standard drink and 51% less likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking compared to controls at 12-month follow-up..

Recreational Marijuana Legalization and Co-use With Alcohol Among Adolescents.

Paschall, Mallie J · 2022

Recreational legalization was associated with greater odds of co-use overall (OR=1.06) and much greater odds among past-month drinkers (OR=1.58) and heavy drinkers (OR=1.25).

A Nationwide Study of Inpatient Case Rate Incidence of Cannabis-Related Diagnoses in Switzerland.

Pfeifer, Philippe · 2022

Cannabis-related psychiatric hospitalization rates increased significantly from 1998 to 2020.

Does recreational cannabis legalization change cannabis use patterns? Evidence from secondary school students in Uruguay.

Rivera-Aguirre, Ariadne · 2022

Past-year and past-month cannabis use decreased after legalization.

Correlation between oral fluid and blood THC concentration: A systematic review and discussion of policy implications.

Robertson, M B · 2022

Oral fluid THC reliably detected presence of THC in blood (71.2% sensitivity, 97.7% specificity).

Trends and characteristics of cannabis-associated emergency department visits in the United States, 2006-2018.

Roehler, Douglas R · 2022

Cannabis-associated ER visits increased from 12.3 to 34.7 per 100,000 from 2006-2014 (12.1% annual increase).

Legal status of recreational cannabis and self-reported substitution of cannabis for opioids or prescription pain medication in Canada and the United States.

Wadsworth, Elle · 2022

Between 14-33% of cannabis consumers used it for pain.

Canada's cannabis legalization and drivers' traffic-injury presentations to emergency departments in Ontario and Alberta, 2015-2019.

Callaghan, Russell C · 2021

There was no evidence of significant changes in traffic-injury ED visits after cannabis legalization in either province, for all drivers or youth drivers specifically.

A Comprehensive Review of Cannabis Potency in the United States in the Last Decade.

ElSohly, Mahmoud A · 2021

This third installment from the University of Mississippi's Potency Monitoring Program extended the dataset through 2019, adding 14,234 samples to the two previous reports (RTHC-00039 covering 1995-2014 and RTHC-00049 covering 2008-2017). THC continued its upward trajectory, reaching 14.88% in 2018 before a slight dip to 13.88% in 2019.

Influence of package colour, branding and health warnings on appeal and perceived harm of cannabis products among respondents in Canada and the US.

Goodman, Samantha · 2021

Full branding was rated most appealing and plain packaging least (p<0.001).

Trends in cannabis use among adults with children in the home in the United States, 2004-2017: impact of state-level legalization for recreational and medical use.

Goodwin, Renee D · 2021

Recreational cannabis laws were associated with higher past-month use (AOR=1.28) and daily use (AOR=1.25) among adults with children.

Decreasing perceived risk associated with regular cannabis use among older adults in the United States from 2015 to 2019.

Han, Benjamin H · 2021

Perceived risk of regular cannabis use decreased 18.8% overall among older adults.

Annual incidence of cannabis-induced psychosis, other substance-induced psychoses and dually diagnosed schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder in Denmark from 1994 to 2016.

Hjorthøj, Carsten · 2021

Cannabis-induced psychosis incidence more than doubled from 2.8 per 100,000 in 2006 to 6.1 per 100,000 in 2016.

Medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and dispensary provisions not associated with higher odds of adolescent marijuana or heavy marijuana use: A 46 State Analysis, 1991-2015.

Johnson, Julie K · 2021

States with enacted medical marijuana laws actually showed slightly lower adjusted odds of adolescent past-30-day marijuana use (OR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.99).

Trends in Adolescent Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations by State Legalization Laws, 2008-2019.

Masonbrink, Abbey R · 2021

Cannabis-related hospitalization odds increased after both medical cannabis laws (OR 1.05) and recreational cannabis laws (OR 1.03).

How High? Trends in Cannabis Use Prior to First Admission to Inpatient Psychiatry in Ontario, Canada, between 2007 and 2017.

McGuckin, Taylor · 2021

Cannabis use within 30 days of first psychiatric admission rose from 16.7% in 2007 to 25.9% in 2017.

Children's Knowledge of Cannabis and Other Substances in States with Different Cannabis Use Regulations.

Ross, J Megan · 2021

Children in states with more permissive cannabis laws had greater knowledge of cannabis specifically, but not of alcohol, tobacco, or other illicit drugs.

Association of Racial Disparity of Cannabis Possession Arrests Among Adults and Youths With Statewide Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization.

Sheehan, Brynn E · 2021

Using arrest data from 43 states (2000-2019), legalization and decriminalization both substantially reduced cannabis arrests for Black and White adults and youth, but racial disparities in arrest ratios persisted over time, while states without policy changes saw increasing disparities..

Factors Associated With Cannabis Use During the Reproductive Cycle: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of Women in States With Recreational and Medical Cannabis Legalization.

Taylor, Danica Loralyn · 2021

Recreational cannabis legalization was associated with higher cannabis use across preconception (OR=2.37), prenatal (OR=1.51), and postpartum periods.

Estimating Cannabis Involvement in Fatal Crashes in Washington State Before and After the Legalization of Recreational Cannabis Consumption Using Multiple Imputation of Missing Values.

Tefft, Brian C · 2021

Using multiple imputation to account for untested drivers, the proportion of THC-positive drivers in fatal crashes rose from 9.3% before to 19.1% after legalization (adjusted PR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.3-4.1).

International differences in patterns of cannabis use among adult cigarette smokers: Findings from the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.

Gravely, Shannon · 2020

Countries with more permissive cannabis regulations (Canada, US) had higher co-use rates and daily cannabis use among co-users.

Healthcare cost associations of patients who use illicit drugs in Florida: a retrospective analysis.

Ryan, Jessica L · 2020

Across 709,658 drug-related healthcare observations in Florida (2016-2018), total costs were estimated at $6.4 billion.

Racial and gender inequities in the implementation of a cannabis criminal justice diversion program in a large and diverse metropolitan county of the USA.

Sanchez, Helen F · 2020

In Harris County, Texas Marijuana Misdemeanor Diversion Program (2017-2019), African Americans (50% of participants despite ~20% of population) and males (80%) were overrepresented.

Association of State Policies Allowing Medical Cannabis for Opioid Use Disorder With Dispensary Marketing for This Indication.

Shover, Chelsea L · 2020

Across 167 dispensary brands in 7 states, those in states where OUD is a qualifying condition had 39% more brands claiming cannabis treats OUD (p<0.001), 28% more claiming adjunctive therapy potential (p<0.001), 14% more recommending replacing FDA-approved OUD medications (p=0.002), and 25% more suggesting cannabis as an opioid substitute for pain (p=0.002) compared to adjacent states without this policy..

Cannabis use as a risk factor for causing motor vehicle crashes: a prospective study.

Brubacher, Jeffrey R · 2019

No increased crash risk in drivers with THC <2 or 2-5 ng/mL.

Did marijuana legalization in Washington State reduce racial disparities in adult marijuana arrests?

Firth, Caislin L · 2019

Among adults 21+, marijuana arrest rates dropped dramatically after legalization of possession and stayed low after retail market opening.

The impact of plain packaging and health warnings on consumer appeal of cannabis products.

Goodman, Samantha · 2019

Full branding was more appealing and more youth-oriented than plain packaging (p<0.001).

Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use.

Hall, Wayne · 2019

Cannabis legalisation has been associated with increased use in some populations and possible increases in road crashes.

The annual cannabis holiday and fatal traffic crashes.

Harper, Sam · 2019

Between 1992 and 2016, April 20th showed a non-significant 12% increase in fatal crash involvement relative to control days one week apart (IRR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.97-1.28), but no increase when compared to broader control periods or all other days (IRR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.88-1.10)..

Acute Illness Associated With Cannabis Use, by Route of Exposure: An Observational Study.

Monte, Andrew A · 2019

Edible cannabis ER visits were disproportionate to sales (10.7% of visits vs 0.32% of THC sales).

Association between medical cannabis laws and opioid overdose mortality has reversed over time.

Shover, Chelsea L · 2019

Extending the Bachhuber et al.

Cannabis decriminalization: A study of recent policy change in five U.S. states.

Grucza, Richard A · 2018

Researchers examined the effects of cannabis decriminalization in five states (Massachusetts 2008, Connecticut 2011, Rhode Island 2013, Vermont 2013, Maryland 2014) using federal crime statistics and Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Decriminalization was associated with a 75% reduction in drug-related arrests for youth (95% CI: 44-89%), with similar magnitude reductions for adult arrests. Critically, decriminalization was not associated with any increase in past-30-day cannabis use prevalence among youth.

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2018

This comprehensive review documented the shifting landscape of cannabis use in the United States. Both adults and adolescents increasingly perceive cannabis as harmless.

Risks and Benefits of Marijuana Use: A National Survey of U.S. Adults.

Keyhani, Salomeh · 2018

Researchers surveyed a probability-based sample of 16,280 U.S.

The Influence of College Attendance on Risk for Marijuana Initiation in the United States: 1977 to 2015.

Miech, Richard A · 2017

Using Monitoring the Future data tracking nationally representative cohorts from 1977 to 2015, this study examined college attendance as a risk factor for marijuana initiation among people who had never used marijuana by 12th grade. For decades (1977-2012), college enrollment was associated with a modest 17-22% increased probability of starting marijuana use compared to non-college peers.

Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly legal market: evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington state.

Smart, Rosanna · 2017

Analyzing Washington State's cannabis traceability data from July 2014 to September 2016 (over 44 million purchases), the study revealed several market trends. Traditional cannabis flower still dominated at 66.6% of spending, but extracts for inhalation (concentrates) grew by 145.8% in market share, reaching 21.2% of sales.

Marijuana and acute health care contacts in Colorado.

Wang, George Sam · 2017

Analyzing Colorado health data from 2000-2015, the study documented escalating marijuana-related healthcare contacts across three measures. Hospitalizations with marijuana-related billing codes increased from 274 per 100,000 in 2000 to 593 per 100,000 in 2015, more than doubling over the period.

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2015.

Kann, Laura · 2016

The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System is the CDC's primary tool for monitoring health risk behaviors among US high school students.

Unintentional Pediatric Exposures to Marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015.

Wang, George Sam · 2016

Researchers examined unintentional marijuana exposures in children under 10 at Children's Hospital Colorado and the regional poison center from 2009 to 2015, spanning the periods before and after recreational marijuana legalization. The rate of marijuana-related visits to the children's hospital nearly doubled, from 1.2 per 100,000 to 2.3 per 100,000 in the two years before versus after legalization.

Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study.

Fergusson, David M · 2015

The Christchurch Health and Development Study tracked 1,265 New Zealanders from birth to age 35, providing one of the most comprehensive longitudinal datasets on cannabis outcomes.

Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base: a summary of the 1999 Institute of Medicine report.

Watson, S J · 2000

Responding to public pressure, the Office of National Drug Control Policy funded a comprehensive study by the Institute of Medicine.

Police-Reported Impaired Driving After Recreational Cannabis Legalization in Canada.

Armstrong, Michael J · 2026

Post-2018, police reported 65 extra drug-impaired incidents per million annually (42% above trend) and 280 extra alcohol-impaired incidents per million (17% above trend); increases were associated more with drug recognition expert employment and pandemic restrictions than cannabis sales..

Is cannabis legalization associated with treatment completion? A study of pregnant women admitted for cannabis use in substance use treatment facilities, 2020-2022.

Carandang, Rogie Royce · 2026

This is the first large-scale study to examine whether cannabis legalization affects treatment completion among pregnant women—a uniquely vulnerable population where treatment success has direct consequences for two patients. Using the Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharge (national treatment data from 2020–2022), the researchers analyzed 13,088 pregnant women admitted for cannabis use across states with different legal frameworks: fully legalized, medical only, or illegal. The finding was stark: pregnant women in states with full legalization had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.33 for treatment completion compared to illegal states—meaning 67% lower odds of completing treatment.

Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and State Implementation of Legal Nonmedical Cannabis Retail Sales in the U.S., 2011-2023.

Denny, Clark H · 2026

Prevalence of binge drinking during pregnancy was 2.13 times higher in states with legal recreational cannabis retail sales.

Effects of Legalizing Recreational Cannabis Sales on Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Disorder Among Presentations to a Psychiatric Emergency Service.

Foo, Cheryl Y S · 2026

THC positivity increased from 32.4% to 36.3% overall (p<.001).

Characteristics of trauma patients involved in motor vehicle collisions before and after legalization of medical marijuana in Pennsylvania.

Gimbel, Kirsten · 2026

Following medical marijuana legalization, marijuana positivity among MVC trauma patients increased significantly (p<0.0001), with marijuana-positive patients having longer hospital stays (+2 days) and higher rates of polysubstance use compared to marijuana-negative patients..

Behavioural Economic Demand for Medicinal and Recreational Cannabis Among People Who Use Over-The-Counter CBD Products, THC Only and CBD + THC.

González-Roz, Alba · 2026

People using CBD+THC products showed significantly higher medicinal and recreational cannabis demand than those using THC or CBD alone (all p<0.001), and 65.2% of participants would try medicinal cannabis if legalized vs.

Evaluating cannabis substitution for alcohol within the context of a canadian managed alcohol program.

Goulet-Stock, Sybil · 2026

A significant between-person substitution effect was found: participants who used more cannabis on average also consumed less alcohol, with each additional 0.4g joint (approximately 76 mg THC) associated with 2.43 fewer mean daily standard drinks..

Standardizing Recreational Cannabis Excise Tax Rates in the United States: New Retail Price-Based Measurements by Product Category.

Han, Bing · 2026

Using retail scanner data from dispensary point-of-sale systems across 12 states with legal recreational cannabis (Q1 2020 to Q4 2024), researchers developed the first standardized tax metrics broken down by product category. The standardized excise taxes were: $32.58 per ounce for flower, $180.21 per ounce for vaping products, and $0.024 per milligram of THC for edibles.

Authorization of storefront recreational cannabis retailers and cannabis-related healthcare encounters: A local-level spatial difference-in-differences analysis in California, United States.

Han, Bing · 2026

Analyzing cannabis-related healthcare encounters across all 482 cities in California from 2010 to 2020, researchers found that authorizing storefront recreational cannabis retailers was associated with increases in three types of healthcare encounters. Cities that permitted recreational dispensaries saw increases in population-adjusted emergency department visits, population-adjusted inpatient discharges, and the likelihood of poison center calls related to cannabis.

Estimating Price Elasticity of Cannabis Use Among U.S. Adolescents: Evidence From States With Recreational Cannabis Commercialization.

Han, Bing · 2026

An increase in legal cannabis prices was associated with lower likelihood of current cannabis use among adolescents, with estimated price elasticity ranging from -0.33 to -0.21 (p<0.05 for most specifications), but neither cannabis prices nor taxes were significantly associated with frequent cannabis use..

Cannabis dispensary exposure and smoked, vaped and edible cannabis use among young adults: Comparison of web-scraped and government-maintained registries.

Harlow, Alyssa F · 2026

Each additional dispensary within 1 mile of home increased past 6-month cannabis use risk by 5-6% (registry data) or 3-4% (web-scraped data), with positive associations for smoked and edible use frequency, but not consistently for vaping frequency or daily use..

State cannabis and alcohol policy environments: Associations with college students' use of cannabis, alcohol and both substances.

Kerr, David C R · 2026

Drawing on survey data from over 900,000 college undergraduates (ages 18–24) across 591 four-year institutions in 47 states between 2008 and 2019, researchers examined how state-level cannabis and alcohol policy environments related to substance use patterns. Using a Cannabis Policy Scale (sum of 17 policies weighted by efficacy) and an Alcohol Policy Scale (29 policies), the analysis found that more restrictive cannabis policy environments were associated with significantly lower odds of any cannabis use (OR 0.97), frequent cannabis use (OR 0.93), and co-use of cannabis with binge drinking (OR 0.94).

Public attitudes and lifetime home cannabis cultivation - a survey after legalization in Germany.

Lehberger, Mira · 2026

Sociodemographic associations with support and cultivation are largely explained by cannabis experience.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-reported exposure to cannabis advertising and its association with cannabis use and intentions.

McClure-Thomas, Caitlin · 2026

Overall aOR=1.77 (95% CI 1.32-2.30).

Depictions of Nicotine and Cannabis in Popular US and German Hip-Hop/Rap Music Videos: A YouTube Top 100 Content Analysis.

Morgenstern, Matthis · 2026

41% of all top music videos contained nicotine or cannabis depictions.

Biobio Sentinel: Two years of illicit drug surveillance in South-Central Chile.

Reis, Andressa S · 2026

The first multi-year wastewater-based epidemiology study in Chile found cannabis consumption declined by over 90% while cocaine use increased more than tenfold (+1,019%).

Short-term effects of cannabis legalisation in Germany on driving under the influence of cannabis: a difference-in-differences analysis using Austria as a control.

Schranz, Anna · 2026

German cannabis use rose from 12.1% to 14.4%, but this did not significantly differ from Austrian trends (DiD OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.95-1.48).

A 2025 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey on Public Attitudes Toward the Legalization and Depenalization of Recreational Cannabis in Poland.

Silczuk, Andrzej · 2026

Eight years after medical cannabis legalization in Poland, 29.6% supported full recreational legalization, 39.6% favored depenalization (legal possession up to 100g or 3 plants), and 18.7% perceived cannabis as easily accessible.

Patterns of Cannabis Use and Perceived Accessibility Among Underage U.S. Young Adults: Implications for Policy and Prevention.

Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M · 2026

Among all respondents, 30.7% reported smoking, 19.7% vaping, 18.2% edibles, 10.4% dabbing, and 2.8% drinking cannabis.

Factors associated with different cannabis supply methods: results from the French 2017 ESCAPAD and Health Barometer surveys.

Wallez, Solène · 2026

Among both 17-year-olds (n=2,943) and adults (n=1,221), buying from friends, relatives, or dealers was the most common supply method (60% and 68% respectively).

Demographic Predictors of Medicinal Cannabis Users' Perceived Level of Physician Support for Medicinal Cannabis Prescriptions in New Zealand.

Withanarachchie, Vinuli · 2026

Mental health (73.8%), sleep (71.6%), and pain (59.5%) were the top conditions treated.

Noncompliance with laws to prevent polysubstance misuse: Recreational cannabis sales to apparently alcohol-intoxicated customers.

Woodall, W Gill · 2026

Sellers were willing to sell cannabis to pseudo-intoxicated buyers at 73.7% of visits (255 of 346).

Changing Developmental Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Use in Washington State: an Analysis of Young Adult Birth Cohorts Born in 1990-2004.

Acolin, Jessica · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence was higher at age 21-22 compared to 18-20, departing from prior pre-legalization research showing gradual decline.

Challenging the 25-year-old 'mature brain' mythology: implications for the minimum legal age for non-medical cannabis use.

Adinoff, Bryon · 2025

While brain development continues into the third decade, there is no empirically defined endpoint at age 25.

Knowledge and attitudes toward recreational cannabis legalization among California residents: a population-matched questionnaire about Proposition 64.

Ageze, Daniel · 2025

Among 4,020 current cannabis users demographically matched to the 2020 California census, 71% described themselves as somewhat or very familiar with Prop 64, yet awareness of specific regulations was low: 49% knew possession rules, 41% knew transportation rules, and only 30% understood gifting regulations.

Medical cannabis legalization and the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.

Al Hallaj, Hana · 2025

Fixed effects panel regression across 20 countries (14 with legalized medical cannabis, 6 without) found a strong negative association between tobacco use and medical cannabis sales, while cannabis consumption showed a positive association with medical cannabis markets.

Adding Nuance to Understanding the Effects of Cannabis Legalization by Using Policy Bundles: A Study of Youth Mental Health.

Altaf, Shazib · 2025

Analysis of Youth Risk Behavior Survey data using a novel "policy bundles" measurement approach found that both pharmaceutical and permissive cannabis policy bundles were associated with mental health improvements in youth, while greater fiscalization (revenue-focused policy design) had a negative impact on youth mental health.

Evaluation of the causal impact of recreational marijuana legalisation on traffic safety in the US.

Anupriya · 2025

Using an augmented synthetic control method to generate causal inference, the study identified a consistent but lagged pattern of increased traffic fatality rates in several states following recreational marijuana legalization.

Alcohol sales changes in a Canadian province after recreational cannabis legalization.

Armstrong, Michael J · 2025

Comparing 17 months before and after cannabis legalization in Nova Scotia, alcohol-only stores saw an initial 2.91% sales decrease with minimal ongoing growth (0.06%/month), while stores selling both cannabis and alcohol saw a 0.55% initial increase with stronger growth (0.29%/month).

Exploring Associations between Cannabis Prices, Stores, and Usage after Recreational Legalization.

Armstrong, Michael J · 2025

Panel data analysis of 50 province-year observations found no significant changes in prevalence among males or those aged 16-24, and no change in daily use proportions.

Medical cannabis in Israel: a comprehensive review of trends and regulations, 2011-2025.

Aviram, Joshua · 2025

Active medical cannabis licenses in Israel grew by over 4,400% from 2011 to 2024.

Racial Equity in Urine Drug Screening Policies in Labor and Delivery.

Azimi, Vahid · 2025

Before the intervention, Black patients were screened at more than double the rate of White patients (23.2% vs 11.1%).

Toxicology Screening for Marijuana and Impact on Breast Milk Feeding Policies in Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

Bae, Sarra · 2025

79% of surveyed NICUs used selective toxicology screening based on risk factors or provider discretion.

Driving and cannabis use: a questionnaire about knowledge and behaviors after the legalization of recreational cannabis in California.

Baird, Sara · 2025

Among 4,020 current cannabis users in California, 62% knew about the in-vehicle consumption ban, 59% knew containers must be sealed, and 74% knew DUIC citations are possible.

State funding for cannabis research: an analysis of funding mechanisms and levels.

Balla, Agnes · 2025

Only 17 of 38 states with medical or adult-use cannabis laws include a funding mechanism for research.

Associations between recreational cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder treatment outcomes in California, 2010-2021.

Bass, Brittany · 2025

California's recreational cannabis legalization was associated with decreased probability of 90-day treatment retention and successful discharge for CUD patients.

Home Cultivation of Cannabis in a Context of Prohibition: Results from Two Online Cross-Sectional Surveys of People Using Cannabis Daily in France.

Bastien, Martin · 2025

Home cultivation was the main supply source for 11-16% of daily French cannabis users.

Labeling of Cannabis Products From Licensed and Unlicensed Retailers in New York.

Becker, Timothy D · 2025

Unlicensed products had significantly less essential information (2.20 vs 4.89 of 6 elements), fewer safety features (2.22 vs 4.29 of 6), and more youth-appealing elements (2.58 vs 1.60 of 7) than licensed products.

Cannabis Access by Retailer Type in New York.

Becker, Timothy D · 2025

Licensed retailers required age verification before store entry (100% vs 10%) and before purchase (100% vs 48%).

The impact of socioeconomic factors on the incidence and characteristics of first-episode psychosis.

Belvederi Murri, Martino · 2025

Frequent cannabis use among teens (area-level) was associated with increased first-episode psychosis incidence (IRR=1.31).

Dazed and confused: variability in reported and measured tetrahydrocannabinol content in cannabis edibles.

Beneke, Laura Lee · 2025

Significant discrepancies were found between labeled and measured THC content.

State Nonmedical Cannabis Laws and U.S. Young Adults' Cannabis-Related Experiences.

Berg, Carla J · 2025

Retail license limits were associated with fewer retailer visits.

Cannabis and the overdose crisis among US adolescents.

Bleyer, Archie · 2025

States with recreational cannabis legalization had overdose death rates 88% higher (2019), 479% higher (2020), and 115% higher (2021) among 14-18 year-olds compared to non-legalizing states.

Cannabis Use and Perceptions of Cannabis Safety, Effectiveness, and Stigma amongst older Canadians: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Bolt, Jennifer · 2025

44% reported current cannabis use, 33.2% non-use, 16.5% prior use, and 6.1% were considering use.

What proportion of people who use cannabis in Germany have spoken with their general practitioner about their consumption? A repeated cross-sectional representative population survey.

Borchardt, Benjamin · 2025

Only 7.0% of 2,057 ever-users reported discussing cannabis with their GP.

Self-titration of cannabis consumption: An epidemiological perspective.

Borodovsky, Jacob T · 2025

When switching between product types (flower vs.

Alcohol and Cannabis Use and Co-Use among Ethnic Groups in California.

Caetano, Raul · 2025

Alcohol-cannabis co-use was highest among Other/Two or more races (17.7%) and Whites (17.0%).

Public health orientation of Cannabis and alcohol regulators: An analysis of state-level variation in the United States.

Carr, Codey J · 2025

Cannabis regulatory agencies outperformed alcohol agencies on public health indicators; states that legalized through legislatures (vs ballot initiatives) reported more public health engagement for both cannabis and alcohol regulators..

Global Influence of Cannabis Legalization on Social Media Discourse: Mixed Methods Study.

Castillo-Toledo, Consuelo · 2025

Political discussions were the most common cannabis topic in America, Europe, and Asia; personal testimonies dominated in Oceania and Africa; legalization support was highest in Oceania (68%) and held majority in most regions..

Substitution and Complementarity in the Consumption of Alcohol, Cannabis, and Opium.

Chandra, Siddharth · 2025

Alcohol and cannabis bud functioned as economic substitutes; cannabis leaf was a complement to alcohol but a substitute for cannabis bud; alcohol, cannabis bud, and opium all showed negative income elasticity..

Relationship Between Cannabis Dispensary Density, Proximity, and Attitudes Toward Medical Cannabis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Clobes, Thomas A · 2025

Weak positive correlation between distance from dispensary and favorable MC attitudes; dispensary density did not significantly impact attitudes; gender (p=0.004), age (p=0.048), and state legal status (p<0.001) were significant predictors in regression..

"Stoned on the road": A systematic review of cannabis-impaired driving educational initiatives targeting young drivers in Canada.

Colonna, Robert · 2025

Fifteen Canadian DUIC initiatives were found: seven educational programs and eight awareness campaigns spanning national and regional levels.

Correct Recognition and Appeal Ratings of Copycat Cannabis Edible Packaging: Evidence from an Online Experiment.

Cooper, Michael · 2025

Copycat cannabis packages were associated with 65% lower odds of correct identification of cannabis content compared to non-copycat branded packages.

Indicators of Intergenerational Transmission of Cannabis Use Among US Young Adults.

Cui, Yuxian · 2025

Having cannabis-using parents (aOR = 2.90) and having children (aOR = 1.37) were both independently associated with past-month cannabis use.

Profiles of cannabis use and expense-related factors among US young adults.

Cui, Yuxian · 2025

Latent class analysis identified four profiles: price-insensitive low-spend (36%), high-spend heavy users (32%), moderate-spend oil/other users (24%), and price-sensitive high-spend mixed users (8%).

Association of Cannabis Use With Guideline-Recommended Cancer Screenings: Results From a National Health Behaviors Survey.

Dagnino, Filippo · 2025

High-frequency cannabis use was associated with lower breast cancer screening adherence (aOR 0.70) and prostate cancer screening at any frequency (1-19 days: aOR 0.76; 20-30 days: aOR 0.60).

The Effect of E-Cigarette Taxes on Substance Use.

Dave, Dhaval · 2025

ENDS taxes reduced both teen e-cigarette use and marijuana use, including co-use.

The Effects of Recreational Cannabis Laws on Alcohol and Tobacco Use Among U.S. Adults, 2012-2022.

De, Prabal K · 2025

Using law passage as the measure, recreational cannabis laws showed no association with alcohol or tobacco use.

Recreational marijuana legalization's impact and opioid death rates: A synthetic control approach.

Denkyirah, Elisha Kwaku · 2025

The average treatment effect was approximately -6.49 opioid deaths per capita for Colorado, -2.89 for Washington, and -4.8 for Oregon after recreational dispensaries opened.

Changes in cannabis attitudes and perceptions in the five years following recreational legalization in Canada: Findings from an observational cohort study of community adults.

Doggett, Amanda · 2025

Social acceptability of any recreational use (OR 1.06) and trying cannabis (OR 1.02) increased over time.

Evaluating the impact of Canadian cannabis legalization on cannabis use outcomes in emerging adults: Comparisons to a US control sample via a natural experiment.

Doggett, Amanda · 2025

Against a general trend of decreasing cannabis use in both countries, Canadian young adults showed significantly higher cannabis use frequency at 6 months (ATT 0.22) and 12 months (ATT 0.31) post-legalization compared to the US control group.

US State Recreational and Medical Cannabis Delivery Laws, 2024.

Ebling, Todd · 2025

States took markedly different approaches to cannabis delivery regulation, with some allowing only licensed dispensary delivery, others permitting caregiver delivery, and significant variation in licensing requirements..

Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults in Germany: Study results and prevention measures offered by the Federal Institute of Public Health.

Eckhardt, Stephanie · 2025

Among young women aged 18-25, past-year cannabis use more than doubled from 8.3% in 2008 to 19.4% in 2023.

Cannabis-Associated Emergencies in the Emergency Department.

Eichhorn, David · 2025

In Canada after legalization, cannabis use among those 15+ rose from 15% to 25%, and hospital admissions doubled from 15 to 32 per 100,000.

Associations Between Evolving Cannabis Policies and Cannabis-Related School Discipline Among Secondary School Students in Massachusetts, 2005-2019.

English, Faith · 2025

Decriminalization was associated with a 34% increase in cannabis-related disciplinary incidents in schools.

Pre-Post Cannabis Legalization for Adult Use: A Trend Study of Two Cohorts of Young Adult Cannabis Users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2025

Frequency of cannabis use (days or hits per day) did not significantly differ between cohorts.

Per Se Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis Statutes and Blood Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations following Short-Term Cannabis Abstinence.

Fitzgerald, Robert L · 2025

Among 190 regular cannabis users who abstained for at least 48 hours, 43% exceeded zero-tolerance THC limits (0.5+ ng/mL), 24% exceeded the 2 ng/mL per se limit, and 5.3% exceeded 5 ng/mL.

Young Adult Cannabis, Alcohol, Nicotine, and Nonprescribed Pain Reliever Use in Washington State Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Fleming, Charles B · 2025

Past-month cannabis use among 18-25 year olds increased by 1.6 percentage points per year from 2016-2019, with no pandemic-related disruption.

Neighborhood level factors and use of cigarettes, cannabis and e-cigarettes: A population-based study among Canadian adults.

Fraser Wood, Truman · 2025

Material deprivation, social deprivation, and household insecurity were positively associated with all three substances.

A quantitative projection of the net health effects of cannabis legalization in Germany.

Gandjour, Afschin · 2025

Projected 400,000-800,000 new users and ~2,300 additional severe mental health cases.

Temporal Trends in Young Adult Cannabis and Tobacco Use in States with Different Cannabis Policies.

Glasser, Allison M · 2025

All states showed declining cigarette smoking, slight cigar declines, and increasing cannabis and blunt use among young adults.

Relationship between an adult-use Cannabis law and Cannabis use by type in a cohort of New Jersey young adults.

Glasser, Allison M · 2025

Odds of ever cannabis use were 42% higher in the post-retail period (95% CI: 32%-54%).

Evaluating maternal drug use disparities, risk factors and outcomes in Northeast Arkansas: a pre, during, and post-COVID-19 pandemic analysis.

Gomez Pomar, Enrique · 2025

Among 450 positive meconium drug screens, THC was most common (64.2%), followed by amphetamines (11.1%) and opioids (6.7%).

A content analysis of cannabis edible product characteristics, packaging features, and online promotions.

Han, Bing · 2025

Among 2,282 cannabis edible products from US online dispensaries, over half were gummies and 80%+ contained at least 100 mg total THC.

Impact of Delta-8-THC warning labels on perceived intoxication, harm, and susceptibility among adolescents.

Harlow, Alyssa F · 2025

Among 3,647 Southern California adolescents, those shown delta-8-THC products with larger warning labels (vs.

Cannabis Consumption Before and After Partial Legalization in Germany: Early Trends, Consumption Patterns, and Motives.

Hoch, Eva · 2025

Past-12-month cannabis use prevalence reached 9.8% in 2024 after partial legalization, up from 8.8% in 2021, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Quantitative and qualitative changes in substance-related administrative offences in road traffic during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Munich.

Holzer, Anna · 2025

Among 6,210 blood samples from substance-related traffic stops in Munich (2019-2021), cannabis was detected most frequently (66-67%), followed by alcohol (11%) and cocaine (5%).

Impact of medical and recreational cannabis laws on inpatient visits for asthma.

Jayawardhana, Jayani · 2025

States with medical cannabis dispensaries experienced a 14.12% increase in inpatient asthma visits compared to states without.

Global, regional and national burden of drug use disorders, 1990-2021: decomposition analysis, health inequality analysis and predictions to 2035.

Jin, Ruiying · 2025

Cannabis use disorder leads all five drug use disorder categories in age-standardized prevalence rates globally.

Changes in psychosis-related emergency department and hospitalization rates among youth following cannabis legalization in Colorado.

Joshi, Spruha · 2025

Monthly psychosis hospitalization rates for youth rose from 21.9 per 100,000 pre-medical expansion to 28.0 post-expansion and 32.3 post-recreational legalization.

Legalization of Smokable Medical Cannabis and Changes in the Dispensed Amount of Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol Per Patient.

Jugl, Sebastian · 2025

Legalizing smokable medical cannabis in Florida (SB182, March 2019) was associated with a 42.18% increase in mean weekly dispensed THC per patient (138.45 mg increase, 95% CI: 102.69-174.20) assuming 20% THC concentration.

Cross-sectional analysis of cannabis use at work in the USA: differences by occupational risk level and state-level cannabis laws.

Kucera, Ava · 2025

Workplace use highest in recreational states (8.5%) vs.

Growing practices and the use of potentially harmful chemical additives from a web survey of mainly small-scale cannabis growers in 18 countries.

Lenton, Simon · 2025

In the 2020-21 survey, 26% of cannabis growers reported using chemicals.

Prospective associations of subjective and objective neighborhood disadvantage with cannabis and nicotine vaping among Southern California adolescents.

Li, Danyi · 2025

Subjective neighborhood disorder (how teens perceived their area) was significantly associated with both cannabis vaping (RR=1.04 per unit increase) and nicotine vaping (RR=1.04).

Evaluation of Cannabis Per Se Laws: A Semi-Mechanistic Pharmacometrics Model for Quantitative Characterization of THC and Metabolites in Oral Users.

Li, Peizhi · 2025

Using data from 10 published studies, researchers built a model simulating THC blood levels in frequent and occasional users after oral doses from 2.5 to 100 mg.

Time Spent on Social Media and the Risk of Substance Use Among US Adolescents.

Li, Xiao · 2025

Among 4,769 adolescents followed over multiple years, social media time predicted later substance use.

Consumer perspectives of accessing medicinal cannabis treatment from cannabis clinics versus generalist health settings in Australia.

Lintzeris, Nicholas · 2025

Of 2,394 respondents, 79.3% accessed treatment from specialized cannabis clinics (MCCs).

Cannabis Policies, Cannabis, and Opioids in Suicide and Undetermined Intent Death.

Lira, Marlene C · 2025

Cannabis involvement in death was associated with increased odds of opioid involvement (AOR=1.29).

Visual attention and memory retention of cannabis warning labels: an eye-tracking experiment with young adults.

Liu, Jiaying · 2025

Labels with specific text about health consequences held attention longer and improved risk recognition compared to generic warnings.

Associations Between Cannabis Messaging and Derived Psychoactive Cannabis Product Perceptions, Use, and Use Intentions Among a Sample of US Young Adults.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

About 45.6% of cannabis users also used derived intoxicating cannabis products (DICPs).

Cannabis social equity initiatives among US states with legal non-medical cannabis retail: A review and recommendations.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

Of 22 states with legal recreational cannabis sales, 17 had social equity licensing initiatives (13 reserved licenses for equity entrepreneurs).

Derived psychoactive cannabis product perceptions and use among a sample of US young adults.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

DPCP awareness was 67.5% overall (87% among cannabis users vs 49% non-users).

Neighborhood Sociodemographic Correlates of Cannabis Dispensary Availability in States with Legalized Adult Recreational Use, United States, 2021.

Lowery, Bryce C · 2025

Census tracts with the highest percentage of Black residents had 2.07 times the odds of having a dispensary compared to those with the lowest.

Cannabis in road traffic - a retrospective analysis to identify possible cut-off-values.

Ludwig, A · 2025

THC serum concentrations were slightly but significantly higher in cases with criminal driving offenses compared to those without, but the absolute differences were small with too much overlap between groups to define a useful cut-off.

Rural reticence to inform physicians of cannabis use.

Mallinson, Daniel J · 2025

Living in an urban area was positively associated with disclosing marijuana use to healthcare providers compared to rural areas.

Acute cannabis intoxication among the paediatric population.

Malta, Ginevra · 2025

THC effects in children typically emerge within 2 hours of ingestion, with severe symptoms developing by 4 hours.

Levels of support and consumer perceptions of cannabis regulations in Canada.

Marquette, Anastasia · 2025

Support was highest for health warnings on products (62.6%), adult-use legalization (58.5%), and retail window coverings (49.2%).

Revisiting the Gateway Drug Hypothesis for Cannabis: A Secondary Analysis of a Nationwide Survey Among Community Users in Japan.

Masataka, Yuji · 2025

Tobacco and alcohol were the most common initial substances, with cannabis typically third.

The driving-related attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of cannabis users in the Australian Capital Territory following decriminalisation.

McCartney, Danielle · 2025

67.9% of participants reported waiting 7+ hours before driving, but 21.5% reported waiting 3 hours or less.

Cannabis products and trends in a cohort of young adults: The VapeScan longitudinal study.

McGraw, Katlyn E · 2025

At Visit 2, 58.9% of participants reported cannabis use.

Trends in Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations in Arizona From 2016 to 2021 and Associations With Mental Health-Related Hospitalizations.

Meier, Madeline H · 2025

Cannabis-related hospitalizations in Arizona increased notably over a six-year period that included the transition from medical-only to recreational cannabis legalization..

Cannabis vape product advertising exposure is associated with cannabis vape product use and frequency among U.S. Young adults.

Meng, Siyan · 2025

Exposure to cannabis vape product (CVP) ads, higher frequency of ad exposure, and exposure across more advertising channels were all significantly associated with both CVP use and use frequency among 2,204 young adults.

Pictorial warning labels reduce sharing intentions, blunt self-relevance processes elicited by social media posts promoting cannabis edibles.

Minich, Matt · 2025

An online experiment (N=1,776) found cannabis warning labels reduced sharing intentions.

Trends in urine screening positive for cannabis of emergency department admissions in Israel 2016-2024.

Miron, Oren · 2025

Among 20,022 urine toxicology tests from Israeli ER admissions (2016-2024), cannabis-positive results increased modestly from 15.4% to 17.6%.

A Narrative Review of Research on Cannabis Advertising in the United States.

Moran, Meghan Bridgid · 2025

Cannabis is marketed through price promotions, storefront signage, social media, and billboards using tactics known to increase tobacco use.

The Role of Cannabis Policies and Perceptions of Penalties on the Association Between Adolescent Social Bonds and Cannabis Use.

Moscrop-Blake, Kelsi · 2025

Medical cannabis legalization was positively associated with past-year adolescent cannabis use.

The rising tide of drug-induced psychosis.

Murray, Robin M · 2025

Drug-induced psychosis from methamphetamine and cannabis has become more common over three decades.

Post-legalization shifts in cannabis use among young adults in Georgia-A nationally representative study.

Nadareishvili, Ilia · 2025

Lifetime cannabis use prevalence among Georgian young adults was similar before and after legalization (17.3% in 2015 vs 18.1% in 2022).

Exploratory analysis of United States-based cannabis product health benefit claims on online marketplaces.

Nali, Matthew C · 2025

Among 624,805 cannabis product listings on Leafly and Weedmaps, 1.9% and 4.47% respectively included specific health benefit claims.

Measuring commercial cannabis availability: findings from a multi-state surveillance study in the US.

Nargis, Nigar · 2025

THC market size accounted for 90% or more of the combined cannabis market value across all 12 states regardless of legalization status.

Recreational Marijuana Laws and suicide deaths in the US.

Nayeem, Nawar · 2025

RMLs were associated with a statistically significant increase of 0.68 suicide deaths per 100,000 population overall.

Impact of Canada's Cannabis Act on drug- and alcohol-related collisions in Québec: an interrupted time-series analysis of five major cities.

Nazif-Munoz, José Ignacio · 2025

Total cannabis sales were significantly associated with a 12% increase in drug-related crashes (IRR 1.12) and a 12% increase in alcohol-related crashes (IRR 1.12) across five Quebec cities.

Like birds of a feather? A multi-case study on the connections between cannabis, tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceutical companies in legalized cannabis markets.

Ongenaert, Marthe · 2025

All five cannabis companies (Canopy Growth, Aurora, Tilray, Cronos Group, Organigram) had investment relationships with alcohol, tobacco, or pharmaceutical companies.

Characteristics and effects of cannabis advertisements with appeal to youth in California.

Padon, Alisa A · 2025

Several ad features significantly increased youth interest in cannabis: illustrations, clear product descriptions, food or flavor references, depictions of positive sensations, adventure imagery, psychoactive effects, and references to heavy consumption.

Cannabis product exposures reported to Ramathibodi Poison Center, Thailand, during 2018-2022.

Paisarnrodjanarat, Bootsakorn · 2025

Hospitalization rates increased significantly after each policy change: from 68.7% during the illegal period to 82% (medical), 91.5% (decriminalized), and 96.8% (recreational).

Cannabis and psychosis: minimising harm while maximising therapeutic potential.

Patel, Rashmi · 2025

Cannabis use increases the risk of psychosis, but cannabis-based medicinal products may provide additional therapeutic opportunities.

Marijuana policy and tribal communities in the United States.

Pedersen, Daphne E · 2025

Tribal communities face a uniquely complex cannabis policy landscape: tribes may legalize or criminalize cannabis independently but may be located within states with opposing policies.

Cannabis involvement in posttraumatic stress disorder emergency department visits after cannabis legalization.

Perrault-Sequeira, Laurent · 2025

Among 381,450 PTSD ED visits in Ontario, cannabis co-involvement increased by 151% (from 0.13 to 0.33 per 100,000) between the first and last cannabis policy periods, while alcohol co-involvement increased by 58%.

Trends in cannabis adverse reaction reports: A descriptive analysis of spontaneous reporting data submitted to the Canada Vigilance Program since legalization and regulation of cannabis for non-medical purposes in Canada.

Plebon-Huff, Sieara · 2025

Among 698 adverse reaction reports to the Canada Vigilance Program, the average reporting individual was 56 years old, 45.4% were female, and 67.5% reported medical use (mainly pain management).

US State Cannabis Policy Bundles Dataset.

Richardson, Lilliard E · 2025

Using 36 dichotomous policy indicators, factor analysis confirmed three distinct policy dimensions across US states: pharmaceutical (medical access rules), permissive (recreational and personal use rules), and fiscal (taxation and revenue structures).

Product Characteristics, Warnings, and Marketing Appeals Conveyed on Delta-8 THC Product Packaging in the US and Canada.

Robichaud, Meagan O · 2025

Analysis of 140 delta-8 THC products from the US and Canada found that only 32.9% displayed any health warning, and warnings appeared on the front of packaging just 11.7% of the time.

"Those pot heads" - perceived external stigma and self-stigma among cannabis users in Germany: prevalence and associations with socio-demographics, cannabis use patterns and psychological distress.

Rosenkranz, Moritz · 2025

Among 684 regular cannabis users in Germany (surveyed before legalization), 30.6% perceived external stigmatization and 22.1% reported self-stigma.

Self-Reported Cannabis Prices and Expenditures From Legal and Illegal Sources Five Years After Legalisation of Non-Medical Cannabis in Canada.

Rundle, Samantha · 2025

Among 2,686 Canadian cannabis consumers, 78% of purchases came from legal sources.

Prenatal cannabis exposure and the risk of subsequent maltreatment.

Ryan, Joseph P · 2025

Among 35,437 births, Black and multiracial newborns were significantly more likely to be drug-tested.

Cannabis Social Equity Initiatives Across 5 US States Case Studies of Colorado, Washington, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Missouri.

Speer, Morgan · 2025

Colorado, Washington, and Massachusetts implemented pardons while Connecticut and Missouri implemented expungement.

Impact of Cannabis Legalization on Umbilical Cord Tissue Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels.

Spence, Kimberly · 2025

A higher percentage of umbilical cord tissue tested positive for THC after legalization (46.2% vs.

Recreational Cannabis Laws and Fills of Pain Prescriptions in the Privately Insured.

Steuart, Shelby R · 2025

Using nationally representative commercial insurance data, the study examined how two sequential recreational cannabis policies affected prescribing of opioids and other pain medications, providing evidence on whether cannabis substitutes for or complements prescription pain treatments..

The Association Between Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Substance Use Treatment Admissions for Cannabis Misuse, 2010-2021.

Sun, Ruoyan · 2025

Cannabis-related treatment admissions decreased from 18.7% of all substance treatment admissions in 2010 to 8.9% in 2021.

Predictors of perinatal cannabis use in colorado and the association with depression during pregnancy.

Teano, Valerie J · 2025

13.3% (15,585) reported perinatal cannabis use.

Measuring the Association Between Cannabis Dispensary Density and Adult Consumption in a Statewide Setting: Does Urbanicity Matter?

Trangenstein, Pamela J · 2025

Greater dispensary density within a 3-mile buffer was associated with higher frequency of use among current cannabis users (p<0.01) but not with past-year cannabis use prevalence.

Impact of legalization on cannabis exposure calls to the British Columbia Poison Control Centre.

Trieu, Jeffrey · 2025

Cannabis-related poison control calls for children <10 increased from an average of 12/year pre-legalization to 25/year post-legalization.

Evaluating racial disparities in cancer patient-provider communication about cannabis in a state without a legal cannabis marketplace.

Wedel, Amelia V · 2025

No racial differences in cannabis use rates or provider discussions.

Perceptions and patterns of Cannabis use in emergency department patients following recreational legalization in Massachusetts.

Whitledge, James D · 2025

Cannabis use was common among ED patients post-legalization, with diverse use patterns including various consumption methods and concomitant substance use.

Pregnancy Care in Times of Cannabis Legalization: Self-Rated Knowledge, Risk Perception and Communication Practices of Midwives in Germany.

Wollscheid, Julia · 2025

German midwives showed variable self-rated knowledge of cannabis risks in pregnancy and inconsistent frequency of screening and counseling patients about cannabis use, despite their central role in prenatal care..

Drug use among individuals injured in non-fatal motor vehicle crashes and related policies in 2023.

Won, Nae Y · 2025

The study assessed drug use prevalence among non-fatally injured crash victims and evaluated whether state cannabis legalization policies were associated with differences in drug-related crash rates..

Does cannabis substitute or complement alcohol after recreational cannabis legalization in the Washington State? A three-level mixed-effects modeling.

Zhu, Yachen · 2025

At the daily level, recreational cannabis users drank 37% more alcohol on cannabis-use days (IRR = 1.37).

Recreational Cannabis Legalization: No Contribution to Rising Prescription Stimulants in the USA.

Alexander, Garrett D · 2024

While total stimulant distribution rates were higher in states with recreational cannabis sales after implementation (p=0.049), there was no significant interaction between time and cannabis sales status (p=0.406), meaning legalization did not contribute to a more pronounced rise in stimulant distribution..

Recreational cannabis legalization and pediatric exposures in Massachusetts, United States.

Argandykov, Dias · 2024

After recreational cannabis legalization in Massachusetts, pediatric cannabis-related ER visits increased from 18.5 to 31.0 per 100,000 (IRR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5-1.8) and hospitalizations increased significantly (IRR 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.7, a 126% increase).

Canada's Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Medical Cannabis Patient Activity, 2017-2022.

Armstrong, Michael J · 2024

Medical cannabis patient registrations initially increased but slowed after the law passed and decreased after edibles became available.

Medicinal cannabis use among young adults during California's transition from legalized medical use to adult-use: a longitudinal analysis.

Ataiants, Janna · 2024

Longitudinal latent class analysis identified three groups: Recreational Users (39.3%) with low medicinal use, Recreational Patients (40.4%) with patient status but low medicinal use, and Medicinal Patients (20.3%) with high medicinal use.

Canadians' use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes since legalization of recreational cannabis: a cross-sectional analysis by medical authorization status.

Balneaves, Lynda G · 2024

Authorized patients were more likely to report no side effects (29.9% vs.

Adult use cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder treatment in California, 2010-2021.

Bass, Brittany · 2024

Legalization was associated with decreased CUD treatment admission probability overall (AME -0.005).

Neighborhood demographics in relation to marketing and regulation-related factors among cannabis retailers in 5 US cities.

Berg, Carla J · 2024

Predominantly White neighborhoods had higher odds of pregnancy warnings, membership programs, and delivery services.

Cannabis-related information sources among US residents: A probability-weighted nationally representative survey.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2024

Most common information sources: friends/family (35.6%), websites (33.7%).

Trends in U.S. Medical Cannabis Registrations, Authorizing Clinicians, and Reasons for Use From 2020 to 2022.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2024

Enrolled patients grew from 3,099,096 (2020) to 4,132,098 (2022), a 33.3% increase.

Cannabis Laws and Utilization of Medications for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders.

Bradford, Ashley C · 2024

Medical cannabis laws were associated with a 12.4% reduction in benzodiazepine fill rates, and recreational laws with a 15.2% reduction.

The Role of Social Deprivation and Cannabis Use in Explaining Variation in the Incidence of Psychotic Disorders: Findings From the EU-GEI Study.

Brink, Vera · 2024

Lower owner-occupancy was independently associated with increased first-episode psychosis incidence (aIRR: 0.76) and non-affective psychosis (aIRR: 0.68).

Patterns in Tobacco, E-Cigarette, and Cannabis Advertising Exposure Among California Adolescents and Associations With Future Use Expectations.

Chaffee, Benjamin W · 2024

Among never-users, advertising exposure was associated with future use expectations for cigarettes (OR 1.7), vapes (OR 2.3), and marijuana (OR 2.1) within one year.

Legalization and retail availability of recreational marijuana and adolescent use in schools.

Cil, Gulcan · 2024

Substance use-related office discipline referrals in Oregon middle schools increased by 0.14 per 100 students (30% of the mean) after legalization, relative to comparison schools in other states.

The impacts of packaging on preferences for cannabis edibles: A discrete choice experiment.

Cooper, Michael · 2024

Nearly all groups preferred branded over plain packages and any health claim over none.

The Relationship Between Rates of Cannabis Use and Covid-19 Infection Rates During the Pandemic: An Analysis of Canada's National Cannabis Survey.

Cullen, Greggory · 2024

Higher regional COVID-19 infection rates were independently associated with both greater likelihood of cannabis use and higher frequency of use, even after controlling for age, gender, SES, mental health, cannabis store density, and pre-pandemic use prevalence.

Medical Marijuana Legalization in Oklahoma: Effects on Neonatal Exposure to Opiates.

DeShea, Lise · 2024

Comparing 19 months before and after Oklahoma's medical marijuana law, positive THC tests in newborns increased significantly from 16.2 to 22.2 per 1,000 liveborn infants (p=0.004).

Cannabis Use Among Students in Grades 8, 10, and 12, by Sex - King County, Washington, 2008-2021.

Esie, Precious · 2024

During 2008-2021, cannabis use declined among both sexes.

Health warning labels on cannabis products. What is the best design?

Gantiva, Carlos · 2024

Pictorial (graphic) health warnings were generally more effective than text-only warnings across outcomes.

Prevalence of cannabis use and the frequency, types, and sources of cannabis products used in northern remote territories of the Canadian legal cannabis market.

Hobin, Erin · 2024

Past 12-month cannabis use was reported by 46.1% of respondents, with 21.8% reporting daily or near-daily use.

Cannabis Use in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Following Legalization of Cannabis in Canada.

Iablokov, Vadim · 2024

Recent cannabis use was reported by 41% of Crohn's disease patients and 31% of ulcerative colitis patients, more than double pre-legalization rates of ~16% and ~12% respectively.

Multilevel associations of peer cognitive factors and adolescent cannabis use in a legal recreational cannabis region.

Kenyon, Emily A · 2024

Individual increases in hazardous cannabis use were significantly associated with higher peer norms (perceiving more peer use) and lower resistance to peer influence.

Can the THC concentration predict the number of patients with cannabis-related diagnoses?

Manthey, Jakob · 2024

Using health insurance data from 2009-2021 and THC data from law enforcement, each one percentage point increase in median THC concentration predicted a higher proportion of cannabis users receiving an F12 diagnosis.

Analysis of social media compliance with cannabis advertising regulations: evidence from recreational dispensaries in Illinois 1-year post-legalization.

Marinello, Samantha · 2024

About 30% of dispensary Facebook and Twitter posts had at least one advertising violation.

Adverse outcomes of cannabis use in Canada, before and after legalisation of non-medical cannabis: cross-sectional analysis of the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Marquette, Anastasia · 2024

Approximately one-third of cannabis users reported at least one adverse event in the past year, and 5% sought medical help.

Rising Inpatient Utilization and Costs of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Hospitalizations in Massachusetts After Cannabis Legalization.

Marshall, Allison · 2024

CHS hospitalizations rose from 0.02% to 0.1% of total admissions after legalization.

Exploring the effects of cannabis health warnings on protective health intentions among US adults in legal recreational states.

Massey, Zachary B · 2024

Among 1,095 cannabis users, attention to warnings increased cognitive elaboration, fear, and hope.

Regulatory Landscape of Cannabis Warning Labels in US States with Legal Retail Nonmedical Cannabis, 2024.

Meek, Caroline J · 2024

Among 20 states with legal retail cannabis, only 2 required mental health risk warnings and 2 required high-potency psychosis warnings.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects of Cannabis Use by Route of Administration: A Systematic Review.

Muheriwa-Matemba, Sadandaula Rose · 2024

Most cannabis health research lumps all users together regardless of whether they smoke flower, vape concentrates, eat edibles, or dab.

Cannabis-Derived Product Types, Flavors, and Compound Types From an E-Commerce Website.

Nali, Matthew C · 2024

Among 501,012 consumable product listings, multisystem routes of administration were most common (41%), followed by respiratory (37%) and digestive (20%).

Changes in prenatal cannabis-related diagnosed disorders after the Cannabis Act and the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec, Canada.

Nazif-Munoz, José Ignacio · 2024

After the Cannabis Act took effect in October 2018, there was a significant 24% increase (95% CI: 1-53%) in cannabis-related diagnosed disorders among pregnant women aged 15-49..

The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on ED visit rates for acute cannabis intoxication.

Nguyen, An · 2024

After Michigan legalized recreational cannabis in December 2018, cannabis-related ED visits increased significantly (unadjusted RR 1.70; age-adjusted RR 1.47).

Recreational and Medical Cannabis Legalization and Opioid Prescriptions and Mortality.

Nguyen, Hai V · 2024

Using a generalized difference-in-differences approach, neither type of legalization was significantly associated with opioid outcomes.

Cannabis policy bundles and traffic fatalities in the American States over time.

Park, Mingean · 2024

The permissive cannabis policy bundle (broader access, home cultivation, etc.) was associated with lower overall traffic fatality rates.

Clinical and public safety risks associated with cannabis legalization and frequency of cannabis use among forensic mental health patients.

Penney, Stephanie R · 2024

One-third of forensic patients used cannabis over the study period, with frequency increasing significantly after legalization.

Associations between noticing public health education campaigns about cannabis and risk perceptions in the northern Canadian territories: a cross-sectional study.

Schwartz, Naomi · 2024

Noticing cannabis education campaigns was associated with a 9% increase in perceiving daily cannabis smoking and vaping as moderate-to-high risk.

Population-based cross-sectional analysis of cannabis use among Kentucky adults, 2020-21.

Shafer, Sydney · 2024

Kentucky's cannabis use prevalence (10%) was lower than the national average (~13%).

Discussions of Cannabis Over Patient Portal Secure Messaging: Content Analysis.

Shetty, Vishal A · 2024

Before medical cannabis legalization in Pennsylvania (2012-2016), cannabis-related messages were primarily about drug screening results (39% of patient messages, 77% of provider messages).

Changes in Cannabis Use Patterns in Psychiatric Populations Pre- and Post-Legalization of Recreational Cannabis Use in Canada: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey.

Sorkhou, Maryam · 2024

The odds of daily/near-daily cannabis use increased nine-fold (aOR=9.19) among people with schizophrenia between pre-legalization (2018) and two years post (2020).

The impact of recreational cannabinoid legalization on utilization in a pregnant population.

Torres, Jacob · 2024

Reported prenatal cannabis use significantly decreased from 33.8% (Epoch 1: pre-legalization) to 22.8% (Epoch 2: post-legalization).

Clearing the air: Heightened perception of harm from secondhand cannabis smoke exposure is associated with no in-home cannabis smoking in a 21-country convenience sample.

Tripathi, Osika · 2024

Those at the 75th percentile (vs 25th) of perceived harm from secondhand cannabis smoke had 70% higher odds (OR=1.7) of reporting no in-home cannabis smoking.

Canada's THC unit: Applications for the legal cannabis market.

Wood, Shea · 2024

A standard THC unit could be applied across product labeling, consumer education, and regulatory reporting/surveillance.

Examining the impact of legalization on the prevalence of driving after using cannabis: A comparison of rural and non-rural parts of Canada.

Wrathall, Meghan · 2024

Rural residents showed a significant increase in driving after cannabis use directly following legalization, which returned to pre-legalization rates one year later.

Cannabis consumers' preferences for legal and illegal cannabis: evidence from a discrete choice experiment.

Xing, Jin · 2024

For legal cannabis, quality and accessibility (distance to seller) were the most important attributes.

Cannabis Is Not Doping.

Aguiar, Aderbal Silva · 2023

Cannabis is neither ergogenic (performance-enhancing) nor proven dangerous enough to warrant classification as doping after 20 years of research.

Assessing the Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use Disorder and Admissions to Treatment in the United States.

Aletraris, Lydia · 2023

Findings generally showed increased CUD prevalence associated with legalization, but effects varied by age group.

Medical Cannabis Legalization: No Contribution to Rising Stimulant Rates in the USA.

Alexander, Garrett D · 2023

While there was a significant increase in stimulant distribution over time (methylphenidate, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine), there was no significant main effect of medical cannabis legalization status.

Recreational marijuana laws and the misuse of prescription opioids: Evidence from National Survey on Drug Use and Health microdata.

Ali, Mir M · 2023

Standard difference-in-differences analysis suggested RML adoption reduced frequent opioid misuse.

Relationships between sales of legal medical cannabis and alcohol in Canada.

Armstrong, Michael J · 2023

Using fixed effect panel data regressions controlling for retail activity, alcohol prices, education levels, unemployment, and impaired driving penalties, each dollar of legal medical cannabis sold was associated with a $0.74-$0.84 decrease in alcohol sales.

Effects of cannabis legalization on the use of cannabis and other substances.

Assanangkornchai, Sawitri · 2023

Most studies found no significant association between recreational legalization and changes in youth cannabis use across Europe, Uruguay, the U.S., and Canada.

Income inequality and daily use of cannabis, cigarettes, and e-cigarettes among Canadian secondary school students: Results from COMPASS 2018-19.

Benny, Claire · 2023

Among 74,501 Canadian students aged 12-19, a one standard deviation increase in area-level income inequality (Gini coefficient) was associated with a 25% increase in the odds of daily cannabis use (OR=1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.54).

The association between public health engagement in school-based substance use prevention programs and student alcohol, cannabis, e-cigarette and cigarette use.

Burnett, Trish · 2023

Among 42,149 students in 84 schools, public health engagement in substance use prevention had no significant overall impact on student use.

Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Opioid Prescribing and Opioid-Related Hospital Visits in Colorado: an Observational Study.

Buttorff, Christine · 2023

Using county-level variation in recreational dispensary allowances across Colorado, recreational cannabis exposure was associated with significantly fewer 30-day opioid fills (coefficient: -117.6, P<0.01) and inpatient visits (coefficient: -0.8, P=0.03), but not with reductions in total morphine milligram equivalents or ED visits.

Population and Neighborhood Correlates of Cannabis Dispensary Locations in Oklahoma.

Cohn, Amy M · 2023

Analysis of 1,046 Oklahoma census tracts found dispensaries concentrated in areas with higher proportions of uninsured residents below the poverty level, more rental housing, and more schools and pharmacies.

Seeing is believing: How cannabis marketing exposure is associated with cannabis use attitudes and behavior in a permissive medical cannabis policy environment.

Cohn, Amy M · 2023

Among 5,428 Oklahoma adults, 74.5% reported past-month cannabis marketing exposure, with outdoor marketing most prevalent (61.1%).

An interrupted time series evaluation of the effect of cannabis legalization on intentional self-harm in two Canadian provinces: Ontario and Alberta.

Cusimano, Michael D · 2023

Using population-based data from January/April 2010 to February 2020, cannabis legalization and regulation in Canada was not significantly associated with changes in ED visits for intentional self-harm in Ontario (level=0.58, 95% CI -1.14 to 2.31) or Alberta (level=-0.06, 95% CI -2.25 to 2.12).

Cannabis-Involved Traffic Injury Emergency Department Visits After Cannabis Legalization and Commercialization.

Myran, Daniel T · 2023

Annual rates of cannabis-involved traffic injury ER visits rose from 0.18 to 1.01 per 1,000 total motor vehicle collisions.

Acute care related to cannabis use during pregnancy after the legalization of nonmedical cannabis in Ontario.

Myran, Daniel Thomas · 2023

The mean quarterly rate of cannabis-related acute care during pregnancy rose from 11.0 to 20.0 per 100,000 pregnancies after legalization (IRR 1.82).

Recreational cannabis and opioid distribution.

Raman, Shyam · 2023

Using two-way fixed-effects regressions across 11 states that adopted recreational cannabis laws between 2010 and 2019, the study found RCLs led to a reduction in codeine dispensed at retail pharmacies.

Impact of converging sociocultural and substance-related trends on US autism rates: combined geospatiotemporal and causal inferential analysis.

Reece, Albert Stuart · 2023

National-level analysis found daily cannabis use significantly related to autism rates (beta=4.37, P<10^-16) and first-trimester exposure (beta=0.12, P=1.7x10^-12).

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Encounters After Medical Legalization in Oklahoma.

Riha, Randal · 2023

CHS-related ED visits increased from 43 cases pre-legalization to 62 post-legalization (P=0.026), despite total ED visits decreasing from 30,437 to 28,362.

The Impact of Cannabis Use on Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Clinical Outcomes Amidst Changing State Policies.

Ross, Jennifer A · 2023

The adolescent brain is especially vulnerable because the prefrontal cortex (responsible for impulse control and executive functions) is not fully mature until the mid-twenties.

A Research Agenda to Inform Cannabis Regulation: How Science Can Shape Policy.

Schauer, Gillian L · 2023

Cannabis regulators identified six priority research areas: (1) medicinal use evidence, (2) product safety, (3) consumer behaviors, (4) equity and disparity reduction policies, (5) youth consumption prevention and public health, and (6) illicit market reduction strategies.

Location and home rules of cannabis use - Findings from marijuana use and environmental survey 2020, a nationally representative survey in the United States.

Tripathi, Osika · 2023

Cannabis was most commonly used at home, and many households lacked rules restricting indoor cannabis use.

Collisions and cannabis: Measuring the effect of recreational marijuana legalization on traffic crashes in Washington State.

Voy, Annie · 2023

Traffic collisions increased following both the legalization of recreational cannabis and the opening of retail stores in Washington State.

Prices and Purchase Sources for Dried Cannabis Flower in the United States, 2019-2020.

Wadsworth, Elle · 2023

Cannabis prices and purchasing patterns differed significantly across states with different legal frameworks.

Proximity to Legal Cannabis Stores in Canada and Use of Cannabis Sources in the First Three Years of Legalization, 2019-2021.

Wadsworth, Elle · 2023

Distance to the nearest legal cannabis retail store was significantly associated with cannabis sourcing.

Legal sourcing of ten cannabis products in the Canadian cannabis market, 2019-2021: a repeat cross-sectional study.

Wadsworth, Elle · 2023

Legal sourcing varied by product type (dried flower sourced legally more often than edibles or concentrates), by province, and by use frequency.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in North America: evaluation of health burden and treatment prevalence.

Andrews, Christopher N · 2022

CHS treatment prevalence increased from 15/100,000 pre-legalization to 21/100,000 post-legalization to 32/100,000 during COVID (p<0.001).

Knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of Australian General Practitioners towards medicinal cannabis: a 2021-2022 survey.

Bawa, Zeeta · 2022

85.3% of GPs received patient inquiries about medicinal cannabis in the prior three months, but only 52.3% felt comfortable discussing it.

Rating the comparative efficacy of state-level cannabis policies on recreational cannabis markets in the United States.

Blanchette, Jason G · 2022

State monopoly (government-owned production through retail) was rated most effective across all three outcome areas.

Developments and Changes in Primary Public Health Outcome Indicators Associated with the Legalization of Non-Medical Cannabis Use and Supply in Canada (2018): A Comprehensive Overview.

Boury, Himani · 2022

Cannabis use increased in select population groups, with a shift away from smoking toward other consumption methods.

A study of self-reported personal cannabis use and state legal status and associations with engagement in and perceptions of cannabis-impaired driving.

Brown, Timothy · 2022

Each year of delayed cannabis onset was associated with 0.51 fewer use days/month and a lower proportion of driving-after-use days.

Cannabis Industry Marketing Violations in Washington State, 2014-2019.

Carlini, Beatriz H · 2022

Of 328 violations from 183 businesses, most occurred in online content or directly in front of cannabis stores.

Cannabidiol use and perceptions in France: a national survey.

Casanova, Clémence · 2022

10.1% of French adults used CBD and 69.2% had heard of it.

Correlates of behavior change intents in response to a hypothetical flavored cigar sales restriction among U.S. adult flavored cigar smokers.

Chen-Sankey, Julia · 2022

In response to a hypothetical flavored cigar sales restriction, 15.1% would quit cigars, 41.6% would smoke plain cigars, 33.4% would switch to other flavored tobacco, and 29.2% would substitute cannabis.

Trends in hospital presentations following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure before and after implementation of the 2016 UK Psychoactive Substances Act.

Craft, Sam · 2022

SCRAs were detected in 35.7% (224/627) of patients with suspected novel psychoactive substance exposure.

Public Health Implications of Cannabis Legalization: An Exploration of Adolescent Use and Evidence-Based Interventions.

Donnelly, Joseph · 2022

As of June 2021, 36 states had medical cannabis laws and 17 had recreational laws.

Racial Equity in Cannabis Policy: Diversity in the Massachusetts Adult-Use Industry at 18-months.

Doonan, Samantha M · 2022

The overall cannabis workforce (4,883 people) was 75% white, 7% Latino, and 6% Black, roughly matching the state labor market.

Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke in the United States and Canada in 2019.

Driezen, Pete · 2022

Monthly secondhand cannabis smoke exposure at home was reported by 16.9% in Canada, 20.6% in U.S.

Cannabis legalization and driving under the influence of cannabis in a national U.S. Sample.

Dutra, Lauren M · 2022

Among 1,249 past-30-day cannabis users, the risk of driving within 3 hours of getting high was 59% lower in recreational states (RR 0.41) and 61% lower in medical-only states (RR 0.39) compared to states without legal cannabis.

Changes in Medical Cannabis Patient Status before and after Cannabis Legalization in California: Associations with Cannabis and Other Drug Use.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2022

Four transition groups emerged: stayed medical patients (MCP), became patients (Into MCP), left patient status (Out of MCP), and non-patient users (NPU).

What is the likelihood that underage youth can obtain marijuana from licensed recreational marijuana outlets in California, a state where recreational marijuana is legal?

Fell, James C · 2022

100% of the 50 randomly selected licensed recreational marijuana outlets in California required pseudo-underage patrons to show valid age identification before entry.

Incidence of inpatient cases with mental disorders due to use of cannabinoids in Germany: a nationwide evaluation.

Gahr, Maximilian · 2022

All categories of cannabinoid-related psychiatric hospitalizations increased significantly: intoxications, harmful use, dependence syndrome, withdrawal, psychotic disorders, and residual/late-onset psychotic disorders.

Effects of Risk Perception and Accessibility on Cannabis Use among Young Population in Spain: Findings from the 2016 National Survey (ESTUDES).

González-Roz, Alba · 2022

Male sex, older age, and past-30-day tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance use were associated with cannabis use.

Perceptions of the health risks of cannabis: estimates from national surveys in Canada and the United States, 2018-2019.

Goodman, Samantha · 2022

Knowledge of cannabis health risks was highest for driving impairment (66-80%), pregnancy risks (61-71%), and addiction potential (51-62%), but lowest for psychosis and schizophrenia risk (23-37%).

Do Mandatory Health Warning Labels on Consumer Products Increase Recall of the Health Risks of Cannabis?

Goodman, Samantha · 2022

Free recall of at least one warning message increased from 5% (pre-legalization) to 15% in Canada post-legalization, significantly outpacing U.S.

Does expanding access to cannabis affect traffic crashes? County-level evidence from recreational marijuana dispensary sales in Colorado.

Gunadi, Christian · 2022

Using county-level variation in when recreational dispensaries opened across Colorado, the entry of cannabis retail stores was associated with a significant increase in marijuana-related hospital discharges but no increase in traffic crash incidents.

Varied Presentations of Pediatric Patients With Positive Cannabinoid Tests.

Harvey, Taylor · 2022

71% of cases with positive cannabinoid drug screens presented after cannabis legalization in November 2016.

Cannabis use and suicidal ideation among youth: Can we democratize school policies using digital citizen science?

Katapally, Tarun Reddy · 2022

Cannabis use was significantly associated with increased suicidal ideation among youth.

Associations of cannabis product source and subsequent cannabis use among adolescents.

Kelleghan, Annemarie R · 2022

Most youth (72%) received cannabis for free.

Cannabis legalization and traffic injuries: exploring the role of supply mechanisms.

Kilmer, Beau · 2022

Total cannabis registrations were not associated with traffic crashes.

Legalization of Cannabis and Agricultural Frontier Expansion.

Klassen, Mark · 2022

From 2011 to 2016, licensed cannabis cultivation resulted in over 67 hectares of land use change toward more developed uses.

The Relations between Youth Cannabis Use, School Cannabis Use-Related Disciplinary Approaches and Student Perceptions of School Support.

Magier, Megan J · 2022

Across 131 Canadian schools and 68,037 students, no school discipline style (permissive, authoritarian, etc.) was directly associated with cannabis use.

Geographical variation in hospitalization for psychosis associated with cannabis use and cannabis legalization in the United States: Submit to: Psychiatry Research.

Moran, Lauren V · 2022

There were an estimated 129,070 hospital discharges for psychosis associated with cannabis in 2017.

A Content Analysis of Cannabis Company Adherence to Marketing Requirements in Four States.

Moreno, Megan A · 2022

Among 2,660 posts from 14 recreational cannabis businesses on Facebook and Instagram, discounts and promotions (restricted content) appeared in approximately 35% of posts and overconsumption messaging in 12%.

Trends in cannabis-related attitudes and behaviors among cannabis-using adolescent and young adult outpatients following medical cannabis legalization in Massachusetts.

O'Connell, Maddie · 2022

Use of diverted medical cannabis increased from 15% in 2013 to 44% in 2016 (adjusted OR 4.66, 95% CI 1.81-11.95).

Current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries: cross-country comparisons and international perspectives.

Ransing, Ramdas · 2022

Cannabis use prevalence reporting was inconsistent across countries.

Cannabis industry lobbying in the Colorado state legislature in fiscal years 2010-2021.

Rotering, Thomas · 2022

Cannabis industry spent $7M+ (inflation-adjusted) lobbying on 367 bills.

Getting high for likes: Exploring cannabis-related content on TikTok.

Rutherford, Brienna N · 2022

54.14% of videos portrayed cannabis positively (417 million total views).

Cannabis Adaptation During and After Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device Installation: A Longitudinal Study.

Scherer, Michael · 2022

Among 189 DUI-convicted drivers, those who decreased alcohol use while an ignition interlock device was installed significantly increased cannabis use, which continued to rise after the device was removed..

Cannabis Use for Endometriosis: Clinical and Legal Challenges in Australia and New Zealand.

Sinclair, Justin · 2022

72% of Australian and 88.2% of NZ endometriosis patients using cannabis obtained it illicitly rather than through legal medical channels.

The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States.

Smith, Christiana J · 2022

Distinct chemical phenotypes (chemotypes) were reliably present across commercial cannabis samples, but commercial labels (strain names, indica/sativa designations) did not consistently align with the observed chemical diversity, though certain labels showed biased associations with specific chemotypes..

Presence of Content Appealing to Youth on Cannabis-Infused Edibles Packaging.

Tan, Andy S L · 2022

15% of packages resembled product knockoffs (e.g., candy brands), 23% contained human/non-human creatures, 35% had flavor images, and 91% had flavor text.

Consumer perceptions of legal cannabis products in Canada, 2019-2021: a repeat cross-sectional study.

Wadsworth, Elle · 2022

By 2021, consumers perceived legal cannabis as safer to buy (54%), more convenient (47.8%), but more expensive (47.2%) than illegal cannabis.

Content Analysis of the Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of 9 Major Cannabis Companies in Canada and the US.

Wakefield, Tanner · 2022

Nine major cannabis companies engaged in CSR activities that encouraged increased consumption and targeted marginalized communities.

Impact of cannabis legalization on healthcare utilization for psychosis and schizophrenia in Colorado.

Wang, George Sam · 2022

As recreational dispensaries per 10,000 residents increased, psychosis ED visits increased 24% (IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.02-1.49) while schizophrenia ED visits showed no significant change (IRR 0.95).

Cannabis legalization and cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations in Colorado.

Wang, George Sam · 2022

Cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations increased more than two-fold from 2011-2018.

The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization on Road Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Windle, Sarah B · 2022

Medical legalization was associated with reductions in fatal motor vehicle collisions, while recreational legalization was associated with increases.

The influence of parent and peer disapproval on youth marijuana use mediated by youth risk perception: Focusing on the state comparison.

Yang, Eunbyeor Sophie · 2022

Parent disapproval had a stronger direct effect on reducing youth marijuana use, while peer disapproval had a stronger indirect effect working through increased risk perception.

Geographic Accessibility of Retail Cannabis in Northern California and Prenatal Cannabis Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2022

Prenatal cannabis use before (6.8%) and during (8.2%) the pandemic was associated with closer proximity to a retailer, greater retailer density, and living in jurisdictions that permitted rather than banned storefront retailers.

Disparities in Marijuana and Tobacco Smoke Incursions Among New York City Families During Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Zajac, Lauren · 2022

Marijuana smoke incursions were reported by 30.7% of surveyed families.

Trend differences over 20 years between two methadone maintenance clinics, one with and one without cannabis legalization.

Adelson, Miriam · 2021

The Las Vegas clinic (1,724 patients) had lower one-year retention than Tel Aviv (1,014 patients): 46.4% vs.

Medical Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Use, and Opioid-Related Outcomes among Women in the United States.

Ali, Mir M · 2021

Medical marijuana laws were not associated with opioid misuse, initiation, or OUD among all women, pregnant women, or parenting women.

The importance of psychology for shaping legal cannabis regulation.

Borodovsky, Jacob T · 2021

Cannabis regulations should account for three key agents: consumers (whose behavior is driven by pharmacological and environmental variables), the cannabis industry (which uses marketing strategies that may increase harm), and regulatory agencies (which can use evidence from psychology to shape consumption patterns)..

Cannabis, Impaired Driving, and Road Safety: An Overview of Key Questions and Issues.

Brands, Bruna · 2021

Cannabis contributes to crash risk, but key questions remain unanswered: the dose-response relationship is unclear, tolerance effects on driving are uncertain, different routes of administration (edibles, vaping) have different impairment timelines, and whether medical users are impaired differently from recreational users is unknown..

Patterns and correlates of workplace and non-workplace cannabis use among Canadian workers before the legalization of non-medical cannabis.

Carnide, Nancy · 2021

In a survey of 1,651 Canadian workers conducted in June 2018 — just months before recreational legalization — a quarter of those reporting past-year cannabis use said they'd used before or at work.

Young drivers' determinants of driving under the influence of cannabis: Findings from the Youth Cannabis and Driving Survey (YouCanDS).

Colonna, Robert · 2021

33.3% of respondents reported past DUIC and 42% indicated future DUIC intention.

Price and product variation in Washington's recreational cannabis market.

Davenport, Steven · 2021

This study analyzed the largest legal cannabis dataset available at the time: over 110 million retail transactions in Washington State from July 2014 to October 2017.

Pediatric Cannabis Single-Substance Exposures Reported to the Michigan Poison Center From 2008-2019 After Medical Marijuana Legalization.

Dean, Diana · 2021

426 pediatric cannabis exposures were reported to the Michigan Poison Center from 2008 to 2019.

Trends and Characteristics of Manufactured Cannabis Product and Cannabis Plant Product Exposures Reported to US Poison Control Centers, 2017-2019.

Dilley, Julia A · 2021

The study documented increasing cannabis exposure reports to US poison control centers from 2017 to 2019, with distinct patterns for manufactured cannabis products versus plant materials in terms of patient demographics and clinical characteristics..

Recreational cannabis laws and opioid-related emergency department visit rates.

Drake, Coleman · 2021

Event study models using ED data from 29 states (2011-2017) found recreational cannabis laws reduced opioid-related ED visit rates by approximately 7.6% for two quarters after implementation.

Knowledge about and attitudes towards medical cannabis among Austrian university students.

Felnhofer, Anna · 2021

64% of medical students said they learned about medical cannabis at university.

Cannabis alters epigenetic integrity and endocannabinoid signalling in the human follicular niche.

Fuchs Weizman, Noga · 2021

6.4% of patients tested positive for cannabis in follicular fluid.

Retail Availability of Recreational Marijuana and Alcohol in Oregon Counties and Co-Use of Alcohol and Marijuana and Related Beliefs among Adolescents.

García-Ramírez, Grisel · 2021

Post-legalization, there was a significant increase in past-30-day alcohol and marijuana co-use in 2016 in counties with the highest retail outlet density.

Recreational Cannabis Use Before and After Legalization in Women With Pelvic Pain.

Geoffrion, Roxana · 2021

14.9% of all patients were current cannabis users.

Cannabis in Homes with Children: A Survey on Use, Storage, and Attitudes.

Gimelli, Alex · 2021

14.5% reported cannabis use in their home in the prior six months.

Communicating THC levels and 'dose' to consumers: Implications for product labelling and packaging of cannabis products in regulated markets.

Hammond, David · 2021

The review identified that consumers struggle with numeric THC information (mg vs.

Are marijuana-using caregivers being asked about their marijuana use by their child's pediatrician?

Johnson, Adam B · 2021

Of 1,500 caregivers surveyed, 167 (11%) reported using marijuana.

The effect of medical cannabis laws on pharmaceutical marketing to physicians.

Lebesmuehlbacher, Thomas · 2021

Medical cannabis law enactment was associated with weak evidence of small, delayed reductions in pharmaceutical detailing for substitute prescription drugs and opioids.

The efficacy of health warnings and package branding on perceptions of cannabis products among youth and young adults.

Leos-Toro, Cesar · 2021

Presence of brand imagery on cannabis packaging significantly increased appeal ratings among 16-30 year olds, while health warning labels significantly decreased appeal.

The impact of non-medical cannabis legalization and other exposures on retention in longitudinal cannabis research: a survival analysis of a prospective study of Canadian medical cannabis patients.

Lucas, Philippe · 2021

Legalization of non-medical cannabis was associated with significantly lower odds of study retention (AOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.18-0.41).

Driving under the influence of cannabis risk perceptions and behaviour: A population-based study in Ontario, Canada.

McDonald, André J · 2021

About 90% of adults agreed DUIC increases collision risk, dropping to 55% among past-year DUIC drivers.

Analysis of State Cannabis Laws and Dispensary Staff Recommendations to Adults Purchasing Medical Cannabis.

Merlin, Jessica S · 2021

Most dispensary staff based recommendations on the customer's medical condition (74%), other customers' experiences (70%), the customer's prior experience (67%), and personal experience (63%).

Geolocation of Maryland Medical Marijuana Dispensaries by Community Income and Racial Characteristics: An Ecological Design.

Novak, Priscilla · 2021

Dispensaries were concentrated in zip codes with racially diverse populations and higher concentrations of retail establishments.

Shifts in drug seizures in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Palamar, Joseph J · 2021

Marijuana seizures decreased significantly through April 2020, then increased significantly through September 2020, peaking in August 2020 above pre-pandemic highs.

Medicinal cannabis and driving: the intersection of health and road safety policy.

Perkins, Daniel · 2021

Road safety risks associated with medicinal cannabis appear similar to or lower than numerous other potentially impairing prescription medications.

Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in Canada.

Rotermann, Michelle · 2021

Past-3-month cannabis use increased from 14.0% (2018) to 17.5% (2019) to 20.0% (2020).

Compliance With Cannabis Act Regulations Regarding Online Promotion Among Canadian Commercial Cannabis-Licensed Firms.

Sheikhan, Natasha Y · 2021

Of 211 licensed firms with online platforms, 86.3% had at least one promotion violation.

Density of medical and recreational cannabis outlets: racial/ethnic differences in the associations with young adult intentions to use cannabis, e-cigarettes, and cannabis mixed with tobacco/nicotine.

Shih, Regina A · 2021

While outlet density showed no overall association with use intentions, stratified analyses revealed that White young adults near more recreational retailers had stronger co-use intentions, while Hispanic young adults near more medical dispensaries had lower e-cigarette use intentions..

The state of the evidence on the association between state cannabis laws and opioid-related outcomes: A review.

Tormohlen, Kayla N · 2021

Across 21 U.S.

Drugs and driving prior to cannabis legalization: A 5-year review from DECP (DRE) cases in the province of Quebec, Canada.

Vaillancourt, Lucie · 2021

At least one impairing substance was detected in 98% of the 2,982 Drug Recognition Expert cases.

Changes in Emergency Department Encounters for Vomiting After Cannabis Legalization in Colorado.

Wang, George Sam · 2021

Vomiting-related ED visits increased 29% over the study period.

Association between legalization of recreational cannabis and fatal motor vehicle collisions in the United States: an ecologic study.

Windle, Sarah B · 2021

After adjusting for calendar year, legalization was associated with increased rates of fatal collisions (IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.26) and associated deaths (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.27).

Attitudes and beliefs about recreational cannabis legalization among cannabis-using young adults in Los Angeles: Impact on concurrent cannabis practices and problematic cannabis use.

Wong, Carolyn F · 2021

Three groups emerged: Impacted (n=113), Partially-Impacted (n=131), and Neutral (n=57).

Emergency Department Pediatric Visits in Alberta for Cannabis After Legalization.

Yeung, Matthew E M · 2021

Pediatric cannabis-related ED visit volume did not change post-legalization when accounting for pre-existing trends.

Perceived Importance of Factors in Cannabis Purchase Decisions: A Best-worst Scaling Experiment.

Zhu, Bin · 2021

The top five purchase factors were quality, strain type, price, THC content, and pesticide status, accounting for roughly half the total importance.

Prescribing medicinal cannabis.

Arnold, Jonathon C · 2020

More than 100 cannabis products are available in Australia, mostly oral preparations (oils) or capsules containing THC or CBD.

Do-It-Yourself medicine? The impact of light cannabis liberalization on prescription drugs.

Carrieri, Vincenzo · 2020

Using the staggered rollout of light cannabis shops across Italian provinces, the study documented significant substitution effects between CBD products and five prescription drug categories: anxiolytics, sedatives, opioids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics..

A lottery test of the effect of dispensaries on emergency room visits in Arizona.

Conyers, Gregory · 2020

Zip codes winning a dispensary license saw cannabis-related ER visits increase approximately 45% relative to non-winning zip codes over four years.

Cohort study of medical cannabis authorisation and healthcare utilisation in 2014-2017 in Ontario, Canada.

Eurich, Dean · 2020

Medical cannabis patients had a short-term increase in physician visits and hospitalizations within the first month, but these differences were not statistically significant over the 6-month follow-up.

Evaluation of Pesticides Found in Oregon Cannabis from 2016 to 2017.

Evoy, Richard · 2020

Both recreational and medicinal cannabis products contained high pesticide levels, with 50 different pesticides identified.

Youth Exposure to Marijuana Advertising in Oregon's Legal Retail Marijuana Market.

Fiala, Steven C · 2020

About 72% of 8th graders and 78% of 11th graders reported marijuana advertising exposure.

Psychotic disorders hospitalizations associated with cannabis abuse or dependence: A nationwide big data analysis.

Gonçalves-Pinho, Manuel · 2020

Cannabis-related psychotic disorder hospitalizations rose 29.4 times over 15 years.

The costs and benefits of cannabis control policies
.

Hall, Wayne · 2020

Cannabis policy entails unavoidable trade-offs: prohibition reduces use but creates criminal justice harms; depenalization reduces enforcement costs with minimal impact on use rates; medical legalization may increase adult use; and recreational legalization paired with commercialization is likely to increase use based on patterns from alcohol, tobacco, and gambling industries..

Temporal Changes in the Cross-Sectional Associations between Cannabis Use, Suicidal Ideation, and Depression in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Adults in 2012 Compared to 2002.

Halladay, Jillian E · 2020

Monthly cannabis use was consistently associated with both suicidal ideation and major depressive episodes across both time points.

The impact of legalization of access to recreational Cannabis on Canadian medical users with Cancer.

Hawley, Philippa · 2020

Cannabis use prevalence increased 26% after legalization (23.1% to 29.1%, p=0.01).

Cannabis use for symptom relief in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional survey of webinar attendees in the US and Canada.

Hildebrand, Andrea · 2020

Cannabis use for MS symptoms was significantly associated with recreational legality (OR 4.55), disease severity (severe vs.

The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay.

Nazif-Munoz, Jose Ignacio · 2020

Following Uruguay 2013 cannabis legalization, light motor vehicle driver fatality rates showed an immediate 52.4% increase (95% CI 11.6-93.3%, p=0.012).

Perceptions of U.S. and Canadian Cannabis Package Warnings Among U.S. Adults.

Pepper, Jessica K · 2020

Among 1,000 US adults (500 cannabis users, 500 tobacco-using non-cannabis users), the psychosis warning was rated most educational and most frequently selected as best for discouraging youth use.

Co-occurrence across time and space of drug- and cannabinoid- exposure and adverse mental health outcomes in the National Survey of Drug Use and Health: combined geotemporospatial and causal inference analysis.

Reece, Albert Stuart · 2020

Across 410,138 NSDUH respondents (76.7% response rate), cannabis exposure was significantly associated with any mental illness, major depression, serious mental illness (SMI), and suicidal ideation in geospatial models adjusted for demographics and other substance use.

Self-reported exposure to, perceptions about, and attitudes about public marijuana smoking among US adults, 2018.

Schauer, Gillian L · 2020

Among 4,088 US adults surveyed in 2018, 27.4% reported marijuana secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in the past week in indoor and/or outdoor public areas.

Why do patients come to the emergency department after using cannabis?

Shelton, Shelby K · 2020

Of all ED visits with cannabis ICD-CM codes, detailed chart review determined only 25.74% were at least partially attributable to cannabis.

Perceived Ease of Access and Age Attenuate the Association Between Marijuana Ad Exposure and Marijuana Use in Adolescents.

Turel, Ofir · 2020

Perceived ease of access and age were both significantly larger predictors of past-year marijuana use than ad exposure.

Marijuana exposures in Colorado, reported to regional poison centre, 2000-2018.

Wang, George Sam · 2020

Total marijuana exposures increased by 11.2 cases per year overall (p<0.0001) but remained stable from 2014-2017 (p=0.22), with a 19.4% increase in 2018 vs.

Perceptions of Marijuana Use for Glaucoma from Patients, Cannabis Retailers, and Glaucoma Specialists.

Weldy, Eric W · 2020

51% of 203 contacted dispensaries recommended marijuana for glaucoma.

Occupational Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke Among Law Enforcement Officers Providing Security at Outdoor Concert Events.

Wiegand, Douglas M · 2020

THC was detected in personal air samples (53-480 ng/m3) and area samples (up to 330 ng/m3).

Implementing social justice in the transition from illicit to legal cannabis.

Adinoff, Bryon · 2019

Progress in five social justice areas: expungement of prior convictions (some progress, especially misdemeanors), cannabis-related arrests in legal environments (decreased), industry diversity (very limited), equity program funding (very limited), and risk of legalization harming previously targeted populations (no evidence of increased harm)..

Overview of "home" cultivation policies and the case for community-based cannabis supply.

Belackova, Vendula · 2019

At least 27 jurisdictions have adopted non-prohibitive approaches to home cannabis cultivation, ranging from full legalization to de facto depenalization.

Recent trends in cyclic vomiting syndrome-associated hospitalisations with liberalisation of cannabis use in the state of Colorado.

Bhandari, Sanjay · 2019

CVS hospitalizations increased 46% from 806 (2010) to 1,180 (2014).

Qualitative Analysis of Cannabis Use Among Older Adults in Colorado.

Bobitt, Julie · 2019

Five themes emerged from 17 focus groups: (1) older adults want more education and research about cannabis, (2) healthcare providers are not communicating about cannabis, (3) accessing medical cannabis is difficult, (4) medical cannabis users report positive outcomes, and (5) stigma continues to prevent open discussion.

Implementation and Effectiveness of an Online Responsible Vendor Training Program for Recreational Marijuana Stores in Colorado, Oregon, and Washington State.

Buller, David B · 2019

Among 420 trained employees, ID checking ability improved significantly (pre: 3.91 to post: 4.58, p<.001), as did confidence to use inventory tracking (pre: 2.52 to post: 2.85, p<.001) and to spot intoxicated customers (pre: 2.79 to post: 2.94, p<.001).

New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008-2017).

Chandra, Suman · 2019

Picking up where ElSohly's earlier analysis left off, this study tracked another decade of cannabis potency data from the University of Mississippi's monitoring program.

Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis: A Framework for Future Policy.

Chow, Robert M · 2019

Marijuana use is associated with significant cognitive and psychomotor effects.

Prevalence of Involuntary Environmental Cannabis and Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Multi-Unit Housing.

Chu, Alanna K · 2019

Among multi-unit housing residents in Ontario, 7.5% reported environmental cannabis smoke (ECS) exposure and 6.6% reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure from neighboring units.

Using recreational cannabis to treat insomnia: Evidence from over-the-counter sleep aid sales in Colorado.

Doremus, Jacqueline M · 2019

Sleep aid market shares were growing before recreational cannabis availability, but the trend reversed with dispensary entry (-0.33 percentage points from a mean growth of 0.14).

Marijuana use and driving in Washington State: Risk perceptions and behaviors before and after implementation of retail sales.

Eichelberger, Angela H · 2019

THC-positive daytime drivers increased from 8% before retail sales to 23% six months after.

Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006-16.

Freeman, Tom P · 2019

Using data from 28 EU member states plus Norway and Turkey, researchers tracked three variables for both cannabis resin and herbal cannabis: potency (% THC), price (euros per gram), and value (milligrams of THC per euro). Cannabis resin showed the most dramatic changes.

What is medicinal cannabis?

Glass, Michelle · 2019

Cannabis comes in diverse forms with various active ingredients, contrasting with legal and pharmaceutical definitions of medicines.

Employment and Marijuana Use Among Washington State Adolescents Before and After Legalization of Retail Marijuana.

Graves, Janessa M · 2019

Between 2010 and 2016, marijuana use decreased among 8th and 10th graders regardless of work status.

Illegal cannabis use is common among Danes with multiple sclerosis.

Gustavsen, S · 2019

49% had tried cannabis, 21% were current users, and only 21% of current users had prescribed cannabis.

Cannabis and Health Research: Rapid Progress Requires Innovative Research Designs.

Hutchison, Kent E · 2019

63% of the US population has access to medicinal cannabis markets offering increasingly diverse and potent products.

Cannabis and multiple sclerosis.

Ingram, Gillian · 2019

About half of MS patients report previous or current medicinal cannabis use.

Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in Canada.

Lake, Stephanie · 2019

Twenty-eight indicators were identified under five themes: public safety, cannabis use trends, other substance use trends, cardiovascular/respiratory health, and mental health/cognition.

Syndromic Surveillance of Emergency Department Visits for Acute Adverse Effects of Marijuana, Tri-County Health Department, Colorado, 2016-2017.

Marx, Grace E · 2019

Of 44,942 total ER visits, 1% were flagged as potential marijuana cases; 188 of 422 reviewed records (45%) were confirmed acute adverse effects.

Association between cannabis laws and opioid prescriptions among privately insured adults in the US.

Raji, Mukaila A · 2019

In states with medical cannabis laws, opioid prescription rates (>30-day and >90-day) were significantly lower for adults aged 18-54 (aORs ranging from 0.56 to 0.77).

Emergent Medical Illnesses Related to Cannabis Use.

Randall, Karen · 2019

Post-legalization ED presentations include cannabinoid hyperemesis, acute psychosis, cannabinoid catatonia syndrome, acute myo-pericarditis, pediatric ingestions, increases in fatal motor vehicle collisions, and hash-oil burn injuries.

Medical marijuana. What can we learn from the experiences in Canada, Germany and Thailand?

Rehm, Jürgen · 2019

Two pressures drive medical marijuana expansion: patients self-medicating for conditions without evidence of cannabis effectiveness, and cannabis industry lobbying for lenient regulations.

Legalized Cannabis in Colorado Emergency Departments: A Cautionary Review of Negative Health and Safety Effects.

Roberts, Brad A · 2019

The most concerning effects were psychosis, suicide, and other substance abuse.

Genetic tools weed out misconceptions of strain reliability in Cannabis sativa: implications for a budding industry.

Schwabe, Anna L · 2019

Using 10 microsatellite markers, researchers found two genetic groups, but these did not correspond to sativa/indica/hybrid labels.

Trends and Related Factors of Cannabis-Associated Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2006-2014.

Shen, Jay J · 2019

Cannabis-associated ED visits increased monotonically at 7% per year.

The impacts of potency, warning messages, and price on preferences for Cannabis flower products.

Shi, Yuyan · 2019

Both users and non-users preferred higher CBD and lower prices.

Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations.

Smart, Rosanna · 2019

MCLs increase adult but not adolescent cannabis use.

Cannabis and youth protection in Colorado's commercial adult-use market: A qualitative investigation.

Subritzky, Todd · 2019

Qualitative interviews with 32 key stakeholders and analysis of 13 government documents revealed five themes: advertising restrictions, education efforts, appropriation of funds for prevention, impact assessment challenges, and evolving messages in prevention campaigns.

Is There Less Opioid Abuse in States Where Marijuana Has Been Decriminalized, Either for Medicinal or Recreational Use? A Clin-IQ.

Wendelboe, Aaron M · 2019

Of 10 studies meeting inclusion criteria (3 cross-sectional, 6 ecological, 1 retrospective cohort), 8 found associations between marijuana decriminalization policies and reduced prescription opioid use.

Incidence of Pediatric Cannabis Exposure Among Children and Teenagers Aged 0 to 19 Years Before and After Medical Marijuana Legalization in Massachusetts.

Whitehill, Jennifer M · 2019

Single-substance cannabis calls increased from 0.4 to 1.1 per 100,000 population after medical marijuana legalization (IRR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9), a 140% increase.

Parental views on state cannabis laws and marijuana use for their medically vulnerable children.

Wisk, Lauren E · 2019

While 89.9% said any marijuana use was risky for their child, 27.9% would approve if prescribed as medicine.

A Survey on the Medical Use of Cannabis in Europe: A Position Paper.

Bramness, Jørgen G · 2018

The European Federation of Addiction Societies surveyed its member organizations across 17 countries to assess the state of medical cannabis in Europe.

Recommendations From Cannabis Dispensaries About First-Trimester Cannabis Use.

Dickson, Betsy · 2018

Researchers used a mystery caller approach to contact 400 randomly selected Colorado dispensaries.

Trends in Cannabis and Cigarette Use Among Parents With Children at Home: 2002 to 2015.

Goodwin, Renee D · 2018

Researchers analyzed nationally representative data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to track cannabis and cigarette use trends among parents with children at home from 2002 to 2015. Past-month cannabis use among parents increased from 4.9% in 2002 to 6.8% in 2015, while cigarette smoking declined from 27.6% to 20.2%. The increase in cannabis use was most pronounced among cigarette-smoking parents, rising from 11.0% to 17.4%.

Availability and approval of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management and palliative/supportive care in Europe: A survey of the status in the chapters of the European Pain Federation.

Krcevski-Skvarc, N · 2018

The European Pain Federation (EFIC) surveyed its national chapters on the status of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain and palliative care. 31 of 37 chapters responded, revealing large disparities: THC/CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) was approved for MS spasticity in 21 chapters.

Effects of Legal Access to Cannabis on Scheduled II-V Drug Prescriptions.

Stith, Sarah S · 2018

28 of 83 MCP patients (34%) ceased all scheduled prescription medications by the end of the observation period, versus only 1 of 42 comparison patients (2%).

Examining effects of medical cannabis narratives on beliefs, attitudes, and intentions related to recreational cannabis: A web-based randomized experiment.

Sznitman, Sharon R · 2018

Viewing patient narratives about successful medical cannabis use indirectly increased positive attitudes, beliefs, and intentions related to recreational cannabis use by first changing attitudes toward medical cannabis.

The use of cannabis in response to the opioid crisis: A review of the literature.

Vyas, Marianne Beare · 2018

The 10 included studies collectively suggest medical cannabis laws could be associated with decreased prescription opioid use, fewer POM-related hospitalizations, lower rates of opioid overdose, and reduced national healthcare expenditures related to opioid overdose and misuse.

Impact of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado on Adolescent Emergency and Urgent Care Visits.

Wang, George Sam · 2018

Marijuana-related visits increased from 1.8 per 1,000 visits in 2009 to 4.9 per 1,000 in 2015 (p<.0001).

School collective occupation movements and substance use among adolescents: A school-level panel design.

Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro · 2017

Marijuana use among Chilean adolescents doubled between 2009 and 2013, coinciding with a massive student movement in which hundreds of schools were occupied by students.

Validation of a Syndromic Case Definition for Detecting Emergency Department Visits Potentially Related to Marijuana.

DeYoung, Kathryn · 2017

Researchers developed and validated a case definition for identifying marijuana-related ER visits using structured and free-text data from 15 Denver hospitals.

Demographic trends among older cannabis users in the United States, 2006-13.

Han, Benjamin H · 2017

Analyzing data from 47,140 adults aged 50 and older in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2006-2013), researchers found significant increases in past-year cannabis use.

Health effects of exposure to second- and third-hand marijuana smoke: a systematic review.

Holitzki, Hannah · 2017

This systematic review examined 15 studies on the health effects of secondhand marijuana smoke exposure, finding three consistent outcomes. First, exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke produces detectable levels of cannabinoid metabolites (THC breakdown products) in the blood and urine of non-smokers.

The Increasing Use of Cannabis Among Older Americans: A Public Health Crisis or Viable Policy Alternative?

Kaskie, Brian · 2017

This essay examined the intersection of cannabis and aging in America, identifying multiple pathways through which older adults are increasingly using cannabis. Some older adults are responding to changing social and legal environments and using cannabis recreationally.

Medical use of cannabis in Switzerland: analysis of approved exceptional licences.

Kilcher, Gablu · 2017

This study analyzed all 1,193 patients approved for medical cannabis through Switzerland's exceptional licensing program in 2013 and 2014. The program grew rapidly: 542 patients were treated in 2013 compared to 825 in 2014, a 52% increase.

Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Primary Care Patients in Washington State.

Lapham, Gwen T · 2017

This study analyzed cannabis use screening results from 22,095 primary care patients in Washington State, one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis. Overall, 15.3% reported any past-year cannabis use and 3.1% reported daily use.

Trends of Youth Marijuana Treatment Admissions: Increasing Admissions Contrasted with Decreasing Drug Involvement.

Marzell, Miesha · 2017

This study examined national trends in youth marijuana treatment admissions from 1995 to 2012 using over 12 million treatment records. Two divergent trends emerged: the number of youth admitted to substance abuse treatment for marijuana steadily increased, while the degree of drug involvement (severity of use) among those admitted dramatically dropped over nearly two decades. The increasing admissions were largely youth in dependent living situations (living with parents), suggesting many were referred by parents, schools, or courts rather than seeking treatment voluntarily for severe problems. The decreasing severity suggests that changing perceptions and policies around marijuana may have lowered the threshold for treatment referral.

Alternate policing strategies: Cost-effectiveness of cautioning for cannabis offences.

Shanahan, Marian · 2017

Researchers compared two police responses to minor cannabis offenses in Australia: formal caution (with referral to education/treatment) versus traditional arrest and charge. Among 544 matched offenders (195 arrested, 355 cautioned), there was no statistically significant difference in self-reported cannabis use days before and after the police intervention between the two groups.

Pediatric Concerns Due to Expanded Cannabis Use: Unintended Consequences of Legalization.

Wang, George Sam · 2017

The review identified cannabis legalization's impact on children across four developmental stages. Prenatal: Cannabis remains one of the most commonly used substances during pregnancy, with increasing use as legalization normalizes cannabis.

Medical use of cannabis products: Lessons to be learned from Israel and Canada.

Ablin, J · 2016

This review, written by physicians from Israel, Canada, and Germany, compared how Israel and Canada handle medical cannabis to inform Germany's policy development. In Israel, the plant-based extract nabiximols could be prescribed for spasticity and cancer pain, while raw marijuana was permitted under strict government regulation for specific conditions including chronic neuropathic pain, cancer pain, IBD, and PTSD, but only after conventional treatments failed.

Weeding Out the Truth: Adolescents and Cannabis.

Ammerman, Seth · 2016

This review addressed the growing tension between expanding cannabis legalization and concerns about adolescent use.

Mitigation of Marijuana-Related Legal Harms to Youth in California.

Banys, Peter · 2016

This policy review examined the consequences of criminalizing youth cannabis possession in California, arguing that the punishment often exceeds the harm of the drug. The review cataloged eight categories of harm from the criminal justice approach to juveniles: arrest records, incarceration subculture exposure, zero-tolerance school expulsions, federal student loan ineligibility, employment screening problems, racial disparities in arrests, financial costs, and immigration complications. While California had reduced possession of under one ounce to an infraction in 2011, juvenile marijuana arrests still outnumbered arrests for harder drugs.

Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to United States poison centers.

Cao, Dazhe · 2016

Researchers analyzed edible marijuana exposure calls reported to US poison centers from 2013 through 2015. Of 430 calls, 91% occurred in states with decriminalized medical or recreational marijuana.

Prevention of Youthful Marijuana Use.

Cermak, Timmen L · 2016

This policy review critiqued traditional approaches to youth drug prevention as overly simplistic, relying on exaggerated risk messaging and one-size-fits-all abstinence approaches that are not grounded in science. The authors recommended the Institute of Medicine's 1994 continuum of care model, which divides prevention into three tiers: universal prevention (broad population-level programs), selective prevention (targeting high-risk subgroups), and indicated prevention (for individuals already showing risk behaviors). They highlighted Student Assistance Programs (SAPs) in high schools and community coalitions as practical examples of how this tiered model can be implemented.

Trends and correlates of substance use disorders among probationers and parolees in the United States 2002-2014.

Fearn, Noelle E · 2016

Using national survey data from 2002 to 2014, researchers found that people on probation or parole had dramatically higher rates of substance use disorders across every category compared to the general population. Marijuana abuse and dependence were significantly elevated in this group, though alcohol-related disorders were still two to six times more common than marijuana-related ones.

Marijuana Legalization: Impact on Physicians and Public Health.

Wilkinson, Samuel T · 2016

This Annual Review of Medicine article assessed the public health landscape of marijuana legalization from a physician perspective. Medical evidence was limited to HIV/AIDS cachexia, chemotherapy nausea, neuropathic pain, and MS spasticity.

Trends and Correlates of Cannabis-involved Emergency Department Visits: 2004 to 2011.

Zhu, He · 2016

Between 2004 and 2011, cannabis-only ER visit rates increased from 51 to 73 per 100,000 people aged 12 and older, while cannabis-polydrug visit rates rose from 63 to 100 per 100,000.

Butane Hash Oil Burns Associated with Marijuana Liberalization in Colorado.

Bell, Cameron · 2015

Researchers documented all hydrocarbon burns related to butane hash oil (BHO) extraction admitted to a Colorado burn center from 2008 through 2014.

Do consumers substitute opium for hashish? An economic analysis of simultaneous cannabinoid and opiate consumption in a legal regime.

Chandra, Siddharth · 2015

Researchers analyzed a unique historical dataset from the Punjab province of British India (1907-1918), where both opium and cannabis were legal and taxed.

Gateway to curiosity: Medical marijuana ads and intention and use during middle school.

D'Amico, Elizabeth J · 2015

Researchers surveyed 8,214 sixth-to-eighth graders in 16 Southern California middle schools in 2010 and 2011, assessing their exposure to medical marijuana advertising and their marijuana use and intentions.

Cost-Effectiveness of School-Based Prevention of Cannabis Use.

Deogan, Charlotte · 2015

Researchers used a Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Project ALERT, a school-based substance prevention program, compared to standard drug education.

Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013

Hasin, Deborah S. · 2015

Past-year cannabis use rose from 4.1% of adults in 2001-2002 to 9.5% in 2012-2013.

Cyclic vomiting presentations following marijuana liberalization in Colorado.

Kim, Howard S · 2015

Researchers compared emergency department visits for cyclic vomiting before and after Colorado's 2009 medical marijuana liberalization.

Medicinal cannabis.

Murnion, Bridin · 2015

This review examined the clinical evidence for medicinal cannabis and its derivatives in Australia's regulatory context.

An economic analysis of different cannabis decriminalization scenarios.

Ogrodnik, Marysia · 2015

This economic review compared cannabis policy models from around the world, from full prohibition to consumption tolerance (Netherlands) to legalized markets (Uruguay, U.S.

Global patterns of domestic cannabis cultivation: sample characteristics and patterns of growing across eleven countries.

Potter, Gary R · 2015

The Global Cannabis Cultivation Research Consortium surveyed 6,530 predominantly small-scale cannabis growers from 11 countries about their demographics, methods, motivations, and criminal justice contacts. The findings were remarkably consistent across countries: most growers came from "normal" rather than "deviant" backgrounds.

Roadside drug testing: comparison of two legal approaches in Belgium.

Van der Linden, T · 2015

Belgium changed its roadside drug testing protocol in 2010, moving from urine-based screening to oral fluid-based screening.

Barriers to access for Canadians who use cannabis for therapeutic purposes.

Belle-Isle, Lynne · 2014

Among 628 current therapeutic cannabis users in Canada, only 7% accessed cannabis exclusively from authorized (legal) sources.

Cannabis depenalisation, drug consumption and crime - evidence from the 2004 cannabis declassification in the UK.

Braakmann, Nils · 2014

Researchers exploited the 2004 UK declassification of cannabis (from Class B to Class C) as a natural experiment to test whether reduced penalties led to increases in drug use or crime.

Trends in fatal motor vehicle crashes before and after marijuana commercialization in Colorado.

Salomonsen-Sautel, Stacy · 2014

Using federal crash data from 1994 to 2011, researchers found a significant positive trend in the proportion of drivers in fatal crashes who tested positive for marijuana in Colorado after mid-2009, when commercial medical marijuana became widely available.

Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana.

Bostwick, J Michael · 2012

This extensive review covered the full landscape of cannabis issues circa 2012.

The prevalence of cannabis-involved driving in California.

Johnson, Mark B · 2012

Researchers collected anonymous oral fluid samples and breath tests from over 900 weekend nighttime drivers across six California jurisdictions.

Medical marijuana: medical necessity versus political agenda.

Clark, Peter A · 2011

The review examined the conflict between federal marijuana classification (Schedule I, no accepted medical use) and accumulating scientific evidence. Studies showed medical marijuana was effective for controlling chronic non-cancer pain, alleviating chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting, treating AIDS wasting syndrome, and controlling MS muscle spasms.

Heritability of cannabis initiation in Dutch adult twins.

Vink, Jacqueline M · 2010

Researchers examined cannabis initiation in 3,115 Dutch twins with a mean age of 27.4 years.

Medical marijuana initiatives : are they justified? How successful are they likely to be?

Hall, Wayne · 2003

THC was moderately effective for nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, and acute and chronic pain.

The ethics of medical marijuana: government restrictions vs. medical necessity.

Clark, P A · 2000

This ethics review examined the medical marijuana controversy through the lens of biomedical ethics. The factual foundation was established by the 1999 Institute of Medicine report, in which eleven independent scientists found medical marijuana effective for controlling some pain, alleviating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, treating AIDS-related wasting, and combating MS-related muscle spasms.

An approach to the medical marijuana controversy.

Hollister, L E · 2000

Writing in Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Leo Hollister (a highly respected pharmacologist) proposed a practical solution to the medical marijuana impasse. The evidence supporting therapeutic marijuana use was insufficient for FDA approval, yet many patients maintained it was necessary for their treatment.

Medical marijuana.

Marmor, J B · 1998

Writing in the Western Journal of Medicine as California patients were self-medicating with marijuana under Proposition 215, the author assessed the state of medical marijuana evidence and policy. Clinical studies suggested medical utility for some conditions, but the scientific evidence was described as weak.

Analysis of the medical use of marijuana and its societal implications.

Taylor, H G · 1998

This review from a pharmacist's perspective assessed marijuana across pharmacology, risks, and therapeutic potential. For risks: acute intoxication featured euphoria, short-term memory loss, sensory enhancement, and impaired linear thinking.

THC therapeutic research by independent and state-sponsored investigators: a historical review.

Scigliano, J A · 1981

The path from cannabis prohibition to medical research was shaped by three key pieces of federal legislation: the Marihuana Tax Stamp Act of 1937, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1962. Starting in 1968, Congress directed initial studies toward understanding long-term cannabis use in humans.

Health impacts of cannabis: focus on smoking vs. vaping effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Chaiton, Michael · 2026

As cannabis legalization shifts consumption patterns toward vaping, this review compares what we know about the health effects of the two main inhalation methods. The good news for vaping: it reduces exposure to the combustion byproducts (tar, carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons) that make smoking harmful.

State Initiatives to Promote Cannabis Industry Entrepreneurship Among Disproportionately Impacted Communities: A Multi-State Analysis.

Chakraborty, Rishika · 2026

This multi-state analysis examined social equity entrepreneurship initiatives across all 17 states with legal non-medical cannabis retail as of May 2025.

Semi-synthetic cannabinoids: Recent developments, analytical challenges and strategic responses.

Christie, Rachel · 2026

Since hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) first appeared in Europe in late 2022, the semi-synthetic cannabinoid market has expanded rapidly.

Post-legalization rise in German medical cannabis interest: evidence from Google trends as surrogate marker.

Kirchberger, Michael Constantin · 2026

Mean weekly Google search index for 'medizinisches cannabis' rose from 7.85 (pre-2017) to 23.79 (post-2017, +203%) and to 75.29 (post-2024, +216%).

Understanding the acceptance of medical marijuana among Malaysian adults: a cross-sectional online survey.

Rahman, Abu Bakar · 2026

Among 2,047 respondents, 88.4% supported medical marijuana decriminalization.

Using wastewater analysis to estimate the prevalence of THC and CBD use in a population of Japan during and after the Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2023).

Thai, Phong K · 2026

Average estimated cannabis consumption was 5 doses/1,000 people/day, with a 27% annual increase from 2020 to 2023.

A Qualitative Study of How Teens in Washington State Make Sense of Cannabis Edibles Warning Labels and Packaging.

Willoughby, Jessica Fitts · 2026

Teens misinterpreted warning labels on cannabis edibles and felt warnings were hidden or unnoticeable.

Ecological dimensions of cannabis regulation in the Rif, Morocco.

Afsahi, Kenza · 2025

Analysis of Morocco's cannabis legalization framework found that regulatory priorities like standardization, traceability, and market control overlook environmental concerns.

The Impact of Adult Cannabis Use Legalization in California: A Qualitative Review of Subject Matter Expert Opinions on Proposition 64.

Ageze, Daniel · 2025

Interviews with 22 stakeholders identified three primary themes: (1) successes including quality control, justice reform, and stigma reduction; (2) shortcomings including high costs, licensing barriers, bureaucracy, and social inequity; and (3) recommendations including more research, policy changes, and business model transformation.

Understanding the online landscape of cannabis discourse: a Twitter analysis.

Alvarez-Mon, Miguel Angel · 2025

Among 35,527 analyzed Spanish-language tweets about cannabis (2018-2022), 73.2% favored cannabis regulation while only 3.5% expressed opposition.

Addressing the legal and health challenges of licensed medical cannabis users who want to travel abroad.

Bonny-Noach, Hagit · 2025

Two main themes emerged: (1) international regulations for medical cannabis are vague, with authorities not treating it like other prescription medications; (2) patients adopted various strategies including avoiding travel, choosing cannabis-friendly destinations, planning ahead to obtain cannabis legally or illegally, and finding alternative self-medications..

Evaluating the use and perceptions of cannabis and vaping post-cannabis legalisation in people with cystic fibrosis and CFTR-related disorder: survey results from a large Canadian adult cystic fibrosis clinic.

Dagenais, Renee · 2025

43% identified as current cannabis users.

Mapping Colombians' positions on national policies to control tobacco and marijuana consumption: a pilot study.

Del Rio Forero, Daniel · 2025

Three positions emerged for each substance: generally unfavorable regardless of policy (22% tobacco, 17% marijuana), depends on regulation level (18% tobacco, 22% marijuana), and always favorable regardless of policy (23% tobacco, 25% marijuana).

Cannabis growers as gardeners: results from a survey among Italian and British small-scale growers.

Fortin, Davide · 2025

Among 1,302 growers, 82% also grew other plants.

Conceptualizing 'cannabis harm reduction': lessons learned from cannabis compassion clubs and medical dispensaries in British Columbia (Canada).

Gagnon, Marilou · 2025

Through interviews and document analysis, researchers identified structural (addressing systemic barriers through access, safety, quality) and operational (low-threshold, compassionate services with support) dimensions of cannabis harm reduction that worked together..

Medicinal Cannabis and Consumer Vulnerability in Australia: A Nexus of Policy and Market Factors.

Gething, Katrina · 2025

Three primary barriers emerged: healthcare practitioners' reluctance to prescribe, high costs disproportionately affecting low-income patients, and dependence on imported products causing shortages and substitution costs.

Cannabis involvement and mass shooting events in the United States from 1900 to 2019.

Girgis, R R · 2025

Among mass shooters, cannabis involvement (use, possession, or distribution) was significantly higher from 1996 onward compared to before (11.2% vs 4.9%, p=0.002).

Effective cannabis testing protocols for workplace safety in South Africa post legalisation: Navigating the new normal.

Laurens, J B · 2025

South Africa's legalization of private cannabis use created an immediate tension with workplace drug testing policies—particularly in safety-sensitive industries like mining, construction, and transport.

Ethnic variations in sedentary behavior and marijuana use among U.S. adults: A cross-sectional analysis.

Li, Yunzhe · 2025

Among 7,122 US adults, longer sitting time was associated with lower odds of marijuana use.

Commercial Cannabis Product Testing: Fidelity to Labels and Regulations.

Limbacher, Sarah · 2025

Overall, label values were significantly higher than tested values for flower and edible products (p<0.001), but not for concentrates (p=0.85).

Adult-use cannabis legalization in the united states: a scoping review of outcome monitoring recommendations.

Liu, Yang · 2025

As adult-use cannabis legalization expands across the United States, a critical question emerges: how do we know whether it's working as intended? This scoping review searched seven academic databases plus policy research organizations (RAND, Brookings, Pew) to identify what experts recommend monitoring. The review cataloged recommendations across multiple domains—use prevalence, health outcomes, emergency department visits, traffic safety, youth access, criminal justice impacts, market dynamics, and more.

Associations between cannabis risk perceptions and Delta-8 THC use among young adults.

LoParco, C R · 2025

Past-year Delta-9 THC use was associated with 20 times the odds of Delta-8 use.

Snapchat Artificial Intelligence as an Information Source on Delta-8 THC.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

Snapchat AI provided information about Delta-8 THC across five themes: general information (comparing it to Delta-9 but with lower potency), use motives (pain relief, anti-nausea, appetite, anxiety), potential consequences (mild side effects), retail availability, and product recommendations.

Cannabis Marketing Strategies in the United States: A Descriptive Analysis of Four Prominent Companies.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

Four cannabis companies produced 399 unique ads with 1,171 placements totaling $488,617.

Budtender Perceptions and Knowledge of Cannabis and Mental Health: A Preliminary Study.

Lowe, Darby J E · 2025

Budtender perceptions of cannabis and mental health varied by symptom and often diverged from evidence.

"Well, if they exist, I ignore them": A focus group study of recall and reactions to cannabis health warnings by cannabis consumers in the United States.

Massey, Zachary B · 2025

Cannabis consumers reported being unaware of or choosing to ignore health warnings on products they used.

Exploring perceived gender norms about cannabis among treatment-seeking adults in the era of cannabis legalization in Canada: A qualitative analysis.

Matheson, Justin · 2025

Three themes emerged: (1) Masculine Dominance of Cannabis Use: recreational smoking is socially constructed as a masculine behavior; (2) Cannabis Use as Deviation from Femininity: women and gender-diverse people face extra stigma and are framed as inauthentic users; (3) Rejecting and Reconfiguring Gender Norms: legalization may be catalyzing challenges to masculine dominance by increasing visibility of women using cannabis..

Missouri College Students' Intentions Towards Initiating or Changing Cannabis Use in a Shifting Legal Landscape.

McNamara, Ian A · 2025

Following the 2022 legalization of recreational cannabis in Missouri, college students showed increased intentions to use cannabis and more favorable attitudes compared to pre-legalization baseline data..

Concerns, Beliefs and Attitudes of Pharmacists About Medical Cannabis Use in Poland.

Merks, Piotr · 2025

Nearly half (48.9%) of Polish pharmacists believe cannabis should be used exclusively for medical purposes, while 47.6% support both medical and recreational use.

Exploring the impact of drug decriminalization and legalization policies on mental health outcomes: A scoping review.

Mohebbian, Mana · 2025

As drug policies liberalize worldwide, a central concern is whether this will worsen mental health outcomes.

Decriminalization of cannabis use in South Africa: The perspectives and health outcomes among medical students; A systematic qualitative review.

Mokhwelepa, L Winter · 2025

Four themes emerged from the review: health impacts (mental and physical), attitudes toward decriminalization, educational influences, and access to support services.

Primary Care Physicians' Knowledge and Counseling on Cannabis Use in the Country of Georgia: Results of a Mixed-Method Exploratory Study.

Nadiradze, Aleksandra · 2025

Among 246 Georgian family physicians surveyed, only 35.6% were familiar with cannabis laws, 26.6% documented cannabis use in patient records, and 88.1% had never used structured criteria to diagnose cannabis use disorders.

From rejection to recognition: Human rights, morality, and the future of Marijuana policy in Indonesia.

Natalis, Aga · 2025

Cannabis has been integrated into Indonesian cultural practices since the 14th century in Aceh for medicinal, ceremonial, and agricultural purposes.

Assessing the Market Readiness for Medical Cannabis in Greece: A Qualitative Study of Patient Perspectives.

Ntais, Christos · 2025

CBD-experienced patients (n=12) generally perceived cannabis-based treatments as beneficial for musculoskeletal pain, migraines, anxiety, stress, and sleep, despite concerns about product quality, cost, and limited medical guidance.

What Influences Cannabis Purchasing Decisions? Perspectives from Cannabis Retail Employees and Customers in Washington State.

Okey, Sarah A · 2025

Cannabis retail employees rated THC concentration as less important and terpene profiles, production methods, and product appearance as more important compared to non-employee customers.

Portrayal of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on YouTube.

Olsson, Sofia E · 2025

Four themes emerged: reasons to use (legal status, accessibility, psychoactive effects described as milder and more euphoric), how to use, effects of using, and safety/harm reduction.

Emerging Hemp-Derived Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoids, Absent Regulations: Patterns of Use and Adverse Effects Among a Sample of U.S. Cannabis Consumers.

Pabon, Elisa · 2025

Delta-8 THC (21.8%), THCP (24.4%), and Delta-10 THC (14.0%) were the most commonly used semi-synthetic cannabinoids.

Advertising Among Cannabidiol (CBD) Retailers in North Carolina: A Pilot Study.

Parker, Renee · 2025

All 13 CBD retailers displayed advertisements containing either misleading product descriptors or unapproved health claims.

Perceptions of cannabis warnings and recommendations for improvement: a qualitative study with people who use cannabis from the United States.

Ranney, Leah M · 2025

In six focus groups with 36 U.S.

A Thematic Text Analysis of Cannabis Edibles Brand Names.

Reboussin, Beth A · 2025

Among 1,344 cannabis edible products from 250 brands, five brand name themes emerged: cannabis culture (42%), product characteristics (30%), medicine/health (23%), environment/nature (20%), and identity/culture (14%).

Understanding motives for illicit medicinal cannabis use: an exploratory analysis in a medical cannabis program.

Reeves, Carter · 2025

Among 211 medical cannabis program participants in Utah, 11.9% (24 patients) reported using illicit cannabis within the past two weeks.

Perceptions of cannabis among adults aged 60 years and older in Canada: a qualitative study.

Renard, Justine · 2025

Five themes emerged from 10 focus groups with 72 participants: common practices (primarily edibles and inhalation), general knowledge gaps, perceived harms (physical and cognitive effects, drug interactions), perceived benefits (pain management, mental health), and decreased stigma following legalization.

A user-informed perspective of the toxicological data gap in India's cannabis landscape.

Riyaz, Muzafar · 2025

The author argues that clinical cannabis research using purified compounds fails to capture the realities of illicit markets where products like Ganja and Charas have unpredictable potency, pesticide contamination, and adulteration.

Influence of Socio-Ecological and Economic Correlates on Marijuana Legalization Policy Across the States of America.

Salehin, Mashooq · 2025

Using discriminant analysis across US states, the study found that six socio-ecological and economic predictors collectively had a significant influence on marijuana legality scores.

Insights from the ground: A qualitative investigation of retailer perspectives of the challenges and opportunities in the legal cannabis market in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Wright-Brown, Tanisha · 2025

Canada's cannabis legalization has produced different retail environments across provinces, and this qualitative study captures the perspective of the people running (or trying to run) the shops in Newfoundland and Labrador. The researchers interviewed 9 licensed and 9 prospective cannabis retailers—a sample that captures both the experience of operating within the system and the perspective of those trying to enter it. Licensed retailers described a tension between business viability and regulatory compliance.

Impact of Marijuana Use on Lung Health.

Bando, Joanne M · 2024

This is one of the central paradoxes in cannabis research: smoked marijuana produces many of the same toxins and carcinogens as tobacco smoke, yet the lung health consequences appear markedly different. The consistent finding across studies is that regular marijuana smoking causes symptoms of chronic bronchitis — cough, increased sputum production, wheezing — and visible changes to airway tissue (histopathologic changes in the epithelium).

Reducing the harms of cannabis use in youth post-legalization: insights from Ontario youth, parents, and service providers.

Kourgiantakis, Toula · 2024

Two themes emerged around perceived harms: concerns about addiction, brain development, motivation, and mental health impacts; and minimization of risks through conflicting messages, normalization, and perceptions of cannabis as less harmful than other substances.

Cannabis-based medicines and medical fitness-to-drive: current legal issues in Switzerland.

Palmiere, C · 2024

Since August 2022, Swiss doctors can prescribe cannabis-based medicines without special authorization.

Current Status of Cannabis Legalization and Decriminalization Efforts in Nepal.

Pathak, Nabin · 2024

Nepal's Narcotic Drugs Control Act of 1976 prohibits all cannabis cultivation, production, and distribution.

Patients' knowledge about the uses, risks, and beliefs surrounding the regulation and safety of Cannabis sativa L. in Peru.

Ramírez-Méndez, José F · 2024

Among 86 patients at a Lima cannabis clinic (mean age 41, 53.4% women), 60.2% knew about cannabis consumption forms and 77.3% recognized product quality importance.

Social forces shaping evidence production: A study of the swiss cannabis pilot trials.

Sznitman, Sharon R · 2024

Social forces, including political imperatives and stakeholder interests, collectively shaped the Swiss cannabis pilot trial research.

Envisaging challenges for the emerging medicinal Cannabis sector in Lesotho.

Thetsane, Regina M · 2024

Since licensing cannabis companies in 2017, Lesotho has faced challenges including long timeframes for finalizing regulatory frameworks, inconsistent application of laws, and failure to provide opportunities for small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs).

"Like the Wild West": Health care provider perspectives on impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on patients and providers at a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Ontario, Canada.

Wiese, Jessica L · 2024

Providers reported legalization had some positive impacts (improved product safety, more open clinical conversations) but also raised concerns about increased cannabis use rates, risks to mental health, and ongoing challenges engaging patients about cannabis.

Clinician perspectives on adolescent cannabis-related beliefs and behaviors following recreational cannabis legalization.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2024

Clinicians reported post-RCL increases in adolescent cannabis use, non-combustible modes and high-potency products, younger first use ages, and self-medication.

Scientific facts improve cannabis perception and public opinion: results from Sinaloa, México.

Camberos-Barraza, Josué · 2023

A convenience sample of 3,162 individuals from Sinaloa responded to a cannabis attitudes questionnaire, received a briefing based on international scientific evidence documents, and immediately re-took the questionnaire.

Appeal rating and visual attention associated with youth-appealing cannabis packaging: An eye-tracking experiment.

Cooper, Michael · 2023

Among 72 young adults, cannabis edible packages with cartoon characters, bubble fonts, berry flavors, or gummy bear shapes received higher appeal ratings than plain packages.

Use of Marijuana to Promote Well-Being: Effects of Use and Prohibition in the Daily Lives of Brazilian Adults.

de Lima E Silva Surjus, Luciana Togni · 2023

Among 2,637 respondents, using marijuana for fun was most common among self-identified males, trans/non-binary people, college graduates, and higher-income individuals.

Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol: a scoping review and commentary

LoParco, Cassidy R. · 2023

Delta-8 THC exists in a remarkable regulatory gray zone.

Drivers of purchase decisions for cannabis products among consumers in a legalized market: a qualitative study.

Donnan, Jennifer · 2022

Among 23 cannabis consumers in Newfoundland and Labrador, five themes drove purchase decisions: price, quality, packaging/warnings, source, and social influences.

Impact of Cannabis Use on Inpatient Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outcomes in 2 States Legalizing Recreational Cannabis.

Pusateri, Antoinette · 2022

Reported cannabis use among IBD inpatients increased from 1.2% to 4.2% after legalization (p<0.05).

"Should I Inhale?"-Perceptions, Barriers, and Drivers for Medicinal Cannabis Use amongst Australian Women with Primary Dysmenorrhoea: A Qualitative Study.

Sinclair, Justin · 2022

Dissatisfaction with over-the-counter pain medication was the primary driver for wanting medicinal cannabis.

Cannabis edibles packaging: Communicative objects in a growing market.

Ventresca, Matt · 2022

Participants discussed four main themes: dosage/consumption recommendations, food/nutritional information, concerns for children, and health warnings.

Perceptions About Cannabis Following Legalization Among Pregnant Individuals With Prenatal Cannabis Use in California.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2022

Three major themes emerged: easier access (via retailers and delivery services), greater acceptance (reduced stigma and more willingness to discuss use with healthcare providers), and trust in cannabis retailers (perceived as knowledgeable, nonjudgmental, and caring).

Cannabis Product Ingestions in Pediatric Patients: Ranges of Exposure, Effects, and Outcomes.

Kaczor, Eric E · 2021

Pediatric edible cannabis exposures increased five-fold after Massachusetts recreational dispensaries opened.

Contextual influences of illicit adolescent marijuana cultivation and trading in the Inqguza Hill local municipality of South Africa: implications for public health policy.

Manu, Emmanuel · 2021

Factors driving adolescent marijuana farming and trading spanned four levels: intrapersonal (knowledge/skills, courage), interpersonal (peer and family influences), communal (economic reasons, early childhood exposure, protecting family lands, favorable topography and soil), and policy-related (lack of communal bylaws, lax law enforcement)..

Cannabinoid exposure as a major driver of pediatric acute lymphoid Leukaemia rates across the USA: combined geospatial, multiple imputation and causal inference study.

Reece, Albert Stuart · 2021

Cannabis use was independently associated with pediatric ALL rates in multiple regression models adjusted for other substances, income, and ethnicity.

Setting the baseline: a description of cannabis poisonings at a Canadian pediatric hospital prior to the legalization of recreational cannabis.

Cheng, Phoebe · 2020

Of 911 total poisonings, 114 (12.5%) were cannabis-related.

Cannabis and work: Need for more research.

Howard, John · 2020

This commentary from researchers at NIOSH (the federal workplace safety agency) identified a fundamental gap: cannabis legalization was reshaping the American workforce, but almost no research existed to guide workplace policy.

Cannabis knowledge and implications for health: Considerations regarding the legalization of non-medical cannabis.

Zamengo, Luca · 2020

This review synthesized what had been observed in jurisdictions that legalized recreational cannabis and found a consistent pattern: potency increased as commercial producers optimized for THC content, cannabis-related emergency department visits rose, and public perception of risk declined — particularly among young people. The authors argued that legalization frameworks had primarily focused on market economics — creating legal supply chains, diverting profits from illegal markets, and reducing prohibition costs — while underweighting health and safety considerations.

Marijuana use among patients with epilepsy at a tertiary care center.

Kerr, Alysse · 2019

87.2% used cannabis to treat epilepsy.

Concerns of Patients With Cancer on Accessing Cannabis Products in a State With Restrictive Medical Marijuana Laws: A Survey Study.

Singh, Vinita · 2019

Among 101 patients in Georgia's low-THC oil program, 76% had advanced cancer as their qualifying condition.

Brief report: Characterization of marijuana use in us college students by state marijuana legalization status as reported to an online survey.

Wang, George Sam · 2019

Students in medical marijuana states were significantly more likely to use marijuana compared to non-legal states (p<0.001).

Point-of-sale marketing and context of marijuana retailers: Assessing reliability and generalizability of the marijuana retail surveillance tool.

Berg, Carla J · 2018

Researchers field-tested a standardized surveillance tool at 25 randomly selected recreational marijuana retailers in Seattle to assess marketing practices and regulatory compliance.

Examination of Market Segmentation among Medical Marijuana Dispensaries.

Cooke, Alexis · 2018

Researchers applied niche-marketing theory to medical marijuana dispensaries, testing whether dispensaries attract different populations rather than simply serving local medical need.

The clinical implications of legalizing marijuana: Are physician and non-physician providers prepared?

Brooks, Elizabeth · 2017

A survey of 114 Colorado healthcare providers who care for children, adolescents, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women found that about half of those working with adolescents and pregnant/breastfeeding women assessed marijuana use at every or most visits.

Do Clinicians Ask Pregnant Women about Exposures to Tobacco and Cannabis Smoking, Second-Hand-Smoke and E-Cigarettes? An Australian National Cross-Sectional Survey.

Gould, Gillian S · 2017

Among 378 Australian GPs and obstetricians, 95% asked pregnant patients about cigarette smoking at most visits.

A brief report on Hispanic youth marijuana use: Trends in substance abuse treatment admissions in the United States.

Marzell, Miesha · 2017

This study tracked trends in Hispanic youth substance abuse treatment admissions for marijuana from 1995 to 2012 using national treatment data. Hispanic youth marijuana admissions were associated with typical adolescent profiles: ages 15-17, in high school, and living in dependent situations (with parents or guardians). A notable finding was that female Hispanic youth admissions increased at greater rates than male admissions over the study period.

Training and Practices of Cannabis Dispensary Staff.

Haug, Nancy A · 2016

As cannabis dispensaries have proliferated, patients increasingly rely on dispensary staff for guidance on which products to use for specific conditions.

The Role of Medicinal Cannabis in Clinical Therapy: Pharmacists' Perspectives.

Isaac, Sami · 2016

As Australia prepared to legalize medical cannabis, this study captured the views of 34 practicing pharmacists who would be responsible for dispensing it. The majority supported national legalization of a standardized cannabis product and believed community pharmacies were the most suitable supply setting due to patient accessibility.

Correlates of Amount Spent on Marijuana Buds During a Discrete Purchase at Medical Marijuana Dispensaries: Results from a Pilot Study.

Kepple, Nancy Jo · 2016

This pilot study surveyed 132 medical marijuana patients as they exited four dispensaries in Long Beach, California.

"Those edibles hit hard": Exploration of Twitter data on cannabis edibles in the U.S.

Lamy, Francois R · 2016

Researchers collected over 100,000 tweets mentioning cannabis edibles between May and July 2015.

Practical Aspects of Discussing Marijuana in a New Era.

Lenoue, Sean R · 2016

As medical and recreational marijuana laws evolve, clinicians face a challenging communication environment.

Personnel training and patient education in medical marijuana dispensaries in Oregon.

Linares, Roberto · 2016

As Oregon dispensaries multiplied, researchers surveyed their staff about training and patient education practices.

Prevalence of Marijuana-Related Traffic on Twitter, 2012-2013: A Content Analysis.

Thompson, Leah · 2015

Researchers analyzed a random sample of marijuana-related tweets from two periods: six months before and six months after the November 2012 U.S.

Distress, coping, and drug law enforcement in a series of patients using medical cannabis.

Aggarwal, Sunil Kumar · 2013

Thirty-seven medical cannabis patients at a Washington state dispensary completed surveys about health behaviors, psychological distress, stress related to marijuana criminality, and law enforcement experiences.

The medicalisation of revolt: a sociological analysis of medical cannabis users.

Pedersen, Willy · 2013

One hundred Norwegian cannabis users, none with legal access to medical cannabis, were interviewed about their medical motives.

The socioeconomic impact of drug-related crimes in Chile.

Fernández, Matías · 2012

Researchers estimated the socioeconomic impact of drug-related crime in Chile using Goldstein's tripartite model (psychopharmacological, economic-compulsive, and systemic violence).

Negative attributions towards people with substance use disorders in South Africa: variation across substances and by gender.

Sorsdahl, Katherine · 2012

Researchers presented 868 people with vignettes describing substance use involving alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine, or heroin.

Factors associated with psychoactive substance use among a sample of prison inmates in Ilesa, Nigeria.

Amdzaranda, P A · 2009

All inmates of a Nigerian medium-security prison who consented were interviewed about substance use before and during imprisonment. Current use rates were: tobacco (13.7%), hypnosedatives (11.4%), alcohol (10.7%), stimulants (9.6%), cannabis (7%), and smaller percentages for opioids, inhalants, cocaine, and heroin.

The effects of perceived quality on the behavioural economics of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy purchases.

Cole, Jon C · 2008

Eighty polydrug users completed a simulated purchasing task where drug prices stayed fixed but perceived quality changed for alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Alcohol demand was "quality inelastic," meaning users kept buying the same amount regardless of quality, and alcohol quality changes didn't affect purchases of other drugs. Cannabis demand was "quality elastic," meaning purchases dropped as quality decreased, and alcohol substituted for cannabis as its effective unit price rose.

Allowing the medical use of cannabis.

Hall, W D · 2001

Cannabis had been advocated as a treatment for nausea, vomiting, wasting, pain, and muscle spasms across cancer, HIV/AIDS, and neurological conditions.

Workplace drug testing in Europe.

Verstraete, A G · 2001

Workplace drug testing in Europe lacked the standardized infrastructure found in the United States.

Comment on 'Health aspects of cannabis: revisited' (Hollister).

Johnson, Bankole A. · 1998

This commentary responded to a review of cannabis health effects, placing it in the context of growing medical marijuana advocacy in the United States. The author noted that following California's Proposition 215 in 1996, cannabis was being used medicinally for conditions including pain, glaucoma, chemotherapy nausea, AIDS-related symptoms, and multiple sclerosis spasticity.

Comment on 'Health aspects of cannabis: revisited' (Hollister).

Mechoulam, R. · 1998

Raphael Mechoulam, who first synthesized THC and later co-discovered the endocannabinoid system, responded to a cannabis health review with specific concern about the therapeutic dimension. He highlighted a notable divergence between British and American medical authorities on cannabis for multiple sclerosis.

Attitudes and expectations of primary care physicians regarding recreational cannabis legalization in Germany: a pre-implementation survey.

Hochheim, Uta · 2025

Among 239 responding physicians, most anticipated increased cannabis consumption and disorders post-legalization.

"Treating me like a criminal": A qualitative study of birthing parents' perspectives on racism and biases in newborn drug testing for substance exposure during pregnancy.

Huizinga, Jamie L · 2025

Four major themes emerged: (1) honesty about substance use with providers could lead to punishment and CPS reporting, (2) historical and contemporary racism contributed to racial disparities in newborn drug testing, (3) cannabis risks during pregnancy were poorly explained by healthcare providers, and (4) participants wanted non-punitive, respectful care with clear explanations of testing and reporting policies..

Washington State Teens' Perceptions of Cannabis-Infused Product Packaging: A Qualitative Study.

Hust, Stacey J T · 2025

Among 28 Washington teens (ages 13-17), many perceived cannabis edible packages as appealing because of aesthetics (bright colors, pictures) and lifestyle branding.

Use of Tobacco and Cannabis Following State-Level Cannabis Legalization.

Hyatt, Andrew S · 2025

Using difference-in-differences analysis of 171,257 observations from 55,406 individuals, recreational cannabis legalization was associated with a 3.28 percentage point increase in cannabis use and 1.39 percentage point increase in ENDS use compared to control states.

Association of State Cannabis Legalization With Cannabis Use Disorder and Cannabis Poisoning.

Jayawardhana, Jayani · 2025

Among 110 million commercially insured adults (2011-2021), medical cannabis laws were associated with increases of 31.09 CUD diagnoses and 0.76 cannabis poisoning diagnoses per 100,000 enrollees per quarter.

Socioeconomic status and adolescent cannabis use: a Swedish cohort study.

Karlsson, Patrik · 2025

Adolescents with low-SES parents had 39% lower risk of any past-year cannabis use compared to those with high-SES parents (adjusted RR = 0.61).

Global temporal and regional trends in cannabis use among medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Karpovisch, Eduardo · 2025

Across 62,444 medical students from 32 countries, lifetime cannabis prevalence was 29.2%, past-year 20.5%, past-month 9.2%, and past-week 5.1%.

The Unequal Geography of Recreational Cannabis Retailers in the U.S.

Kephart, Lindsay L · 2025

Across 18 legalized states, 11% of census tracts had at least one recreational cannabis retailer.

Cannabis retail store density and county-level mortality from injury in the state of Washington from 2009-2020.

Kerr, William C · 2025

Cannabis store density was negatively associated with accidental poisoning deaths (IRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73-0.93) and opioid mortality (IRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.99).

The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis-related acute care events among adults with schizophrenia.

Kim, Chungah · 2025

Phase 1 legalization (flower/herbs) was associated with a 25.8% immediate decrease in cannabis-related ED visits among men with schizophrenia (95% CI 13.8-37.6%) and an 18.5% decrease in mental health-related ED visits among women (95% CI 6.0-31.2%).

Multi-Modal Cannabis Use Among U.S. Young Adults: Findings from the 2022 and 2023 BRFSS in 23 States.

Kim, Nayoung · 2025

Among 7,635 young adults (18-34) reporting current cannabis use across 23 states, 57% used multiple modes (smoking, vaping, edibles, dabbing, etc.).

Tetrahydrocannabinol Intoxication from Food at a Restaurant - Wisconsin, October 2024.

Kita-Yarbro, Amanda · 2025

After a restaurant ran out of cooking oil and used oil from a shared kitchen that contained hemp-derived delta-9-THC, 85 people met the case definition for THC intoxication.

Derivation of a health-based guidance value for Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) and its occurrence in food.

Knutsen, Helle Katrine · 2025

EFSA set a relative potency factor of 1 for delta-8-THC (equivalent to delta-9-THC) based on clinical data showing a potency ratio between 1 and 1.4.

What Parents Are Missing: Parental Knowledge of Adult-Use Cannabis Legislation and Health Effects, and Communication with Adolescents.

Adewale, Chorine A · 2024

Parents had limited knowledge of recent cannabis legislation changes and inconsistent understanding of cannabis health effects.

Challenges achieving horizontal coherence across health and public security policies in formulating Uruguay's cannabis regulation.

Barry, Rachel Ann · 2024

Policy coherence across health issues was relatively limited in Uruguay's cannabis regulation.

Highs and Lows: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of the Impact of Adult Use Legalization on Medical Cannabis Patients.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2024

Quantitative analysis showed legalization decreased stress and legal concerns, increased perceived product quality and availability, but also increased prices.

Data Quality in State Registry Reports of Medical Cannabis Patients in the United States.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2024

Among 36 states with medical cannabis programs, 97% reported patient numbers and 75% reported authorizing clinicians.

Threaten, Distract, and Discredit: Cannabis Industry Rhetoric to Defeat Regulation of High-THC Cannabis Products in Washington State.

Carlini, Beatriz H · 2024

Three rhetorical strategies dominated industry opposition to high-THC regulation: threatening (economic harm, public health consequences, undermining voter will), distracting (introducing tangential topics), and discrediting (attacking the science or its advocates).

Identifying policy options to regulate high potency cannabis: A multiple stakeholder concept mapping study in Washington State, USA.

Carlini, Beatriz H · 2024

Community and professional stakeholders supported environmental policy changes like THC-based taxation, raising the minimum age for high-concentration products, and advertising restrictions.

Cannabis use disorder and substance use treatment among U.S. adults.

Choi, Namkee G · 2024

23% of US adults used cannabis in the past year.

Relationship between hospitalization from cannabis usage and pulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand from 2017 to 2022.

Chumchuen, Kemmapon · 2024

Cannabis-related admissions increased while TB admissions declined during 2017-2022.

Prevalence and trends of suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome over an 11-year period in Northern California: An electronic health record study.

Costales, Brianna · 2024

Using a narrow CHS definition, annual prevalence increased by 175% from 2009 to 2019 (prevalence ratio=2.75).

Public opinion on the expenditure of adult-use cannabis tax revenue: Evidence from New Jersey.

Link, Nathan W · 2024

More residents prioritized community-based initiatives in public health, housing, and education over funding for police, courts, and prisons when asked how cannabis tax revenue should be spent..

Factors Associated with Delta-8 THC Retail Availability in Fort Worth, Texas, 2021-2022.

LoParco, C R · 2024

Delta-8 THC retail availability was 11% at the first time point and 9% at the second, showing no significant decline despite ongoing legal challenges.

A content analysis of cannabis edibles package marketing in the United States.

Reboussin, Beth A · 2024

Health-related descriptors appeared on 31% of packages (e.g., "vegan," "gluten free," "natural"), quality descriptors on 28% ("handcrafted"), expected effects on 27% ("relax"), taste/flavor language on 21%, and pharmacokinetic claims on 19% ("fast-acting").

Delta-8 THC Retail Availability, Price, and Minimum Purchase Age.

Rossheim, Matthew E · 2024

Of 1,223 surveyed outlets, 133 (11%) sold delta-8 THC.

Intoxicating Cannabis Products in Vape Shops: United States, 2023.

Rossheim, Matthew E · 2024

74% of 520 surveyed vape shops sold intoxicating cannabis products.

Emerging Issues in Cannabis Law: Big Business and Equity Challenges.

Stoa, Ryan B · 2023

Cannabis equity programs in multiple states and cities have struggled to achieve their goals due to high licensing costs, limited access to capital, competition from well-funded multi-state operators, and regulatory complexity that favors established businesses..

Clearing cannabis criminal records: A survey of criminal record expungement availability and accessibility among US States and Washington DC that decriminalized or legalized cannabis.

Wakefield, Tanner · 2023

Most states that decriminalized or legalized cannabis provided some form of criminal record clearing, but approaches ranged from automatic expungement to petition-based processes requiring legal assistance.

Descriptive cross-sectional survey of tobacco and cannabis restrictions on state and local film incentives in the USA.

Wakefield, Tanner D · 2023

Virtually no state or local film incentive programs in the US had established funding restrictions to deter cannabis or tobacco depictions, despite evidence linking media exposure to youth substance initiation..

Accuracy Differences in Cannabis Retailer Information Ascertained from Webservices and Government-Maintained State Registries Across US States Legalizing the Sale of Cannabis in 2019.

Williams, Michael · 2023

Cannabis retailer data from web services and government registries frequently disagreed on operating status and location accuracy, with both sources containing errors that could affect geographic access research..