Cannabis Youth Research

CBD, cannabis, or both? Examining use patterns and associated factors among U.S. youth and adults.

Dai, Hongying Daisy · 2026

In 2023, 8.9% of Americans were exclusive cannabis users, 3.4% exclusive CBD users, and 6.4% dual users.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Suicide Mortality Among Youth Aged 12-25 Years Following Medical and Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the U.S.

Hammond, Christopher J · 2026

Asian/Pacific Islander youth in medical and recreational cannabis law states had significantly increased suicide rates (MCL IRR=1.30, 95% CI=1.13-1.50; RCL IRR=1.42, 95% CI=1.20-1.67), and Hispanic youth in recreational states had increased rates vs.

Adolescent cannabis use and psychological distress from 2013 to 2023: A population-based study in Ontario, Canada.

McDonald, André J · 2026

Distress rose from 10.7% to 27.4% while cannabis use declined from 23.1% to 17.6%.

Rural and Urban Variation in Mobile Health Substance Use Disorder Treatment Mechanisms and Efficacy.

Mennis, Jeremy · 2026

The PNC-txt mobile health intervention reduced cannabis use at 6 months by increasing readiness to change and protective behavioral strategies at 1 month.

Does the total consumption model apply to cannabis use?

Norström, Thor · 2026

The distribution of cannabis use frequency among Swedish adolescents remained remarkably stable over 33 years, and increases in average use were consistently associated with proportional increases in high-frequency users..

Growing Concerns: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of cannabis use and mental health risks in youth.

Sanz-Pérez, A · 2026

Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for youth cannabis users: Depression OR 1.51 (aOR 1.28).

Local Cannabis Policy and Cannabis Use by California High School Students Before and After Statewide Retail Legalization.

Simard, Bethany J · 2026

Frequent cannabis use among 11th graders increased post-retail legalization.

Longitudinal trends in the past 30-day co-use of nicotine/tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis among youth and adults in the PATH study.

Sokolovsky, Alexander W · 2026

E-cigarette and alcohol co-use increased among young adults (18-34), possibly replacing cigarette-alcohol co-use which declined.

Cannabis and pediatric cannabis exposure - evidence from America's Poison Centers.

Steuart, Shelby R · 2026

Medical cannabis dispensary openings were associated with a 52.3% increase in cannabis exposures among children ages 2-6.

Cannabis Use Among US Adolescents.

Sultan, Ryan S · 2026

Compared to non-users, even noncurrent and monthly cannabis users had greater odds of poor academic performance (aOR 1.30-2.20), poor impulsivity and self-regulation (aOR 1.26-2.19), and adverse emotional states (aOR 1.1-1.42).

Youth Initiation of Cannabis Vaping Is Associated With State Cannabis Policy and E-Cigarette Use.

Vuolo, Mike · 2026

Youth in recreational cannabis states had 1.449 times the odds of initiating cannabis vaping compared to states where cannabis was illicit.

Independent brain cortical signatures of risk for adolescent cannabis use and consequences of such use are moderated by sex.

Watts, Jeremy J · 2026

In years when adolescents used more cannabis than their personal average, cortical thickness was lower (p = 0.047).

Cannabis Marketing Restrictions and Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Legal US Cannabis Markets: Findings From the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Winfield-Ward, Lauren · 2026

States with low and moderate marketing restrictions had similar exposure rates (61.4% and 61.8%).

Adolescent Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychotic, Bipolar, Depressive, and Anxiety Disorders.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2026

This large longitudinal cohort study followed adolescents aged 13–17 who were screened for past-year cannabis use during routine pediatric care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2016 to 2023, with follow-up through age 25. Adolescents who reported cannabis use had significantly higher rates of clinician-diagnosed psychiatric disorders compared to non-users.

Trends in the diagnostic prevalence of cannabis-related disorders and co-occurring psychiatric disorders in adolescents: analysis of German health insurance data from 2013 to 2022.

Zarour, Alexander · 2026

Cannabis-related disorder diagnoses increased from 0.08% to 0.10% (+22.4%) among German adolescents ages 12-17 from 2013 to 2022, with a COVID-19 pandemic dip.

The Effect of Prenatal Marijuana Exposure on White Matter Microstructure and Cortical Morphology during Late Childhood.

Acosta-Rodriguez, Hector · 2025

Prenatally exposed children (n=418) showed significantly reduced white matter integrity (lower fractional anisotropy and neurite density, higher mean and radial diffusivity) compared to 667 matched controls.

Estimated Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders Among US Adolescents and Emerging Adults by Substance Class, Severity, and Age, 2022.

Adams, Zachary W · 2025

While past-year cannabis use rates increased with age, the prevalence of CUD and its severity distribution (mild, moderate, severe) among those who used cannabis did not differ across age cohorts 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-20, and 21-25 (effect size phi-c = 0.04).

Self-perceived impact of COVID-19 and risk behaviors among adolescents: Results from the HBSC 2021/22 study in 21 European countries.

Berchialla, Paola · 2025

Fourteen percent of adolescents were classified as negatively impacted by COVID, with this group overrepresented among girls, older teens, and less affluent families.

Early and risky adolescent alcohol use independently predict alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drug use in early adulthood in Ireland: a longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative cohort.

Brennan, Margaret M · 2025

Older age at first alcohol use was associated with dose-response reductions in cannabis use odds at age 20 (relative to initiation at 14 or younger).

Past 30-Day Cannabis Use by Perception of Risk and Age Group: Implications for Prevention.

Burrow-Sánchez, Jason J · 2025

A significant interaction between age group and perceived risk predicted cannabis use.

The association of preconception and prenatal cannabis and tobacco exposure with autism symptoms in offspring: A population-based longitudinal study.

Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N · 2025

Maternal cannabis use before but not during pregnancy was associated with higher CBCL autism symptoms across childhood (beta: 0.33, CI: 0.02-0.63).

Alcohol and Cannabis Use Trends Among Adolescents With and Without a History of Recent Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior: 1991-2023.

Cheek, Shayna M · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence decreased since 1995 for adolescents with no STB history but showed no significant decline for those with recent suicidal ideation or attempts; female adolescents with suicide attempt history showed plateauing cannabis use since the 1990s..

Cannabinoids for Medical Purposes in Children: A Living Systematic Review.

Chhabra, Manik · 2025

276 studies included; most common indication was refractory epilepsy (146 studies); purified CBD was most studied (78.6% of interventional); RCTs showed 30-50% seizure reduction; common adverse events were somnolence, diarrhea, vomiting, and decreased appetite..

Adolescent Cannabis Vaping Trends (2021-2023): Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol, and Synthetic Cannabinoids.

Chung, Jack · 2025

Significant increases in vaping of THC, CBD, and synthetic cannabinoids from 2021-2023; THC vaping peaked in 2022 while synthetic continued rising; prevalence higher among females than males in 2023; use doubled among 11-13 year olds..

Cannabis Vaping in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Chung, Jack · 2025

Among adolescent cannabis users, cannabis vaping odds were higher for males (OR 1.79), older adolescents (OR 1.26), current tobacco users (OR 1.62), and alcohol users (OR 2.52); lower for non-Hispanic Black youth (OR 0.55); insufficient evidence for mental health associations..

Packaging of Cannabis Edibles, Health Warning Recall, and Perceptions Among Young Adults.

Cooper, Michael · 2025

Plain packaging increased correct warning recall (52.9%, OR 1.47), decreased appeal ratings (OR 0.70), and increased perceived harm (OR 1.48) compared to branded packaging.

Trends in Cannabis and Tobacco Use by Racial and Ethnic Groups Among U.S. Youth: 1991-2021.

Dai, Hongying Daisy · 2025

During 2015-2021, Black adolescents had 12.6% cannabis-only use (vs 4.9% for White), while AI/AN adolescents had 20.1% cannabis-tobacco co-use (vs 13.4% for White).

The burden of alcohol and substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults.

Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn · 2025

Cannabis use disorder affected 10.69 million young people aged 10-24 globally in 2019, second only to alcohol use disorder (13.31 million).

Self-Reported and Biologic Assessments of Prenatal Cannabis Use: Ancillary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Cohort.

Devlin, Paulina M · 2025

Among participants who used cannabis, 74.5% of use at mid-pregnancy and 79.6% at late pregnancy was detected only by urine assay, not self-report.

Relations between adverse childhood experiences, racial and ethnic Identity, and cannabis use outcomes.

Gette, Jordan A · 2025

As ACEs increased, odds of lifetime CUD rose across all groups (aOR 1.45-3.03).

N-acetylcysteine for youth cannabis use disorder: randomized controlled trial main findings.

Gray, Kevin M · 2025

In a double-blind RCT of 192 treatment-seeking youth (ages 14-21) with CUD, N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks showed no advantage over placebo on any cannabis use outcome.

Substance use and sexual orientation among adolescents: Differences by age group and sex in the 2023 National Survey of Drug Use and Health.

Grigsby, Timothy J · 2025

Among 10,361 adolescents aged 12-17, 11.2% reported past-year marijuana use.

Trends of Adolescent Substance Use by Type of Victimization: COVID-19 Interaction Effects in the United States Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2013-2023).

Gu, Hyejin · 2025

Among 52,679 US adolescents from the YRBS (2013-2023), 27.2% reported at least one form of victimization.

Controlled Use of Cannabis Among Young Adults in Los Angeles Across Changes in Cannabis Policies.

Lankenau, Stephen E · 2025

Two latent classes emerged: Controlled and Uncontrolled, becoming more distinct over time.

Using decision trees to examine risk profiles for cannabis use among large samples of underage youth before and after cannabis legalization in Canada.

Leatherdale, Scott T · 2025

Current cannabis use dropped from 15.0% (pre-legalization 2017-18) to 12.3% (post-legalization 2021-22).

Association of childhood mental health and cognition with longitudinal patterns of cannabis problems in adolescence.

Lees Thorne, Rachel · 2025

Five trajectories identified: stable-no problems (85%), early-onset high (2%), late-onset high (3%), early-onset low (6%), late-onset low (5%).

Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of chronic peri-adolescent cannabinoid exposure on schizophrenia-like behaviour in rodents.

Li, Zhikun · 2025

Across 359 experiments from 108 articles, CB1 receptor agonists (both natural and synthetic cannabinoids) during adolescence impaired working memory (g=-0.56), novel object recognition (g=-0.66), novel object location recognition (g=-0.70), social novelty preference (g=-0.52), social motivation (g=-0.21), pre-pulse inhibition (g=-0.43), and sucrose preference (g=-0.87).

Selective Personality-Targeted Intervention and the Escalation of Substance Use During Adolescence: A Secondary Analysis of A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial.

Lynch, Samantha J · 2025

Students receiving PreVenture, a brief personality-targeted cognitive-behavioral intervention, showed slower increases in cannabis use (OR=0.75), tobacco smoking (OR=0.79), alcohol use (OR=0.92), and illicit polysubstance use (OR=0.56) over 4 years compared to controls.

Trends in cannabis-attributable hospitalizations and emergency department visits: data from the Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Study (2007-2020).

Malam, Raadiya · 2025

Between 2007 and 2020, cannabis-attributable inpatient hospitalizations increased from 6.4 to 14.0 per 100,000, while ER visits rose from 52.1 to 111.0 per 100,000.

The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Markets on Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Adults: A Synthetic Control Analysis.

Marinello, Samantha · 2025

Using the synthetic control method, recreational cannabis markets were associated with moderate increases in adolescent use prevalence and initiation (11% and 13%), large increases among young adults 18-25 (17% and 33%), and the largest increases among adults 26+ (33% prevalence increase, 82% initiation increase) within 2-4 years of dispensary opening..

Age-Varying Patterns of Cannabis Use, Related Risk Factors, and their Associations among Young Adults in the Context of Legalized Nonmedical Cannabis.

Martinez, Griselda · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence increased from ages 18-22 and remained relatively stable through age 26.

Health Service Use Among Young Adults With a History of Adolescent Cannabis Use.

Martínez, Pablo · 2025

Three adolescent cannabis patterns were identified: nonuse (60%), late-onset after 15 (20%), and early/frequent before 15 (20%).

Increasing Prevalence of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Young Adults and Minority Populations.

Miki, Akari · 2025

CHS prevalence in Massachusetts ERs increased 14-fold from 2012 to 2021 (0.729 to 10.6 per 10,000 visits).

Exploring the link between recreational substances and physical activity in children and adolescents: insights from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study (2013-2019).

Miño, Camila · 2025

Among 358,391 children and adolescents across 45 countries, cannabis users did not differ significantly from non-users in physical activity levels.

Disparities in Treatment Outcomes for Cannabis Use Disorder Among Adolescents.

Miranda, Helena · 2025

Of 40,054 adolescents with CUD, only 36.8% completed treatment.

Legalizing Youth-Friendly Cannabis Edibles and Extracts and Adolescent Cannabis Use.

Mital, Shweta · 2025

Among 106,032 students in grades 7-11, provinces that legalized cannabis edibles saw a 3.8 percentage point (26%) increase in overall cannabis use and 3.4 percentage point (43%) increase in edible use compared to Quebec where youth-friendly products were banned.

Dysregulation of the Cannabinoid System in Childhood Epilepsy: From Mechanisms to Therapy.

Montebello, Gloria · 2025

The endocannabinoid system regulates neuronal excitability from early life through aging.

The impact of using cannabis during pregnancy on the infant and mother: An overview of systematic reviews, evidence map, targeted updates, and de novo synthesis.

Munn, Zachary · 2025

Across 89 included studies/reviews, prenatal cannabis exposure showed potentially harmful impacts on all fetal growth measures, some neonatal outcomes, some later-life developmental outcomes, and some maternal outcomes.

Minimum Legal Age of Nonmedical Cannabis Purchase Laws and Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations in Canada, 2015 to 2022.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Cannabis-related hospitalizations declined by 2% per quarter among individuals below the minimum legal age after legalization, while no slope change occurred for those above the MLA.

Prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with alterations in offspring DNA methylation at genes involved in neurodevelopment, across the life course.

Noble, Alexandra J · 2025

Prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with genome-wide significant DNA methylation differences at birth, 7 years, 15-17 years, and 27 years.

Patterns of substance use and associations with mental health and interpersonal violence among adolescents.

Ogden, Shannon N · 2025

Five latent classes of substance use were identified: friends' use only (37%), alcohol use (21%), polysubstance use (20%), cannabis use/some polysubstance use (18%), and other substance use (5%).

Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms Before and After Adolescent Cannabis Use Initiation.

Osborne, K Juston · 2025

Adolescents who used cannabis at any point had more psychosis symptoms (B=0.86) and distress from symptoms (B=1.17) than never-users, consistent with shared vulnerability.

The association between state cannabis policies and cannabis use among adults and youth, United States, 2002-2019.

Pessar, Seema Choksy · 2025

Using the Cannabis Policy Scale, a comprehensive measure of 17 state cannabis policy areas, more restrictive policies were significantly associated with lower past-month cannabis use.

Multilevel Risk and Protective Factors Influencing Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review.

Phares, Belinda A · 2025

Risk factors operated at every level: individual (older age, early initiation, low perceived harm, polysubstance use), interpersonal (peer influence, parental acceptance, family structure), community (neighborhood stress, social media, proximity to dispensaries), and societal (legalization, lower SES).

Does Cannabis Use Contribute to Schizophrenia? A Causation Analysis Based on Epidemiological Evidence.

Pourebrahim, Sepehr · 2025

Analysis of 18 qualifying studies (10 included in forest plot) found all reported increased risk for psychosis-like events or schizophrenia with cannabis use, with 9 of 10 reaching significance.

Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Child Health Care Use: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Ontario, Canada.

Pratt Tremblay, Gabrielle · 2025

In a retrospective cohort of 508,025 Ontario infants (3,248 cannabis-exposed), prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with 14% fewer primary care visits (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.84-0.87), 29% more outpatient psychiatrist visits (aRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.00-1.66), 5% more ER visits (aRR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.08), and 12% more hospitalizations (aRR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.20).

Trends in substance use-related emergency department visits by youth, 2018-2023.

Renny, Madeline H · 2025

Among 151,764 ED visits for 12-21 year olds, substance use accounted for 3.0% overall but increased from 2.8% to 3.4% (p<0.001).

A multicenter study on the use of purified cannabidiol for children with treatment-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Reyes Valenzuela, Gabriela · 2025

In 551 children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathies treated with purified CBD at 10 centers, 50.6% achieved at least 50% seizure reduction after 12-32 months, including 14.2% who became seizure-free.

The Longitudinal Relationship of Loneliness With Frequency and Problematic Use of Alcohol and Cannabis Among Young Adults.

Rhew, Isaac C · 2025

Using marginal structural modeling to control for multiple confounders, loneliness at ages 21 and 23 predicted greater cannabis use frequency at subsequent waves (OR 1.13 per SD increase, 95% CI 1.06-1.20).

The psychosis continuum: Systematic review on prodromal markers, symptom progression, and early intervention strategies.

Ricci, Valerio · 2025

This systematic review synthesized 60 studies spanning 25 years (2000–2025) to map the trajectory from early warning signs to full psychotic episodes.

Co-occurrence between adverse childhood experiences and cannabis use in psychosis risk and course: A stratified systematic review.

Ricci, Valerio · 2025

Across 62 studies in five population categories, childhood adversity and cannabis use showed synergistic psychosis risk amplification: odds ratios up to 20.9 in community samples and 31.0 in first-episode samples.

Neurocognitive outcomes in adolescents with and without four weeks of cannabis abstinence: a randomized clinical trial using contingency management.

Schuster, Randi M · 2025

At baseline, cannabis-using adolescents had worse verbal memory and processing speed than non-users.

Global prevalence of cannabis and amphetamine/methamphetamine use among adolescents in 47 countries: a population-based study from WHO database.

Son, Yejun · 2025

Global cannabis use prevalence was 7.02% (95% CI 6.16-7.89).

An integrated behavioral approach to understanding sociocognitive determinants and risk profiles of cannabis use in adolescents.

Torrejón-Guirado, María-Carmen · 2025

Four trajectories emerged: non/minimal users, late-onset moderate users, early-onset moderate users, and early-onset escalating users.

Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-sensitive neurodevelopmental processes and trajectories.

Tseng, Kuei Y · 2025

The brain's cannabinoid system follows a specific developmental trajectory, with CB1 receptor expression peaking during adolescence in the frontal cortex.

An on-line school-based substance use harm reduction programme: The Illicit Project randomized controlled trial results.

Debenham, Jennifer · 2024

The intervention group showed significantly slower increases in binge drinking (OR 0.33), cocaine use (OR 0.06), and prescription drug misuse (OR 0.07) over 12 months compared to controls.

Concurrent Use of Tobacco and Cannabis and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in US Youths.

Do, Vuong V · 2024

Concurrent tobacco and cannabis users had significantly higher odds of externalizing problems compared to tobacco-only use (AOR 1.83) and cannabis-only use (AOR 1.85).

Acute effects of different types of cannabis on young adult and adolescent resting-state brain networks.

Ertl, Natalie · 2024

Cannabis caused significant reductions in within-network connectivity in the default mode, executive control, salience, hippocampal, and limbic striatal networks compared to placebo.

State-Level Recreational Cannabis Legalization Is Not Differentially Associated with Cannabis Risk Perception Among Children: A Multilevel Regression Analysis.

Gilman, Jodi M · 2024

There was no significant main effect of state recreational cannabis laws on perceived risk of cannabis use among children, and no differences in how risk perception changed over time between states with and without legalization.

The association between single and dual use of cannabis and alcohol and driving under the influence and riding with an impaired driver in a large sample of Canadian adolescents.

Gohari, Mahmood R · 2024

Overall, 14.7% of students reported impaired driving or riding (IDR).

Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Distress in Young People: A Longitudinal Study.

Gripe, Isabella · 2024

Using fixed-effects models (which control for all stable individual characteristics), increasing cannabis use from none to 10+ times/year was associated in males with anxiety (RR 1.72, p=0.009), depressed mood (RR 1.49, p<0.001), and suicidal ideation (RR 3.43, p=0.012).

Trends in the co-occurrence of substance use and mental health symptomatology in a national sample of US post-secondary students from 2009 to 2019.

Halladay, Jillian · 2024

Cannabis use was associated with greater odds of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among US post-secondary students.

Young Adult Alcohol and Cannabis Impaired Driving After the Opening of Cannabis Retail Stores in Washington State.

Hultgren, Brittney A · 2024

From 2014 to 2019, alcohol DUI decreased overall (AOR 0.93) and among drinkers (AOR 0.95).

Longitudinal patterns of cannabis and tobacco co-administration and concurrent use among young adult college students.

Kreitzberg, Daniel S · 2024

Four latent classes emerged: non-use (58%), general use of all substances (19%), blunt and cannabis use (13%), and concurrent/co-administration use with cigarettes, cannabis, blunts, and spliffs (10%).

Childhood sleep is prospectively associated with adolescent alcohol and marijuana use.

Krishnan, Akshay S · 2024

At age 15, later bedtime (aOR 1.35) and shorter sleep at age 9 (aOR 1.19) were associated with greater odds of trying marijuana.

Age-dependent association of cannabis use with risk of psychotic disorder.

McDonald, André J · 2024

Among 11,363 Ontario youth, cannabis use was associated with 11.2-fold increased psychosis risk during adolescence (12-19) but only non-significant 1.3-fold during young adulthood (20-33).

Why Are Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment Admissions Declining in the US? The Mediated Pathway of State Treatment Admissions Rates before and after Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

Mennis, Jeremy · 2024

Before legalization, perceiving cannabis as low-risk predicted more use, which predicted more CUD treatment admissions.

Neuroanatomical Variability and Substance Use Initiation in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence.

Miller, Alex P · 2024

Among 9,804 children, 35.3% initiated substance use before age 15.

Examining the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and child autism traits: A multi-cohort investigation in the environmental influences on child health outcome program.

Nutor, Chaela · 2024

Associations between prenatal cannabis and ASD traits were not significant when controlling for covariates, particularly tobacco.

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in children with autism spectrum disorder: randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Silva, Estácio Amaro da · 2024

CBD-rich cannabis extract produced significant improvements in social interaction (p=0.0002), anxiety (p=0.016), psychomotor agitation (p=0.003), number of meals per day (p=0.04), and concentration (p=0.01, mild cases only).

Birth, cognitive and behavioral effects of intrauterine cannabis exposure in infants and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sorkhou, Maryam · 2024

Intrauterine cannabis exposure was associated with preterm delivery (OR=1.68, p=0.03), low birth weight (OR=2.60, p<0.001), and NICU admission (OR=2.51, p<0.001).

The association between prenatal cannabis use and congenital birth defects in offspring: A cumulative meta-analysis.

Tadesse, Abay Woday · 2024

Prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with increased risks of cardiovascular/heart defects (OR=2.35), gastrointestinal defects (OR=2.42), central nervous system defects (OR=2.87), genitourinary defects (OR=2.39), and any/unclassified birth defects (OR=1.25).

Prenatal cannabis use and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tadesse, Abay Woday · 2024

Prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with increased ADHD symptoms (B=0.39, p=0.001) and a 30% higher risk of ASD (RR=1.30, p<0.05).

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Signaling: Research Gaps and Opportunities.

Valentino, Rita J · 2024

Despite decades of cannabis pharmacology research, major knowledge gaps remain in: (1) enduring consequences of cannabis exposure during critical brain development windows, (2) effects of large daily doses of high-THC cannabis, (3) therapeutic opportunities from endocannabinoid system manipulation, and (4) strategies to treat cannabis use disorder and cannabis toxicity..

Effectiveness of the Minder Mobile Mental Health and Substance Use Intervention for University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Vereschagin, Melissa · 2024

The Minder app produced significant reductions in anxiety (GAD-7: d=-0.17, p<0.001) and depression (PHQ-9: d=-0.11, p=0.007).

A robust brain network for sustained attention from adolescence to adulthood that predicts later substance use.

Weng, Yihe · 2024

Brain connectivity patterns associated with poor sustained attention at age 14 predicted subsequent increases in cannabis and cigarette use through age 23.

Trends in Adolescent Comorbid Cannabis Use Disorder and Postoperative Complications.

Willer, Brittany L · 2024

CUD prevalence in adolescent surgical patients increased from 0.4% in 2009 to 0.6% in 2022.

Differential associations of adolescent versus young adult cannabis initiation with longitudinal brain change and behavior.

Albaugh, Matthew D · 2023

Adolescent cannabis initiation (14-19) was associated with cortical thinning in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex that persisted into young adulthood and partially mediated associations with later cocaine, ecstasy, and cannabis use at age 22.

Characterization of childhood trauma, hippocampal mediation and Cannabis use in a large dataset of psychosis and non-psychosis individuals.

Del Re, Elisabetta C · 2023

Among 1,185 participants (397 controls, 209 bipolar-I, 279 schizoaffective, 300 schizophrenia), cannabis use and childhood trauma interacted in survival analysis to predict earlier psychosis onset.

Transition to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Following Emergency Department Visits Due to Substance Use With and Without Psychosis.

Myran, Daniel T · 2023

Among 9.8 million people without prior psychosis, those with ER visits for substance-induced psychosis had a 163-fold increased risk of transitioning to schizophrenia (3-year risk: 18.5% vs 0.1%).

Association between non-medical cannabis legalization and emergency department visits for cannabis-induced psychosis.

Myran, Daniel T · 2023

Across 6,300 ER visits for cannabis-induced psychosis, restricted legalization showed no change relative to pre-legalization.

Cannabis-Involved Emergency Department Visits Among Persons Aged <25 Years Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2019-2022.

Roehler, Douglas R · 2023

Mean weekly cannabis-involved ED visits among all youth under 25 were higher during 2020, 2021, and 2022 compared to 2019.

Driving under the influence of cannabis and alcohol: Evidence from a national sample of young drivers.

Salas-Wright, Christopher P · 2023

DUI-cannabis prevalence was 6.3% in the full sample and 24.5% among past-year cannabis users.

Rising trend of acute myocardial infarction among young cannabis users: A 10-year nationwide gender and race stratified analysis.

Sandhyavenu, Harigopal · 2023

Of 819,175 AMI hospitalizations among 18-49 year olds, 28% reported cannabis use.

Cannabis in Adolescence: Lasting Cognitive Alterations and Underlying Mechanisms.

Scheyer, Andrew F · 2023

Cannabis use during adolescence causes lasting aberrations in synaptic development, often secondary to epigenetic changes.

Cannabis-related emergency department visits by youths and their outcomes in Ontario: a trend analysis.

Bechard, Melanie · 2022

Cannabis-related ER visits rose from 3.8 per 10,000 youth in 2003 to 17.9 per 10,000 in 2017 (4.8-fold increase).

Disparities in functioning from alcohol and cannabis use among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults.

D'Amico, Elizabeth J · 2022

Greater frequency and increased frequency of alcohol and cannabis use were associated with poorer outcomes across groups.

Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis.

D'Souza, Deepak Cyril · 2022

Converging evidence supports that cannabis increases psychosis risk across a spectrum from transient states to chronic psychosis.

Directional associations between cannabis use and anxiety symptoms from late adolescence through young adulthood.

Davis, Jordan P · 2022

For the overall sample and men, greater cannabis use predicted greater subsequent increases in anxiety (substance-induced pathway).

Cannabis smoking increases the risk of suicide ideation and suicide attempt in young individuals of 11-21 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fresán, Ana · 2022

Across 20 studies with 34,859 youth, cannabis smokers had significantly higher risk of suicide attempt (OR 2.33), suicidal ideation (OR 2.04), and suicide planning (OR 1.67) compared to non-users.

A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies of Youth Cannabis Use: Alterations in Executive Control, Social Cognition/Emotion Processing, and Reward Processing in Cannabis Using Youth.

Hammond, Christopher J · 2022

Cannabis-using youth showed greater activation in the rostral medial prefrontal cortex during executive control tasks and decreased activation in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate during social cognition and emotion processing, compared to non-using peers..

Animal evidence considered in determination of cannabis smoke and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) as causing reproductive toxicity (developmental endpoint); Part II. Neurodevelopmental effects.

Iyer, Poorni · 2022

Prenatal cannabis smoke or THC exposure in animals produced: impaired locomotor and exploratory behavior (rats), memory and learning deficits, attention deficits, increased separation-induced vocalizations, reduced social interaction, increased anxiety, and enhanced sensitivity to morphine and heroin rewarding effects in adulthood.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and cannabis use after one year among students of the i-Share cohort.

Jean, François Arnaud Matthieu · 2022

Higher ASRS scores were associated with greater probability of cannabis use after one year (OR 1.24 for occasional use, OR 1.43 for frequent use).

Prenatal marijuana exposure and neonatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

Jones, Michael James · 2022

Neonates exposed to THC had significantly lower birth weight, head circumference, and length (all p<0.001).

Marijuana Use Is Associated With Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among US Adolescents at Rates Similar to Tobacco and Alcohol.

Kahn, Geoffrey D · 2022

Marijuana was more strongly associated with suicide attempts than with suicidal ideation.

Textual and pictorial enhancement of cannabis warning labels: An Online experiment among at-risk U.S. young adults.

Kim, Sang Jung · 2022

Pictorially enhanced cannabis warning labels significantly improved recall accuracy (b = 0.59, p < 0.001) and perceived message effectiveness (b = 0.31, p = 0.008) compared to current California labels.

Does marijuana use among African American adolescent males differ based on school factors?

King, Keith A · 2022

Those at highest risk were 16-17 years old, in grades 9-12, did not like going to school, and believed most or all students in their grade used marijuana.

Timing of cannabis exposure relative to prodrome and psychosis onset in a community-based first episode psychosis sample.

Kline, Emily R · 2022

Cannabis exposure (78%) and cannabis use disorders (47%) were highly prevalent at first-episode admission.

The Impact of Cannabis Packaging Characteristics on Perceptions and Intentions.

Kowitt, Sarah D · 2022

Edible gummies were perceived as healthier, less "grown up," and more socially acceptable than concentrates.

Elevated social anxiety symptoms across childhood and adolescence predict adult mental disorders and cannabis use.

Krygsman, Amanda · 2022

Three social anxiety trajectories emerged: high increasing (15.5%), moderate (37.3%), and low (47.2%).

The CannTeen study: verbal episodic memory, spatial working memory, and response inhibition in adolescent and adult cannabis users and age-matched controls.

Lawn, W · 2022

Cannabis users had significantly worse verbal episodic memory than controls (p=0.007).

Systematic review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of cannabis use in adolescence and emerging adulthood: evidence from 90 studies and 9441 participants.

Lichenstein, Sarah D · 2022

Across 90 studies including 9,441 participants (3,924 cannabis users, 5,517 non-users), preliminary evidence pointed to alterations in frontoparietal, frontolimbic, frontostriatal, and cerebellar regions among adolescent and emerging adult cannabis users..

Alcohol and cannabis co-use and longitudinal gray matter volumetric changes in early and late adolescence.

Luo, Xi · 2022

Co-use of alcohol and cannabis predicted faster gray matter volume decline (-0.046 to -0.138 cm3/year) in the caudal middle frontal cortex, fusiform, inferior frontal, superior temporal, and supramarginal gyri.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children: a critical review of the literature.

Moreira, Gabriela Araujo · 2022

CBD efficacy for treating seizures has been confirmed by RCTs for LGS, Dravet syndrome, and TSC.

A national effectiveness trial of an eHealth program to prevent alcohol and cannabis misuse: responding to the replication crisis.

Newton, Nicola C · 2022

Students who received the Climate Schools program were 38% less likely to drink a full standard drink and 51% less likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking compared to controls at 12-month follow-up..

Recreational Marijuana Legalization and Co-use With Alcohol Among Adolescents.

Paschall, Mallie J · 2022

Recreational legalization was associated with greater odds of co-use overall (OR=1.06) and much greater odds among past-month drinkers (OR=1.58) and heavy drinkers (OR=1.25).

Longer-Term Efficacy of a Digital Life-Skills Training for Substance Use Prevention.

Paz Castro, Raquel · 2022

At 18 months, the intervention group had significantly lower cannabis prevalence (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.39-0.76) and tobacco prevalence (OR=0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.96) compared to controls.

A Nationwide Study of Inpatient Case Rate Incidence of Cannabis-Related Diagnoses in Switzerland.

Pfeifer, Philippe · 2022

Cannabis-related psychiatric hospitalization rates increased significantly from 1998 to 2020.

Does recreational cannabis legalization change cannabis use patterns? Evidence from secondary school students in Uruguay.

Rivera-Aguirre, Ariadne · 2022

Past-year and past-month cannabis use decreased after legalization.

Local Education Agency Impact on School Environments to Reduce Health Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among High School Students.

Robin, Leah · 2022

Students in schools implementing the program had 11% lower odds of ever using marijuana (aOR=0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.98) and 23% lower odds of current marijuana use (aOR=0.77, 95% CI 0.64-0.93).

Trends and characteristics of cannabis-associated emergency department visits in the United States, 2006-2018.

Roehler, Douglas R · 2022

Cannabis-associated ER visits increased from 12.3 to 34.7 per 100,000 from 2006-2014 (12.1% annual increase).

Longitudinal effects of cannabis use on attentional processes in patients with first episode of psychosis.

Setién-Suero, Esther · 2022

Over 3 years, attention improved most in FEP patients who never used cannabis (n=238), followed by ex-users (n=105) and persistent users (n=43).

Substance use patterns in 9 to 13-year-olds: Longitudinal findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.

Sullivan, Ryan M · 2022

By age 12-13, 39.7% of children had experimented with any substance (mostly sipping alcohol), while 7.4% reported "full use" in their lifetime including 1.1% cannabis use.

Use of Marijuana: Effect on Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Testai, Fernando D · 2022

Cannabinoid receptors are concentrated in brain areas critical for cognition and behavior, especially during neurodevelopment.

Association of Cannabis Use During Adolescence With Neurodevelopment.

Albaugh, Matthew D · 2021

Cannabis use between ages 14 and 19 was associated with accelerated, dose-dependent cortical thinning in bilateral prefrontal cortex, spatially correlated with CB1 cannabinoid receptor density.

Cannabis vaping among adults in the United States: Prevalence, trends, and association with high-risk behaviors and adverse respiratory conditions.

Boakye, Ellen · 2021

Cannabis vaping doubled nationally from 1.0% to 2.0% between 2017 and 2019, with the largest increase among young adults (1.2% to 3.9%).

Neuropsychological and neurophysiological predictors and consequences of cannabis and illicit substance use during neurodevelopment: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.

Debenham, Jennifer · 2021

High-quality evidence showed that delayed or irregular neurodevelopment in executive functioning, particularly emotional perception, may predispose young people to higher frequency substance use.

Trends in cannabis use among adults with children in the home in the United States, 2004-2017: impact of state-level legalization for recreational and medical use.

Goodwin, Renee D · 2021

Recreational cannabis laws were associated with higher past-month use (AOR=1.28) and daily use (AOR=1.25) among adults with children.

The Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis Use on the Cortical Thickness of Cognitive Control and Salience Brain Networks in Emerging Adulthood: A Co-twin Control Study.

Harper, Jeremy · 2021

Greater alcohol misuse was linked to thinner cortex in prefrontal, temporal, insula, and parietal regions, predominantly right-lateralized.

Medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and dispensary provisions not associated with higher odds of adolescent marijuana or heavy marijuana use: A 46 State Analysis, 1991-2015.

Johnson, Julie K · 2021

States with enacted medical marijuana laws actually showed slightly lower adjusted odds of adolescent past-30-day marijuana use (OR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.99).

Predictors of vaping marijuana initiation among US adolescents: Results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study Wave 3 (2015-2016) and Wave 4 (2016-2018).

Lee, Juhan · 2021

Adolescents who already used other marijuana products had nearly 8 times the odds of initiating marijuana vaping, while e-cigarette users had about twice the odds..

Alcohol and Cannabis Use and the Developing Brain.

Lees, Briana · 2021

Heavy alcohol use was associated with widespread decreases in gray matter volume and slowed white matter growth, while heavy cannabis use was linked to decreased subcortical volume and increased cortical thickness.

Role of sex on the relationship between sexual minority status and past 30-day marijuana use among high school students (YRBS, 2015-2019).

Mantey, Dale S · 2021

The association between sexual minority status and marijuana use differed significantly by sex.

Cannabis use disorder trajectories and their prospective predictors in a large population-based sample of young Swiss men.

Marmet, Simon · 2021

Four trajectories were identified: stable-low (88.2%), decreasing (5.2%), stable-high (2.6%), and increasing (4.0%).

Trends in Adolescent Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations by State Legalization Laws, 2008-2019.

Masonbrink, Abbey R · 2021

Cannabis-related hospitalization odds increased after both medical cannabis laws (OR 1.05) and recreational cannabis laws (OR 1.03).

Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study.

Merkouris, Stephanie S · 2021

Persistent cannabis use from adolescence to young adulthood predicted gambling problems in the early 30s (OR 2.30-3.42).

Precursors of self-reported subclinical hypomania in adolescence: A longitudinal general population study.

Nielsen, Louise Gunhard · 2021

Cannabis use by age 15 was a strong independent predictor of self-reported subclinical hypomania at age 16 (RR 3.14, 95% CI 1.93-5.10), after adjusting for age 11 psychopathology and other precursors.

Associations Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Childhood Outcomes: Results From the ABCD Study.

Paul, Sarah E · 2021

Children exposed to cannabis prenatally showed greater psychotic-like experiences, internalizing, externalizing, attention, thought, and social problems, more sleep difficulties, higher BMI, and lower cognitive performance.

Children's Knowledge of Cannabis and Other Substances in States with Different Cannabis Use Regulations.

Ross, J Megan · 2021

Children in states with more permissive cannabis laws had greater knowledge of cannabis specifically, but not of alcohol, tobacco, or other illicit drugs.

Relationship between cannabis use frequency and major depressive disorder in adolescents: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2012-2017.

Gukasyan, Natalie · 2020

Adolescents with any cannabis use history had significantly higher rates of major depressive disorder and past-year suicide attempts.

Recreational Cannabis Use and Risk of Prescription Opioid Overdose: Insights from Pediatric Inpatients.

Pankaj, Amaya · 2020

In 27,444,239 pediatric hospitalizations (NIS database), 10,562 (0.04%) involved prescription opioid overdose.

Predictors of marijuana vaping onset and escalation among young adults.

Pokhrel, Pallav · 2020

Among 2,327 young adults followed for one year, dual cigarette/e-cigarette use at baseline was the strongest predictor of marijuana vaping initiation among non-marijuana users.

The role of perceived discrimination in substance use trajectories in Hispanic young adults: A longitudinal cohort study from high school through emerging adulthood.

Rogers, Christopher J · 2020

Among 1,457 Hispanic youth in Southern California followed from 2006-2017, perceived discrimination in high school significantly predicted marijuana use initiation that was discontinued (RRR 1.464) and marijuana use that continued into emerging adulthood (RRR 1.249), compared to never using.

Racial and gender inequities in the implementation of a cannabis criminal justice diversion program in a large and diverse metropolitan county of the USA.

Sanchez, Helen F · 2020

In Harris County, Texas Marijuana Misdemeanor Diversion Program (2017-2019), African Americans (50% of participants despite ~20% of population) and males (80%) were overrepresented.

Childhood social environmental and behavioural predictors of early adolescent onset cannabis use.

Scholes-Balog, Kirsty E · 2020

Among 852 adolescents, 10.7% showed early-onset cannabis use (before age 15).

Longitudinal associations between amygdala reactivity and cannabis use in a large sample of adolescents.

Spechler, Philip A · 2020

Right amygdala reactivity to angry faces at age 14 (before cannabis use) significantly predicted cannabis use at age 19 in a dose-response fashion.

Cannabinoid receptor CNR1 expression and DNA methylation in human prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and caudate in brain development and schizophrenia.

Tao, Ran · 2020

CNR1 expression is high in fetal prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, then drops dramatically after birth.

Efficacy of cannabinoids in paediatric epilepsy.

Ali, Shayma · 2019

CBD produced a 38-41% median reduction in all seizures compared to 13-19% on placebo in three RCTs for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes.

Engaging Parents to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Bergman, Peter · 2019

By the end of 8th grade, lifetime use of alcohol or marijuana was 18.2% in the control group versus 10.2% in the intervention group (p=.02).

Cannabinoid therapy in epilepsy.

Billakota, Santoshi · 2019

Epidiolex (>99% CBD, <0.10% THC) received FDA approval for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes and EMA approval for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, based on Phase III RCTs and open-label trials demonstrating efficacy and safety.

The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies.

Bloomfield, Michael A P · 2019

Cannabis and THC acutely affect executive, emotional, reward, and memory processing through direct CB1 effects and indirect effects on glutamate, GABA, and dopamine systems.

Cannabis use and suicide attempts among 86,254 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 21 low- and middle-income countries.

Carvalho, Andre F · 2019

Past 30-day cannabis use was significantly associated with suicide attempts (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.42-2.91) after multivariable adjustment.

Cannabidiol: A New Hope for Patients With Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes.

Chen, Jeffrey W · 2019

In the GWPCARE trial series, CBD reduced key seizure frequencies by 17-23% compared to placebo as adjunctive therapy in patients 2+ years old.

Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: A systematic review.

Elliott, Jesse · 2019

CBD reduced median monthly seizure frequency by 19.8% vs placebo (95% CI: -27.0% to -12.6%) and increased the proportion achieving 50%+ seizure reduction (RR = 1.76).

Association of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure With Psychosis Proneness Among Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

Fine, Jeremy D · 2019

Maternal cannabis use during pregnancy, particularly after the mother knew she was pregnant, was associated with higher psychosis proneness scores in their children, based on data from the large-scale Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study..

Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Gobbi, Gabriella · 2019

Adolescent cannabis use was associated with depression in young adulthood (OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.16-1.62), suicidal ideation (OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.11-2.03), and suicide attempt (OR 3.46, 95% CI: 1.53-7.84).

The impact of plain packaging and health warnings on consumer appeal of cannabis products.

Goodman, Samantha · 2019

Full branding was more appealing and more youth-oriented than plain packaging (p<0.001).

Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use.

Hall, Wayne · 2019

Cannabis legalisation has been associated with increased use in some populations and possible increases in road crashes.

Exposure to cannabinoids can lead to persistent cognitive and psychiatric disorders.

Krebs, Marie-Odile · 2019

Cannabis use is associated with dose-dependent cognitive deficits and a 2-fold or greater increase in psychosis risk.

Cannabidiol as adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome.

Lattanzi, S · 2019

The review critically examined CBD's pharmacology and recent clinical trial data showing its efficacy and safety as add-on treatment for LGS and DS, two severe childhood epilepsy syndromes where existing treatments fail to control seizures in most cases..

Long-term safety and efficacy of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome: Expanded access program results.

Laux, Linda C · 2019

At 12 weeks, CBD reduced median monthly major motor seizures by 50% and total seizures by 44%.

Does regular cannabis use affect neuroanatomy? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies.

Lorenzetti, Valentina · 2019

Regular cannabis users had significantly smaller volumes of the hippocampus (SMD=0.14) and both medial (SMD=0.30) and lateral (SMD=0.19) orbitofrontal cortex compared to controls.

Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study.

Mars, Becky · 2019

Cannabis use at age 16 predicted first suicide attempt by 21 in both high-risk groups: OR 2.61 (95% CI 1.11-6.14) among those with suicidal thoughts and OR 2.14 (95% CI 1.04-4.41) among those with non-suicidal self-harm.

Associations between adolescent cannabis use frequency and adult brain structure: A prospective study of boys followed to adulthood.

Meier, Madeline H · 2019

Four adolescent cannabis use trajectories were identified: non-users/infrequent, desisters, escalators, and chronic-frequent users.

A Population-Based Analysis of the Relationship Between Substance Use and Adolescent Cognitive Development.

Morin, Jean-François G · 2019

Cannabis showed lagged (neurotoxic) effects on inhibitory control and working memory, and concurrent effects on delayed memory recall and perceptual reasoning.

Characteristics of a Multistate Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with E-cigarette Use, or Vaping - United States, 2019.

Perrine, Cria G · 2019

As of September 2019, 805 cases of vaping-associated lung injury were reported.

Residual effects of cannabis use in adolescent and adult brains - A meta-analysis of fMRI studies.

Blest-Hopley, Grace · 2018

Researchers conducted separate meta-analyses of fMRI studies comparing brain function in adult and adolescent cannabis users to non-users during various cognitive tasks. In adult cannabis users (530 users vs 580 controls across 13 studies), brain activation was increased in the superior and posterior temporal regions and inferior frontal gyrus, while decreased in the visual cortex, insula, and middle temporal gyrus.

Associations between childhood ADHD, gender, and adolescent alcohol and marijuana involvement: A causally informative design.

Elkins, Irene J · 2018

Researchers studied 3,762 twins (64% identical) to determine whether childhood ADHD causally leads to adolescent substance use or whether shared genetic and environmental factors explain the link. Children with more severe ADHD symptoms initiated alcohol and marijuana use earlier, escalated to frequent or heavy use faster, and developed more symptoms of substance use problems by age 17. Females with more hyperactivity-impulsivity had higher alcohol consumption and progressed further toward daily marijuana use than males with similar symptoms. The critical test: when identical twins who differed in ADHD severity were compared, the twin with more severe ADHD did not have significantly worse substance outcomes than their co-twin.

Cannabis decriminalization: A study of recent policy change in five U.S. states.

Grucza, Richard A · 2018

Researchers examined the effects of cannabis decriminalization in five states (Massachusetts 2008, Connecticut 2011, Rhode Island 2013, Vermont 2013, Maryland 2014) using federal crime statistics and Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Decriminalization was associated with a 75% reduction in drug-related arrests for youth (95% CI: 44-89%), with similar magnitude reductions for adult arrests. Critically, decriminalization was not associated with any increase in past-30-day cannabis use prevalence among youth.

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2018

This comprehensive review documented the shifting landscape of cannabis use in the United States. Both adults and adolescents increasingly perceive cannabis as harmless.

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use.

Minică, Camelia C · 2018

Researchers conducted the largest genome-wide association study of age at first cannabis use to date. Twin analysis (8,055 twins from three cohorts) estimated heritability at 38% (95% CI 19-60%).

Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development.

Ortiz-Medina, María Bettina · 2018

Researchers reviewed 66 papers examining the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis in people without pre-existing schizophrenia. The main conclusion: cannabis use doubles the risk of developing psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Additional findings: - A dose-response relationship exists: heavier cannabis use is associated with greater psychosis risk. - Age of first use matters: earlier initiation is associated with higher risk. - Gene-environment interactions modulate the association, meaning genetic susceptibility influences how much cannabis increases individual psychosis risk. The evidence was drawn from 23 cohort studies (which follow people over time) and 43 reviews, representing a substantial evidence base accumulated over decades of research..

Early Cannabis Use and Neurocognitive Risk: A Prospective Functional Neuroimaging Study.

Tervo-Clemmens, Brenden · 2018

At age 12, before any cannabis use, teens who would initiate cannabis by 15 already showed activation differences in frontoparietal (increased) and visual association (decreased) regions, and poorer executive planning scores.

20-year outcomes in adolescents who self-harm: a population-based cohort study.

Borschmann, Rohan · 2017

In a population-based cohort of 1,671 Australians followed from adolescence to age 35, those who self-harmed during adolescence (8% of the cohort) had significantly worse outcomes across multiple domains: social disadvantage, mental health, and substance use. Most of these associations were explained by concurrent adolescent mental health disorders and substance use.

Predicting Persistent, Limited, and Delayed Problematic Cannabis Use in Early Adulthood: Findings From a Longitudinal Study.

Hill, Sherika · 2017

Following 1,229 people from childhood through age 30, this study identified four distinct patterns of problematic cannabis use (cannabis use disorder or daily use) in early adulthood. The persistent pattern (6.7% of the sample) characterized people with problematic use in both late adolescence (19-21) and early adulthood (26-30).

Effectiveness of a pragmatic school-based universal resilience intervention in reducing tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use in a population of adolescents: cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Hodder, Rebecca Kate · 2017

This large cluster-randomized controlled trial tested whether building student resilience through school-based programs could reduce substance use among adolescents. Twenty intervention schools implemented resilience-building programs targeting individual protective factors (like problem-solving skills) and environmental factors (like caring relationships) for students in grades 7 through 10 over three years. At follow-up, when students were 15-16 years old, there were no significant differences between intervention and control students on any substance use measure.

Evidence for the Risks and Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Exposure.

Levine, Amir · 2017

This comprehensive review examined four neuropsychiatric outcomes most vulnerable to adolescent cannabis exposure: cognition, emotional functioning, psychosis risk, and addiction. The clinical literature showed strong correlations between early, frequent, heavy adolescent cannabis use and poor cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood.

A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Interactive Middle School Cannabis Prevention Programs.

Lize, Steven E · 2017

This meta-analysis evaluated whether interactive (skill-building, participant-focused) drug prevention programs in middle schools reduced cannabis use among 12-14 year olds in North America. Across 21 studies measuring cannabis use, the pooled effect size was small but statistically significant (d = -0.07, p < 0.01), favoring the prevention programs.

The Influence of College Attendance on Risk for Marijuana Initiation in the United States: 1977 to 2015.

Miech, Richard A · 2017

Using Monitoring the Future data tracking nationally representative cohorts from 1977 to 2015, this study examined college attendance as a risk factor for marijuana initiation among people who had never used marijuana by 12th grade. For decades (1977-2012), college enrollment was associated with a modest 17-22% increased probability of starting marijuana use compared to non-college peers.

Cannabinoids in treatment-resistant epilepsy: A review.

O'Connell, Brooke K · 2017

This review traced the evolution of cannabis-based epilepsy treatment from millennia of traditional use to modern randomized controlled trials. The strongest evidence centered on Epidiolex (purified CBD at 100 mg/mL).

Psychotic Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Analysis of the MTA Database.

Vitiello, Benedetto · 2017

Researchers followed 509 MTA study participants (childhood ADHD) and 276 age-matched controls for 16 years, assessing psychotic symptoms through young adulthood. ADHD did not increase the risk for psychotic symptoms.

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with substance use and substance use disorders in young men.

Estévez, N · 2016

Researchers examined the relationship between ADHD and substance use in 5,677 Swiss men (average age 20) from a representative cohort study. Men with ADHD were more likely to have used nicotine, cannabis, and other illicit drugs (but not alcohol) at some point.

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2015.

Kann, Laura · 2016

The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System is the CDC's primary tool for monitoring health risk behaviors among US high school students.

Anxiety, depression and risk of cannabis use: Examining the internalising pathway to use among Chilean adolescents.

Stapinski, Lexine A · 2016

Researchers followed 2,508 ninth-graders from low-income schools in Santiago, Chile, for 18 months.

Trajectories of perceived discrimination from adolescence to emerging adulthood and substance use among Hispanic youth in Los Angeles.

Unger, Jennifer B · 2016

Researchers identified four distinct trajectories of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among Hispanic youth from ages 14 to 23: 1.

Is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among men associated with initiation or escalation of substance use at 15-month follow-up? A longitudinal study involving young Swiss men.

Vogel, Tanja · 2016

In a large cohort of 5,103 Swiss Army conscripts followed over 15 months, men screening positive for ADHD (4.2%) showed heavier baseline substance use and significantly higher rates of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use disorders compared to men without ADHD. However, the pattern over time was nuanced.

Unintentional Pediatric Exposures to Marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015.

Wang, George Sam · 2016

Researchers examined unintentional marijuana exposures in children under 10 at Children's Hospital Colorado and the regional poison center from 2009 to 2015, spanning the periods before and after recreational marijuana legalization. The rate of marijuana-related visits to the children's hospital nearly doubled, from 1.2 per 100,000 to 2.3 per 100,000 in the two years before versus after legalization.

Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study.

Fergusson, David M · 2015

The Christchurch Health and Development Study tracked 1,265 New Zealanders from birth to age 35, providing one of the most comprehensive longitudinal datasets on cannabis outcomes.

Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula: A Systematic Review.

Flynn, Anna B · 2015

Researchers conducted a systematic review specifically targeting independently evaluated randomized controlled trials of middle school drug prevention curricula.

Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 2013.

Kann, Laura · 2014

The 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, covering 104 health-risk behaviors among US high school students, found that 23.4% had used marijuana during the 30 days before the survey.

The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Lev-Ran, Shaul · 2014

When researchers combined results from 22 longitudinal studies that adjusted for baseline depression, cannabis users had higher odds of later depression than non‑users.

Effectiveness of the 'Healthy School and Drugs' prevention programme on adolescents' substance use: a randomized clustered trial.

Malmberg, Monique · 2014

Across all measures and both intervention conditions (e-learning and integral), the Healthy School and Drugs program showed no statistically significant effects on preventing new cases of alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana use at 32 months follow-up. The program was tested in two formats: an e-learning version (digital lessons only) and an integral version (digital lessons plus school policy and parental involvement).

Universal Internet-based prevention for alcohol and cannabis use reduces truancy, psychological distress and moral disengagement: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Newton, Nicola C · 2014

Students who received the Internet-based Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis course showed significant reductions in three key risk factors compared to controls.

Commentary--Project Towards No Drug Abuse: an evidence-based drug abuse prevention program.

Sussman, Steve · 2014

Project TND (Towards No Drug Abuse) was evaluated across seven group-randomized controlled trials.

"Unplugged," a European school-based program for substance use prevention among adolescents: overview of results from the EU-Dap trial.

Vigna-Taglianti, Federica D · 2014

The "Unplugged" program was evaluated in a randomized trial involving 7,079 students across seven European countries.

Childhood trajectories of inattention, hyperactivity and oppositional behaviors and prediction of substance abuse/dependence: a 15-year longitudinal population-based study.

Pingault, J-B · 2013

Researchers tracked behavioral trajectories of 1,803 children from age 6 to 12 using yearly parent and teacher reports, then assessed substance dependence at age 21.

Cannabis use and suicidal ideation.

van Ours, Jan C · 2013

Using data from a 30-year birth cohort study, researchers examined the directional relationship between cannabis use and suicidal ideation.

The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: a population-based cohort study.

Moran, Paul · 2012

A population-based cohort of 1,943 Australian adolescents was followed from age 15.9 to 29 with seven waves of assessment.

Decline in genetic influence on the co-occurrence of alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine dependence symptoms from age 14 to 29.

Vrieze, Scott I · 2012

Researchers followed twins from age 11 through 29, measuring nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana dependence symptoms at six timepoints.

Evaluating the drug use "gateway" theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.

Degenhardt, Louisa · 2010

Using data from WHO World Mental Health Surveys across 17 countries with widely varying drug use prevalence, researchers tested whether the standard gateway sequence (alcohol/tobacco to cannabis to other illicit drugs) reflects a causal chain or other factors. The likelihood of progression from "gateway" substances to other illicit drugs varied based on the background prevalence of gateway substance use in each country.

Cannabis and suicide: longitudinal study.

Price, Ceri · 2009

Researchers followed 50,087 men conscripted for Swedish military service over 33 years, during which 600 suicides or deaths from undetermined causes occurred. Cannabis use measured at conscription was associated with increased suicide risk in the crude analysis (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.28-2.07). However, after adjusting for confounding factors, including markers of pre-existing psychological and behavioral problems, the association was completely eliminated (adjusted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.65-1.20). The authors concluded that cannabis use is unlikely to have a strong direct effect on suicide risk.

Major depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt in twins discordant for cannabis dependence and early-onset cannabis use.

Lynskey, Michael T · 2004

Among 277 twin pairs discordant for cannabis dependence, the cannabis-dependent twin had 2.5 to 2.9 times higher odds of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt compared to their non-dependent co-twin.

Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood.

Fergusson, David M · 2002

Across annual assessments from ages 14 to 21, more frequent cannabis use was significantly associated with property and violent crime, depression, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other illicit drug use.

Depressive Symptoms Predict Cannabis Initiation Among Mexican American Young Adults.

Arora, Srishty · 2026

The question of whether depression leads to cannabis use or cannabis leads to depression has been debated for decades.

Cannabidiol blood metabolite levels after cannabidiol treatment are associated with broadband EEG changes and improvements in visuomotor and non-verbal cognitive abilities in boys with autism requiring higher levels of support.

Cazares, Christian · 2026

This study analyzed EEG data from 24 boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and higher support needs, drawn from a Phase II clinical trial of pharmaceutical-grade CBD (Epidiolex, up to 20 mg/kg/day). The EEG analysis went beyond traditional approaches, examining both periodic (oscillatory) and aperiodic components of brain activity.

Cannabis vaping and mental health: The association of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol with anxiety and depressive symptoms-Findings from the United States National Youth Tobacco Survey (2021-2023).

Chung, Jack · 2026

Adolescents who vaped THC only (aOR=1.40) or dual CBD/THC (aOR=1.51) were more likely to experience depressive symptoms.

Effects of Legalizing Recreational Cannabis Sales on Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Disorder Among Presentations to a Psychiatric Emergency Service.

Foo, Cheryl Y S · 2026

THC positivity increased from 32.4% to 36.3% overall (p<.001).

Prenatal Cannabis Exposure Shaping Altered Brain Connectivity: Neural Correlates of Cognitive and Mental Health Variability in Offspring.

Fu, Zening · 2026

Drawing on the massive Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study — which enrolled 11,875 children across 22 research sites — this analysis examined how prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) relates to brain network organization, cognitive performance, and mental health in children. Using resting-state functional MRI and the NeuroMark framework to identify individualized brain connectivity networks, researchers found that children with PCE showed altered patterns of intrinsic connectivity compared to unexposed children.

State cannabis and alcohol policy environments: Associations with college students' use of cannabis, alcohol and both substances.

Kerr, David C R · 2026

Drawing on survey data from over 900,000 college undergraduates (ages 18–24) across 591 four-year institutions in 47 states between 2008 and 2019, researchers examined how state-level cannabis and alcohol policy environments related to substance use patterns. Using a Cannabis Policy Scale (sum of 17 policies weighted by efficacy) and an Alcohol Policy Scale (29 policies), the analysis found that more restrictive cannabis policy environments were associated with significantly lower odds of any cannabis use (OR 0.97), frequent cannabis use (OR 0.93), and co-use of cannabis with binge drinking (OR 0.94).

Nicotine and cannabis vaping among U.S. emerging young adults: Findings from 2022 and 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Kim, Nayoung · 2026

Among emerging adults, 16% reported exclusive nicotine vaping, 4.3% exclusive cannabis vaping, and 8.1% co-vaping.

Developmental windows of vulnerability: Substance-specific effects of prenatal exposure timing on child psychopathology.

Li, Qiaojun · 2026

Analyzing data from 7,777 children in the ABCD Study, researchers found that the timing of prenatal substance exposure relative to when mothers became aware of their pregnancy produced strikingly different risk patterns for each substance. For cannabis, post-awareness exposure (continued use after the mother knew she was pregnant) was specifically linked to childhood psychopathology symptoms.

Heterogeneity of Within-Day Simultaneous Alcohol and Cannabis Use Behaviors Among Young Adults: A Multilevel Latent Class Analysis.

Linden-Carmichael, Ashley N · 2026

Multilevel latent class analysis of 1,527 simultaneous use days identified four patterns: Alcohol-Focused (43%), Cannabis-Focused (35%), Heavy Use (14%), and Early-Day Use (8%).

Sexual diversity, adolescent mental health, and adult cannabis use: Longitudinal associations through cannabis use motives.

London-Nadeau, Kira · 2026

Depression symptoms at 17 predicted cannabis use problems at 23 among sexually diverse participants only, and this was fully mediated by coping motives.

A longitudinal mediated examination of legal, commercial, and individual determinants of cannabis and derived cannabis use behaviors and consequences among US young adults.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2026

Legal cannabis states saw lower DICP use motives but higher cannabis-only use frequency.

Cannabis and Derived Cannabis Use, Motives, and Consequences Among US Young Adults: Findings From a Cross-Sectional Mediation Study.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2026

Among past-month cannabis users, 54.4% used cannabis only while 45.6% co-used cannabis and DICPs.

Secular Trends in Hazardous Alcohol and Cannabis Use from 2015 to 2024 in Diverse Subgroups of Youth Entering Residential Care.

Mason, W Alex · 2026

While general population youth show declining substance use, hazardous cannabis use significantly increased over 2015-2024 among residential care youth — particularly females and older teens (15-18).

A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-reported exposure to cannabis advertising and its association with cannabis use and intentions.

McClure-Thomas, Caitlin · 2026

Overall aOR=1.77 (95% CI 1.32-2.30).

Relations between medical and nonmedical prescription stimulant misuse, cannabis use, alcohol use, and related consequences among college students.

McDonald, Abigail · 2026

Nonmedical stimulant misuse: cannabis d=0.444, alcohol d=0.275 vs no use.

A Latent Class Analysis of Polysubstance Use Patterns and Their Association with Ruminative Thinking Styles, Impulsivity-Like Traits, and Adverse Childhood Experiences Among College Students from Seven Countries.

Michelini, Yanina · 2026

Three substance use classes emerged: polysubstance users, alcohol-marijuana-tobacco co-users, and primarily drinkers.

Depictions of Nicotine and Cannabis in Popular US and German Hip-Hop/Rap Music Videos: A YouTube Top 100 Content Analysis.

Morgenstern, Matthis · 2026

41% of all top music videos contained nicotine or cannabis depictions.

Optimizing antipsychotic dosing for relapse prevention in cannabis-induced psychosis: A nationwide cohort study.

Mustonen, Antti · 2026

Using linked Swedish health registers, researchers identified all individuals with a first diagnosis of cannabis-induced psychosis and conducted a dose-response analysis of oral antipsychotic medications. The analysis modeled antipsychotic exposure as time-dependent across three dose categories (low: <0.6 DDD, moderate: 0.6–<1.4 DDD, high: ≥1.4 DDD) using within-individual comparisons — meaning each person served as their own control across different exposure periods. The primary outcome was hospitalization for any psychotic episode (schizophrenia-spectrum disorder or substance-induced psychosis).

Pathways from racial/ethnic discrimination experience to cannabis use intentions: a longitudinal study of the mediating roles of perceived accessibility and harm among preteens.

Ou, Tzung-Shiang · 2026

Using structural equation modeling with data from 2,690 preteens (ages 9–13) in the ABCD Study, researchers traced a pathway from racial/ethnic discrimination to cannabis use intention. The direct effect was significant: experiencing discrimination was associated with higher cannabis use intention (β = 0.068).

Developmental Cascades From Prenatal Tobacco, Tobacco-cannabis Co-exposure to Early school-age externalizing Problems.

Perry, Kristin J · 2026

Prenatal tobacco-cannabis co-exposure (PTCE) was associated with externalizing problems through an emotion regulation pathway, while prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) alone was associated through a combined maternal negative mood and temperament pathway.

Developmental Trajectories of Positive Expectancies of Cannabis Use Effects Among Early Adolescents: Longitudinal Observational Study Using Latent Class Growth Analysis.

Qin, Weisiyu Abraham · 2026

Using three waves of longitudinal data from the ABCD Study, researchers identified distinct developmental trajectories in how early adolescents (ages 10–13) formed positive expectations about cannabis — beliefs about anticipated benefits of use that are known predictors of actual cannabis initiation. Latent class growth analysis revealed that not all adolescents follow the same path.

Health Care Utilization and Developmental Delay Among Infants Exposed to Cannabis In Utero.

Raffa, Brittany J · 2026

Among 4,270 Medicaid-insured infants with meconium drug screening, cannabis-exposed infants (n=1,671) had similar rates of well-child care attendance, emergency department visits, and developmental delay diagnoses at 3 years compared to unexposed infants (n=2,599).

Medical Cannabis Use in Autism: Insights from an Israeli HMO on Patient Characteristics and Alignment with National Guidelines.

Sadeh, Hadar · 2026

Only 1.2% of autistic individuals received medical cannabis prescriptions.

Consumption patterns and withdrawal symptoms in dual cannabis-tobacco users in Spain: Cross-sectional study.

Saura, Judith · 2026

This cross-sectional study of 94 participants entering cannabis use disorder treatment in Catalonia, Spain, documented the deeply intertwined nature of cannabis and tobacco use in a European context where mixing the two substances in "spliffs" is the dominant consumption method. Daily tobacco use was reported by 91.5% of participants, with a mean Fagerström nicotine dependence score of 4.2 out of 10 (moderate dependence).

Substance abuse in first-episode psychosis at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital.

Shandu, Precious N · 2026

Substance use prevalence among first-episode psychosis patients was 73.6%.

Adjunctive cannabidiol in intractable pediatric epilepsy: A retrospective study on tolerability, efficacy, and safety across genetic and nongenetic etiologies.

Shim, Youngkyu · 2026

At 12 months, 79.3% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction and 34.5% achieved 75% or greater reduction without generalized motor seizures.

Early Substance Use Initiation Is Associated With Difficulty Quitting Among American Indian and Non-American Indian Youth: A Potential Marker of Later Dependence?

Swaim, Randall C · 2026

American Indian youth were more likely than non-AI youth to initiate cigarette and cannabis use from ages 10-14, with similar rates from 15 onward.

Patterns of Cannabis Use and Perceived Accessibility Among Underage U.S. Young Adults: Implications for Policy and Prevention.

Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M · 2026

Among all respondents, 30.7% reported smoking, 19.7% vaping, 18.2% edibles, 10.4% dabbing, and 2.8% drinking cannabis.

The Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Remained Stable in Eastern Denmark From 2013 to 2018 and Was Sometimes Associated With Cannabis.

Vestermark, Vibeke · 2026

Among 98 neonates pharmacologically treated for NAS in eastern Denmark over 6 years, the incidence remained stable at 0.6 per 1,000 live births.

Child Behavioral Scores Correlate With Prenatal Tobacco and Marijuana Exposure, Sociodemographic Variables and Interactions of Default Mode and Dorsal Attention Networks.

Vishnubhotla, Ramana V · 2026

Using data from 6,674 children in the ABCD Study, researchers examined how prenatal substance exposure related to both behavioral outcomes and brain functional connectivity. Both prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) and prenatal marijuana exposure were associated with worse behavioral scores on the Child Behavior Checklist.

Factors associated with different cannabis supply methods: results from the French 2017 ESCAPAD and Health Barometer surveys.

Wallez, Solène · 2026

Among both 17-year-olds (n=2,943) and adults (n=1,221), buying from friends, relatives, or dealers was the most common supply method (60% and 68% respectively).

Household cannabis cessation and adolescent mental health outcomes in a prospective cohort study.

Wang, Ming · 2026

Using longitudinal data from the ABCD Study, researchers identified adolescents (ages 10–13) living in households where someone used cannabis, then tracked what happened to the teens' mental health when household members stopped. After propensity score matching to control for demographic and psychological differences, household cannabis cessation was associated with improvements in adolescents' internalizing problems (anxiety, depression), externalizing problems (conduct, aggression), and psychotic-like experiences. The study went further to identify potential pathways.

The perils of marijuana use in adolescents.

Ward, Savitra · 2026

The pooled prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents ages 12-17 was 11.4% (95% CI: 10.70-12.20%).

Changing Developmental Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Use in Washington State: an Analysis of Young Adult Birth Cohorts Born in 1990-2004.

Acolin, Jessica · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence was higher at age 21-22 compared to 18-20, departing from prior pre-legalization research showing gradual decline.

Challenging the 25-year-old 'mature brain' mythology: implications for the minimum legal age for non-medical cannabis use.

Adinoff, Bryon · 2025

While brain development continues into the third decade, there is no empirically defined endpoint at age 25.

Sexual identity, child maltreatment, mental health, and substance use among emerging adults aged 18 to 23 years.

Afifi, Tracie O · 2025

In a longitudinal study of 584 Canadian emerging adults tracked from ages 14-17 to 18-23, bisexual identity was associated with increased odds of depression, anxiety, at-risk alcohol use, and at-risk cannabis use compared to heterosexual identity.

Lifetime Cannabis, Non-Cigarette Tobacco, and Illicit Drug Use and Cardiovascular Disease Among Young and Middle-Aged U.S. Adults.

Agbonlahor, Osayande · 2025

Cardiovascular disease is increasingly affecting younger adults, and this study examined whether lifetime substance use — including cannabis — might contribute.

Adjunctive use of cannabidiol in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy: A retrospective multicenter analysis.

Aizara, Ermekbaeva · 2025

Among all patients with drug-resistant epilepsy receiving adjunctive CBD, 49% achieved up to 25% seizure reduction, 5% had 26-50% reduction, 21% reached 51-75% reduction, 20% experienced 76-99% reduction, and 5% achieved near seizure freedom.

Cannabinoids in hair and their prospective association with mental and physical health outcomes in adolescents.

Aks, Isabel R · 2025

Among 2,262 youth ages 9-15, greater hair THC concentrations predicted more frequent strength exercise one year later; greater CBD concentrations predicted fewer strength exercise days; and greater THCCOOH concentrations predicted shorter sleep duration.

Adding Nuance to Understanding the Effects of Cannabis Legalization by Using Policy Bundles: A Study of Youth Mental Health.

Altaf, Shazib · 2025

Analysis of Youth Risk Behavior Survey data using a novel "policy bundles" measurement approach found that both pharmaceutical and permissive cannabis policy bundles were associated with mental health improvements in youth, while greater fiscalization (revenue-focused policy design) had a negative impact on youth mental health.

Does Stress Explain the Effects of Sexual/Gender Minority Status on Children's Behavioral and Emotional Risk?

Assari, Shervin · 2025

SGM youth had higher odds of past suicide attempts, major depressive disorder, and future marijuana use, but not future nicotine use.

Childhood Depression, Hopelessness, and Suicidal Attempt Predict Earlier Tobacco and Marijuana Use Initiation During Adolescence.

Assari, Shervin · 2025

Baseline hopelessness, depression, and suicide attempts at ages 9-10 were all significant predictors of tobacco and marijuana use initiation at ages 14-15.

Puberty Onset and Positive Urgency Explain Diminished Returns of Family Income on Tobacco and Marijuana Use.

Assari, Shervin · 2025

Early puberty onset and associated positive urgency (impulsivity) partially mediated the relationship between family income and marijuana use initiation over six years.

The relationship between recreational cannabis use, psychotic-like experiences, and the salience network in adolescent and young adult twins.

Atmaca-Turan, Hande · 2025

Cannabis use was significantly associated with higher overall psychotic-like experience (PLE) frequency.

Cumulative Adverse Childhood Experiences and Frequency of Substance Use Among US High School Students.

Azagba, Sunday · 2025

Cumulative ACE scores were positively associated with cannabis use frequency among US high school students.

Neurodevelopmental effects of perinatal exposure to cannabis on progeny: A narrative review.

Azubuike, Chidimma Doris · 2025

Children exposed to cannabis prenatally consistently showed higher ADHD risk compared to unexposed children.

Loneliness among emerging adults in rural reservation-based communities: longitudinal effects of 12th grade substance use and mental health symptoms.

Barry, Caroline M · 2025

Cannabis use in 12th grade was associated with a 21-24% increased risk of loneliness post-high school, similar to alcohol, binge drinking, and vaping.

Adolescent cannabis use and onset of bipolar disorder: gaining causal clarity by viewing the evidence through the Bradford Hill lens.

Bartoli, Francesco · 2025

Evaluation of longitudinal studies using Bradford Hill criteria found the cannabis-bipolar disorder relationship shows a dose-response gradient, strong effect size, coherence, biological plausibility, and clear temporality.

Characteristics of adolescent cannabis use and social context predicting problematic use: A decision tree analysis.

Battista, Katelyn · 2025

Decision tree analysis identified cannabis use at least 2-4 times per month as the most important predictor of problematic use across all three indicators (unsuccessful quit attempt, excessive use, feeling addicted).

Cannabis Access by Retailer Type in New York.

Becker, Timothy D · 2025

Licensed retailers required age verification before store entry (100% vs 10%) and before purchase (100% vs 48%).

State Nonmedical Cannabis Laws and U.S. Young Adults' Cannabis-Related Experiences.

Berg, Carla J · 2025

Retail license limits were associated with fewer retailer visits.

Prevalence and factors associated with alcohol and substance use among secondary school adolescents in central and Eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional study.

Bing, Wentrell · 2025

Male adolescents had 2.2 times the odds of marijuana use compared to females (AOR 2.21).

Synaptic Density in Early Stages of Psychosis and Clinical High Risk.

Blasco, M Belen · 2025

Synaptic density (measured by SV2A binding) was significantly lower in first-episode psychosis and clinical high-risk participants compared to healthy controls.

Cannabis and the overdose crisis among US adolescents.

Bleyer, Archie · 2025

States with recreational cannabis legalization had overdose death rates 88% higher (2019), 479% higher (2020), and 115% higher (2021) among 14-18 year-olds compared to non-legalizing states.

The Prevalence and Correlates of Cannabis-Related Harms in a Nationally Representative Sample of Norwegian High School Students.

Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line · 2025

65% of adolescent cannabis users reported at least one harm (mean 4.7 harms).

Long-term plasma monitoring of THC and CBD in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy: Implications for cannabidiol therapy with Epidyolex®.

Cafaro, Alessia · 2025

THC was undetectable (<0.2 mcg/L) at all timepoints across all 38 patients throughout the study period (2019-2024).

Identifying predictors of multi-year cannabis vaping in U.S. Young adults using machine learning.

Choe, Siyoung · 2025

In legalized states, CART split on cannabis use, cigarette use, bullying, and ethnicity; in non-legal states, split on cannabis use, heroin use, nicotine vaping, and hookah; predictors of sustained vaping differed from initiation predictors..

"Stoned on the road": A systematic review of cannabis-impaired driving educational initiatives targeting young drivers in Canada.

Colonna, Robert · 2025

Fifteen Canadian DUIC initiatives were found: seven educational programs and eight awareness campaigns spanning national and regional levels.

Correct Recognition and Appeal Ratings of Copycat Cannabis Edible Packaging: Evidence from an Online Experiment.

Cooper, Michael · 2025

Copycat cannabis packages were associated with 65% lower odds of correct identification of cannabis content compared to non-copycat branded packages.

Synthetic cannabinoids in e-cigarettes seized from English schools.

Cozier, Gyles E · 2025

Synthetic cannabinoids were detected in 17.4% of all e-cigarette samples seized from schools.

Indicators of Intergenerational Transmission of Cannabis Use Among US Young Adults.

Cui, Yuxian · 2025

Having cannabis-using parents (aOR = 2.90) and having children (aOR = 1.37) were both independently associated with past-month cannabis use.

Profiles of cannabis use and expense-related factors among US young adults.

Cui, Yuxian · 2025

Latent class analysis identified four profiles: price-insensitive low-spend (36%), high-spend heavy users (32%), moderate-spend oil/other users (24%), and price-sensitive high-spend mixed users (8%).

Impulsivity behaviors and white matter mediate the relationship between genetic risk for cannabis use disorder and early cannabis use in adolescents.

Cupertino, Renata Basso · 2025

Higher genetic risk for CUD was associated with greater cannabis exposure, more novelty/sensation seeking, higher impulsivity, and lower white matter integrity from age 14.

The Effect of E-Cigarette Taxes on Substance Use.

Dave, Dhaval · 2025

ENDS taxes reduced both teen e-cigarette use and marijuana use, including co-use.

Associations of maternal peripregnancy cannabis use with behavioral and developmental outcomes in children with and without symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development.

DiGuiseppi, Carolyn · 2025

Preconception-only cannabis use was associated with more aggressive behavior, emotional reactivity, and sleep problems specifically in children with ASD symptoms, but not in children without.

Evaluating the impact of Canadian cannabis legalization on cannabis use outcomes in emerging adults: Comparisons to a US control sample via a natural experiment.

Doggett, Amanda · 2025

Against a general trend of decreasing cannabis use in both countries, Canadian young adults showed significantly higher cannabis use frequency at 6 months (ATT 0.22) and 12 months (ATT 0.31) post-legalization compared to the US control group.

High potency cannabis flower use is associated with heavier consumption and risk for cannabis use disorder among young adults in California, United States.

Dunbar, Michael S · 2025

Each one-point increase in perceived THC potency was associated with 3.33 more use days per month, 0.13 more grams consumed per day, and 1.21 higher CUDIT-R (cannabis use disorder) scores.

Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults in Germany: Study results and prevention measures offered by the Federal Institute of Public Health.

Eckhardt, Stephanie · 2025

Among young women aged 18-25, past-year cannabis use more than doubled from 8.3% in 2008 to 19.4% in 2023.

Regular cannabis use and promotive attitudes among diverse adolescents in the United States: The role of age and intersecting social positions.

Eisenberg, Marla E · 2025

24.8% of 8th graders who identified as American Indian/Alaska Native or multiracial, gay/lesbian/bisexual/queer, and living in high poverty reported regular cannabis use, compared to 1.8% of 8th graders overall..

The use of cannabidiol in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome in the UK Early Access Program: A retrospective chart review study.

Eltze, Christin · 2025

At 12 months, median motor seizure reduction was 60%, with 67% of patients achieving at least 50% reduction and 40% achieving at least 75% reduction.

Associations Between Evolving Cannabis Policies and Cannabis-Related School Discipline Among Secondary School Students in Massachusetts, 2005-2019.

English, Faith · 2025

Decriminalization was associated with a 34% increase in cannabis-related disciplinary incidents in schools.

Patterns of substance use on a given day in a national sample of U.S. young adults.

Evans-Polce, Rebecca J · 2025

Six day-level patterns emerged: Vaping Nicotine (33.7%), Cannabis Smoking (23.5%), Alcohol Only (17.1%), Cannabis Vaping (11.7%), Multiple Combustibles (7.3%), and Multimodal Cannabis (6.7%).

Pre-Post Cannabis Legalization for Adult Use: A Trend Study of Two Cohorts of Young Adult Cannabis Users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2025

Frequency of cannabis use (days or hits per day) did not significantly differ between cohorts.

Cognitive presentation at psychosis onset through premorbid deterioration and exposure to environmental risk factors.

Ferraro, Laura · 2025

Among 802 first-episode psychosis patients, those in the "deteriorating" cognitive cluster had higher cannabis exposure than the "intermediate" cluster with identical IQ, and all patient clusters had higher environmental risk scores than the 1,263 community controls..

Patterns of substance use and initiation among LGBTQIAPN+ youth in Brazil: Evidence from a population-based cohort.

Figueiredo, Caio Petrus Monteiro · 2025

LGBTQ+ adolescents in Brazil had significantly higher lifetime prevalence of cannabis use (OR=1.94) and tobacco use (OR=1.66) compared to cisgender heterosexual peers.

Young Adult Cannabis, Alcohol, Nicotine, and Nonprescribed Pain Reliever Use in Washington State Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Fleming, Charles B · 2025

Past-month cannabis use among 18-25 year olds increased by 1.6 percentage points per year from 2016-2019, with no pandemic-related disruption.

Family incarceration and adolescent nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use: A coarsened exact matching approach.

Forster, Myriam · 2025

Using coarsened exact matching, family incarceration was associated with higher odds of early cannabis initiation (OR=1.63), past 30-day cannabis (OR=1.71), early alcohol initiation (OR=2.54), current alcohol (OR=2.11), and nicotine (OR=1.72)..

Investigation of the toxic dose of ingested delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol among young children.

Garay, Ryan S · 2025

Among 232 cases of young children who ingested delta-8 THC, those who consumed doses in the top quartile (above 17 mg/kg) had 3.4 times greater odds of severe toxicity and 5 times greater odds of prolonged toxicity.

Cannabis Use and Nicotine Vaping Cessation Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Gilman, Jodi M · 2025

This secondary analysis followed 192 young people (ages 16–25) enrolled in a nicotine vaping cessation trial that tested varenicline against placebo and an enhanced usual care texting program.

Temporal Trends in Young Adult Cannabis and Tobacco Use in States with Different Cannabis Policies.

Glasser, Allison M · 2025

All states showed declining cigarette smoking, slight cigar declines, and increasing cannabis and blunt use among young adults.

Relationship between an adult-use Cannabis law and Cannabis use by type in a cohort of New Jersey young adults.

Glasser, Allison M · 2025

Odds of ever cannabis use were 42% higher in the post-retail period (95% CI: 32%-54%).

Evaluating maternal drug use disparities, risk factors and outcomes in Northeast Arkansas: a pre, during, and post-COVID-19 pandemic analysis.

Gomez Pomar, Enrique · 2025

Among 450 positive meconium drug screens, THC was most common (64.2%), followed by amphetamines (11.1%) and opioids (6.7%).

Long-lasting behavioral, molecular and functional connectivity alterations after chronic THC exposure during adolescence in mice.

Gómez-Acero, Laura · 2025

Adolescent THC exposure impaired social interaction and increased vulnerability to sensorimotor gating deficiencies (similar to those in heavy cannabis users).

Impulsivity traits moderate the longitudinal association between mental health and hazardous cannabis use in emerging adults.

González-Roz, Alba · 2025

In a sample of 2,762 college students tracked over one year, anxiety at the midpoint predicted hazardous cannabis use at the final assessment.

Cannabidiol in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE) in Children: A Retrospective Study.

Gowda, Vykuntaraju K · 2025

In a retrospective review of 50 children with drug-resistant epilepsy (mostly Lennox-Gastaut syndrome), CBD as add-on therapy produced complete seizure response (>90% reduction) in 10 children, partial response (30-90% reduction) in 18, and no response in 14.

The role of bias-based bullying in regular cannabis use among adolescents.

Gower, Amy L · 2025

Among 82,933 Minnesota students, regular cannabis use prevalence was dramatically higher among youth with minoritized identities who experienced bias-based bullying compared to peers with the same identities who did not.

Knowledge and Attitudes About Perinatal Marijuana Use Among US Postpartum Mothers: A Better Outcomes Through Research for Newborns Network Study.

Goyal, Neera K · 2025

In a multi-site survey of 484 postpartum mothers, 59.9% reported any lifetime marijuana use and 9.3% used during their current pregnancy.

Dual abstinence from nicotine vaping and cannabis use among young people: secondary analyses from two U.S.-based randomized controlled trials of vaping cessation.

Graham, Amanda L · 2025

This analysis drew from two large text-message-based vaping cessation trials—one for adolescents and one for young adults.

Cannabis Use is Associated With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Pediatric Patients-A Large Claims Database Study.

Grutman, Aurora J · 2025

After propensity score matching over 4.8 million male and 4.2 million female patients under 18, those with CUD showed significantly higher rates of new urinary symptom diagnoses at 5-year follow-up.

Examining bidirectional associations between cannabis use and internalizing symptoms among high-risk emerging adults: A prospective cohort study.

Halladay, Jillian · 2025

Using seven assessments over two years, significant bidirectional within-person relationships were found between cannabis consequences and internalizing symptoms, but the primary direction was from cannabis consequences to increased depressive symptoms, not from depression to increased cannabis use.

Age of onset of cannabis use and substance use problems: A systematic review of prospective studies.

Hamaoui, Jad · 2025

Across 16 prospective studies, earlier age of cannabis use onset was consistently associated with later cannabis use disorder (CUD) and cannabis-related negative consequences.

Syncope among adolescents and young adults seeking treatment for cannabis-related injuries.

Hammig, Bart · 2025

Analyzing NEISS data from 2019-2022, researchers found that among 24,922 cannabis-associated injuries in young people aged 15-24, 5,400 (21.7%) also involved syncope.

A content analysis of cannabis edible product characteristics, packaging features, and online promotions.

Han, Bing · 2025

Among 2,282 cannabis edible products from US online dispensaries, over half were gummies and 80%+ contained at least 100 mg total THC.

Impact of Delta-8-THC warning labels on perceived intoxication, harm, and susceptibility among adolescents.

Harlow, Alyssa F · 2025

Among 3,647 Southern California adolescents, those shown delta-8-THC products with larger warning labels (vs.

5F-AKB48: A synthetic cannabinoid presenting an emerging public health concern in France.

Harmel, Clément · 2025

Among 304 cases reported to French Poison Control Centers, the median age was 16.5 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4.4:1.

Racial Trauma among Multi-Ethnic Minority Young Adults Affects Nicotine, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use Differently than among Mono-Ethnic Minority Young Adults.

Huh, Jimi · 2025

Among 59,529 racial/ethnic minority young adults, psychological well-being (PWB) was associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower substance use counts.

Increasing trends of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in youth: The grass is not always greener.

Jack, Benjamin · 2025

Using the Nationwide Emergency Room Sample, over 55,000 suspected CHS-related ED visits were identified among youth (ages 15-24) between 2006 and 2020, with an average annual increase of 28.1%.

Multilevel Correlates of Same Day Poly-Product Use/Co-Use among Adolescents Who Use Tobacco and Cannabis.

Jacobs, Wura · 2025

Among 536 10th and 11th graders who used tobacco/cannabis, 8.6% reported frequent same-day poly-tobacco use, 13.8% frequent poly-cannabis use, 13.3% frequent poly-drug use, and 3.4% vape mixing.

Diversity in adversity: Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between domains of adverse childhood experiences and nicotine, cannabis, and opioids use in young adults.

Jacobs, Wura · 2025

Among 2,207 young adults, significant racial/ethnic differences existed in overall ACE scores and household dysfunction.

Assessment of nicotine and cannabis co-use among adolescents and the association with nicotine and cannabis dependence symptoms.

Jafarzadeh, Nikki S · 2025

Among 3,823 Southern California high school students, 3.3% reported same-day nicotine-cannabis co-use.

Changes in psychosis-related emergency department and hospitalization rates among youth following cannabis legalization in Colorado.

Joshi, Spruha · 2025

Monthly psychosis hospitalization rates for youth rose from 21.9 per 100,000 pre-medical expansion to 28.0 post-expansion and 32.3 post-recreational legalization.

The impact of physical activity on substance use experimentation and initiation among adolescents: Results from the ABCD Study® cohort.

Kaiver, Christine M · 2025

Among 2,541 ABCD study participants with Fitbit-measured physical activity, total PA was associated with 24% decreased odds of substance use initiation (OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.99).

Chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in adolescent nonhuman primates: persistent abnormalities in economic demand and brain functional connectivity.

Kangas, Brian D · 2025

Adolescent monkeys treated daily with THC for 6 months showed persistent alterations in medial orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, and ventral striatum functional connectivity that lasted after discontinuation.

Wisconsin Young Adults' Attitudes, Beliefs, Motivations, and Behaviors Surrounding E-Cigarette Use and Cessation.

Kaye, Jesse T · 2025

This survey of 480 Wisconsin residents ages 18–24 who vaped nicotine reveals a population that is motivated to quit but deeply divided on how. The headline: 80% wanted support to quit vaping.

The changing landscape of cannabis use: impact on maternal health and neonatal outcomes.

Krishnan, Parvathy · 2025

Beyond the well-documented cognitive and neurodevelopmental effects, prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with fetal growth restriction, altered cardiovascular development, hematologic changes, gastrointestinal effects, and increased long-term risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Current and Projected Cannabis Demand Predict Future Consumption in Young Adults Who Use Cannabis.

Kurnellas, Rebecca · 2025

Demand measures were stable across 3 months.

Prospective associations of COVID-related stress with vaping nicotine and cannabis among high school students: Mediated by vaping susceptibility.

Lee, Ryan · 2025

COVID-related stress during remote learning (2020-2021) predicted increased susceptibility to cannabis vaping one year later (B=0.04, p=0.02), which predicted actual cannabis vaping another year later (B=1.62, p<0.001).

Proportions and correlates of high-risk cannabis use in Australia-A cross-sectional analysis of the 2022-2023 National Drug Strategy Household Survey.

Leung, Janni · 2025

Among 1,504 recent cannabis users, 71.6% were low/no risk, 22.2% were moderate risk, and 6.2% were high risk.

Prospective associations of subjective and objective neighborhood disadvantage with cannabis and nicotine vaping among Southern California adolescents.

Li, Danyi · 2025

Subjective neighborhood disorder (how teens perceived their area) was significantly associated with both cannabis vaping (RR=1.04 per unit increase) and nicotine vaping (RR=1.04).

Abnormal Cortical Thickness Development in Young Adults With Heavy Cannabis Use: A Longitudinal Study.

Li, Wei · 2025

At three-year follow-up, heavy cannabis users showed significant cortical thinning in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex compared to both their own baseline and control subjects.

Time Spent on Social Media and the Risk of Substance Use Among US Adolescents.

Li, Xiao · 2025

Among 4,769 adolescents followed over multiple years, social media time predicted later substance use.

Identification and External Validation of a Problem Cannabis Risk Network.

Lichenstein, Sarah D · 2025

A whole-brain machine learning approach identified a "problem cannabis risk network" from reward task brain connectivity data in college students.

Exploring Factors Shaping Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Sexual Minority Adolescents.

Lin, Meng-Yun · 2025

Exposure to e-cigarette or cigarette use at home or in vehicles was the leading factor associated with smoking and vaping across all groups, explaining up to 44% of predicted variance.

Visual attention and memory retention of cannabis warning labels: an eye-tracking experiment with young adults.

Liu, Jiaying · 2025

Labels with specific text about health consequences held attention longer and improved risk recognition compared to generic warnings.

Associations Between Cannabis Messaging and Derived Psychoactive Cannabis Product Perceptions, Use, and Use Intentions Among a Sample of US Young Adults.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

About 45.6% of cannabis users also used derived intoxicating cannabis products (DICPs).

Derived psychoactive cannabis product perceptions and use among a sample of US young adults.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

DPCP awareness was 67.5% overall (87% among cannabis users vs 49% non-users).

National Multicenter Cohort Study: Adjunctive Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Oil for Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Treatment in Thailand.

Lusawat, Apasri · 2025

Among 101 pediatric patients who had failed an average of 7 antiseizure medications, CBD-enriched oil at a median dose of 6 mg/kg/day produced consistent improvements in 50%+ seizure reduction rates at 3, 6, 9, 12 months and latest follow-up.

Acute cannabis intoxication among the paediatric population.

Malta, Ginevra · 2025

THC effects in children typically emerge within 2 hours of ingestion, with severe symptoms developing by 4 hours.

Cannabis use among young adults with acute coronary syndrome: impact on initial presentation and long-term prognosis.

Martin, Nicolas · 2025

This French study followed 188 patients under age 45 who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (heart attacks and unstable angina)—all of whom were tobacco smokers.

Circulating endocannabinoids in children and adolescents: associations with anxiety and the impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Marusak, Hilary A · 2025

After adjusting for BMI, age, sex, and time of day, higher AEA and lower 2-AG were associated with more severe anxiety symptoms.

Young Adults Advancing Through the Stages of Change: A Mediational Analysis of Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment.

Mason, Michael J · 2025

Mediation analysis showed that PNC-txt participants who reached the Action/Maintenance stage by 1 month had 50% lower odds of the highest THC metabolite level (300 ng/ml) and reported 4 fewer days of cannabis use in the past 30 days at 6 months, compared to controls..

Text message-delivered cannabis use disorder treatment with young adults: A large randomized clinical trial.

Mason, Michael J · 2025

No significant direct treatment effects on cannabis use were found between PNC-txt and control.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cannabis-Related Mental Disorders and an Examination of Factors Influencing Their Access to Medical and Nonmedical Resources: Comparison of Methamphetamine-Related Mental Disorders.

Matsumoto, Toshihiko · 2025

Cannabis patients (n=82) were younger than methamphetamine patients (n=208), had fewer drug-related criminal offences, less incarceration history, fewer comorbid psychiatric disorders, and less severe substance use disorder.

Substance Use Screening Among Adolescents: National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Survey.

McCauley, Jenna L · 2025

Fewer than half of dentists (40.5%) screened for adolescent nicotine/tobacco annually, with approximately one-third screening for cannabis and other substances.

Cannabis products and trends in a cohort of young adults: The VapeScan longitudinal study.

McGraw, Katlyn E · 2025

At Visit 2, 58.9% of participants reported cannabis use.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Is Associated With High Disease Burden: An Internet-Based Survey.

Meltzer, Andrew C · 2025

Among 1,052 self-reported CHS sufferers, the majority reported frequent cannabis use and significant healthcare utilization including emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

Cannabis vape product advertising exposure is associated with cannabis vape product use and frequency among U.S. Young adults.

Meng, Siyan · 2025

Exposure to cannabis vape product (CVP) ads, higher frequency of ad exposure, and exposure across more advertising channels were all significantly associated with both CVP use and use frequency among 2,204 young adults.

Current recommendations in the diagnosis and management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

Meyer, Joshua · 2025

Beyond the traditional advice of complete THC cessation, current evidence supports using dopamine antagonists in acute CHS episodes, along with IV fluids, capsaicin cream, and standard antiemetics.

Pictorial warning labels reduce sharing intentions, blunt self-relevance processes elicited by social media posts promoting cannabis edibles.

Minich, Matt · 2025

An online experiment (N=1,776) found cannabis warning labels reduced sharing intentions.

Understanding the Relationships between ADHD Symptoms and Cannabis-Related Consequences among Young Adults.

Minister, Claire · 2025

In 160 young adult cannabis users, inattentive symptoms directly predicted occupational/academic problems, self-care deficits, and blackouts from cannabis, independent of consumption amount.

Cognitive and behavioral pathways from prenatal cocaine exposure to regular marijuana use during emerging adulthood.

Minnes, Sonia · 2025

Among 310 participants tracked from birth, prenatal cocaine exposure predicted poorer executive function at age 12 (beta=0.19), which predicted substance use at 15 (beta=0.21), which strongly predicted regular marijuana use at 21 (beta=0.70).

Impact of prenatal exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on birth size and postnatal growth trajectories.

Moore, Brianna F · 2025

Among 128 mother-child pairs, prenatal THC exposure (12% of children) was associated with 95g less fat mass and 2.1% lower adiposity at birth, followed by rapid postnatal growth (0.42 BMI z-score increase per square root year).

A Narrative Review of Research on Cannabis Advertising in the United States.

Moran, Meghan Bridgid · 2025

Cannabis is marketed through price promotions, storefront signage, social media, and billboards using tactics known to increase tobacco use.

The Role of Cannabis Policies and Perceptions of Penalties on the Association Between Adolescent Social Bonds and Cannabis Use.

Moscrop-Blake, Kelsi · 2025

Medical cannabis legalization was positively associated with past-year adolescent cannabis use.

Age-Related Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Brain and Behavior.

Murray, Conor H · 2025

Recent epidemiological data suggest a potential reversal in escalating cannabis use rates among pregnant women and adolescents, but use among older adults continues to climb with low risk perception.

Post-legalization shifts in cannabis use among young adults in Georgia-A nationally representative study.

Nadareishvili, Ilia · 2025

Lifetime cannabis use prevalence among Georgian young adults was similar before and after legalization (17.3% in 2015 vs 18.1% in 2022).

Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Co-Exposure and Its Association with Behavioural Outcomes in Middle Childhood: Co-exposition prénatale au cannabis et au tabac et son association avec les résultats comportementaux au cours de l'enfance intermédiaire.

Nadler, Emma · 2025

Prenatal co-exposure to cannabis and tobacco was associated with significantly greater externalizing behavior problems (aggression, rule-breaking) compared to either substance alone.

Cannabis expectancies mediate the association between social media use and cannabis experimentation in early adolescents: A prospective cohort study.

Nagata, Jason M · 2025

Daily social media time at Year 2 (around age 12) was significantly associated with cannabis experimentation at Year 4 (around age 14).

Cyberbullying, mental health, and substance use experimentation among early adolescents: a prospective cohort study.

Nagata, Jason M · 2025

Cyberbullying victimization at ages 11-12 was prospectively associated with cannabis experimentation one year later (AOR 4.65, 95% CI 2.46-8.77), along with alcohol (AOR 1.98) and nicotine experimentation (AOR 3.37).

Prospective association between screen use modalities and substance use experimentation in early adolescents.

Nagata, Jason M · 2025

Each additional hour of social media (AOR 1.20) and texting (AOR 1.18) was associated with higher odds of any substance experimentation one year later.

Vaping nicotine and cannabis on the same occasion is linked to increased vaping consumption among young adults: A smartphone-based daily diary study.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2025

On days with same-occasion co-vaping, participants reported the greatest intensity of both nicotine and cannabis vaping compared to all other patterns (single-substance vaping, same-day different-occasion co-vaping, or non-vaping days).

Cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood and its effects on brain structure and function: a scoping review.

Nosko, Lilith · 2025

Of 99 studies meeting inclusion criteria (from 3,901 initially screened), 84 (85%) found differences in brain structure, function, and/or metabolite concentrations in cannabis users aged 14-25 compared to non-using controls.

The Effects of THC and Nicotine on Attention: A Narrative Review.

Oleszak, Kennedy · 2025

Cannabis impairs selective attention and creates attentional bias toward cannabis cues.

Intergenerational Transmission of Cannabis Use: Testing Genetic Risk and the Mitigating Influences of Parent Positive Behavior Support in Early Childhood.

Ostner, Savannah G · 2025

Parent cannabis use significantly predicted offspring cannabis use at age 18, while polygenic risk scores for CUD did not.

Characteristics and effects of cannabis advertisements with appeal to youth in California.

Padon, Alisa A · 2025

Several ad features significantly increased youth interest in cannabis: illustrations, clear product descriptions, food or flavor references, depictions of positive sensations, adventure imagery, psychoactive effects, and references to heavy consumption.

Cannabis product exposures reported to Ramathibodi Poison Center, Thailand, during 2018-2022.

Paisarnrodjanarat, Bootsakorn · 2025

Hospitalization rates increased significantly after each policy change: from 68.7% during the illegal period to 82% (medical), 91.5% (decriminalized), and 96.8% (recreational).

Dynamic associations between cannabis use and sleep in adolescents and young adults during a cannabis intervention trial.

Parnes, Jamie E · 2025

During the first week of treatment, more cannabis use was associated with longer sleep for those with severe cannabis use disorder, but shorter sleep for those with mild CUD.

Marijuana policy and tribal communities in the United States.

Pedersen, Daphne E · 2025

Tribal communities face a uniquely complex cannabis policy landscape: tribes may legalize or criminalize cannabis independently but may be located within states with opposing policies.

Alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, and eating disorder symptoms among male and female college students.

Pedersen, Eric R · 2025

About one-third (32.4%) of the sample screened positive for an eating disorder.

Discrimination experiences and problematic alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood.

Perez, Lilian G · 2025

Race-based and gender-based discrimination, as well as experiencing multiple types of discrimination, were associated with worse cannabis use outcomes including more consequences, higher use disorder scores, and more solitary use.

Real-world efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.

Perulli, Marco · 2025

Clinical trials establish whether a drug works under ideal conditions.

Examining dynamic patterns of problematic cannabis use: Results from a multilevel network analysis.

Piccirillo, Marilyn L · 2025

Multilevel network analysis of 3,230 daily observations revealed consistent, clinically meaningful associations between socioenvironmental triggers (being around other users, availability) and cannabis cravings, use, and intoxication.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents: A Narrative Review.

Pietrantoni, Camilla · 2025

CHS is increasingly being diagnosed in adolescents despite limited data in the pediatric population.

Longitudinal Associations Between Cannabis Use during Pregnancy and Child Cognitive, Motor, and Language Development at 2 Years Old.

Pleau, Justine · 2025

In 1,489 mother-infant dyads from the 3D prospective cohort, prenatal cannabis use (2.6% of women) showed no significant associations with cognitive (B=0.016), fine motor (B=0.029), gross motor (B=0.060), or language development (B=0.200) at age 2.

What are the factors associated with alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use among adolescents in Africa? Evidence from the Global School-based Health Survey.

Pokothoane, Retselisitsoe · 2025

Among school-going adolescents (ages 11-16) across 25 African countries, marijuana use prevalence was 3.4% (95% CI 2.7-4.2%).

Cannabis Use in Adolescents.

Rabinow, Lily · 2025

Despite increasing adult cannabis use and higher-THC products, longitudinal studies show less than 20% of youth report current cannabis use and lifetime use has actually decreased over recent decades.

Evaluation of iSTART: A Novel Substance Use Prevention Web-App Designed for Diverse College Students.

Rainisch, Bethany K W · 2025

Among 1,066 students randomly assigned to a web-app intervention, comparison, or control condition, those in the 5-module web-app group had significantly greater substance knowledge gains, more accurate peer use perceptions, and better understanding of health risks than comparison or control students.

The Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia As a Risk Factor or For Its Therapeutic Potential: A Systematic Review of Evidence.

Rajput, Jaisingh · 2025

The cannabis-schizophrenia relationship is one of the most polarized debates in psychiatric research.

Chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure during adolescence is associated with persistent behavioural tolerance in adult nonhuman primates.

Razavi, Yasaman · 2025

Nonhuman primates treated daily with THC during adolescence (6 months at low or high doses) and tested approximately one year later as adults showed persistent behavioral tolerance.

Systematic review: the impact of maternal pre-and postnatal cannabis use on the behavioral and emotional regulation in early childhood.

Reyentanz, Emely · 2025

From 1,061 screened articles, 33 were included.

Recommendations for the Clinical Management and Prevention of Pediatric Cannabis Edible Ingestions.

Ricchezza, Joseph · 2025

Cannabis edible products pose significant health risks to children due to inconsistent governmental regulation of manufacturing, packaging, and labeling.

Cannabis use and psychotic-like experiences: A systematic review of biological vulnerability, potency effects, and clinical trajectories.

Ricci, Valerio · 2025

Across 38 studies, four major risk factor categories emerged for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in non-clinical populations: biological vulnerabilities (metabolic profiles, genetics, neurobiology), substance use patterns (especially high-potency cannabis), socio-demographic factors (digital media, ethnic density, gender), and downstream consequences (suicidal behavior, cognitive impairment).

Associations Between Moderately Severe to Severe Depression and Marijuana Usage Among Black Male Collegians: Results from the Healthy Minds Study.

Richardson, Terrell T · 2025

Logistic regression analysis of 1,599 Black male collegians found that recent marijuana use increased the likelihood of experiencing moderately severe to severe depression by 77%.

Prenatal cannabis exposure and the risk of subsequent maltreatment.

Ryan, Joseph P · 2025

Among 35,437 births, Black and multiracial newborns were significantly more likely to be drug-tested.

The Complex Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health: Considering the Influence of Cannabis Use Patterns and Individual Factors.

Sagar, Kelly A · 2025

This review highlights that seemingly contradictory findings in cannabis-mental health research are largely explained by unmeasured variables.

The association of witnessing violence with alcohol and cannabis expectancies among Black, Latinx, and White youth: considering neighborhood context.

Sartor, Carolyn E · 2025

Across all neighborhood types, youth who witnessed violence had elevated positive cannabis expectancies (betas: 0.20-0.38).

The associations between traumatic experiences and trajectories of substance use in adolescence and young adulthood - the role of acute neuroendocrine and subjective stress reactivity.

Schmengler, Heiko · 2025

Traumatic experiences before age 16 increased the risk of cannabis use trajectories characterized by early initiation and escalation, as well as consistently low-level use and later-escalation patterns, compared to no use.

Evaluating the relationship between marijuana use, aggressive behaviors, and victimization: an epidemiological study in colombian adolescents.

Scoppetta, Orlando · 2025

Exclusive marijuana users had higher odds of aggression compared to non-drug users, but lower odds than polydrug users.

Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome in Youth: Clinical Insights and Public Health Implications.

Seabrook, Jamie A · 2025

CHS progresses through three phases: a prodromal phase with early morning nausea often mistakenly relieved by continued cannabis use; a hyperemetic phase with severe vomiting, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances (temporarily relieved by hot showers); and a recovery phase where symptoms resolve and normal habits return..

Mood instability as a transdiagnostic predictor of cannabis use in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression: A natural language processing analysis of electronic health records from 13,025 adolescents.

Seker, Asilay · 2025

Mood instability was associated with increased cannabis use in both ADHD (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.41-1.84) and depression (aOR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.21-1.57) after adjustment for covariates.

Associations of Local Cannabis Policy and Retail Availability in Northern California with Adverse Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes.

Silver, Lynn D · 2025

Banning storefront cannabis retail was associated with 48% lower prevalence of psychotic disorders (aPR 0.52).

Exploring Pathways from Childhood Adversity to Substance Use in Young Adults.

Sinkevicius, Liudas Vincentas · 2025

Sexual abuse predicted higher levels of cannabis, alcohol, nicotine, and heavy psychoactive substance use.

The Relationships of Early Use of Marijuana With Substance Use and Violence in Adolescent Gamblers and Non-Gamblers.

Sirek, Greta · 2025

Early marijuana use (before age 13) was associated with higher odds of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, heavy drinking, lifetime cocaine use, e-cigarette use, and physical fighting compared to no use.

Longitudinal study of risk factors predicting cannabis use disorder in UK young adults and adolescents.

Skumlien, Martine · 2025

Adolescent age (OR 3.26, p<0.001) and baseline CUD (OR 45.15, p<0.001) predicted higher CUD levels at 12-month follow-up.

Self-administered complementary and alternative methods of treating mental disorders among students in Wrocław: a cross-sectional study.

Sobieraj, Jakub · 2025

31.3% of students used marijuana as a complementary therapy.

Polygenic Risk for Substance Use Disorders as Predictors of Substance Use Initiation Among African American Youth.

Sosnowski, David W · 2025

Cannabis use disorder and nicotine dependence polygenic risk scores were not associated with initiation of these substances.

Cannabis and Tobacco Product Use Classes and Psychosocial Correlates among US Young Adults.

Speer, Morgan · 2025

Five classes: 'primarily cannabis' (36.6%), and four other patterns.

Protective factors for psychological wellbeing: A cross-sectional study of young people attending an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service.

Spurling, Geoffrey K P · 2025

72.1% of youth were not experiencing depression.

Nicotine and cannabis vaping among early high school adolescents: Disparities of use across sociodemographic characteristics and associations with psychosocial factors.

Steeger, Christine M · 2025

Past-month vaping: 89.7% non-use, 5.9% nicotine-only, 1.0% cannabis-only, 3.4% dual use.

Associations between cannabis use frequency and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A clinical longitudinal sibling study.

Stern, Elisa F · 2025

Cannabis use was not associated with suicidality (all p's > 0.05) in cross-sectional or prospective models accounting for within-family clustering.

Comorbid Cannabis Use and Mood Disorders Among Adolescents.

Strong, Stephane J · 2025

Adolescents with mood disorders have higher rates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.

Correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among adolescents with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).

Sultan, Alysha A · 2025

Cannabis use was most prevalent in adolescents with MDD, followed by BD, then controls.

Astrogliosis Occurs Selectively in Amygdala of Adolescent Primate and Rodent Following Daily Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Prevented by Cannabidiol Co-Treatment.

Sun, Yalin · 2025

THC induced GFAP and complement factor-B upregulation (proinflammatory gliosis) exclusively in the adolescent amygdala, not in other brain regions or adults.

Delta-9 THC detection in the young pediatric postmortem population: 2018-2024.

Swatek, Jennifer · 2025

Among 17,512 postmortem pediatric blood cases, THC positivity rates increased significantly from 1.6% to 2.8% (LOD, p=0.0075) and 0.43% to 1.1% (LOQ, p=0.0057) between 2018-2024.

Maternal perinatal cannabis use disorder and the risk of anxiety disorders in offspring: Insights from a longitudinal data-linkage cohort study.

Tadesse, Abay Woday · 2025

Offspring exposed to maternal CUD prenatally had 79% increased risk of any anxiety disorder (aRR 1.79), with specific increases for PTSD (aRR 2.46), GAD (aRR 2.18), and childhood anxiety disorders (aRR 1.91).

Maternal cannabis use disorder and offspring behavioral outcomes: findings from a linked data cohort study.

Tadesse, Abay Woday · 2025

Maternal CUD during pregnancy was associated with significantly higher risk of disruptive behavioral disorders in offspring: antenatal CUD (RR 3.56, CI 2.42-5.05), perinatal CUD (RR 3.55, CI 2.45-4.98), and postnatal CUD (RR 2.95, CI 1.23-6.16).

Understanding Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among LGBTQ + Youth: Differential Associations Between Bullying and Substance Use.

Tiedge, Cayson W · 2025

Bullied LGBTQ+ youth had 2.71 times higher odds of planning suicide attempts.

Medical cannabis utilization in children - a study based on a nationwide cohort.

Treves, Nir · 2025

Parents reported satisfaction in 73% of cases.

Impact of legalization on cannabis exposure calls to the British Columbia Poison Control Centre.

Trieu, Jeffrey · 2025

Cannabis-related poison control calls for children <10 increased from an average of 12/year pre-legalization to 25/year post-legalization.

Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke Among Children.

Tripathi, Osika · 2025

Children with reported secondhand cannabis smoke exposure had significantly higher odds of wheezing (aOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.5-2.9), nighttime cough (aOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), and emergency department visits for respiratory complaints (aOR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3).

Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and substance use in college youth with type 1 diabetes.

Tsevat, Rebecca K · 2025

41.3% reported marijuana use.

Longitudinal Neurocognitive Trajectories in a Large Cohort of Youth Who Use Cannabis: Combining Self-Report and Toxicology.

Wade, Natasha E · 2025

This is the most comprehensive longitudinal study to date on adolescent cannabis use and cognitive development, drawing from the ABCD Study—a landmark NIH-funded project tracking brain development in American children. The primary analysis followed 11,036 participants from ages 9 to 17, combining self-reported substance use with objective toxicological testing (hair, urine, breath, oral fluid).

Social and Environmental Predictors of Youth Alcohol and Cannabis Initiation Risk: The Moderating Role of Family History of Substance Use Disorders.

Wood, Erin E · 2025

Protective and risk factors for first substance use were not universal — they differed between alcohol and cannabis initiation, and family history of substance use disorder moderated which environmental factors mattered most..

How tax structures for retail cannabis shape cannabis use among youth and young adults: evidence from a volumetric choice experiment.

Xu, Lei · 2025

Higher pre-tax prices and tax rates reduced both quantity and THC consumption among youth/young adults.

The efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) in pediatric patients with Dravet Syndrome: a narrative review of clinical trials.

Aderinto, Nicholas · 2024

Across 10 clinical trials, CBD demonstrated efficacy in reducing seizure frequency in children with Dravet syndrome.

Altered neurobehavioral reward response predicts psychotic-like experiences in youth exposed to cannabis prenatally.

Amir, Carolyn M · 2024

Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) was longitudinally associated with psychotic-like experiences in youth.

Maternal Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring.

Andrade, Chittaranjan · 2024

Meta-analysis of 13 studies found gestational cannabis exposure associated with ASD (RR 1.30) and ADHD (RR 1.13, possibly supported by publication bias).

Recreational cannabis legalization and pediatric exposures in Massachusetts, United States.

Argandykov, Dias · 2024

After recreational cannabis legalization in Massachusetts, pediatric cannabis-related ER visits increased from 18.5 to 31.0 per 100,000 (IRR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5-1.8) and hospitalizations increased significantly (IRR 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.7, a 126% increase).

Depressive symptoms predict cannabis vaping initiation among young adults.

Arora, Srishty · 2024

Twenty-five percent of participants initiated cannabis vaping during the four-year study.

Trends in Substance-Related Visits Among Youth to US Children's Hospitals, 2016-2021: An Analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System Database.

Ball, Alexis · 2024

From 2016-2021, substance-related visits increased 47.9% across all demographics.

Cannabis Use and Its Impact on Mental Health in Youth in Australia and the United States: A Scoping Review.

Baral, Aayush · 2024

Cannabis use in youth was associated with depression, psychosis, suicide, cannabis use disorder, cognitive decline, and externalizing behaviors (particularly ADHD).

A test of competing mediators linking trouble sleeping to cannabis use in adolescents and emerging adults.

Berey, Benjamin L · 2024

At the person level, trouble sleeping was associated with higher cannabis craving and negative affect (large effects, rs 0.34-0.48).

Patterns in Tobacco, E-Cigarette, and Cannabis Advertising Exposure Among California Adolescents and Associations With Future Use Expectations.

Chaffee, Benjamin W · 2024

Among never-users, advertising exposure was associated with future use expectations for cigarettes (OR 1.7), vapes (OR 2.3), and marijuana (OR 2.1) within one year.

Effect of a selective personality-targeted prevention program on 7-year illicit substance related outcomes: A secondary analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Champion, Katrina E · 2024

The PreVenture group had 22% lower odds of annual cannabis-related harms compared to controls (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.92).

Legalization and retail availability of recreational marijuana and adolescent use in schools.

Cil, Gulcan · 2024

Substance use-related office discipline referrals in Oregon middle schools increased by 0.14 per 100 students (30% of the mean) after legalization, relative to comparison schools in other states.

Substance use patterns and mental health comorbidities in youth with a history of depression or suicidality: Findings from TX-YDSRN.

Clark, Shaunna L · 2024

Three substance use classes emerged: non-use (63.4%), moderate use of alcohol/nicotine/cannabis (23.8%), and high use of all substances (12.7%).

The Impact of Childhood Mental Health and Substance Use on Methylation Aging Into Adulthood.

Clark, Shaunna L · 2024

Weekly cannabis use was significantly associated with accelerated DNA methylation aging (b=1.665, p=.005), as were years of weekly use (b=0.718, p=.012) and depressive symptoms (b=0.314, p=.014).

Digital Interventions for Recreational Cannabis Use Among Young Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Behavior Change Technique Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.

Côté, José · 2024

Digital interventions reduced cannabis use frequency by 6.79 days in the previous month at 3-month follow-up (95% CI: -9.59 to -4.00, p<.001) compared to controls.

The company you keep: The neglected role of affiliating with delinquent friends in the development of the cannabis-violence link.

Dugré, Jules R · 2024

Both cannabis use and delinquent peer affiliation were independently associated with aggression in GEE models.

Psychosocial Effects of Frequent Cannabis Smoking in Adolescent Women of Color: Results from a Prospective Cohort of Inner-City Youth.

Duroseau, Nathalie · 2024

Using cannabis 20+ times monthly was associated with 2.71 times higher odds of school suspension, increased depressive symptoms, and increased delinquent behaviors.

Cannabis Use Among Students in Grades 8, 10, and 12, by Sex - King County, Washington, 2008-2021.

Esie, Precious · 2024

During 2008-2021, cannabis use declined among both sexes.

Adolescent-onset cannabis use and parenting young children: an investigation of differential effectiveness of a digital parenting intervention.

Hails, Katherine A · 2024

Among 356 parents of children ages 1.5-5, those who began regular cannabis use as adolescents had higher anxiety and depression symptoms regardless of current use.

The acute effects of cannabis, with and without cannabidiol, on attentional bias to cannabis related cues: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

Hall, Daniel · 2024

In a three-condition crossover trial (THC, THC+CBD, placebo), participants showed an attentional bias away from cannabis cues on placebo.

The Combined Effects of Nicotine and Cannabis on Cortical Thickness Estimates in Adolescents and Emerging Adults.

Hernandez Mejia, Margie · 2024

Both cannabis and nicotine users had thinner frontal cortices bilaterally compared to non-users.

Trends in Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol and Cannabis Among Young Adults in Washington State From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Hultgren, Brittney A · 2024

Pre-pandemic trends in DUI prevalence and pandemic-year deviations were both small and not statistically significant.

Young adult impaired driving behaviors and perceived norms of driving under the influence of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use.

Hultgren, Brittney A · 2024

DUI after simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (DUI-SAM) was reported by 2.7% and riding with an impaired driver (RWI-SAM) by 5.3%.

Prenatal tobacco and tobacco-Cannabis co-exposure and unpredictability in maternal anger/hostility: Implications for toddler reactivity.

Kelm, Madison R · 2024

Prenatal tobacco-cannabis co-exposure had a direct effect on blunted toddler reactivity in males only.

Multilevel associations of peer cognitive factors and adolescent cannabis use in a legal recreational cannabis region.

Kenyon, Emily A · 2024

Individual increases in hazardous cannabis use were significantly associated with higher peer norms (perceiving more peer use) and lower resistance to peer influence.

Latent Class Groups of Concurrent Substance Use Among Adolescents in an Urban Community: Correlates With Mental Health, Access to Drugs and Alcohol, and Risk Perception.

Lardier, David T · 2024

Five latent classes were identified: predominant alcohol use (11.9%), concurrent drug and alcohol use with methamphetamine and marijuana (4.2%), concurrent drug and alcohol use without marijuana (11.4%), high concurrent drug and alcohol use (11.4%), and concurrent drug use without alcohol (61.5%).

Mind it! A mindfulness-based group psychotherapy for substance use disorders in adolescent inpatients.

Legenbauer, Tanja · 2024

Both groups showed significant reductions in cannabis use days at 6-month follow-up (effect sizes d = -0.72 and -0.75).

Alcohol and cannabis use in daily lives of college-attending young adults: Does co-use correspond to greater reported pleasure?

Linden-Carmichael, Ashley N · 2024

On co-use days, odds of substance-related pleasure were higher than on single-substance days.

Light Cannabis Use and the Adolescent Brain: An 8-years Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health, Cognition, and Reward Processing.

Macedo, Inês · 2024

Teens who used cannabis weekly or monthly between ages 19 and 22 showed more conduct problems than non-users, but no differences in cognitive performance or reward-related brain activity.

Analysis of social media compliance with cannabis advertising regulations: evidence from recreational dispensaries in Illinois 1-year post-legalization.

Marinello, Samantha · 2024

About 30% of dispensary Facebook and Twitter posts had at least one advertising violation.

Cognitive-behavioral therapies in the management of adolescents with cannabis use disorder (CUD): A systematic review.

Mauries, Sibylle · 2024

Nine RCTs of CBT for adolescent CUD found treatments ranging from 3 to 24 weeks, often combined with motivational interviewing or family therapy.

Products and patterns through which adolescents, young adults, and adults initiate co-use of tobacco and cannabis.

McCauley, Devin M · 2024

38.4% of participants co-used tobacco and cannabis.

Regulatory Landscape of Cannabis Warning Labels in US States with Legal Retail Nonmedical Cannabis, 2024.

Meek, Caroline J · 2024

Among 20 states with legal retail cannabis, only 2 required mental health risk warnings and 2 required high-potency psychosis warnings.

Effectiveness of the adolescent-community reinforcement approach for treating Cannabis use disorder in Iranian adolescents: A randomized controlled trial.

Mehr, Najmeh Khosrovan · 2024

Among 40 male adolescents with CUD, those receiving A-CRA (n=20) showed higher abstinence rates, reduced cannabis use frequency, decreased substance-related problems, lower psychological distress, improved health-promoting lifestyles, and better mother-adolescent relationships compared to treatment as usual, with effects maintained at three-month follow-up..

Cannabis Use and Associated Risk Behavior Factors among High School Students in Mississippi: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 2021.

Mitra, Amal K · 2024

In multivariable analysis adjusting for gender, race, grade, and other risk behaviors, cannabis use was significantly associated with current electronic vaping, current tobacco smoking, current alcohol drinking, and sexual behaviors.

Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis: Effects on Childhood Obesity and Cardiometabolic Health.

Moore, Brianna F · 2024

Prenatal cannabis exposure is consistently associated with small for gestational age and low birth weight.

Relationships Between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Cannabis-Use Onset and Emotional and Related Characteristics in Young/Emerging Adults.

Morie, Kristen P · 2024

Individuals with prenatal cocaine exposure used cannabis at younger ages, had greater cannabis use severity, and showed higher impulsivity, state anxiety, and alexithymia.

Cells and Molecules Underpinning Cannabis-Related Variations in Cortical Thickness during Adolescence.

Navarri, Xavier · 2024

In mice, THC exposure caused spine loss and reduced dendritic complexity in frontal cortex pyramidal cells.

Prenatal Cannabis Use and Offspring Autism-Related Behaviors: Examining Maternal Stress as a Moderator in a Black American Cohort.

Nutor, C · 2024

Prenatal cannabis use did not predict ASD-related behaviors.

Risk and protective factors for cannabis use in adolescence: a population-based survey in schools.

O'Dowd, Teresa M · 2024

Current use prevalence: 7.3%.

Childhood executive control and adolescent substance use: Mediation via parent-child relationship quality.

Patwardhan, Irina · 2024

Preschool executive control did not directly predict adolescent cannabis, e-cigarette, or alcohol use.

Prenatal tobacco, tobacco-cannabis coexposure, and child emotion regulation: The role of child autonomic functioning and sensitive parenting.

Perry, Kristin J · 2024

Direct effects from prenatal exposure on early school age emotion regulation were not significant.

Longitudinal Pathways From Maltreatment to Substance Use Through Delay Discounting During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood.

Peviani, Kristin M · 2024

Using developmental cascade models, neglect (but not abuse) predicted elevated delay discounting, which in turn predicted increased cannabis use across ages 14-18.

The Association Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use via Emotional Psychopathology and Coping Motives in Argentinian College Students.

Pilatti, Angelina · 2024

Three mindfulness facets (describing, acting with awareness, non-judging) were associated with less cannabis quantity consumed and fewer negative consequences through a pathway of lower emotional psychopathology (depression/anxiety symptoms) and lower endorsement of using cannabis to cope.

Cannabis use in youth is associated with chronic inflammation.

Power, Emmet · 2024

Among 914 participants from the ALSPAC cohort, daily/near-daily cannabis use at age 24 was strongly associated with elevated suPAR (a chronic inflammation biomarker implicated in neurodegenerative processes).

A Systematic Review of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in Astrocytic Markers.

Ramos-Jiménez, Christian · 2024

Both GFAP and nestin expression increased in adulthood following adolescent and adult THC exposure.

The Indirect Influence of Cannabis Use Disorder Symptoms on PTSD Symptom Severity Through Psychological Inflexibility.

Russell, Patricia D · 2024

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) and PTSD frequently co-occur, but what connects them? This study identifies a specific psychological mechanism: psychological inflexibility (PI) — the tendency to get stuck in rigid thought patterns and avoidant behaviors rather than adapting flexibly to situations. Among 336 college students, the researchers tested whether CUD symptoms → psychological inflexibility → worse PTSD formed a mediation pathway.

Secondhand smoke exposure and asthma status among adolescents: Findings from the 2019-2020 California Student Tobacco Survey.

Satybaldiyeva, Nora · 2024

About 12% of students with asthma reported exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke, compared to 9.3% of students without asthma.

Distinguishing Clinical Features of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome and Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Shah, Meera · 2024

Patients with CHS were significantly older (mean 18.1 vs 14.5 years), more likely to have a positive urine drug screen (86% vs 2.9%), had lower potassium, higher creatinine, and higher systolic blood pressure compared to CVS patients.

Association between gender diversity and substance use experimentation in early adolescents.

Shao, Iris Y · 2024

More gender-diverse responses on gender identity, felt gender, gender non-contentedness, and gender expression were associated with higher odds of both lifetime and new cannabis experimentation.

Implications of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Summary of the Clinical Evidence.

Sheffield, Sydney Mei · 2024

Limited but consistent data showed associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and increased startles and difficulty consoling in newborns, memory and verbal reasoning challenges in early childhood, diminished academic performance, and inattention, hyperactivity, and aggression in early childhood..

Prenatal tobacco and tobacco-cannabis co-exposure: Relationship with attention and memory in middle childhood.

Shisler, Shannon · 2024

Prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with increased impulsive responding on sustained attention tasks, particularly when exposure occurred in the first trimester.

Cannabis use and social anxiety disorder in emerging adulthood: Results from a nationally representative sample.

Single, Alanna · 2024

The prevalence of co-occurring cannabis use and social anxiety disorder was 1.10%.

Association of vaping with respiratory symptoms in U.S. young adults: Nicotine, cannabis, and dual vaping.

Sun, Ruoyan · 2024

Vaping is often positioned as a safer alternative to smoking, but this large national survey reveals that vaping — whether nicotine, cannabis, or both — is associated with respiratory symptoms in young adults. Among 8,033 Americans aged 18-24 surveyed in 2021, the breakdown was: 75.4% didn't vape, 15% vaped nicotine only, 4.7% vaped cannabis only, and 4.9% vaped both.

Exposure to maternal cannabis use disorder and risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A data linkage cohort study.

Tadesse, Abay Woday · 2024

Children of mothers with cannabis use disorder had approximately three times the risk of being diagnosed with ASD compared to non-exposed children.

Cannabis Vaping Is Associated With Past 30-Day Suicide Attempts and Suicidal Ideation Among Adolescents in a Psychiatric Inpatient Setting.

Thomas, Sarah A · 2024

Vaping as the most frequent cannabis method was associated with 2.38 times higher odds of past 30-day suicide attempt (p=0.002) and greater suicidal ideation.

Patterns and determinants of cannabis use in youth visiting an urban emergency department in France.

Touali, Rdah · 2024

Of 460 participants, 105 (22.8%) were in the cannabis use group.

Extent and patterns of drug use in prison in Burkina Faso: findings from a cross-sectional study in central prison of Ouagadougou.

Traoré, Karim · 2024

Cannabis was the primary drug used by prisoners (71.1% of in-prison users), followed by tramadol (62.2%), diazepam (13.3%), and cocaine (2.2%).

The Role of Cannabis in the Development of Psychosis.

Türkoğlu, Özge · 2024

Earlier age of cannabis use onset, genetic predisposition, and heavy/high-potency use all independently increase psychosis risk.

Real-Life Experience With Purified Cannabidiol Treatment for Refractory Epilepsy: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Tzadok, Michal · 2024

92.2% of patients had reduced seizure frequency after starting purified CBD.

Patterns of substance use and initiation timing in adults with substance abuse: a comparison between those with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Vaziri-Harami, Roya · 2024

The ADHD group had a lower age of onset for substance use.

A systematic review of evidence on integrated management of psychiatric disorders in youth who use cannabis.

Vidal, Carol · 2024

Of 989 studies screened, only 5 RCTs met all criteria for integrated treatment of psychiatric disorders in cannabis-using youth.

Investigating sex differences and age of onset in emotion regulation, executive functioning, and cannabis use in adolescents and young adults.

Wade, Natasha E · 2024

Greater past 6-month cannabis use was associated with poorer Emotional Stroop Congruent Accuracy (p=0.0004) and List Sorting Working Memory performance (p=0.02, marginally significant after correction).

Cannabis use and neurocognitive performance at 13-14 Years-Old: Optimizing assessment with hair toxicology in the Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study.

Wade, Natasha E · 2024

Cannabis-using teens scored lower on episodic memory tasks, and higher THC metabolite levels in hair correlated with poorer verbal ability, inhibitory control, working memory, and episodic memory..

Amygdala volume and depression symptoms in young adolescents who use cannabis.

Wallace, Alexander L · 2024

Cannabis use was not associated with amygdala volume differences but was associated with increased depressive symptoms.

Chemical Composition of Electronic Vaping Products From School Grounds in California.

Wang, Ping · 2024

Among 43 disposable vape pen devices, 39 (90.1%) contained THC or CBD, with three containing both nicotine and THC.

Evaluation of the Association Between Prenatal Cannabis Use and Risk of Developmental Delay.

Watts, Dana · 2024

Prenatal cannabis exposure was not associated with differences in gestational age or birth weight.

Substance Use and Educational Impacts in Youth With and Without Chronic Illness.

Weitzman, Elissa R · 2024

Cannabis use was associated with lower grades (APR 1.54), school truancy (APR 2.16), truancy from activities (similar magnitude), and detention (APR 2.29) after controlling for alcohol, nicotine, and demographics.

Perspectives of adolescents and young adults on cannabis use during pregnancy.

Whitlock, Christopher · 2024

Four themes emerged: AYAs believe cannabis is harmful during pregnancy, they are divided on whether prenatal exposure should be considered child abuse or neglect, they have mixed attitudes about cannabis and safe parenting, and they support healthcare professional counseling about prenatal cannabis use.

Does a history of cannabis use influence onset and course of schizophrenia?

Allebeck, Peter · 2023

Among 160 patients with validated schizophrenia, the 32 with a cannabis history had earlier age at onset, higher number of hospital admissions, and higher total hospital days compared to the 128 without.

Neurobehavioral risk factors influence prevalence and severity of hazardous substance use in youth at genetic and clinical high risk for psychosis.

Amir, Carolyn M · 2023

CHR-P youth had significantly higher substance use across tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis compared to controls, while 22qDel carriers had significantly lower use.

Effects of cannabis legalization on the use of cannabis and other substances.

Assanangkornchai, Sawitri · 2023

Most studies found no significant association between recreational legalization and changes in youth cannabis use across Europe, Uruguay, the U.S., and Canada.

Association between maternal prenatal cannabis use and missed child preventive care visits in an integrated health care delivery system in Northern California.

Avalos, Lyndsay A · 2023

Maternal prenatal cannabis use was associated with more missed well-child visits at every time period from birth through 36 months.

Early-onset smoking and vaping of cannabis: Prevalence, correlates and trends in New Zealand 14-15-year-olds.

Ball, Jude · 2023

Lifetime cannabis use declined from 2012-2018, but past-month (8.6%), weekly (3.4%), and daily (1.5%) use remained stable.

Prenatal cannabis use disorder and infant hospitalization and death in the first year of life.

Bandoli, Gretchen · 2023

Infant death in the first year was more common with maternal CUD (1.0% vs 0.4%; adjusted RR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6).

Assessing changes in sleep across four weeks among adolescents randomized to incentivized cannabis abstinence.

Baumer, Andreas M · 2023

In a randomized trial of 116 adolescents, those assigned to verified abstinence reported worse overall sleep quality than the monitoring group, but the disruption was specific to increased sleep latency during week one, which resolved by week two and remained at baseline through week four..

Income inequality and daily use of cannabis, cigarettes, and e-cigarettes among Canadian secondary school students: Results from COMPASS 2018-19.

Benny, Claire · 2023

Among 74,501 Canadian students aged 12-19, a one standard deviation increase in area-level income inequality (Gini coefficient) was associated with a 25% increase in the odds of daily cannabis use (OR=1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.54).

Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes Related to Recreational Cannabis Use during Pregnancy: Analysis of a Real-World Clinical Data Warehouse between 2010 and 2019.

Bouquet, Emilie · 2023

Among 669 pregnancies analyzed (123 cannabis users, 191 tobacco-only, 355 controls), cannabis use during pregnancy was associated with increased voluntary interruption of pregnancy, at least one adverse event during pregnancy, at least one neonatal adverse event, prematurity, and small-for-gestational-age births.

The association between public health engagement in school-based substance use prevention programs and student alcohol, cannabis, e-cigarette and cigarette use.

Burnett, Trish · 2023

Among 42,149 students in 84 schools, public health engagement in substance use prevention had no significant overall impact on student use.

Cannabinoids for symptom management in children with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chhabra, Manik · 2023

Of 19 studies (including 7 RCTs), cannabinoids were most commonly used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (58%).

Severe outcomes following pediatric cannabis intoxication: a prospective cohort study of an international toxicology surveillance registry.

Cohen, Neta · 2023

Of 138 pediatric patients presenting with cannabis intoxication, 52 (38%) were admitted to ICU including one death.

Seeing is believing: How cannabis marketing exposure is associated with cannabis use attitudes and behavior in a permissive medical cannabis policy environment.

Cohn, Amy M · 2023

Among 5,428 Oklahoma adults, 74.5% reported past-month cannabis marketing exposure, with outdoor marketing most prevalent (61.1%).

Marijuana use and its correlates among school-going Jamaican adolescents: a finding from a national survey.

Dadras, Omid · 2023

Among Jamaican adolescents aged 13-17, older age and male sex predicted higher marijuana use.

The impact of in utero cannabis exposure on fetal growth.

Nadolski, K · 2023

After controlling for confounders, cannabis exposure predicted significant deficits in birth weight and head circumference.

Association of maternal exposure to Superstorm Sandy and maternal cannabis use with development of psychopathology among offspring: the Stress in Pregnancy Study.

Nomura, Yoko · 2023

Among 163 children tracked from ages 2-5, those exposed to both Superstorm Sandy and maternal cannabis use (8% of sample) had a 31-fold increased risk of disruptive behavioral disorders and a 7-fold increased risk of anxiety disorders compared to those exposed to neither.

Towards a New Dynamic Interaction Model of Adolescent CUD Manifestation, Prevention, and Treatment: A Narrative Review.

Oosten, Wesley · 2023

The review adapts Zinberg's drug-set-setting framework to propose CUD in adolescents develops through multiple interacting feedback loops.

A systematic review of cannabidiol trials in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Parrella, Nina-Francecsa · 2023

Nine RCTs across ADHD, autism, intellectual disability, Tourette's, and complex motor disorders showed some positive signals but inconsistent results.

Sex- and age-specific respiratory alterations induced by prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in rats.

Patrone, Luis Gustavo A · 2023

Prenatal WIN55,212-2 caused greater CO2 sensitivity at most ages in males and juvenile females.

Scoping Review of Cannabis-Reduction Psychosocial Interventions and Reasons for Use among Young Adults with Psychosis.

Petros, Ryan · 2023

Young adults with psychosis use cannabis for pleasure, to reduce dysphoria, and for social reasons.

Impact of converging sociocultural and substance-related trends on US autism rates: combined geospatiotemporal and causal inferential analysis.

Reece, Albert Stuart · 2023

National-level analysis found daily cannabis use significantly related to autism rates (beta=4.37, P<10^-16) and first-trimester exposure (beta=0.12, P=1.7x10^-12).

Association Between Suicidal Behaviour and Cannabis and Tranquilizer use, Depression, Aggression and Other Borderline Personality Traits Among Students in Sincelejo, Colombia.

Romero-Acosta, Kelly · 2023

Cannabis use (t=2.83, P<.05) and tranquilizer use (t=2.37, P<.05) had significant independent relationships with suicidal behavior.

The Impact of Cannabis Use on Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Clinical Outcomes Amidst Changing State Policies.

Ross, Jennifer A · 2023

The adolescent brain is especially vulnerable because the prefrontal cortex (responsible for impulse control and executive functions) is not fully mature until the mid-twenties.

Alcohol & cannabinoid co-use: Implications for impaired fetal brain development following gestational exposure.

Rouzer, Siara Kate · 2023

Both alcohol and cannabinoids independently impact fetal neurodevelopment with lifelong consequences.

Impact of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Neurocognitive and Brain Development.

Scott, J Cobb · 2023

Converging evidence shows that ongoing, frequent cannabis use in adolescence is associated with small reductions in cognitive functioning.

Associations of Momentary Mindfulness With Affect and Cannabis Desire in a Trial of Cannabis Use Interventions With and Without Momentary Assessment.

Shrier, Lydia A · 2023

Momentary mindful awareness (MAA) increased from baseline to follow-up in the counseling + EMA group (beta=0.237) but not in counseling alone.

The Effects of Acute Cannabis With and Without Cannabidiol on Neural Reward Anticipation in Adults and Adolescents.

Skumlien, Martine · 2023

Adults showed reduced ventral striatum activation during reward anticipation after THC, while adolescents did not.

The beneficial effect of sleep on behavioral health problems in youth is disrupted by prenatal cannabis exposure: A causal random forest analysis of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development data.

Spechler, Philip A · 2023

Sleep improvements reduced internalizing and externalizing problems in children overall, but prenatal cannabis exposure moderated this relationship, significantly diminishing the protective effect of sleep on internalizing symptoms..

Nondisordered Cannabis Use Among US Adolescents.

Sultan, Ryan S · 2023

Nondisordered cannabis use (NDCU) was 4 times more prevalent than cannabis use disorder (10.2% vs.

An exploratory follow-up study of cannabis use and decision-making under various risk conditions within adolescence.

Thompson, Erin L · 2023

Baseline performance on the Game of Dice Task (explicit risk decision-making) predicted greater escalation in cannabis use frequency and cannabis-related problems over 2 years.

Cannabis Use Associations with Adverse Psychosocial Functioning among North American College Students.

Vidal, Carol · 2023

Cannabis use among college-enrolled young adults was associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes across multiple domains.

Concordance between substance use self-report and hair analysis in community-based adolescents.

Wade, Natasha E · 2023

Hair toxicology detected substance use (including cannabis) in adolescents who denied use on self-report surveys.

Clouding Up Cognition? Secondhand Cannabis and Tobacco Exposure Related to Cognitive Functioning in Youth.

Wade, Natasha E · 2023

Secondhand cannabis and tobacco exposure in youth were independently associated with lower cognitive performance across multiple domains, suggesting passive exposure may carry cognitive risks during brain development..

Cannabis and Psychosis.

West, Michelle L · 2023

Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic symptoms (both subthreshold and full), exacerbation of psychosis in vulnerable youth, and worse outcomes in established psychotic disorders.

Associations for subgroups of E-cigarette, cigarette, and cannabis use with asthma in a population sample of California adolescents.

Williams, Rebecca J · 2023

Each substance (e-cigarettes, combustible cigarettes, and cannabis) was independently associated with asthma among California adolescents.

Association between Prenatal Marijuana and Tobacco Smoke Exposures and Small for Gestational Age at Birth.

Abdelwahab, Mahmoud · 2022

Marijuana-only exposure was associated with SGA <10th percentile (43% vs.

Early Age of Cannabis Initiation and Its Association With Suicidal Behaviors.

Ahuja, Manik · 2022

Early cannabis use (age 14 or younger) was associated with higher risks of suicide ideation (AOR 3.32) and attempt (AOR 4.38) than later initiation (AOR 2.15 and 2.56 respectively).

Alcohol, smoke, cannabis, new psychoactive substances, and non-prescribed drugs consumption among school student in an area of Nord-West of Italy.

Balbinot, Patrizia · 2022

Cannabis use at ages 14-15 was associated with a 26-fold increased risk of using new psychoactive substances or non-prescribed drugs (OR 26.3, 95% CI 15.97-43.33)..

Rating the comparative efficacy of state-level cannabis policies on recreational cannabis markets in the United States.

Blanchette, Jason G · 2022

State monopoly (government-owned production through retail) was rated most effective across all three outcome areas.

Foetal tobacco and cannabis exposure, body fat and cardio-metabolic health in childhood.

Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N · 2022

Children exposed to maternal cannabis during pregnancy had higher BMI (0.26 SDS), android/gynoid fat ratio (0.21 SDS), and fat-free mass index (0.24 SDS) at age 10.

Long-term use of cannabidiol-enriched medical cannabis in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2022

After a median 20 months of treatment, 78% of children had ≥50% seizure reduction and 47.5% had >75% reduction.

Alcohol, Marijuana and Other Illicit Drugs Use Throughout Adolescence: Co-occurring Courses and Preadolescent Risk-Factors.

Carbonneau, Rene · 2022

Latent growth mixture modeling revealed six developmental patterns: 61% were non/low users, while five polysubstance groups varied in severity.

Cannabis Industry Marketing Violations in Washington State, 2014-2019.

Carlini, Beatriz H · 2022

Of 328 violations from 183 businesses, most occurred in online content or directly in front of cannabis stores.

Prenatal cannabis exposure predicts attention problems, without changes on fMRI in adolescents.

Cioffredi, Leigh-Anne · 2022

Compared to both control groups, children with prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) had significantly higher attention problems, externalizing, and total problem scores on the Child Behavior Checklist.

Variability in Serum Concentrations and Clinical Response in Artisanal Versus Pharmaceutical Cannabidiol Treatment of Pediatric Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy.

Cohen, Nathan T · 2022

Mean serum CBD was 124 ng/mL for pharmaceutical CBD vs.

Changes in brain structure and function following chronic exposure to inhaled vaporised cannabis during periadolescence in female and male mice: A multimodal MRI study.

Coleman, James R · 2022

Female mice showed altered fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient (measures of brain microstructure) in forebrain and hindbrain.

Examining Risk Factors in the Cannabis-Suicide Link: Considering Trauma and Impulsivity among University Students.

Daneshmend, Ayeila Z B · 2022

Problematic cannabis use was moderately associated with suicidal ideation and attempts.

Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: Pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes.

De Genna, Natacha M · 2022

Across longitudinal studies, prenatal cannabis exposure showed remarkably consistent associations with externalizing behaviors like delinquency and substance use that persisted into adulthood.

Effectiveness of a neuroscience-based, harm reduction program for older adolescents: A cluster randomised controlled trial of the Illicit Project.

Debenham, Jennifer · 2022

Students who received the Illicit Project program were significantly less likely than controls to engage in weekly binge drinking (OR 0.56), early cannabis use (OR 0.35), risky cannabis use (OR 0.48), MDMA use (OR 0.16), and nicotine use (OR 0.59).

Hypertensive Crisis-Related Hospitalizations and Subsequent Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Young Adults with Cannabis Use Disorder: A Nationwide Analysis.

Desai, Rupak · 2022

Young adults (18-44) with cannabis use disorder had 15% higher odds of hypertensive crisis hospitalization compared to those without (aOR 1.15).

Peri-Pregnancy Cannabis Use and Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Offspring: Findings from the Study to Explore Early Development.

DiGuiseppi, Carolyn · 2022

Among children assessed at 30-68 months of age, peri-pregnancy cannabis use was reported for 5.2% of ASD cases, 3.2% of children with other developmental delays, and 4.4% of population controls.

Egocentric Network Characteristics and Cannabis Use in a Sample of Young Adult Medical Cannabis Patients and Nonpatient Users.

DiGuiseppi, Graham T · 2022

Descriptive norms (how much one's social contacts use cannabis) were associated with more frequent cannabis use (aIRR 1.19), but not with problematic use.

Public Health Implications of Cannabis Legalization: An Exploration of Adolescent Use and Evidence-Based Interventions.

Donnelly, Joseph · 2022

As of June 2021, 36 states had medical cannabis laws and 17 had recreational laws.

Who mixes tobacco with cannabis and does mixing relate to nicotine dependence?

Dugas, Erika N · 2022

Of 313 past-year cannabis users (mean age 30.6), 48% reported mixing tobacco with cannabis.

Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing for alcohol and cannabis use within a predominantly Hispanic adolescent sample.

Feldstein Ewing, Sarah · 2022

In 448 adolescents (347 Hispanic, 101 non-Hispanic white, ages 13-18), those receiving motivational interviewing showed greater reductions in alcohol use compared to alcohol and cannabis education (ACE) at 6 months.

What is the likelihood that underage youth can obtain marijuana from licensed recreational marijuana outlets in California, a state where recreational marijuana is legal?

Fell, James C · 2022

100% of the 50 randomly selected licensed recreational marijuana outlets in California required pseudo-underage patrons to show valid age identification before entry.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders in Young Adulthood: Findings from a Canadian Nationally Representative Survey.

Fuller-Thomson, Esme · 2022

After adjusting for sociodemographics, childhood adversities, and mental health, young adults with ADHD had higher odds of alcohol use disorders (OR 1.38), cannabis use disorders (OR 1.46), other drug use disorders (OR 2.07), and any substance use disorder (OR 1.69).

Individual and Combined Association Between Prenatal Polysubstance Exposure and Childhood Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Garrison-Desany, Henri M · 2022

Opioid exposure during pregnancy had the highest adjusted hazard ratio for ADHD (2.19).

Effects of Risk Perception and Accessibility on Cannabis Use among Young Population in Spain: Findings from the 2016 National Survey (ESTUDES).

González-Roz, Alba · 2022

Male sex, older age, and past-30-day tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance use were associated with cannabis use.

Children and adolescents with ASD treated with CBD-rich cannabis exhibit significant improvements particularly in social symptoms: an open label study.

Hacohen, Micha · 2022

Significant improvements in social communication were observed on the ADOS (clinical assessment), SRS (parent report), and Vineland (adaptive behaviors).

Varied Presentations of Pediatric Patients With Positive Cannabinoid Tests.

Harvey, Taylor · 2022

71% of cases with positive cannabinoid drug screens presented after cannabis legalization in November 2016.

Safety and Efficacy of Medical Cannabis in Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared with Commonly Used Medications.

Holdman, Richard · 2022

Commonly prescribed ASD medications display varying efficacy, safety, and tolerability, with some causing side effects (aggression, anxiety, irritability, cognitive effects) that mirror the very symptoms they target.

Racial/Ethnic Bullying Subtypes and Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use Among US Adolescents.

Hong, Jun Sung · 2022

African American adolescents who were both bullying perpetrators and victims were more likely to use marijuana.

An exploration of multivariate symptom clusters of cannabis use disorder in young adults.

Howe, Lindy K · 2022

Five classes emerged: "No problems," "Moderate consumption," "Consumption with moderate loss of control," "Consumption with moderate withdrawal," and "High consumption, loss of control, withdrawal." The classes differed in which DSM-5 CUD criteria were endorsed, especially among those with moderate-to-severe problems, and showed some differences in co-occurring psychopathology..

Typologies of Canadian young adults who drive after cannabis use: A two-step cluster analysis.

Huỳnh, Christophe · 2022

Four subgroups emerged: (1) frequent cannabis users who regularly drive after using; (2) individuals with generalized deviance, diverse risky road behaviors, and high psychological distress; (3) alcohol and drug-impaired drivers who were also heavy drinkers; and (4) well-adjusted youths with mild depressive-anxious symptoms..

In utero exposure to cannabidiol disrupts select early-life behaviors in a sex-specific manner.

Iezzi, Daniela · 2022

Male pups from CBD-treated dams gained more weight than controls.

Association between secondhand marijuana smoke and respiratory infections in children.

Johnson, Adam B · 2022

Caregivers who used marijuana reported an increased rate of viral respiratory infections in their children (1.31 episodes/year) compared to non-users (1.04 episodes/year, p=0.02).

Cannabis use and suicidal ideation among youth: Can we democratize school policies using digital citizen science?

Katapally, Tarun Reddy · 2022

Cannabis use was significantly associated with increased suicidal ideation among youth.

Associations of cannabis product source and subsequent cannabis use among adolescents.

Kelleghan, Annemarie R · 2022

Most youth (72%) received cannabis for free.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Adaptive Behavior and Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients With Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy.

Kim, Se Hee · 2022

26.8% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction after six months of CBD.

Effect of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and cannabis use on pregnancy outcomes.

Klasner, Carson · 2022

Cannabis use at delivery was associated with 10% lower birthweight (2665g vs.

Cannabis Use and Parenting Practices among Young People: The Impact of Parenting Styles, Parental Cannabis-Specific Rules, and Parental Cannabis Use.

Kokotovič, Karmen Osterc · 2022

Parental cannabis use was the strongest predictor of youth cannabis use.

Changes in sexual identity and substance use during young adulthood.

Krueger, Evan A · 2022

Consistently LGBQ+ individuals had higher frequency of cannabis use (OR 1.36) compared to consistently heterosexual peers.

Persistent sexually dimorphic effects of adolescent THC exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and episodic memory in rodents.

Le, Aliza A · 2022

Adolescent THC exposure produced selective, lasting deficits in synaptic plasticity in two hippocampal pathways, primarily in females.

Frequent Low-Dose Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescence Disrupts Microglia Homeostasis and Disables Responses to Microbial Infection and Social Stress in Young Adulthood.

Lee, Hye-Lim · 2022

Daily THC from postnatal day 30 to 44 produced microglia dysfunction in both male and female mice that persisted to young adulthood (PND70) but receded by PND120.

Edible marijuana products and potential risks for pediatric populations.

Lin, Allison · 2022

Edible marijuana products are indistinguishable from normal foods, lack the smell associated with smoked cannabis, have delayed onset that predisposes to overconsumption, and feature packaging intentionally similar to mainstream food brands, increasing accidental ingestion risk..

Adolescent alcohol use predicts cannabis use over a three year follow-up period.

Linakis, James G · 2022

Adolescents classified as low alcohol risk had significantly higher rates of cannabis use disorder versus nondrinkers (OR range: 1.94-2.76) at one-, two-, and three-year follow-up.

Paediatric cannabinoid hyperemesis.

Lonsdale, Hannah · 2022

Current best evidence recommends IV rehydration and electrolyte correction, followed by haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg with or without a benzodiazepine for acute pediatric CHS.

The Relations between Youth Cannabis Use, School Cannabis Use-Related Disciplinary Approaches and Student Perceptions of School Support.

Magier, Megan J · 2022

Across 131 Canadian schools and 68,037 students, no school discipline style (permissive, authoritarian, etc.) was directly associated with cannabis use.

Adolescent self-administration of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist JWH-018 induces neurobiological and behavioral alterations in adult male mice.

Margiani, Giulia · 2022

Adolescent mice acquired JWH-018 self-administration behavior that was specifically reward-driven and blocked by a CB1 antagonist.

Fetal Exposure to Cannabis and Childhood Metabolic Outcomes: The Healthy Start Study.

Moore, Brianna F · 2022

Approximately 15% of mothers had detectable cannabinoids in urine at ~27 weeks gestation.

A Content Analysis of Cannabis Company Adherence to Marketing Requirements in Four States.

Moreno, Megan A · 2022

Among 2,660 posts from 14 recreational cannabis businesses on Facebook and Instagram, discounts and promotions (restricted content) appeared in approximately 35% of posts and overconsumption messaging in 12%.

The Link Between Cannabis Use and Violent Behavior in the Early Phase of Psychosis: The Potential Role of Impulsivity.

Moulin, Valerie · 2022

Cannabis use is particularly high in early-phase psychosis (EPP) and is a confirmed risk factor for violent behavior in this population.

Adolescents are more sensitive than adults to acute behavioral and cognitive effects of THC.

Murray, Conor H · 2022

Adolescents (18-20) showed dose-dependent impairments in reaction time, response accuracy, and time perception with THC (7.5 and 15 mg) that adults (30-40) did not exhibit.

Trends in cannabis-related attitudes and behaviors among cannabis-using adolescent and young adult outpatients following medical cannabis legalization in Massachusetts.

O'Connell, Maddie · 2022

Use of diverted medical cannabis increased from 15% in 2013 to 44% in 2016 (adjusted OR 4.66, 95% CI 1.81-11.95).

Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease From Cocaine, Amphetamines, Alcohol, and Marijuana.

O'Keefe, Evan L · 2022

All four substances (cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, marijuana) are cardiotoxic and contribute to rising levels of premature cardiovascular disease including hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death in younger populations..

Perspectives of pediatric oncologists and palliative care physicians on the therapeutic use of cannabis in children with cancer.

Oberoi, Sapna · 2022

85.7% of physicians saw potential for cannabis in nausea/vomiting management, 72.3% for chronic pain, 67.2% for appetite, and 42.9% for anxiety/depression.

Bayesian causal network modeling suggests adolescent cannabis use accelerates prefrontal cortical thinning.

Owens, Max M · 2022

All Bayesian causal network algorithms strongly suggested a directional relationship from adolescent cannabis use to accelerated cortical thinning in the prefrontal cortex, even after accounting for demographics, psychopathology, childhood adversity, and other substance use..

Associations between cognition and polygenic liability to substance involvement in middle childhood: Results from the ABCD study.

Paul, Sarah E · 2022

Polygenic risk for lifetime cannabis use was positively associated with all three cognitive facets: general ability, executive function, and learning/memory (Bs ≥ 0.045, qs ≤ 0.044).

Cannabidiol for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: hope or hype?

Pedrazzi, João F C · 2022

Preclinical data show CBD modulates the endocannabinoid system, which appears altered in ASD patients.

Cannabis exposure during adolescence: A uniquely sensitive period for neurobiological effects.

Peters, K Z · 2022

The endocannabinoid system changes during adolescence affect how it modulates developing dopamine circuits.

The moderating role of sex and self-, teacher-, and father-reported ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, on the association between early adolescent internalizing symptoms and substance use.

Pocuca, Nina · 2022

A significant three-way interaction between internalizing symptoms, ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity, and sex was found for cigarette use (BF=48.40) and supported for cannabis use (BF=3.54-9.08).

Controlled Trial Examining the Strength-Based Grit Wellbeing and Self-Regulation Program for Young People in Residential Settings for Substance Use.

Quinn, Catherine A · 2022

Both groups improved on all outcomes at 3 months, maintained through 12 months.

Changes in young adult substance use during COVID-19 as a function of ACEs, depression, prior substance use and resilience.

Romm, Katelyn F · 2022

49.4% used marijuana at either timepoint, with 27.2% increasing and 21.2% decreasing frequency during COVID-19.

Getting high for likes: Exploring cannabis-related content on TikTok.

Rutherford, Brienna N · 2022

54.14% of videos portrayed cannabis positively (417 million total views).

Simultaneous use of marijuana and alcohol: Potential prevention targets among young adults who use alcohol.

Skinner, Martie L · 2022

Marijuana-specific attitudes (believing it is not wrong for their age) differentiated simultaneous or co-users from alcohol-only users.

Neural responses to reward anticipation and feedback in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls.

Skumlien, Martine · 2022

Cannabis users and controls had similar neural responses during reward anticipation and in reward-related brain regions during feedback.

Medical cannabis for the treatment of comorbid symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: An interim analysis of biochemical safety.

Stolar, Orit · 2022

No clinically significant differences were found in complete blood count, glucose, liver enzymes, kidney function, electrolytes, thyroid function, lipid profile, or hormones between baseline and 3 months of CBD-rich treatment.

Assessment of Withdrawal, Mood, and Sleep Inventories After Monitored 3-Week Abstinence in Cannabis-Using Adolescents and Young Adults.

Sullivan, Ryan M · 2022

Cannabis-using participants (n=37) reported higher overall withdrawal, mood symptoms, and sleep problems than controls (n=42) during 3 weeks of verified abstinence.

Presence of Content Appealing to Youth on Cannabis-Infused Edibles Packaging.

Tan, Andy S L · 2022

15% of packages resembled product knockoffs (e.g., candy brands), 23% contained human/non-human creatures, 35% had flavor images, and 91% had flavor text.

Is in-utero exposure to cannabis associated with the risk of attention deficit with or without hyperactivity disorder? A cohort study within the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort.

Tchuente, Vanina · 2022

After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant association was found between in-utero cannabis exposure (occasional: OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.63-2.19; regular: OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.42-2.79) and the risk of ADHD in children..

The Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabidiol-Enriched Oil in Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

Tzadok, Michal · 2022

73.3% of 114 patients reported some seizure improvement.

Outcomes from a Spanish Expanded Access Program on cannabidiol treatment in pediatric and adult patients with epilepsy.

Villanueva, Vicente · 2022

44.9% of patients had at least 50% seizure reduction at 6 months, 38.9% at 12 months.

Premorbid characteristics of patients with DSM-IV psychotic disorders.

Widing, Line · 2022

17.5% of PNOS participants and 11.5% of schizophrenia spectrum participants used cannabis before age 16, compared to only 5.3% of psychotic bipolar participants.

Cultural and psychosocial moderators of the association between adverse childhood experiences and alcohol and marijuana use among Latinx college students on the U.S./Mexico border.

Woloshchuk, Claudia J · 2022

For female participants, insecure attachment style strengthened the link between childhood adversity and substance use, while stronger marianismo beliefs and higher bicultural self-efficacy altered this relationship.

The influence of parent and peer disapproval on youth marijuana use mediated by youth risk perception: Focusing on the state comparison.

Yang, Eunbyeor Sophie · 2022

Parent disapproval had a stronger direct effect on reducing youth marijuana use, while peer disapproval had a stronger indirect effect working through increased risk perception.

Disparities in Marijuana and Tobacco Smoke Incursions Among New York City Families During Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Zajac, Lauren · 2022

Marijuana smoke incursions were reported by 30.7% of surveyed families.

Dos(e)Age: Role of Dose and Age in the Long-Term Effect of Cannabinoids on Cognition.

Zamberletti, Erica · 2022

Prenatal and adolescent cannabinoid exposure consistently led to long-term cognitive deficits in animal models, while exposure in aged animals showed potential beneficial effects on cognition.

Developmental Relations Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation in Middle Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Do Internalizing Problems and Substance Use Mediate Their Links?

Zhu, Xinxin · 2022

At the within-person level, cannabis use and suicidal ideation were positively and reciprocally related over time (ages 15-20).

Age- and Sex-Related Cortical Gray Matter Volume Differences in Adolescent Cannabis Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Voxel-Based Morphometry Studies.

Allick, Aliyah · 2021

No regions showed significant gray matter volume differences between 357 cannabis-using and 404 typically developing youth.

Young and under the influence: A systematic literature review of the impact of cannabis on the driving performance of youth.

Alvarez, Liliana · 2021

Class II evidence suggests THC is likely to reduce mean speed, headway distance, and reaction time, and increase lane and steering wheel position variability in young drivers.

An Examination of Risk Factors for Tobacco and Cannabis Smoke Exposure in Adolescents Using an Epigenetic Biomarker.

Andersen, Allan · 2021

Increasing proportions of students tested positive for cotinine (5-16%), THC (3-10%), and the epigenetic biomarker (5-7%) from 10th to 12th grade.

Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial.

Aran, Adi · 2021

The primary outcome (HSQ-ASD Total Score) showed no significant difference between groups.

Cannabis and synaptic reprogramming of the developing brain.

Bara, Anissa · 2021

Cannabis exposure during prenatal/perinatal and adolescent periods disrupts the endocannabinoid system's role in neurodevelopment, impairing synaptic plasticity.

Increased Testing and Health Care Costs for Pediatric Cannabis Exposures.

Bashqoy, Ferras · 2021

Children with unrecognized cannabis exposure underwent an average of 8.91 diagnostic tests compared to 4 for those where exposure was quickly identified, with more than 4-fold higher costs for potentially avoidable tests.

Parental cannabis and tobacco use during pregnancy and childhood hair cortisol concentrations.

Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N · 2021

Children exposed to cannabis during pregnancy (combined with tobacco) had significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations at age 6 (log-10 difference 0.16, 95% CI 0.04-0.28).

Correlates of driving after cannabis use in high school students.

Cantor, Nathan · 2021

Past-year cannabis-impaired driving prevalence was 10.3%.

Steering clear: Traffic violations among emerging adults who engage in habitual or casual cannabis use.

Ciccarelli, Tiana M · 2021

Both habitual (OR=1.77) and casual (OR=1.79) cannabis users had higher odds of traffic violations than non-users.

Young drivers' determinants of driving under the influence of cannabis: Findings from the Youth Cannabis and Driving Survey (YouCanDS).

Colonna, Robert · 2021

33.3% of respondents reported past DUIC and 42% indicated future DUIC intention.

Are psychotic-like experiences related to a discontinuation of cannabis consumption in young adults?

Daedelow, Laura S · 2021

Mean cannabis use increased from age 19 to 22.

Pediatric Cannabis Single-Substance Exposures Reported to the Michigan Poison Center From 2008-2019 After Medical Marijuana Legalization.

Dean, Diana · 2021

426 pediatric cannabis exposures were reported to the Michigan Poison Center from 2008 to 2019.

Trends and Characteristics of Manufactured Cannabis Product and Cannabis Plant Product Exposures Reported to US Poison Control Centers, 2017-2019.

Dilley, Julia A · 2021

The study documented increasing cannabis exposure reports to US poison control centers from 2017 to 2019, with distinct patterns for manufactured cannabis products versus plant materials in terms of patient demographics and clinical characteristics..

A Rebuttal-Based Social Norms-Tailored Cannabis Intervention for At-Risk Adolescents.

Donaldson, Candice D · 2021

In Study 1 (N=808), at-risk adolescents who perceived cannabis use as normative showed lowest usage intentions after receiving a tailored gain-framed message.

Trends and Factors Related to Blunt Use in Middle and High School Students, 2010-2020.

Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad · 2021

Past and current blunt use declined from 2010 to 2015 (APC = -5.32% and -5.28%), but current use increased from 2015 to 2018 (APC = 14.91%) before leveling off.

Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2021

CBD-dominant users were more likely female, used cannabis at lower frequency and amount (except edibles), cited medical motivations, used cannabis for pain, and reported more health problems.

Sex Differences in Comorbidity Between Substance Use and Mental Health in Adolescents: Two Sides of the Same Coin.

Fernández-Artamendi, Sergio · 2021

Girls presented significantly more mental health problems and higher prevalence of comorbidity between substance use and mental health disorders.

Calendar Month Variation in Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults.

Fleming, Charles B · 2021

All substance use measures showed calendar month variation.

Patterns, Consequences, and Motives in Simultaneous Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication with Alcohol and Marijuana.

Fossos-Wong, Nicole · 2021

32.8% reported lifetime nonmedical prescription stimulant use; 12.5% used in the past 3 months.

Detachment, peer pressure, and age of first substance use as gateways to later substance use.

Gallegos, Martin I · 2021

Earlier first use of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco predicted more emotional detachment, greater susceptibility to peer pressure, and higher likelihood of illicit substance use.

Retail Availability of Recreational Marijuana and Alcohol in Oregon Counties and Co-Use of Alcohol and Marijuana and Related Beliefs among Adolescents.

García-Ramírez, Grisel · 2021

Post-legalization, there was a significant increase in past-30-day alcohol and marijuana co-use in 2016 in counties with the highest retail outlet density.

Alcohol Use Disorders among Slovak and Czech University Students: A Closer Look at Tobacco Use, Cannabis Use and Socio-Demographic Characteristics.

Gavurova, Beata · 2021

Tobacco and cannabis use were positively associated with alcohol use disorders in both Czech and Slovak student samples.

Differential effects of cannabis exposure during early versus later adolescence on the expression of psychosis in homeless and precariously housed adults.

Gicas, Kristina M · 2021

Early cannabis exposure (by age 15) was associated with increased risk of substance-induced psychosis (OR=1.09, p<0.05).

Cannabis in Homes with Children: A Survey on Use, Storage, and Attitudes.

Gimelli, Alex · 2021

14.5% reported cannabis use in their home in the prior six months.

Association between perceived risk of harm and self-reported binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and marijuana smoking in young adults.

Hanauer, Matthew · 2021

Students who perceived high risk of harm from marijuana smoking were significantly less likely to report using it.

The Influence of Cannabis and Nicotine Co-use on Neuromaturation: A Systematic Review of Adolescent and Young Adult Studies.

Hernandez Mejia, Margie · 2021

Cannabis and nicotine showed independent negative cognitive effects, but when used together, nicotine appeared to mask some cannabis-related cognitive deficits.

Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine use as predictors of impaired driving and riding with an impaired driver among college students who engage in polysubstance use.

Hultgren, Brittney A · 2021

Compared to alcohol-only users, students using all three substances (alcohol, marijuana, nicotine) had dramatically higher odds of DUI (OR=10.33) and riding with an impaired driver (OR=10.22).

Are marijuana-using caregivers being asked about their marijuana use by their child's pediatrician?

Johnson, Adam B · 2021

Of 1,500 caregivers surveyed, 167 (11%) reported using marijuana.

Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study.

Klotz, Kerstin A · 2021

Interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) rate dropped significantly from 36.8 to 19.6 per minute after 3 months of CBD (p<0.0001).

Adversity in childhood/adolescence and premorbid tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use among first-episode psychosis patients.

Langlois, Stephanie · 2021

Violence and Environmental Adversity (a factor combining community violence, housing instability, and other environmental stressors) was significantly associated with 5 of 6 substance use variables.

The efficacy of health warnings and package branding on perceptions of cannabis products among youth and young adults.

Leos-Toro, Cesar · 2021

Presence of brand imagery on cannabis packaging significantly increased appeal ratings among 16-30 year olds, while health warning labels significantly decreased appeal.

Sensitivity and specificity of S2BI for identifying alcohol and cannabis use disorders among adolescents presenting for primary care.

Levy, Sharon · 2021

Using monthly or more frequent use as the threshold, S2BI had 90% sensitivity and 89% specificity for moderate-to-severe CUD, and 100% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity for moderate-to-severe AUD.

Acute effects of cannabis on speech illusions and psychotic-like symptoms: two studies testing the moderating effects of cannabidiol and adolescence.

Mokrysz, Claire · 2021

Cannabis increased psychotic-like symptoms (PSI scores) in both studies.

The association of alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use with disease severity in adolescents and young adults with pediatric chronic kidney disease.

Molino, Andrea R · 2021

Past-year and 30-day cigarette use were significantly associated with higher proteinuria (+18.6% and +20.0% respectively).

Cannabis use among early adolescents and transdiagnostic mental health risk factors.

Moreno-Mansilla, Sara · 2021

Cannabis users scored significantly higher on anomalous reality perception (d = 0.60), hopelessness (d = 0.85), depression symptoms (d = 0.80), rumination (d = 0.48), and anxiety (d = 0.39).

A Digital Health Tool to Understand and Prevent Cannabis-Impaired Driving Among Youth: A Cross-sectional Study of Responses to a Brief Intervention for Cannabis Use.

Moreno, Georgina · 2021

Every 10-point increase in ASSIST score increased the probability of sometimes driving after cannabis use by 7.3%.

Behavioral and Cognitive Differences in Early Childhood related to Prenatal Marijuana Exposure.

Murnan, Aaron W · 2021

Compared to non-exposed children, those with prenatal marijuana exposure had significantly more sleep-related problems, withdrawal symptoms, externalizing problems including aggressive behaviors and oppositional defiant behaviors at age 3.5.

Same-day use of cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis among sexual minority and heterosexual young adult smokers.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2021

Sexual minority young adults had significantly greater odds of same-day cigarette and cannabis use (AOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.04-4.01) and all three substances combined (AOR 2.79, 95% CI 1.51-5.14) compared to heterosexuals.

Cannabis Use, Age of Initiation, and Neurocognitive Performance: Findings from a Large Sample of Heavy Drinking Emerging Adults.

Parlar, Melissa · 2021

Daily cannabis users showed significantly poorer working memory, more impulsive delay discounting, and greater ADHD symptom endorsement compared to non-users.

Cannabis use disorder and increased risk of arrhythmia-related hospitalization in young adults.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2021

CUD was associated with 1.28 times higher odds of arrhythmia hospitalization in 15-24 year olds (95% CI: 1.229-1.346) and 1.52 times in 25-34 year olds (95% CI: 1.469-1.578).

Intoxicated driving and riding with impaired drivers: Comparing days with alcohol, marijuana, and simultaneous use.

Patrick, Megan E · 2021

On simultaneous alcohol-marijuana days, odds of riding with an impaired driver were 1.28x higher than alcohol-only days and 2.22x higher than marijuana-only days.

Association between age of cannabis initiation and gray matter covariance networks in recent onset psychosis.

Penzel, Nora · 2021

Earlier cannabis initiation was linked to greater cerebellar gray matter volume in a network previously identified as altered in schizophrenia, independent of confounders.

Daily, but not occasional, cannabis use is selectively associated with more impulsive delay discounting and hyperactive ADHD symptoms in binge-drinking young adults.

Petker, Tashia · 2021

Daily cannabis users showed significantly more impulsive delay discounting and more hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms compared to both occasional users and non-users.

Sex Differences in Neuropsychological Functioning are Domain-Specific in Adolescent and Young Adult Regular Cannabis Users.

Savulich, George · 2021

Male cannabis users had poorer visual recognition memory while female users showed worse attention and executive functioning (medium to large effect sizes), with earlier initiation and heavier use more strongly linked to attention deficits in females and memory/learning deficits in males..

The relationship between alcohol and cannabis use with nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescent inpatients: Examining the 90 days prior to psychiatric hospitalization.

Sellers, Christina M · 2021

While neither cannabis nor alcohol use independently predicted nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) on a daily level, co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use on the same day increased the odds of NSSI by 30.5 times (OR=30.5, p<0.05) in the 90 days prior to hospitalization..

Density of medical and recreational cannabis outlets: racial/ethnic differences in the associations with young adult intentions to use cannabis, e-cigarettes, and cannabis mixed with tobacco/nicotine.

Shih, Regina A · 2021

While outlet density showed no overall association with use intentions, stratified analyses revealed that White young adults near more recreational retailers had stronger co-use intentions, while Hispanic young adults near more medical dispensaries had lower e-cigarette use intentions..

Predictors of cannabis use among first-time justice-involved youth: A cohort study.

Tolou-Shams, Marina · 2021

Of 391 first-time justice-involved youth, 48.1% had lifetime cannabis use and 14.8% initiated during 12-month follow-up.

VOICES: An efficacious trauma-informed, gender-responsive cannabis use intervention for justice and school-referred girls with lifetime substance use history.

Tolou-Shams, Marina · 2021

Girls randomized to VOICES reported significantly less cannabis use over 9-month follow-up compared to the control condition (p<0.01).

Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in cannabis use disorder related hospitalizations in teenagers from 2003 to 2016 in the United States.

Umapathi, Krishna Kishore · 2021

Among 876,431 CUD-related teen hospitalizations, 0.5% involved cardiac arrhythmias.

Cerebellar thickness changes associated with heavy cannabis use: A 3-year longitudinal study.

Wang, Yanpei · 2021

Both lobule VI and Crus I had higher rates of thickness increase in cannabis users than controls.

Attitudes and beliefs about recreational cannabis legalization among cannabis-using young adults in Los Angeles: Impact on concurrent cannabis practices and problematic cannabis use.

Wong, Carolyn F · 2021

Three groups emerged: Impacted (n=113), Partially-Impacted (n=131), and Neutral (n=57).

Relationship between cannabis use and psychotic experiences in college students.

Wright, Abigail C · 2021

Greater weekly cannabis use was associated with increased hallucinatory experiences (persisting after controlling for depression) and delusional ideation (not persisting after depression adjustment).

Emergency Department Pediatric Visits in Alberta for Cannabis After Legalization.

Yeung, Matthew E M · 2021

Pediatric cannabis-related ED visit volume did not change post-legalization when accounting for pre-existing trends.

Adolescent drug use initiation and transition into other drugs: A retrospective longitudinal examination across race/ethnicity.

Zhang, Saijun · 2021

Two-thirds of adolescent drug users started with marijuana, one-quarter with inhalants.

Diagnosis and Acute Management of Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Zhu, Jie Wei · 2021

Adolescent CHS fulfills adult diagnostic criteria.

Cannabidiol treatment of severe refractory epilepsy in children and young adults.

Zilmer, Monica · 2021

At 3 months, 31.4% of patients achieved 50% or greater seizure reduction and 68.6% showed some improvement.

Medical Cannabis in Children.

Aran, Adi · 2020

Robust evidence exists only for pure CBD treating specific refractory epilepsies (Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut).

Is the Adolescent Brain at Greater Vulnerability to the Effects of Cannabis? A Narrative Review of the Evidence.

Blest-Hopley, Grace · 2020

Adolescent cannabis users show altered functional connectivity within established brain circuits, with largely increased functional activation compared to controls.

Cannabis use, depression and suicidal ideation in adolescence: direction of associations in a population based cohort.

Bolanis, Despina · 2020

Depression at age 15 predicted weekly cannabis use at age 17 (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.19-4.43), even after adjusting for other substance use.

Evidence of Slow Neural Processing, Developmental Differences and Sensitivity to Cannabis Effects in a Sample at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis From the NAPLS Consortium Assessed With the Human Startle Paradigm.

Cadenhead, Kristin S · 2020

CHR participants who converted to psychosis had significantly slower startle latency than non-converters, driven by female participants.

Effectiveness of cannabidiol in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy in Argentina.

Caraballo, Roberto · 2020

Of 49 children followed for 3-12 months, 80% responded to CBD add-on therapy.

Cannabis-related driving and passenger behaviours among high school students: a cross-sectional study using survey data.

Carpino, Melissa · 2020

Greater perceived risk of regular cannabis use was associated with reduced driving under the influence (DUIC) and riding with a cannabis-impaired driver (RWCD) in a dose-response pattern.

Cannabis Use in Adolescence: A Review of Neuroimaging Findings.

Chye, Yann · 2020

Adolescent cannabis users showed alterations mainly in frontal and parietal regions and associated brain activation related to inhibitory control, reward, and memory.

Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Corsi, Daniel J · 2020

Autism spectrum disorder incidence was 4.00 per 1,000 person-years among cannabis-exposed children vs.

Slow Titration of Cannabidiol Add-On in Drug-Resistant Epilepsies Can Improve Safety With Maintained Efficacy in an Open-Label Study.

D'Onofrio, Gianluca · 2020

At 6 months, mean seizure frequency decreased 41% from baseline, and 37.8% had 50%+ seizure reduction.

Different Effects of Cannabis Abuse on Adolescent and Adult Brain.

Dhein, Stefan · 2020

THC activation of CB1 receptors diminishes neuronal growth factor production and affects signaling cascades involved in synapse formation.

Adolescent cannabinoid exposure interacts with other risk factors in schizophrenia: A review of the evidence from animal models.

Dunn, Ariel L · 2020

When adolescent cannabinoid exposure was combined with early-life adversity in animal models, patterns of synergistic and protective effects emerged.

Autonomy, competence and relatedness and cannabis and alcohol use among youth in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis.

Enns, Aganeta · 2020

Relatedness (feeling connected to others) and competence (feeling capable) were consistently associated with lower odds of 30-day and more frequent cannabis use, alcohol use, and binge drinking.

Developmental trajectories of illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse and cannabis practices among young adult cannabis users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2020

Self-reported medical cannabis use was negatively associated with membership in high illicit drug use trajectories.

Youth Exposure to Marijuana Advertising in Oregon's Legal Retail Marijuana Market.

Fiala, Steven C · 2020

About 72% of 8th graders and 78% of 11th graders reported marijuana advertising exposure.

Cannabis Use and Internalizing/Externalizing Symptoms in Youth: A Canadian Population-Based Study.

Girgis, Joseph · 2020

Frequent cannabis use was associated with elevated externalizing symptoms (OR 2.17 in males, 5.13 in females) and internalizing symptoms (OR 2.07 in males, 3.40 in females).

Update on the developmental consequences of cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation.

Grant, Kimberly S · 2020

Prenatal cannabis exposure was not associated with a unique pattern of birth defects or reductions in global IQ, but specific cognitive skills (attention and memory) were negatively affected.

Cannabidiol for Treating Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and Dravet Syndrome in Korea.

Koo, Chung Mo · 2020

Among 34 Lennox-Gastaut and 10 Dravet syndrome patients (ages 1-16), CBD at 10 mg/kg/day produced 50%+ seizure reduction in 32.3% of LGS patients at 3 months (declining to 20.6% at 6 months) and 30% of DS patients at 3 months (20% at 6 months).

Persistent cannabis use among young adults with early psychosis receiving coordinated specialty care in the United States.

Marino, Leslie · 2020

Of 938 first-episode psychosis patients in Coordinated Specialty Care, 38.8% used cannabis at admission and 32.8% had persistent use at 1 year.

Marijuana: the effects on pregnancy, the fetus, and the newborn.

Martin, Gilbert I · 2020

The review summarizes evidence that prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with lower birth weight, neonatal effects, and developmental delays during the first two years of life.

Correlates of cannabis and other illicit drugs use among secondary school adolescents in Nigeria.

Mehanović, Emina · 2020

In a survey across all six Nigerian geopolitical zones, cannabis and illicit drug use among adolescents (mean age 14.7) was associated with older age, single-parent households, parental smoking, parental permissiveness to drink, having drug-using friends, low perceived risk of harm, and positive beliefs about drugs.

Early onset of cannabis use and violent behavior in psychosis.

Moulin, Valerie · 2020

In a 36-month prospective cohort of 265 early psychosis patients, violent patients began cannabis use at an average age of 15.3 vs.

Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) in children with treatment-resistant epilepsy: Results from a state-based expanded access program.

Park, Yong D · 2020

Over 36 months, 45 children with treatment-resistant epilepsy (various etiologies beyond Dravet/LGS) treated with adjunctive CBD (Epidiolex, up to 50 mg/kg/day) showed statistically significant reductions in seizure frequency at months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36.

Perceptions of U.S. and Canadian Cannabis Package Warnings Among U.S. Adults.

Pepper, Jessica K · 2020

Among 1,000 US adults (500 cannabis users, 500 tobacco-using non-cannabis users), the psychosis warning was rated most educational and most frequently selected as best for discouraging youth use.

Cannabis use during pregnancy and its relationship with fetal developmental outcomes and psychiatric disorders. A systematic review.

Roncero, Carlos · 2020

Cannabis use among pregnant women is common (~5% or more), with risk factors including younger age, lower education, and concurrent tobacco/alcohol use.

Cannabinoid exposure in rat adolescence reprograms the initial behavioral, molecular, and epigenetic response to cocaine.

Scherma, Maria · 2020

Adolescent rats pre-exposed to the synthetic cannabinoid WIN showed cross-sensitization to cocaine, correlating with histone hyperacetylation and decreased HDAC6 in the prefrontal cortex.

Sperm DNA methylation altered by THC and nicotine: Vulnerability of neurodevelopmental genes with bivalent chromatin.

Schrott, Rose · 2020

THC exposure via oral gavage altered DNA methylation at seven neurodevelopmentally active genes in rat sperm.

Cognitive function and adaptive skills after a one-year trial of cannabidiol (CBD) in a pediatric sample with treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Thompson, Matthew D · 2020

Among 38 pediatric patients (ages 3-19) with treatment-resistant epilepsy, those who completed cognitive testing showed no significant changes after one year of CBD.

Perceived Ease of Access and Age Attenuate the Association Between Marijuana Ad Exposure and Marijuana Use in Adolescents.

Turel, Ofir · 2020

Perceived ease of access and age were both significantly larger predictors of past-year marijuana use than ad exposure.

Marijuana exposures in Colorado, reported to regional poison centre, 2000-2018.

Wang, George Sam · 2020

Total marijuana exposures increased by 11.2 cases per year overall (p<0.0001) but remained stable from 2014-2017 (p=0.22), with a 19.4% increase in 2018 vs.

Prenatal cannabis exposure and sleep outcomes in children 9-10 years of age in the adolescent brain cognitive development SM study.

Winiger, Evan A · 2020

Any prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, disorders of arousal, sleep-wake disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence, and a summed sleep disorder score (all p<0.03).

Cannabis-Associated Psychotic-like Experiences Are Mediated by Developmental Changes in the Parahippocampal Gyrus.

Yu, Tao · 2020

Psychotic-like experiences were associated with reduced expansion of the right uncus between ages 14 and 19 (p=0.002).

Cannabis cessation among youth: rates, patterns and academic outcomes in a large prospective cohort of Canadian high school students.

Zuckermann, Alexandra M · 2020

Only 14.8% decreased use between grades, with two-thirds making only incremental changes.

Adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol delays acquisition of paired-associates learning in adulthood.

Abela, Andrew R · 2019

THC-exposed rats took longer to learn a paired-associates learning task in adulthood, particularly with visually identical stimuli.

Coadministered cannabidiol and clobazam: Preclinical evidence for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2019

CBD potently inhibited liver enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C19) that metabolize clobazam and its metabolite, increasing plasma clobazam levels.

Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Adolescents With Acute Synthetic Cannabinoid Toxicity.

Anderson, Sarah Ann R · 2019

Synthetic cannabinoid-only exposure (n=107) was associated with 3.4x higher odds of coma/CNS depression (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.51-7.75) and 3.9x higher odds of seizures (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.39-10.94) compared to cannabis-only exposure (n=86).

Real life Experience of Medical Cannabis Treatment in Autism: Analysis of Safety and Efficacy.

Bar-Lev Schleider, Lihi · 2019

After six months of treatment with cannabis oil (30% CBD, 1.5% THC), 82.4% of 188 ASD patients were still in active treatment.

Endocannabinoid System and Alcohol Abuse Disorders.

Basavarajappa, Balapal S · 2019

Alcohol alters endocannabinoid levels and CB1 receptor expression in brain addiction circuits.

Quantitative biochemical screening for marijuana use and concordance with tobacco use in urban adolescents.

Benowitz, Neal · 2019

The standard immunoassay substantially underestimated THC exposure compared to high-sensitivity chromatographic testing.

Gene-environment interaction between an endocannabinoid system genetic polymorphism and cannabis use in first episode of psychosis.

Bioque, Miquel · 2019

The FAAH rs2295633 genetic polymorphism interacted with cannabis use to dramatically increase psychosis risk.

Threat Responsiveness as a Function of Cannabis and Alcohol Use Disorder Severity.

Blair, Robert James R · 2019

Increasing CUD symptomatology was associated with decreased responding to looming threat stimuli in regions including rostral frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, and amygdala.

Regular cannabis use is associated with altered activation of central executive and default mode networks even after prolonged abstinence in adolescent users: Results from a complementary meta-analysis.

Blest-Hopley, Grace · 2019

Adolescent cannabis users abstinent for over 25 days showed significantly greater activation in central executive and default mode network components compared to non-using controls.

Cannabinoid toxicity in pediatrics.

Blohm, Eike · 2019

Young children hospitalized for cannabis toxicity are increasingly exposed to high-concentration products (edibles, resins, vaping fluid) containing extremely high cannabinoid levels, leading to sedation, respiratory depression, and other adverse effects.

The neuropsychological profiles of young psychosis patients with and without current cannabis use.

Bogaty, Sophia E R · 2019

Healthy controls outperformed both patient groups across most cognitive measures, but no significant differences were found between cannabis-using (n=24) and cannabis-abstinent (n=79) psychosis patients on any cognitive measure, including premorbid intelligence, processing speed, flexibility, memory, attention, and visuospatial function..

Suicide ideation, planning, and attempts: the case of the Latinx LGB youth.

Boyas, Javier F · 2019

Cannabis use was a significant independent predictor of suicidal ideation (OR 1.76), suicide planning (OR 2.46), and suicide attempts (OR 3.12) among Latinx LGB adolescents, even after controlling for bullying, sexual assault, and depression.

Implementation and Effectiveness of an Online Responsible Vendor Training Program for Recreational Marijuana Stores in Colorado, Oregon, and Washington State.

Buller, David B · 2019

Among 420 trained employees, ID checking ability improved significantly (pre: 3.91 to post: 4.58, p<.001), as did confidence to use inventory tracking (pre: 2.52 to post: 2.85, p<.001) and to spot intoxicated customers (pre: 2.79 to post: 2.94, p<.001).

Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives.

Burggren, Alison C · 2019

Decades of research link recreational cannabis use to cognitive impairment across multiple domains, structural and functional brain differences associated with early and heavy use, and heightened risks during adolescence when brain development is ongoing.

What Every Pediatric Gynecologist Should Know About Marijuana Use in Adolescents.

Chadi, Nicholas · 2019

Despite limited research specifically on gynecological conditions, the many risks of adolescent marijuana use include negative effects on developing brains, adverse reproductive outcomes (menstrual irregularities, pregnancy complications), risky sexual behavior, and mental health problems.

Cannabis-related emergencies in children and teens.

Chen, Yih-Chieh · 2019

Cannabis-related pediatric ED visits are rising with changing legislation.

The Mediating Effect of Social Controls on Marijuana Use Among Adolescent Bullies, Victims, and Bully-Victims: A Comparison of Various Approaches to Mediation.

Cho, Sujung · 2019

Adolescent bullies and bully-victims had higher marijuana use rates than victims or uninvolved youth.

Cannabis acute use impacts symptoms and functionality in a cohort of antipsychotic naïve First Episode of Psychosis individuals.

Coutinho, Luccas S · 2019

Acute cannabis users had higher excitement symptoms and worse functioning at baseline.

Deficient Functioning of Frontostriatal Circuits During the Resolution of Cognitive Conflict in Cannabis-Using Youth.

Cyr, Marilyn · 2019

Cannabis-using youth (n=28) showed decreased conflict-related activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum, pallidum, and thalamus compared to healthy controls (n=32) during a Simon task.

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, risky substance use and substance use disorders: a follow-up study among young men.

Estévez-Lamorte, Natalia · 2019

ADHD predicted persistent risky alcohol and nicotine use and was positively linked to alcohol use disorder but negatively linked to cannabis use disorder at follow-up.

Illicit drug use and prescription drug misuse among young adult medical cannabis patients and non-patient users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2019

Self-reported medical cannabis use was associated with 50% lower odds of illicit drug use (AOR 0.5).

Tobacco and cannabis use in college students are predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions between MAOA genotype and child abuse.

Fite, Paula J · 2019

In female students, high-activity MAOA alleles combined with physical and emotional abuse predicted lifetime tobacco and cannabis use.

The Mental Health of Young Canadians Who Are Not Working or in School.

Gariépy, Geneviève · 2019

Being NEET was associated with depression (OR 1.67), generalized anxiety disorder (OR 2.65), and other drug use disorder (OR 3.22), but was not associated with cannabis use disorder (OR 0.97) or alcohol use disorder (OR 1.03)..

Age-related differences in the impact of cannabis use on the brain and cognition: a systematic review.

Gorey, Claire · 2019

General executive functioning appears more impaired in adolescent frequent cannabis users compared to adult users.

Employment and Marijuana Use Among Washington State Adolescents Before and After Legalization of Retail Marijuana.

Graves, Janessa M · 2019

Between 2010 and 2016, marijuana use decreased among 8th and 10th graders regardless of work status.

Developmental pathways of adolescent cannabis use: Risk factors, outcomes and sex-specific differences.

Hawes, Samuel W · 2019

Three cannabis use trajectories were identified: low (74%), chronic (12%), and escalating (14%).

Cannabis: An ancient friend or foe? What works and doesn't work.

Henschke, Philip · 2019

The endocannabinoid system is critical for brain development across fetal, infant, and adolescent stages.

Cannabis and the developing brain: What does the evidence say?

Jacobus, Joanna · 2019

Across two prospective studies (3 and 6 years), recency, frequency, and age of onset of cannabis use were the key variables predicting poorer neural health outcomes.

Factors Associated with Poly Drug Use in Adolescents.

Jongenelis, Michelle · 2019

20.3% had used at least one substance in the past 30 days, 6.7% used two, and 3.3% used all three.

Effect of Computer-Based Substance Use Screening and Brief Behavioral Counseling vs Usual Care for Youths in Pediatric Primary Care: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Knight, John R · 2019

At-risk youth receiving the computer-based screening and brief intervention (CSBI) showed significantly reduced cannabis use (HR 0.62) and reduced riding with impaired drivers (RR 0.58) compared to usual care over 12 months.

Reliability and Validity of the Newton Screen for Alcohol and Cannabis Misuse in a Pediatric Emergency Department Sample.

Linakis, James G · 2019

For cannabis use disorder, the Newton screen achieved baseline sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 93.5%.

Synthetic cannabinoid use among college students.

Mathews, Eva M · 2019

7.9% lifetime synthetic cannabinoid use; 16.7% of users considered or visited the ER.

Marijuana use among adolescents is associated with deleterious alterations in mature BDNF.

Miguez, Maria Jose · 2019

Pre-existing BDNF levels did not differ between groups, but marijuana use predicted subsequent BDNF alterations (p=0.001).

Adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol alters the transcriptional trajectory and dendritic architecture of prefrontal pyramidal neurons.

Miller, Michael L · 2019

THC exposure disrupted normal PFC development by inducing premature spine pruning and dendritic atrophy.

Parental Cannabis Use Is Associated with Cannabis Initiation and Use in Offspring.

O'Loughlin, Jennifer L · 2019

Grade 6 students whose parents reported past-year cannabis use were 1.8 times more likely to initiate cannabis during high school.

Prenatal cannabinoid exposure and altered neurotransmission.

Pinky, Priyanka D · 2019

Prenatal cannabinoid exposure alters multiple neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and opioid systems.

Legalized Cannabis in Colorado Emergency Departments: A Cautionary Review of Negative Health and Safety Effects.

Roberts, Brad A · 2019

The most concerning effects were psychosis, suicide, and other substance abuse.

Use of Alcohol and Cannabis Among Adults Driving Children in Washington State.

Romano, Eduardo · 2019

Drivers with children were less likely to be alcohol positive (0.2% vs.

Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cannabidiol in Children with Refractory Epilepsy: Results from an Expanded Access Program in the US.

Sands, Tristan T · 2019

Seven of 26 children (26.9%) achieved sustained >50% seizure reduction, including 3 (11.5%) who became seizure-free.

Alcohol and marijuana use among young injured drivers in Arizona, 2008-2014.

Shults, Ruth A · 2019

Of drivers with BAC results, 19% tested positive (82% of those at or above 0.08 g/dL).

Cannabis Use for Medicinal Purposes among Canadian University Students.

Smith, Jacqueline M · 2019

52% had used cannabis at least once; 11% reported medicinal use.

Cannabis and youth protection in Colorado's commercial adult-use market: A qualitative investigation.

Subritzky, Todd · 2019

Qualitative interviews with 32 key stakeholders and analysis of 13 government documents revealed five themes: advertising restrictions, education efforts, appropriation of funds for prevention, impact assessment challenges, and evolving messages in prevention campaigns.

Marijuana trajectories and associations with driving risk behaviors in Canadian youth.

Sukhawathanakul, Paweena · 2019

Chronic cannabis users and those with increasing use patterns were more likely to engage in risky impaired driving behaviors.

Sex Differences in the Association Between School Experiences and Marijuana Use Among African American Adolescents.

Vidourek, Rebecca A · 2019

For females, the strongest risk factors were negative school feelings (OR 2.72), finding courses uninteresting (OR 2.70), and poor grades (OR 2.52).

Effects of Cannabis Use and Subclinical ADHD Symptomology on Attention Based Tasks in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Wallace, Alexander L · 2019

Cannabis users demonstrated significantly slower hit rate response on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), an attention task.

Incidence of Pediatric Cannabis Exposure Among Children and Teenagers Aged 0 to 19 Years Before and After Medical Marijuana Legalization in Massachusetts.

Whitehill, Jennifer M · 2019

Single-substance cannabis calls increased from 0.4 to 1.1 per 100,000 population after medical marijuana legalization (IRR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9), a 140% increase.

Parental views on state cannabis laws and marijuana use for their medically vulnerable children.

Wisk, Lauren E · 2019

While 89.9% said any marijuana use was risky for their child, 27.9% would approve if prescribed as medicine.

Acute Cannabis Toxicity.

Wong, Kei U · 2019

Unintentional cannabis ingestions in children can cause significant toxicity including encephalopathy, coma, and respiratory depression.

Psychotic patients who used cannabis frequently before illness onset have higher genetic predisposition to schizophrenia than those who did not.

Aas, M · 2018

Researchers assigned schizophrenia polygenic risk scores to 381 schizophrenia spectrum patients, 220 bipolar disorder spectrum patients, and 415 healthy controls.

Associations between adolescent cannabis use and brain structure in psychosis.

Abush, Hila · 2018

Researchers examined brain structure in 109 people with psychotic disorders, comparing those with and without a history of adolescent cannabis use.

Adolescent Synthetic Cannabinoid Exposure Produces Enduring Changes in Dopamine Neuron Activity in a Rodent Model of Schizophrenia Susceptibility.

Aguilar, David D · 2018

Researchers used a novel rodent model where about 40% of rats carry genetic susceptibility to a schizophrenia-like phenotype.

Effects of the "Circle of Life" HIV-prevention program on marijuana use among American Indian middle school youths: a group randomized trial in a Northern Plains tribe.

Asdigian, Nancy L · 2018

Researchers evaluated a secondary benefit of the Circle of Life (COL) program, a culturally tailored HIV and STD prevention intervention delivered in all 13 middle schools on a rural Northern Plains reservation.

Clinical Correlates of Cannabis Use Among Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Brandt, Ariel · 2018

Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, researchers examined cannabis use patterns among adults with and without ADHD.

Initiation of vaporizing cannabis: Individual and social network predictors in a longitudinal study of young adults.

Cassidy, Rachel N · 2018

Researchers tracked 1,313 first-year college students using social network methods to understand the emerging trend of vaping cannabis.

Cluster randomised controlled trial of an online intervention to prevent ecstasy and new psychoactive substance use among adolescents: final results and implications for implementation.

Champion, Katrina E · 2018

Researchers tested a web-based prevention program delivered through school health education classes to 1,126 Australian students across 11 schools.

Parental Restriction of Movie Viewing Prospectively Predicts Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Initiation: Implications for Media Literacy Programs.

Cox, Melissa J · 2018

Researchers followed 1,023 adolescents to examine whether parental restrictions on movie viewing predicted subsequent substance use initiation.

Cannabis Use During the Perinatal Period in a State With Legalized Recreational and Medical Marijuana: The Association Between Maternal Characteristics, Breastfeeding Patterns, and Neonatal Outcomes.

Crume, Tessa L · 2018

Researchers analyzed data from 3,207 Colorado women who completed the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System survey with state-added cannabis questions.

Adult Cellular Neuroadaptations Induced by Adolescent THC Exposure in Female Rats Are Rescued by Enhancing Anandamide Signaling.

Cuccurazzu, Bruna · 2018

Female rats exposed to THC during adolescence developed depressive-like behaviors and measurable brain changes in adulthood.

The Psychiatric Consequences of Cannabinoids.

De Aquino, Joao P · 2018

This overview examined the psychiatric effects of both plant-based and synthetic cannabinoids across different timeframes. Acutely, cannabinoids produce multiphasic, dose-dependent effects on anxiety, mood, and perception while impairing cognition and psychomotor function.

Rural and urban substance use differences: Effects of the transition to college.

Derefinko, Karen J · 2018

Researchers tracked substance use among 431 college students from freshman through junior year, comparing rural and urban backgrounds. As freshmen, rural students were less likely to use alcohol and marijuana than their urban counterparts.

Pre- and postnatal tobacco and cannabis exposure and child behavior problems: Bidirectional associations, joint effects, and sex differences.

Eiden, Rina D · 2018

Researchers followed 247 low-income mothers and their children from pregnancy through age 3, tracking prenatal substance exposure and child behavior problems. Prenatal tobacco exposure showed stronger effects in girls: girls in the tobacco-exposed group had higher internalizing problems, anxiety/depression, and attention problems compared to other groups.

Trends in Cannabis and Cigarette Use Among Parents With Children at Home: 2002 to 2015.

Goodwin, Renee D · 2018

Researchers analyzed nationally representative data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to track cannabis and cigarette use trends among parents with children at home from 2002 to 2015. Past-month cannabis use among parents increased from 4.9% in 2002 to 6.8% in 2015, while cigarette smoking declined from 27.6% to 20.2%. The increase in cannabis use was most pronounced among cigarette-smoking parents, rising from 11.0% to 17.4%.

Efficacy of CBD-enriched medical cannabis for treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents - An observational, longitudinal study.

Hausman-Kedem, Moran · 2018

Researchers followed 57 patients aged 1-20 years with epilepsy of various causes who were treated with CBD-enriched cannabis oil (CBD:THC ratio of 20:1) for at least 3 months, with a median follow-up of 18 months. Of 46 patients included in efficacy analysis, 26 (56%) achieved at least 50% reduction in mean monthly seizure frequency. Response rates did not differ significantly by epilepsy type or cannabis strain used.

Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia is associated with cannabis use patterns during adolescence.

Hiemstra, Marieke · 2018

Researchers followed 372 adolescents from the RADAR-Y study, tracking substance use from ages 13-20 while measuring each participant's genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia using polygenic risk scores. High schizophrenia genetic vulnerability was specifically associated with a stronger increase in cannabis use during ages 16-20.

Adolescent Brain Surface Area Pre- and Post-Cannabis and Alcohol Initiation.

Infante, M Alejandra · 2018

Researchers obtained brain scans from 69 adolescents at baseline (ages 12-14, before any substance use) and again at follow-up (ages 17-21). Participants were split into three groups: alcohol-only initiators, alcohol-plus-cannabis initiators, and minimal-use controls. All groups showed surface area decreases over time (consistent with normal brain maturation), but the pattern differed by substance use. A significant group-by-time interaction appeared in three regions: bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortices and right insula.

Subcortical Local Functional Hyperconnectivity in Cannabis Dependence.

Manza, Peter · 2018

Researchers examined resting-state brain connectivity in subcortical regions using data from 441 young adults in the Human Connectome Project. Thirty cannabis-dependent subjects were compared to 30 controls matched on age, sex, education, BMI, anxiety, depression, and alcohol/tobacco use. Cannabis-dependent individuals showed markedly increased local functional connectivity in several subcortical regions: ventral striatum (where the nucleus accumbens is located), midbrain (where dopamine-producing neurons reside), brainstem, and lateral thalamus. These hyperconnectivity effects occurred without significant differences in subcortical brain volumes. The effects were most pronounced in individuals who began cannabis use earliest in life and who reported high levels of negative emotionality. The researchers interpreted these findings as reflecting changes in dopaminergic circuits implicated in both psychosis and habit formation/reward processing..

Psychosocial and cessation-related differences between tobacco-marijuana co-users and single product users in a college student population.

Masters, Matthew N · 2018

Researchers studied 721 college students aged 18-25 who used cigarettes and/or marijuana: 238 cigarette-only, 331 marijuana-only, and 152 co-users. Co-users rated the importance of quitting higher for cigarettes than marijuana, but had lower confidence in their ability to quit cigarettes versus marijuana. Co-users were more likely to report readiness to quit cigarettes (vs.

A prospective open-label trial of a CBD/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome.

McCoy, Bláthnaid · 2018

Twenty children with Dravet syndrome received add-on therapy with TIL-TC150, a cannabis oil containing 100 mg/mL CBD and 2 mg/mL THC. Doses ranged from 2-16 mg/kg/day of CBD (mean achieved: 13.3 mg/kg/day) and 0.04-0.32 mg/kg/day of THC (mean: 0.27 mg/kg/day). Nineteen of 20 participants completed the 20-week intervention. Results showed a median motor seizure reduction of 70.6%, with 63% of patients achieving at least 50% seizure reduction. There was a statistically significant improvement in quality of life and reduction in EEG spike activity. Adverse events during titration included somnolence, anorexia, and diarrhea.

Differential relationships of PTSD and childhood trauma with the course of substance use disorders.

Mergler, Michaela · 2018

Researchers divided 459 patients with substance use disorders into three groups: childhood trauma plus PTSD (CT-PTSD, n=95), childhood trauma without PTSD (CT-only, n=134), and no trauma (n=209). A graded pattern emerged across nearly all outcomes, with CT-PTSD worst, CT-only intermediate, and no-trauma best. Both trauma groups reported significantly higher anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts than the no-trauma group. The CT-PTSD group had significantly younger age at first cannabis and alcohol use, more cannabis use in the past month, and more lifetime drug overdoses compared to the no-trauma group. The authors concluded that both childhood trauma and PTSD independently contribute to substance use severity, and treatment programs should assess and address both domains rather than focusing on one alone..

Marijuana Use in Pregnancy and While Breastfeeding.

Metz, Torri D · 2018

Researchers reviewed the literature on marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, published in a major obstetrics journal. Key findings: - Marijuana crosses the placenta and is present in breast milk, directly exposing the fetus and nursing infant. - The endocannabinoid system plays important roles in implantation, placentation, and fetal neurologic development, making disruption biologically plausible. - Two recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses found associations between marijuana use and adverse perinatal outcomes, especially with heavy use. - Three longitudinal cohort studies demonstrated possible effects of prenatal exposure on long-term neurobehavioral outcomes in children. - Marijuana use may be associated with growth restriction, stillbirth, spontaneous preterm birth, and NICU admission. - Many women cited medical reasons for prenatal use: nausea/vomiting, anxiety, and chronic pain. Limitations acknowledged: most studies are retrospective, rely on self-report (which underestimates use), and many fail to adequately control for tobacco and sociodemographic confounders. Despite these limitations, the authors recommended women refrain from marijuana during pregnancy and lactation..

Universal cannabis outcomes from the Climate and Preventure (CAP) study: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Newton, Nicola C · 2018

Researchers randomized 26 Australian high schools (2,190 students, mean age 13.3) to four conditions: universal prevention (Climate), selective prevention for high-risk students (Preventure), combined (CAP), or health education as usual. Both Climate and CAP groups showed significantly greater increases in cannabis-related knowledge compared to controls (p < 0.001), with higher knowledge maintained at 6, 12, and 24 months. There was no significant difference between Climate and CAP groups, suggesting the combined approach did not add knowledge benefit beyond the universal program alone. No significant differences were detected between intervention and control groups on cannabis use or cannabis-related harms.

Cannabis Use Disorder in Young Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Trend Inpatient Study from 2010 to 2014 in the United States.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2018

Researchers examined trends in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among cannabis users using the National Inpatient Sample from 2010 to 2014. Key findings: - AMI admissions among cannabis users increased 32% over the study period (p = 0.001). - Mean age was 41 years and remained stable. - AMI was predominant in males (79.1%), with a 38.3% increase in prevalence among female cannabis users. - In-hospital mortality increased 60% (1.0% in 2010 to 1.6% in 2014). - Mean hospitalization costs averaged $65,879 per admission. - Mean length of stay showed a decreasing trend (p = 0.003) while costs increased (p = 0.024). - Moderate-to-severe morbidity was prevalent (p = 0.001)..

Is Cannabis Use Associated With the Worst Inpatient Outcomes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adolescents?

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2018

Researchers analyzed 11,232 ADHD adolescent hospital admissions from 2010-2014, of which 1.79% had comorbid cannabis use disorder. CUD prevalence was highest in ages 15-18 (73%) and in white adolescents (71%). ADHD adolescents with CUD had significantly worse hospitalization outcomes: - 1.8 times higher odds of hospitalization costs exceeding the median ($12,247) - 2.1 times higher odds of inpatient stays exceeding 5 days - Higher rates of transfer to acute care hospitals and skilled nursing facilities Paradoxically, CUD was associated with reduced utilization of treatments: - Psychotropic medication use reduced by 55% (aOR = 0.448) - Behavioral therapy use reduced by 59% (aOR = 0.412) CUD dramatically increased alcohol abuse risk: 17-fold higher odds (aOR = 17.141)..

Demographic and socioenvironmental predictors of premorbid marijuana use among patients with first-episode psychosis.

Pauselli, Luca · 2018

Researchers examined what predicted premorbid marijuana use patterns in 247 patients with first-episode psychosis. Three marijuana use variables were studied: age at initiation, escalation trajectory in the five years before psychosis onset, and cumulative dose. Age at initiation of cigarette smoking was the strongest predictor, linked to all three marijuana variables: earlier marijuana initiation, faster escalation to daily use, and higher cumulative dose. During childhood, poorer academic performance predicted earlier marijuana initiation, while poorer sociability was related to faster escalation and higher cumulative dose. Experiencing euphoric effects from marijuana was positively correlated with escalation and cumulative dose, but having negative experiences was unrelated. Traumatic childhood/adolescent experiences correlated with rapid escalation and amount used, but not with age of initiation..

Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Adolescent Use and Polyuse of Combustible, Vaporized, and Edible Cannabis Products.

Peters, Erica N · 2018

Researchers surveyed 3,177 tenth-grade students (mean age 16.1, 54% girls) from 10 Los Angeles high schools. Ever-use prevalence: combustible (smoking) 31.3%, edible 21.3%, vaporized 10.5%.

Efficacy of artisanal preparations of cannabidiol for the treatment of epilepsy: Practical experiences in a tertiary medical center.

Porcari, Giulia S · 2018

Researchers reviewed records of 108 pediatric epilepsy patients using artisanal CBD oil preparations at a tertiary medical center. 39% of patients achieved greater than 50% seizure reduction, with 10% becoming seizure-free. No patients achieved CBD monotherapy, but AED weaning became possible in 22% of patients. Patients also taking clobazam had a slightly higher response rate (44% vs 33% without clobazam), but this difference was not statistically significant. Sedation was the most common side effect, occurring in less than 4% of patients, all of whom were also taking clobazam. Notably, 14% of patients showed increased alertness and improved verbal interactions, a positive cognitive effect. Benefits were more marked in the CBD-alone group compared to CBD + clobazam, but this difference was also not statistically significant..

Adolescent THC exposure in female rats leads to cognitive deficits through a mechanism involving chromatin modifications in the prefrontal cortex.

Prini, Pamela · 2018

Adolescent THC exposure increased levels of the histone modification H3K9me3 and the enzyme Suv39H1 in the prefrontal cortex, altering expression of genes tied to synaptic plasticity.

Cannabis use is associated with lower rates of initiation of injection drug use among street-involved youth: A longitudinal analysis.

Reddon, Hudson · 2018

In a multivariable analysis, daily or more frequent cannabis use was associated with slower rates of injection drug initiation (adjusted hazard ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.45-0.98).

Effects of Adolescent THC Exposure on the Prefrontal GABAergic System: Implications for Schizophrenia-Related Psychopathology.

Renard, Justine · 2018

The review synthesizes evidence that adolescent THC exposure targets schizophrenia-related molecular pathways in the prefrontal cortex and mesolimbic dopamine system.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictions (substance and behavioral): Prevalence and characteristics in a multicenter study in France.

Romo, Lucia · 2018

Students with ADHD had significantly higher scores on substance use measures (alcohol, cannabis, tobacco) and behavioral addictions (gambling, compulsive buying, eating disorders, internet addiction) compared to non-ADHD students.

Cannabinoid-Based Therapies and Brain Development: Potential Harmful Effect of Early Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System.

Schonhofen, Patrícia · 2018

The endocannabinoid system regulates progenitor cell fate, neural differentiation, migration, and survival from early developmental stages.

Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Scott, J. Cobb · 2018

This was the first quantitative synthesis of the cannabis-cognition literature in adolescents and young adults.

Patterns in adolescent cannabis use predict the onset and symptom structure of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder.

Shahzade, C · 2018

Factor analysis of cannabis use motives produced four groups (sedation, stimulation, social pressure, recreation).

Momentary factors during marijuana use as predictors of lapse during attempted abstinence in young adults.

Shrier, Lydia A · 2018

Nearly 3 in 4 participants (73.5%) lapsed during attempted abstinence.

High times for cannabis: Epigenetic imprint and its legacy on brain and behavior.

Szutorisz, Henrietta · 2018

Cannabinoid exposure during critical developmental periods creates epigenetic changes (modifications to how genes are read) that persist long after exposure ends.

Adolescent cannabis use and brain systems supporting adult working memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval.

Tervo-Clemmens, Brenden · 2018

Earlier cannabis age of onset was associated with longer reaction times and reduced posterior parietal cortex activation during encoding, which mediated the age-of-onset effect.

Impact of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado on Adolescent Emergency and Urgent Care Visits.

Wang, George Sam · 2018

Marijuana-related visits increased from 1.8 per 1,000 visits in 2009 to 4.9 per 1,000 in 2015 (p<.0001).

Marijuana and Tobacco Coexposure in Hospitalized Children.

Wilson, Karen M · 2018

46% of children had detectable COOH-THC (marijuana metabolite) and 11% had detectable THC itself.

Alcohol, cannabis and other drugs and subsequent suicide ideation and attempt among young Mexicans.

Borges, Guilherme · 2017

In a prospective study following 1,071 young Mexicans from 2005 to 2013, cannabis use before age 15 was associated with nearly 4 times the risk of suicidal ideation (RR=3.97) and over 5 times the risk of suicide attempt (RR=5.23). Early-onset cannabis use disorder among cannabis users tripled the risk of ideation (RR=3.30) and quadrupled the risk of attempt (RR=4.14).

Marijuana and other substance use among male and female underage drinkers who drive after drinking and ride with those who drive after drinking.

Buckley, Lisa · 2017

In a sample of 2,150 underage drinkers (ages 16-20) from an emergency department, driving after drinking (DD) was reported by 22% of females and 28% of males.

School collective occupation movements and substance use among adolescents: A school-level panel design.

Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro · 2017

Marijuana use among Chilean adolescents doubled between 2009 and 2013, coinciding with a massive student movement in which hundreds of schools were occupied by students.

Cannabis; Epidemiological, Neurobiological and Psychopathological Issues: An Update.

De Luca, Maria Antonietta · 2017

The review synthesized evidence across three domains.

School Protective Factors and Substance Use Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents in California Public Schools.

De Pedro, Kris Tunac · 2017

Analysis of California Healthy Kids Survey data (2013-2015) revealed that school protective factors were significantly associated with lower substance use among LGB youth.

Marijuana Use in Pregnancy: Concerns in an Evolving Era.

Foeller, Megan E · 2017

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug during pregnancy, and its use is increasing in the US.

Cannabis and Canada's children and youth.

Grant, Christina N · 2017

Cannabis is the most common illicit drug used by Canadian teenagers.

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review.

Hanna, Rebecca C · 2017

This narrative review examined the relationship between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders across multiple categories.

Cannabis and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Change Blossoms a Mile High.

Hoffenberg, Edward J · 2017

Writing from Colorado, one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis, pediatric gastroenterologists described the practical reality of caring for children and adolescents with IBD in an environment of increasing cannabis awareness and acceptance. The review outlined the endocannabinoid system's role in gastrointestinal function, noting biological plausibility for both beneficial and harmful effects of cannabis in IBD.

Longitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in heavy cannabis users.

Koenders, L · 2017

This longitudinal study tracked hippocampal volumes in 20 heavy cannabis users and 23 matched controls over approximately 39 months using manual brain tracing, considered the gold standard for hippocampal measurement. At baseline, there were no differences in hippocampal volume between heavy users and non-users.

Assessment of tobacco, alcohol and cannabinoid metabolites in 645 meconium samples of newborns compared to maternal self-reports.

Lamy, Sandrine · 2017

This study compared what mothers reported about their substance use during pregnancy with what objective testing of their newborns' meconium (first stool) actually revealed. For tobacco, meconium cotinine testing agreed well with maternal self-reports (Kappa = 0.79), and meconium testing actually predicted neonatal consequences of tobacco exposure better than self-reports alone. For cannabis and alcohol, the story was different.

Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood.

Lichenstein, Sarah D · 2017

Following 158 young men from a longitudinal study that began in infancy, researchers identified three distinct trajectories of cannabis use from ages 14 to 19: stable high use, escalating use, and stable low use. The trajectory of cannabis use significantly affected functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens (the brain's reward center) and the medial prefrontal cortex.

Adverse Structural and Functional Effects of Marijuana on the Brain: Evidence Reviewed.

Mandelbaum, David E · 2017

This critical review focused specifically on evidence for structural and functional brain damage from cannabis, combined with neuropathological findings from a fatal case of cannabis-induced psychosis. The literature review found strong evidence that chronic cannabis abuse causes cognitive impairment and brain damage, particularly to white matter (the brain's communication cables), where CB1 cannabinoid receptors are abundant. The fatal case provided direct neuropathological evidence of white matter damage in a person who died from cannabis-induced psychosis, complementing the imaging-based evidence from living subjects. Regarding therapeutic claims, the review concluded that contrary to popular perception, there are few objective data supporting preferential use of cannabis over conventional therapy for neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, or schizophrenia.

Cannabis use, COMT, BDNF and age at first-episode psychosis.

Mané, Anna · 2017

This study investigated whether cannabis use and two genes (COMT Val158Met and BDNF Val66Met) interact to influence when psychosis first appears. Among 260 Caucasian first-episode psychosis patients, two factors independently predicted younger age at psychosis onset: early cannabis use and carrying the met-allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. The BDNF finding is significant because BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is critical for brain development and neural plasticity.

Trends of Youth Marijuana Treatment Admissions: Increasing Admissions Contrasted with Decreasing Drug Involvement.

Marzell, Miesha · 2017

This study examined national trends in youth marijuana treatment admissions from 1995 to 2012 using over 12 million treatment records. Two divergent trends emerged: the number of youth admitted to substance abuse treatment for marijuana steadily increased, while the degree of drug involvement (severity of use) among those admitted dramatically dropped over nearly two decades. The increasing admissions were largely youth in dependent living situations (living with parents), suggesting many were referred by parents, schools, or courts rather than seeking treatment voluntarily for severe problems. The decreasing severity suggests that changing perceptions and policies around marijuana may have lowered the threshold for treatment referral.

Cannabis and alcohol use, and the developing brain.

Meruelo, A D · 2017

This review examined how cannabis and alcohol affect the adolescent brain during a period when white and grey matter are still maturing and sex hormones are driving structural changes. Neuroimaging studies revealed differences in brain development between substance-using and non-using adolescents, including altered white matter myelination and grey matter volumes.

The social exigencies of the gateway progression to the use of illicit drugs from adolescence into adulthood.

Otten, Roy · 2017

This longitudinal study tracked 711 people without prior illicit drug use across three time points (ages 17, 22, and 27) to test whether friendships explain the "gateway" progression from cannabis to harder drugs. Cannabis use at age 17 was positively associated with having friends who used illicit drugs at age 22.

Cannabis and Amphetamine Use Among Adolescents in Five Asian Countries.

Peltzer, Karl · 2017

Among 38,941 school-aged adolescents (mean age 15.4 years) in Iraq, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mongolia, and Vietnam, overall lifetime cannabis use was 0.9% and lifetime amphetamine use was 1.0%. Current cigarette smoking was the only variable significantly associated with cannabis use across all five countries.

E-cigarette use and asthma in a multiethnic sample of adolescents.

Schweitzer, Rebecca J · 2017

In a statewide survey of 6,089 high school students in Hawaii (mean age 15.8), current e-cigarette use was significantly associated with currently having asthma (adjusted OR = 1.48) and with previously having asthma (aOR = 1.22). Notably, after controlling for e-cigarette use and demographic factors, neither cigarette smoking nor marijuana use were significantly associated with asthma in the multivariate analysis.

Individual, peer, and family factor modification of neighborhood-level effects on adolescent alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use.

Shih, Regina A · 2017

The study followed 2,539 high school students and college freshmen originally recruited from Southern California middle schools.

Age of Onset, Current Use of Alcohol, Tobacco or Marijuana and Current Polysubstance Use Among Male and Female Mexican Students.

Strunin, Lee · 2017

In this large cross-sectional survey of first-year university students in Mexico City, most students initiated alcohol at age 15, tobacco at 15-16, and marijuana at 16-17. Earlier initiation of alcohol and tobacco was associated with continued current use of those substances.

Duration of use of oral cannabis extract in a cohort of pediatric epilepsy patients.

Treat, Lauren · 2017

A retrospective review of 119 pediatric epilepsy patients using oral cannabis extracts (OCEs) revealed high rates of discontinuation.

Psychosocial determinants of marijuana use among African American youth.

Vidourek, Rebecca A · 2017

A survey of 7,488 African American students from 133 metropolitan schools found that 18.5% reported past-year marijuana use, with males significantly more likely to use than females. Risk factors for marijuana use included getting in trouble at school and with police, and attending parties where alcohol and other drugs were present.

Pediatric Concerns Due to Expanded Cannabis Use: Unintended Consequences of Legalization.

Wang, George Sam · 2017

The review identified cannabis legalization's impact on children across four developmental stages. Prenatal: Cannabis remains one of the most commonly used substances during pregnancy, with increasing use as legalization normalizes cannabis.

Strokes are possible complications of cannabinoids use.

Wolff, Valérie · 2017

Researchers compiled 98 cases from the medical literature where stroke occurred in the context of cannabinoid use.

Medical Cannabinoids in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Wong, Shane Shucheng · 2017

Researchers systematically reviewed 2,743 citations from medical databases and identified 22 studies involving 795 children and adolescents who received cannabinoid treatments.

The Changing Drug Culture: Emerging Drugs of Abuse and Legal Highs.

Albertson, Timothy E · 2016

This review for family practitioners cataloged the expanding landscape of synthetic recreational drugs.

Weeding Out the Truth: Adolescents and Cannabis.

Ammerman, Seth · 2016

This review addressed the growing tension between expanding cannabis legalization and concerns about adolescent use.

Mitigation of Marijuana-Related Legal Harms to Youth in California.

Banys, Peter · 2016

This policy review examined the consequences of criminalizing youth cannabis possession in California, arguing that the punishment often exceeds the harm of the drug. The review cataloged eight categories of harm from the criminal justice approach to juveniles: arrest records, incarceration subculture exposure, zero-tolerance school expulsions, federal student loan ineligibility, employment screening problems, racial disparities in arrests, financial costs, and immigration complications. While California had reduced possession of under one ounce to an infraction in 2011, juvenile marijuana arrests still outnumbered arrests for harder drugs.

Prioritizing Alcohol Prevention: Establishing Alcohol as the Gateway Drug and Linking Age of First Drink With Illicit Drug Use.

Barry, Adam E · 2016

Researchers examined data from 2,835 US 12th graders to determine which substance adolescents use first and how the age of first use relates to later drug involvement. Alcohol was the most commonly used substance, and the majority of polysubstance users consumed alcohol before trying tobacco or marijuana.

Prenatal, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to marijuana: Relationships with aggressive behavior.

Barthelemy, Olivier J · 2016

This review examined the evidence linking marijuana exposure at three developmental periods (prenatal, perinatal, and adolescent) to aggressive behavior. For prenatal exposure, the evidence provided minimal support for a direct relationship with aggressive behavior in childhood.

Use of cannabis during pregnancy and birth outcomes in an Aboriginal birth cohort: a cross-sectional, population-based study.

Brown, Stephanie J · 2016

Researchers surveyed 344 Aboriginal women giving birth in South Australia to assess whether cannabis use during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes. One in five women (20.5%) used cannabis during pregnancy, and 52% smoked cigarettes.

Effects of Marijuana Use on Brain Structure and Function: Neuroimaging Findings from a Neurodevelopmental Perspective.

Brumback, T · 2016

This review examined neuroimaging evidence on how marijuana affects brain structure and function, with a focus on developmental timing. A wide range of research has documented neurocognitive deficits associated with marijuana use, particularly when use begins during childhood or adolescence.

Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to United States poison centers.

Cao, Dazhe · 2016

Researchers analyzed edible marijuana exposure calls reported to US poison centers from 2013 through 2015. Of 430 calls, 91% occurred in states with decriminalized medical or recreational marijuana.

The Relationships of Parental Alcohol Versus Tobacco and Marijuana Use With Early Adolescent Onset of Alcohol Use.

Capaldi, Deborah M · 2016

Researchers studied 146 children of 93 parents to determine whether parental tobacco and marijuana use predicted children's age of first alcohol use, beyond the known effects of parental alcohol use. Mothers' alcohol use was significantly associated with children's earlier alcohol onset, while fathers' alcohol use alone was not.

Prevention of Youthful Marijuana Use.

Cermak, Timmen L · 2016

This policy review critiqued traditional approaches to youth drug prevention as overly simplistic, relying on exaggerated risk messaging and one-size-fits-all abstinence approaches that are not grounded in science. The authors recommended the Institute of Medicine's 1994 continuum of care model, which divides prevention into three tiers: universal prevention (broad population-level programs), selective prevention (targeting high-risk subgroups), and indicated prevention (for individuals already showing risk behaviors). They highlighted Student Assistance Programs (SAPs) in high schools and community coalitions as practical examples of how this tiered model can be implemented.

A cross-validation trial of an Internet-based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Champion, Katrina E · 2016

Researchers conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial of the Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis course, an internet-based prevention program, among 1,103 students (average age 13.25) from 13 Australian schools. Immediately after the intervention, students in the program showed significantly greater alcohol knowledge (effect size d=0.67) and cannabis knowledge (d=0.72) compared to controls.

Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2016

This landmark open-label trial enrolled 214 patients (aged 1-30 years) with severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy across 11 US epilepsy centers.

Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): Analysis of current data in the United States

ElSohly, Mahmoud A. · 2016

Researchers analyzed 38,681 cannabis samples seized by the DEA over twenty years.

Cannabis Involvement and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Discordant Twin Approach.

Few, Lauren R · 2016

Researchers studied nearly 10,000 Australian twins to untangle whether cannabis use leads to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) or whether both behaviors stem from shared genetic and environmental factors. Lifetime cannabis use was associated with a 2.84 times higher odds of self-injury.

Polytobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use patterns in college students: A latent class analysis.

Haardörfer, Regine · 2016

Researchers used latent class analysis to identify distinct patterns of substance use among 3,418 college students across seven US campuses.

Cross-sectional data on alcohol and marijuana use and sexual behavior among male and female secondary school students in New Providence, The Bahamas.

Kaljee, Linda · 2016

This study examined substance use and sexual behavior among over 2,500 secondary school students in Nassau, The Bahamas.

Marijuana use in the immediate 5-year premorbid period is associated with increased risk of onset of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.

Kelley, Mary E · 2016

This study examined 247 people experiencing their first episode of psychosis to determine whether marijuana use in the preceding years was temporally linked to psychosis onset. Escalation of marijuana use in the 5 years before psychosis onset was highly predictive.

The impact of ADHD persistence, recent cannabis use, and age of regular cannabis use onset on subcortical volume and cortical thickness in young adults.

Lisdahl, Krista M · 2016

Researchers compared brain structure in young adults with and without childhood ADHD who did or did not use cannabis regularly.

International trends in spice use: Prevalence, motivation for use, relationship to other substances, and perception of use and safety for synthetic cannabinoids.

Loeffler, George · 2016

This review compiled data from nationally and regionally representative surveys worldwide to characterize synthetic cannabinoid (Spice) use patterns. Lifetime prevalence in the general population ranged from 0.2% to 4%.

Adolescent Cannabis Use: What is the Evidence for Functional Brain Alteration?

Lorenzetti, Valentina · 2016

Adolescence is a critical period for brain development, particularly in regions with high cannabinoid receptor density.

Are adolescents more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cannabis than adults? A placebo-controlled study in human males.

Mokrysz, C · 2016

This groundbreaking study was the first to directly compare cannabis effects in adolescent (16-17) and adult (24-28) male users under controlled conditions. The results defied simple assumptions about adolescent vulnerability.

Go/No Go task performance predicts cortical thickness in the caudal inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with and without ADHD.

Newman, Erik · 2016

Researchers examined the inferior frontal gyrus, a brain region central to stopping yourself from acting impulsively.

ADHD and cannabis use in young adults examined using fMRI of a Go/NoGo task.

Rasmussen, Jerod · 2016

Researchers compared brain function during an impulse control task (Go/NoGo) across four groups: ADHD with and without cannabis use, and controls with and without cannabis use. Participants with ADHD made significantly more errors on the task and showed less activation in frontal and parietal brain regions and frontal-striatal circuits, regardless of whether they used cannabis.

Is the medical use of cannabis a therapeutic option for children?

Rieder, Michael J · 2016

This clinical review examined the evidence for medical cannabis use in children, prompted by case reports of children with refractory epilepsy responding to cannabis-based treatments.

Decision-Making Does not Moderate the Association between Cannabis Use and Body Mass Index among Adolescent Cannabis Users.

Ross, J Megan · 2016

In a sample of 238 adolescent cannabis users aged 14 to 18 (77% Hispanic), researchers found that greater lifetime cannabis use was associated with higher body mass index and a greater likelihood of being classified as overweight or obese. The researchers hypothesized that decision-making abilities might moderate this relationship, since impulsive decision-making could lead to both more cannabis use and poorer dietary choices.

Adolescent Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Alters WIN55,212-2 Self-Administration in Adult Rats.

Scherma, Maria · 2016

Adolescent rats received increasing doses of THC for 11 consecutive days during the equivalent of human adolescence.

Hookah Tobacco Smoking During the Transition to College: Prevalence of Other Substance Use and Predictors of Initiation.

Shepardson, Robyn L · 2016

Researchers tracked 936 incoming college students from before the start of their freshman year through the first 30 days of college.

Prenatal marijuana exposure impacts executive functioning into young adulthood: An fMRI study.

Smith, Andra M · 2016

Thirty-one young adults (ages 18-22) from the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study, a long-running longitudinal study, underwent fMRI during four executive function tasks: visuospatial working memory, response inhibition, verbal working memory, and interference control. Sixteen had been prenatally exposed to marijuana while 15 had not.

Alcohol use during a trial of N-acetylcysteine for adolescent marijuana cessation.

Squeglia, Lindsay M · 2016

In a secondary analysis of a marijuana cessation trial for adolescents, researchers examined whether reducing marijuana use affected alcohol consumption.

Patterns of electronic cigarette use in current and ever users among college students in France: a cross-sectional study.

Tavolacci, Marie-Pierre · 2016

In a survey of 1,134 French college students, 23% had ever used e-cigarettes and 5.7% were current users.

CBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: The current Israeli experience.

Tzadok, Michal · 2016

Researchers reported the experience of five Israeli pediatric epilepsy centers treating 74 children and adolescents (ages 1-18) with intractable epilepsy using CBD-enriched medical cannabis oil (20:1 CBD to THC ratio dissolved in olive oil). These children had severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy: all had failed more than 7 antiepileptic drugs, and 66% had also failed a ketogenic diet, vagal nerve stimulator, or both.

E-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette and marijuana use among Hispanic young adults.

Unger, Jennifer B · 2016

Researchers followed 1,332 Hispanic young adults in Los Angeles over one year.

Trends and Correlates of Cannabis-involved Emergency Department Visits: 2004 to 2011.

Zhu, He · 2016

Between 2004 and 2011, cannabis-only ER visit rates increased from 51 to 73 per 100,000 people aged 12 and older, while cannabis-polydrug visit rates rose from 63 to 100 per 100,000.

Predicting later problematic cannabis use from psychopathological symptoms during childhood and adolescence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study.

Zohsel, Katrin · 2016

In a cohort followed from birth to age 25, childhood conduct and oppositional defiant behaviors (measured between ages 4.5 and 11) predicted problematic cannabis use in young adulthood.

Not in Education, Employment, or Training status among young Swiss men. Longitudinal associations with mental health and substance use.

Baggio, Stéphanie · 2015

This study tracked 4,758 young Swiss men in their early 20s to understand what leads to becoming "NEET" (Not in Education, Employment, or Training).

Psychological, social and familial factors associated with tobacco cessation among young adults.

Bowes, Lucy · 2015

Researchers followed 678 regular smokers from a French cohort study (mean age 28.9) who had smoked for an average of 10.5 years.

Gateway to curiosity: Medical marijuana ads and intention and use during middle school.

D'Amico, Elizabeth J · 2015

Researchers surveyed 8,214 sixth-to-eighth graders in 16 Southern California middle schools in 2010 and 2011, assessing their exposure to medical marijuana advertising and their marijuana use and intentions.

Cost-Effectiveness of School-Based Prevention of Cannabis Use.

Deogan, Charlotte · 2015

Researchers used a Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Project ALERT, a school-based substance prevention program, compared to standard drug education.

Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology as predictors of cannabis use disorder onset during adolescence and early adulthood.

Farmer, Richard F · 2015

Researchers followed 816 participants through four diagnostic assessments between ages 16 and 30 to determine which psychiatric problems preceded the development of cannabis use disorders (CUDs).

Identifying classes of conjoint alcohol and marijuana use in entering freshmen.

Haas, Amie L · 2015

Researchers used latent profile analysis to identify four distinct groups among 772 incoming college freshmen based on their alcohol and marijuana use patterns.

Medical marijuana: review of the science and implications for developmental-behavioral pediatric practice.

Hadland, Scott E · 2015

This review for developmental-behavioral pediatricians examined three domains: cannabis use epidemiology among youth, neurocognitive effects in adolescents, and proposed medical uses in pediatric conditions. Regular cannabis use among adolescents was associated with well-recognized neurocognitive changes, with the developing brain being particularly susceptible due to the endocannabinoid system's role in normal neurodevelopment.

Brain activation to negative stimuli mediates a relationship between adolescent marijuana use and later emotional functioning.

Heitzeg, Mary M · 2015

Researchers tracked 40 participants from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, comparing 20 heavy marijuana users with 20 minimal-use controls.

Can cannabis use be prevented by targeting personality risk in schools? Twenty-four-month outcome of the adventure trial on cannabis use: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Mahu, Ioan T · 2015

Researchers randomized 21 London secondary schools to receive either personality-targeted interventions or standard programming.

Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: a review of the evidence.

Metz, Torri D · 2015

This review examined the evidence on marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation, noting that 3-30% of pregnant women use marijuana depending on the population studied. THC freely crosses the placenta and is found in breast milk.

School and work status, drug-free workplace protections, and prescription drug misuse among Americans ages 15-25.

Miller, Ted · 2015

Researchers analyzed data from over 20,000 young adults in national surveys to examine how school status, employment, and workplace drug policies relate to prescription drug misuse. Being a student was protective against prescription misuse.

Cannabis use in children with individualized risk profiles: Predicting the effect of universal prevention intervention.

Miovský, Michal · 2015

Researchers used a randomized controlled prevention trial with 1,874 sixth-graders (average age 11.8) to predict how a universal prevention program would affect individual children based on their specific risk profiles. Using eight risk and protective factors, they calculated personalized probabilities of cannabis use for each child with and without the intervention.

Influences of behavior and academic problems at school entry on marijuana use transitions during adolescence in an African-American sample.

Reboussin, Beth A · 2015

Researchers tracked 458 low-income, urban African American children from first grade through early high school to see how early academic and behavior problems related to later marijuana use. Two behavior problem classes emerged at school entry: externalizing (acting out) and attention/concentration difficulties.

Psychotic experiences are linked to cannabis use in adolescents in the community because of common underlying environmental risk factors.

Shakoor, Sania · 2015

Researchers used data from 4,830 twin pairs (aged 16) to determine whether the cannabis-psychosis association is driven by genetics, shared environment, or unique environment. Cannabis use was modestly heritable (37%) with strong shared environmental influence (55%).

Cannabis use in early adolescence: Evidence of amygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat.

Spechler, Philip A · 2015

Researchers used fMRI to compare 70 fourteen-year-olds with cannabis use history to 70 carefully matched never-using controls while they watched short videos of angry and neutral faces. Cannabis users showed significantly greater bilateral amygdala reactivity to angry faces compared to neutral faces.

Peer associations for substance use and exercise in a college student social network.

Barnett, Nancy P · 2014

Researchers mapped the social network of 129 college students living in one residence hall and examined whether peers' substance use and exercise behaviors were associated with individual behavior.

Response inhibition and elevated parietal-cerebellar correlations in chronic adolescent cannabis users.

Behan, B · 2014

Adolescent heavy cannabis users and matched non-using controls completed a Go/No-Go task (requiring them to inhibit a habitual response) during brain imaging.

Childhood and current ADHD symptom dimensions are associated with more severe cannabis outcomes in college students.

Bidwell, L C · 2014

In a study of 376 college undergraduates, researchers examined how specific ADHD symptom dimensions related to cannabis outcomes.

Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: relationship with using weapons including guns.

Brook, Judith S · 2014

In a longitudinal study of 838 inner-city African American and Puerto Rican participants, researchers identified distinct trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood and examined their association with violent behavior.

Marijuana and alcohol use and attempted smoking cessation in adolescent boys and girls.

Camenga, Deepa R · 2014

Among 804 adolescent cigarette smokers, researchers examined whether marijuana and alcohol use frequency predicted having ever attempted to quit smoking.

Cannabis use and suicidal ideations in high-school students.

Chabrol, Henri · 2014

Researchers surveyed 972 high school students on cannabis use, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, social anxiety, and personality traits.

Executive attention impairment in adolescents with schizophrenia who have used cannabis.

Epstein, Katherine A · 2014

Researchers compared attention performance across four groups of adolescents: early-onset schizophrenia with cannabis use disorder (EOS+CUD, n=18), schizophrenia only (EOS, n=34), cannabis use disorder only (CUD, n=29), and healthy controls (n=53).

Short-term mediating factors of a school-based intervention to prevent youth substance use in Europe.

Giannotta, Fabrizia · 2014

In a randomized trial across 143 schools in seven European countries (7,079 students), the Unplugged social influence-based prevention program was compared to usual health education.

Is Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND) an evidence-based drug and violence prevention program? A review and reappraisal of the evaluation studies.

Gorman, Dennis M · 2014

This critical review examined all published evaluations of Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND), a school-based prevention program.

Detection of new psychoactive substance use among emergency room patients: results from the Swedish STRIDA project.

Helander, Anders · 2014

The STRIDA project monitored new psychoactive substance (NPS) use among patients presenting to Swedish emergency departments and intensive care units.

The moderating effects of sex and age on the association between traumatic brain injury and harmful psychological correlates among adolescents.

Ilie, Gabriela · 2014

In a population-based survey of 9,288 Ontario students in grades 7-12, lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) was reported by 23.1% of males and 17.1% of females.

Cannabis, the pregnant woman and her child: weeding out the myths.

Jaques, S C · 2014

This review summarized knowledge about cannabis use in pregnancy, including pharmacology, placental transfer, and developmental effects.

Examining potential school contextual influences on gambling among high school youth.

Lee, Grace P · 2014

In a study of 25,456 students across 58 Maryland high schools, one-third reported lifetime gambling and 10% experienced gambling problems (31% of gamblers).

Subtypes of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cannabis use

Loflin, Mallory · 2014

Among daily cannabis users, a higher proportion met symptom criteria for ADHD subtypes that include hyperactive‑impulsive symptoms compared with the inattentive subtype.

Proximal and time-varying effects of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other hard drug use on adolescent dating aggression.

McNaughton Reyes, H Luz · 2014

Using data tracking students from 8th through 12th grade, researchers found distinct patterns by substance type and sex.

Proximal and distal social influence on alcohol consumption and marijuana use among middle school adolescents.

Salvy, Sarah-Jeanne · 2014

All three sources of social influence, perceived peer norms, best friend use, and being around users, predicted both alcohol and marijuana consumption across the middle school years.

Factors associated with the development of self-harm amongst a socio-economically deprived cohort of adolescents in Santiago, Chile.

Spears, Melissa · 2014

In a cohort of 2,042 adolescents from socioeconomically deprived areas of Santiago, Chile, the lifetime prevalence of self-harm was 23%.

Prevalence of marijuana use at college entry and risk factors for initiation during freshman year.

Suerken, Cynthia K · 2014

Nearly 30% of students arriving at college reported lifetime marijuana use.

Alcohol and marijuana use patterns associated with unsafe driving among U.S. high school seniors: high use frequency, concurrent use, and simultaneous use.

Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M · 2014

Analysis of 72,053 high school seniors surveyed from 1976 to 2011 found that higher substance use frequency, particularly alcohol use frequency, was significantly associated with unsafe driving (tickets, warnings, or accidents). Simultaneous use (using alcohol and marijuana at the same time) was associated with the highest rates of unsafe driving, followed by concurrent use (using both substances but at different times), followed by alcohol use alone.

Repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in adolescent monkeys: persistent effects selective for spatial working memory.

Verrico, Christopher D · 2014

Seven pairs of adolescent male rhesus monkeys, matched for baseline cognitive ability, received either THC or vehicle intravenously 5 days/week for 6 months.

A universal harm-minimisation approach to preventing psychostimulant and cannabis use in adolescents: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Vogl, Laura Elise · 2014

Among 1,734 Year 10 students (mean age 15.4) across 21 Australian schools, the computer-based Climate Schools program increased knowledge of cannabis and psychostimulants and decreased pro-drug attitudes compared to usual drug education. The program subdued ecstasy uptake and plateaued use frequency in the short term, though no effects on meth/amphetamine use were found.

Discontinuous college enrollment: associations with substance use and mental health.

Arria, Amelia M · 2013

Researchers followed 1,145 college students for four years.

Dispelling the myth of "smart drugs": cannabis and alcohol use problems predict nonmedical use of prescription stimulants for studying.

Arria, Amelia M · 2013

Researchers followed 984 college students over four annual waves.

The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis.

Borgelt, Laura M · 2013

The review covered three types of cannabinoid medicines available in North America: dronabinol (Schedule III), nabilone (Schedule II), and medical cannabis (Schedule I).

Changes in cannabis use among young people: impact on mental health.

Copeland, Jan · 2013

The review examined current trends in youth cannabis use and their mental health implications.

The effect of tobacco and marijuana use on dental health status in Nevada adolescents: a trend analysis.

Ditmyer, Marcia · 2013

Researchers screened 66,941 adolescents (ages 13-18) across Nevada middle and high schools from 2002 to 2010.

Prevalence and key covariates of non-medical prescription opioid use among the general secondary student and adult populations in Ontario, Canada.

Fischer, Benedikt · 2013

Two representative surveys in Ontario examined non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU): 4,023 adults and 3,266 secondary school students.

Attention problems in childhood and adult substance use.

Galéra, Cédric · 2013

Researchers followed 1,103 French youth from 1991 to 2009.

Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents with bipolar and cannabis use disorders.

Heffner, Jaimee L · 2013

Eighty adolescents (ages 13-22) with both bipolar I disorder and cannabis abuse or dependence were assessed for tobacco use.

Brief emergency department interventions for youth who use alcohol and other drugs: a systematic review.

Newton, Amanda S · 2013

Nine randomized controlled trials of emergency department-based brief interventions (BIs) for youth ages 21 and under were reviewed.

Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: patterns and thoughts about use.

Ramo, Danielle E · 2013

An online survey of young adult tobacco users (ages 18-25) found that over half (53%) had also used marijuana in the past 30 days.

Longitudinal associations of cannabis and illicit drug use with depression, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts among Nova Scotia high school students.

Rasic, Daniel · 2013

Nine hundred seventy-six students surveyed in grade 10 and again in grade 12 were assessed for cannabis, illicit drug use, depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts.

Marijuana craving trajectories in an adolescent marijuana cessation pharmacotherapy trial.

Roten, Amanda T · 2013

Eighty-nine adolescents were randomized to N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 1200 mg twice daily) or placebo in an 8-week marijuana cessation trial.

Impact of ADHD and cannabis use on executive functioning in young adults.

Tamm, Leanne · 2013

Researchers compared cognitive performance in young adults (average age 24) across four groups: those with childhood ADHD who used cannabis, those with ADHD who did not, non-ADHD cannabis users, and non-ADHD non-users.

Cannabis use as an indicator of risk for mental health problems in adolescents: a population-based study at secondary schools.

van Gastel, W A · 2013

In a survey of 10,324 secondary school students aged 11 to 16, past-month cannabis use was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in the odds of clinically relevant mental health problems as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

Steppingstone and gateway ideas: a discussion of origins, research challenges, and promising lines of research for the future.

Anthony, James C · 2012

The author examined the origins of "steppingstone" and "gateway" ideas about cannabis and other drug use, tracing references from American law and epidemiology as far back as 1858.

State of the art treatments for cannabis dependence.

Danovitch, Itai · 2012

This comprehensive review painted a sobering but nuanced picture of cannabis dependence treatment.

Cigarette smoking and its relationship to mood disorder symptoms and co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use disorders following first hospitalization for bipolar disorder.

Heffner, Jaimee L · 2012

Researchers followed 161 adolescents and adults with bipolar I disorder after their first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode, for up to 8 years.

Altered cerebral blood flow and neurocognitive correlates in adolescent cannabis users.

Jacobus, Joanna · 2012

Twenty-three heavy adolescent marijuana users (200+ lifetime use days) and 23 matched controls underwent brain perfusion scans at baseline and after 4 weeks of monitored abstinence (confirmed by urine testing).

The effect of cannabis use and cognitive reserve on age at onset and psychosis outcomes in first-episode schizophrenia.

Leeson, Verity C · 2012

Ninety-nine first-episode schizophrenia patients were divided into lifetime cannabis users and never-users.

An Australian twin study of cannabis and other illicit drug use and misuse, and other psychopathology.

Lynskey, Michael T · 2012

Researchers interviewed 3,824 young adult twins born 1972-1979 about cannabis and other drug use.

Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: use of a multi-state model.

Mayet, Aurélie · 2012

Using a retrospective cohort of 29,393 French teenagers, researchers modeled all possible pathways from initial abstinence through cannabis initiation, daily cannabis use, and other illicit drug (OID) initiation using a Markov multi-state model. The risk of initiating other illicit drugs was 21 times higher among cannabis experimenters and 124 times higher among daily cannabis users compared to non-users, after adjusting for tobacco and alcohol use.

Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife

Meier, Madeline H. · 2012

People who used cannabis persistently across early adulthood showed declines across multiple neuropsychological domains by age 38 compared to their own pre-use performance at age 13.

Early substance use initiation and suicide ideation and attempts among students in France and the United States.

Swahn, Monica H · 2012

Researchers analyzed data from over 28,000 students across France and the United States.

Does the "gateway" sequence increase prediction of cannabis use disorder development beyond deviant socialization? Implications for prevention practice and policy.

Tarter, Ralph E · 2012

Researchers followed sons of fathers with and without substance use disorders from ages 10-12 through age 22.

Adverse effects of cannabis.

· 2011

This comprehensive review examined multiple categories of cannabis adverse effects using systematic methodology. Acute effects included mental slowness, impaired reaction times, and occasionally heightened anxiety.

Age moderates non-genetic influences on the initiation of cannabis use: a twin-sibling study in Dutch adolescents and young adults.

Distel, Marijn A · 2011

Researchers examined 6,208 twins and 1,545 siblings from 3,503 Dutch families to understand how the genetic-environmental balance for cannabis initiation changed with age. At the median age of 16.5, genetic factors explained 40% of individual differences in cannabis initiation.

Associations of social phobia and general anxiety with alcohol and drug use in a community sample of adolescents.

Fröjd, Sari · 2011

Researchers followed Finnish adolescents aged 15-16 at baseline over two years to examine how anxiety related to substance use. Anxiety preceded substance use, but no reciprocal effect was found (substance use did not predict anxiety).

Suicidal ideation among young French adults: association with occupation, family, sexual activity, personal background and drug use.

Legleye, S · 2010

Researchers surveyed 4,075 French adults aged 18-30 about suicidal ideation, substance use, and psychosocial factors. Suicidal ideation in the previous year affected 5.7% of men and 4.9% of women. Depression was the strongest predictor for both sexes (adjusted OR approximately 8).

Diffusion tensor imaging in the early phase of schizophrenia: what have we learned?

Peters, Bart D · 2010

The review examined diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in first-episode schizophrenia patients and people at high risk for psychosis.

Simultaneous cannabis and tobacco use and cannabis-related outcomes in young women.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2009

Using data from 3,427 young women, researchers distinguished between co-occurring use (using both substances in one's life) and simultaneous use (using cannabis and tobacco on the same occasion). Regular cigarette smokers were 4.5-9.5 times more likely to also use cannabis and progress to cannabis abuse or dependence compared to non-smokers. Among the 1,073 women who used both substances, those who used them simultaneously were 1.6 times more likely to meet criteria for DSM-IV cannabis abuse, even after controlling for early risk factors and prior cannabis use stages. Twin analysis revealed that simultaneous use was not heritable (0% genetic influence) but was partly explained by shared environmental factors (31%), suggesting that peer groups and social contexts, rather than genetics, drive the behavior of combining these substances..

Adolescent tobacco use and substance abuse treatment outcomes.

de Dios, Marcel A · 2009

Researchers followed 1,779 adolescents in substance abuse treatment, categorizing them by cigarette smoking status: persistent smokers, nonsmokers, quitters, and those who started smoking during the study period. Persistent smokers and those who started smoking had significantly greater odds of relapsing on both alcohol and marijuana compared with those who quit smoking.

Reduced memory and attention performance in a population-based sample of young adults with a moderate lifetime use of cannabis, ecstasy and alcohol.

Indlekofer, F · 2009

Researchers tested 284 young adults (ages 22-34) drawn from a large epidemiological study, avoiding the recruitment biases common in drug research. Ecstasy and cannabis use were both significantly related to poorer episodic memory function in a dose-related manner, meaning more use was associated with more impairment. Attentional measures showed small but significant effects.

Does cannabis use lead to depression and suicidal behaviours? A population-based longitudinal study.

Pedersen, W · 2008

This population-based longitudinal study followed 2,033 Norwegians over 13 years from early adolescence to their late twenties. Cannabis use in early adolescence showed no associations with later depression or suicidal behaviors.

Puberty as a highly vulnerable developmental period for the consequences of cannabis exposure.

Schneider, Miriam · 2008

This review assembled evidence from human and animal studies showing puberty is a uniquely vulnerable period for cannabis exposure. The endocannabinoid system undergoes significant maturation during puberty, with changes in CB1 receptor density, endocannabinoid levels, and enzyme expression across brain regions.

Acute and chronic cannabinoid treatment differentially affects recognition memory and social behavior in pubertal and adult rats.

Schneider, Miriam · 2008

Researchers gave pubertal rats (postnatal day 40-65) and adult rats (postnatal day 80+) daily injections of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 for 25 days and tested behavior at three time points: immediately after the first dose, 24 hours after stopping, and 15 days after stopping. Pubertal-treated rats showed persistent deficits in both object and social recognition memory, indicating impaired short-term information processing.

Parental alcoholism predicts suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults with cannabis dependence.

Arendt, Mikkel · 2007

Researchers assessed 119 heavy cannabis users recruited from 19 substance treatment centers in Denmark.

Suicidal ideation and associated factors among in-school adolescents in Zambia.

Muula, A S · 2007

Using data from the 2004 Zambia Global School-Based Health Survey, researchers analyzed responses from 1,970 in-school adolescents regarding suicidal ideation and behavioral risk factors. Overall, 31.3% of students reported having seriously considered suicide in the past 12 months, with no significant difference between males (31.1%) and females (31.4%).

The association between conduct problems and the initiation and progression of marijuana use during adolescence: a genetic analysis across time.

Shelton, Katherine · 2007

Using data from 1,088 adolescent twin pairs in Wales and England, researchers examined how genetic and environmental factors influence the path from childhood conduct problems to adolescent marijuana use. Marijuana use initiation (whether someone tried it) was influenced by genetic factors, shared environment, and unique environment.

Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia.

Barnes, Thomas R E · 2006

Researchers studied 152 people recruited to the West London First-Episode Schizophrenia Study.

Changes in cannabis use and its consequences over 3 years in a remote indigenous population in northern Australia.

Clough, Alan R · 2006

Researchers conducted a 3-year follow-up in remote Aboriginal communities in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.

Effects of prenatal marijuana on visuospatial working memory: an fMRI study in young adults.

Smith, Andra M · 2006

Researchers scanned 31 participants from the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study (16 prenatally exposed to cannabis, 15 non-exposed) at age 18-22 using fMRI during a visuospatial working memory task.

Nicotine and cannabinoids: parallels, contrasts and interactions.

Viveros, Maria-Paz · 2006

This review examined the pharmacological interactions between nicotine and cannabis, two drugs increasingly used in combination, especially by adolescents and young adults. Animal studies suggested that the reinforcing effects of both drugs may be enhanced by joint consumption.

Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific?

Young, Susan E · 2006

Researchers studied 645 monozygotic twin pairs, 702 dizygotic twin pairs, 429 biological sibling pairs, and 96 adoptive sibling pairs, all aged 12-18 years.

Comorbidity: cannabis and complexity.

Raphael, Beverley · 2005

This review covered multiple dimensions of cannabis health effects and comorbidity.

Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers.

Vandrey, Ryan · 2005

Adolescents presenting for outpatient substance abuse treatment with cannabis as their primary drug completed questionnaires about withdrawal symptoms during past periods of abstinence. Nearly two-thirds reported experiencing four or more withdrawal symptoms.

Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons.

Pistis, Marco · 2004

After just 3 days of cannabinoid treatment followed by a 2-week washout, adolescent-treated rats showed long-lasting changes in how their dopamine neurons responded to other drugs.

Effects of prenatal marijuana on response inhibition: an fMRI study of young adults.

Smith, Andra M · 2004

Using fMRI, 31 young adults from the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study showed that greater prenatal marijuana exposure was associated with increased neural activity in bilateral prefrontal cortex and right premotor cortex during response inhibition tasks.

Five-year prospective prediction of marijuana use cessation of youth at continuation high schools.

Sussman, Steve · 2004

Among 339 teenage marijuana users at continuation high schools, 42% had quit marijuana use (no use in the past 30 days) at the 5-year follow-up.

Cannabis use and age at onset of schizophrenia.

Veen, Natalie D · 2004

Researchers conducted a population-based, first-contact incidence study in The Hague, Netherlands, examining 133 schizophrenia patients.

Testing Gateway Theory: do cigarette prices affect illicit drug use?

Beenstock, Michael · 2002

The researchers used variation in cigarette prices across birth cohorts in Israel as a natural experiment to test gateway theory.

Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use.

Ehrenreich, H · 1999

Researchers hypothesized that cannabis exposure during a critical brain development period around puberty could cause lasting neural changes.

Growth from birth to early adolescence in offspring prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marijuana.

Fried, P A · 1999

Researchers tracked weight, height, and head circumference from birth through early adolescence in children whose prenatal marijuana and cigarette exposure had been documented. Prenatal cigarette exposure produced clear effects at birth, with lower weight, but these differences disappeared within the first few years as children caught up.

One-year prospective prediction of marijuana use cessation among youth at continuation high schools.

Sussman, S · 1999

Researchers tracked 566 current marijuana users at continuation high schools (alternative schools for at-risk youth) over one year.

Reading and language in 9- to 12-year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marijuana.

Fried, P A · 1997

Researchers examined reading and language abilities in 131 children aged 9-12 who were part of a longitudinal study tracking prenatal drug exposure from a predominantly middle-class population. Prenatal cigarette exposure showed a dose-dependent association with lower language and reading scores, even after controlling for potential confounders.

The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use.

Fergusson, D M · 1996

Researchers followed a New Zealand birth cohort to examine what happened to children who began using cannabis before age 15.

The age of alcohol onset and alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use patterns: an analysis of drug use progression of young adults in New York State.

Yu, J · 1992

Researchers examined the "gateway theory" by analyzing substance use patterns among 16- to 24-year-olds in New York State.

Neurotoxicology of cannabis and THC: a review of chronic exposure studies in animals.

Scallet, A C · 1991

Multiple laboratories had reported that chronic exposure to THC or marijuana extracts produced persistent changes in the rat hippocampus, a brain region critical for learning and memory. The review identified two critical factors determining whether neurotoxic effects appeared: age during exposure and duration of exposure.

Health aspects of cannabis.

Hollister, L E · 1986

This extensive review examined cannabis health effects across virtually every organ system and population group. The review's central concern was youth: regular cannabis use might stunt emotional growth in adolescents, though whether the drug caused these effects or whether at-risk youth were drawn to use remained unclear.

Differential association between chronic cannabis use and brain function deficits.

Soueif, M I · 1976

Researchers administered 12 objective tests measuring psychomotor speed, distance and time estimation, memory, and visuomotor coordination to 850 regular cannabis users and 839 non-users. Cannabis users performed significantly worse than controls on most measures.

Cannabis Use Patterns and Blood Profiles in Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome.

Bloom, Joshua · 2026

This pilot study screened 869 adolescent emergency department patients to identify 10 with cyclic vomiting onset after chronic cannabis use—a ratio that illustrates both how common the screening population is and how specifically they identified CHS cases. All 10 participants had cannabis use disorder (9) or hazardous cannabis use (1) by validated assessment.

A qualitative study of same session co-use of nicotine and cannabis among adolescents and young adults.

Davis, Danielle R · 2026

Young people reported intentionally using nicotine and cannabis in the same session primarily to enhance the positive psychoactive effects of cannabis (improve/enhance the high).

Prenatal and early postnatal cannabis exposure interactions with adolescent chronic stress on anxiety-like, depression-like, and risk-taking behaviour.

Peterson, Colleen S · 2026

Prenatal cannabis exposure alone did not significantly affect anxiety, stress coping, or social behavior.

University belonging and college cannabis use at a northeast university: The role of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Rathod, K · 2026

About 50% of college students reported past-month cannabis use.

Measuring cannabis use and cannabis-related consequences among college students who engage in simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use: Associations by type of cannabis product and mode of use on weekend days with cannabis.

Shipley, Jennifer L · 2026

Participants reported more hits on days using joints, vapes, blunts, or other modes compared to bong use.

Investigating Cannabidiol's Effectiveness to Mitigate the Adverse Consequences of Exposure to Neonatal Procedural Pain.

Timmerman, Brian · 2026

Neonatal pain exposure decreased ultrasonic vocalizations and increased adult anxiety-like behavior in male rats.

Administration of the Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 Increases BDNF Expression Levels in the Adolescent Rat Brain.

Torres, Alejandro Guadalupe · 2026

Adolescent male rats received the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (a dual CB1/CB2 receptor agonist) via injection every 48 hours from postnatal day 30 to 44 — corresponding to human adolescence.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents: A Single Institution Case Series.

Vega Castellvi, Claudia · 2026

CHS, a recurring vomiting disorder triggered by long-term frequent cannabis use, is being identified in pediatric patients but remains underdiagnosed.

A Qualitative Study of How Teens in Washington State Make Sense of Cannabis Edibles Warning Labels and Packaging.

Willoughby, Jessica Fitts · 2026

Teens misinterpreted warning labels on cannabis edibles and felt warnings were hidden or unnoticeable.

Characteristics of Youth With Recent Substance Use With and Without Substance Use Disorder Presenting for Primary Mental Healthcare in Australia: Baseline Findings From the INTEGRATE Trial.

Ahounbar, Ellie · 2025

Comparing 51 youth with a current SUD to 21 without a lifetime SUD diagnosis, those with SUD endorsed more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, lower quality of life and role functioning, more alcohol-related problems, and higher frequency cannabis use.

Knowledge and attitude of college students towards cannabis use in urban India: A comparative perspective of users and non-users.

Ali, Enub · 2025

Among 260 college students in Mumbai, 11.2% reported cannabis use and 15% expressed desire to try it.

Potential Association of Air Leak Syndromes With E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI).

Anakebe, Chidi · 2025

A 15-year-old male with mild asthma presented with acute respiratory distress, hypoxemia, and neck/face swelling after using vaping products and inhaling cannabis.

Differential effects of gestational Cannabis smoke and phytocannabinoid injections on male and female rat offspring behavior.

Black, Tallan · 2025

Injected THC and CBD had more severe impacts on maternal and litter health and produced distinct behavioral patterns compared to smoked cannabis.

Multi-Modal Profiling Reveals Contrasting Immunomodulatory Effects of Recreational Marijuana Used Alone or with Tobacco in Youth with HIV.

Borkar, Samiksha A · 2025

Marijuana use alone was associated with elevated IL-10 levels and normalization of pro-inflammatory genes, suggesting an immunomodulatory effect.

Does cyber dating abuse victimization predict next-day alcohol and cannabis use among college students?

Brem, Meagan J · 2025

Among men, experiencing cyber dating abuse victimization predicted a 7.34-fold increase in odds of next-day cannabis use (p < .001).

Imposter Syndrome and Cannabis-Related Problems: The Roles of Social Anxiety and Coping-Motivated Cannabis Use.

Buckner, Julia · 2025

Imposter syndrome was significantly related to cannabis problems and to using cannabis to cope with negative emotions, particularly social anxiety.

Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in a single-center pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy cohort: a retrospective study.

Butera, Ambra · 2025

11 of 15 patients showed seizure frequency reduction: 7 were responders (over 50% reduction, including 2 seizure-free) and 4 were partial responders (30-50% reduction).

Accidental cannabis intoxication in two young children: clinical presentation and toxicokinetics - a case series.

Cafaro, Alessia · 2025

Peak plasma THC concentrations were 45.0 mcg/L in Case 1 and 54.7 mcg/L in Case 2.

Divergent outcomes of delta 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in adolescence on mesocortical dopamine and cognitive development in male and female mice.

Capolicchio, Tanya · 2025

In males, adolescent THC reduced dopamine axon volume in the medial prefrontal cortex and reduced presynaptic sites, while increasing dopamine innervation in the orbitofrontal cortex, suggesting axons were rerouted.

Understanding cannabis use and car crashes: Insights from a randomized trial using a driving simulator on THC blood levels and subjective measures of sleepiness and performance.

Cardozo, Bibiana · 2025

In this double-blind crossover RCT (randomized controlled trial where each person receives each condition), inhaled THC increased driving simulator collisions, with the clearest increase observed 4 hours after 10 mg and 30 mg THC.

Post-weaning exposure to cannabidiol disrupts testicular cytoarchitecture and sperm quality in mice.

Carvalho, Renata K · 2025

Both CBD doses (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) reduced Sertoli cell numbers at multiple spermatogenesis stages, decreased viable sperm percentage, and reduced morphologically normal sperm..

Part 1: Evaluation of Pediatric Cannabis-Drug Interaction Reports.

Chapin, Maryann R · 2025

Seven published case reports and 9,142 FAERS adverse event reports identified potential interactions between cannabis/cannabinoids and pediatric medications; cannabinoids may inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, increasing drug exposure and ADR risk..

Parental Perceptions and Practices Regarding Pain Management and Medical Marijuana Use in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease.

Cinquepalmi, Loretta · 2025

Parents had significant concerns about societal implications of medical marijuana use in their children; concerns about marijuana were similar to those about opioids despite marijuana being potentially safer; social consequences may impact treatment acceptability..

"If You Need to Light Up … You Gotta Do What You Gotta Do": A Qualitative Study of Adolescent Attitudes Towards Cannabis Use and Comparison with Alcohol Attitudes.

Clement, Alex · 2025

Adolescents' cannabis approval was contingent on legality, age, degree of use, and purpose; most endorsed cannabis as more acceptable than alcohol; reasons included perceived lower health risks, less addiction potential, and calmer intoxication..

Using intervention mapping to evaluate 'High-Alert,' a brief smartphone intervention to reduce youth cannabis-impaired driving.

Colonna, Robert · 2025

High Alert, a digital smartphone intervention for youth DUIC, was positively received by participants and showed preliminary efficacy in reducing driving after cannabis co-use compared to a no-contact control.

The Relationship between Cannabis Use and Demand for Cigarettes in Adolescents who Smoke Cigarettes.

Cornacchione Ross, Jennifer · 2025

Daily cannabis-using adolescents showed significantly higher cigarette demand intensity than non-users.

A Mobile App (Joint Effort) to Support Cannabis Use Self-Management and Reinforce the Use of Protective Behavioral Strategies: Development Process and Usability Testing.

Côté, José · 2025

The app scored 4.43 out of 5.0 on the Mobile Application Rating Scale, with particularly high marks for functionality (4.60) and aesthetics (4.53)..

The Current State of Unapproved Cannabidiol Product Use in Children.

Cowell, Braden · 2025

CBD has one FDA-approved pediatric use: Epidiolex for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Use of cannabis among youth who vape nicotine.

Davis, Danielle R · 2025

92.4% reported lifetime cannabis use, 68.6% past-month use.

Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Induces Transcriptional Alterations in Dopaminergic System with Associated Electrophysiological Dysregulation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Adolescent Rats.

Di Bartolomeo, Martina · 2025

Prenatal cannabis exposure increased mRNA levels of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex, with a particularly strong effect on D2 in males.

Modes of cannabis use, frequency of use, and cannabis use problems: A latent profile analysis of modes of cannabis use.

Dyar, Christina · 2025

Four groups emerged: smoking (reference), vaping concentrates, edible use, and multiple modes.

Event-Level Differences in Quantity, Frequency, and Consequences of Cannabis Use by Modes of Use Among Sexual Minority Women and Gender Diverse Individuals.

Dyar, Christina · 2025

People who used edibles infrequently experienced more negative consequences from edibles compared to smoking, while frequent edible users did not show this difference..

Medicinal cannabis for tics in adolescents with Tourette syndrome.

Eapen, Valsamma · 2025

Statistically significant improvements were observed in parent and clinician reports on tics, behavioral and emotional issues, and quality of life in adolescents treated with a THC:CBD formulation..

A Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Medicinal Cannabis in Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome.

Efron, Daryl · 2025

Seven of ten randomized adolescents completed the full protocol.

Infant Death due to Cannabis Ingestion.

Favretto, Donata · 2025

The child showed altered walking, balance, and consciousness after ingesting hashish, followed by respiratory failure.

Characterizing proximal risk for depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation with acute cannabis use and withdrawal among adolescents using ecological momentary assessment: Study protocol.

Feibus, Isabella · 2025

Heavy cannabis use and depression frequently co-occur in adolescents, with cannabis users at increased risk of major depressive episodes and suicidal ideation.

Sex-Dependent Effects of MAOA Genotypes on the Relations Between Childhood Sexual Abuse, Aggression, and Cannabis Use in Emerging Adults.

Fite, Paula J · 2025

Among 498 emerging adults, males with the low-activity MAOA gene variant (MAOA-L) who experienced childhood sexual abuse and used cannabis reported using it specifically for coping at higher rates than other groups.

Association of Frequent Cannabis Use and Symptoms of Depression among Black College Students.

Floyd, Leah J · 2025

Among 221 African American HBCU students, 30% reported frequent cannabis use.

Early onset marijuana use and suicidal ideation among African American college students.

Floyd, Leah J · 2025

19% reported suicidal ideation, 28% reported early onset use.

Lifelong dietary Omega-3, -6, and -9 ratios shape adult behavior and response to adolescent THC exposure in rats.

Frajerman, Ariel · 2025

In 164 rats fed omega-3, -6, or -9 enriched diets from conception, diet significantly affected social behavior, anxiety, cognitive flexibility, and impulse control.

Characterizing the Population of a Medical Cannabis Clinic in a Pediatric Hospital.

Free, Taylor · 2025

Among 46 pediatric palliative care patients (mean age 11.7), there was a significant decrease in inpatient days and cost.

Cannabinoid exposure in infants and children in the pediatric emergency department-the child protection perspective.

Fridler, Dvora · 2025

Over 10 years, 29 children 0-48 months tested positive for cannabis.

Mobile intervention to address cannabis use disorder among black adults: A proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial.

Garey, Lorra · 2025

Black adults who use cannabis face documented health disparities: more frequent use and higher rates of cannabis use disorder compared to White adults, yet they are underrepresented in treatment research and face greater barriers to accessing care.

Parent Perspectives on Youth Cannabis Use and Mental Health: Impacts, Challenges, and Recommendations.

Gerhardt, T Freeman · 2025

Parents reported four themes: cannabis use worsened or triggered mental health crises; it created emotional and financial burdens on families; healthcare providers often minimized cannabis risks during treatment; and parents called for better public health warnings and regulatory oversight..

An Adolescent Female With Disordered Eating and Cannabis Use Found to Have Acute Intermittent Porphyria.

Gertz, Brooke · 2025

This case report describes a diagnostic near-miss that highlights an important clinical lesson: when a patient's symptoms overlap with known cannabis effects, the cannabis use can become a cognitive shortcut that prevents clinicians from looking further. A 15-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite.

A Qualitative Study of Cannabis Use and Family Dynamics Among Youth in Early Psychosis Programs.

Ghelani, Amar · 2025

Participants described five themes: parental disapproval driven by psychosis concerns, intra-family cannabis consumption, family influence on use patterns, changing parental attitudes over time, and increased closeness with family members who also use cannabis..

A Tourette Syndrome/ADHD-like Phenotype Results from Postnatal Disruption of CB1 and CB2 Receptor Signalling.

Gorberg, Victoria · 2025

Postnatal exposure to the CB1 blocker rimonabant in wild-type, CB1 knockout, and CB2 knockout mice produced distinct behavioral outcomes.

Cannabinoid treatment impacts adaptive behavior in autism patients and caregivers' mental health: A prospective real-life cohort study.

Guimarães, Kelly Álvares · 2025

In a prospective study of 16 patients with severe autism treated with CBD-rich extract and 17 untreated controls with moderate autism, the CBD group showed significant reduction in maladaptive internalizing behaviors on the Vineland 3 scale (p=0.008) after three months.

Written Exposure Therapy for PTSD Integrated with Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills for Cannabis Use Disorder After Recent Sexual Assault: A Case Series.

Hahn, Christine K · 2025

This case series describes STEPS (Skills Training and Exposure for PTSD and Substance Misuse), a new therapy that combines Written Exposure Therapy for PTSD with cognitive-behavioral skills training for cannabis use disorder.

Differences in Cannabis and Cannabidiol Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behaviors Between US Adolescents Receiving Mood Disorder Treatment and Their Parents Across Legal Contexts.

Hammond, Christopher J · 2025

In a multisite survey of 84 youth and 66 parents across six mood disorder clinics, 76% of youth and 65% of parents believed cannabis is safe and effective for mental health conditions.

Monthly simultaneous cannabis and alcohol use: effects on depression, anxiety, and stress in male and female college students.

Hetelekides, Eleftherios M · 2025

Among 367 college students, monthly simultaneous cannabis and alcohol (SCA) use significantly predicted depression in both males (beta=0.322) and females (beta=0.296).

Adolescents and cannabis in the 21st century: Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care.

Itriyeva, Khalida · 2025

This comprehensive review covers three decades of adolescent cannabis trends in the United States, and the picture it paints is more complicated than either "legalization is harmless" or "legalization is catastrophic" narratives suggest. Teenage use rates have remained remarkably stable despite legalization.

Characterizing cannabis use among adolescents seeking treatment for their substance use.

Kumar, Prianka · 2025

Most adolescents used multiple cannabis products.

Pediatric Patient Experiences Using Medical Cannabis in Cancer Symptom Management as Reported by Parents of Children and Adolescents and by Young Adults.

Langevin, Mary · 2025

Top symptoms targeted: nausea/vomiting (n=20), appetite (n=15), pain (n=13), sadness/anxiety (n=7), sleep (n=7).

Adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol impairs testicular function in young adult male mice.

Lim, Jinhwan · 2025

Adolescent THC exposure (postnatal days 30-43) decreased sperm numbers, increased seminiferous tubule degeneration, and impaired steroidogenesis with dysregulated expression of key enzymes (StAR protein and CYP17A1).

Early-day psychosocial predictors of later-day simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use among college-attending young adults.

Linden-Carmichael, Ashley N · 2025

Morning willingness to use and social motives predicted later-day simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use.

Impact of Co-Occurring Psychiatric Comorbidities and Substance Use Disorders on Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Opioid Use Disorder: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Liu, Ligang · 2025

Cannabis use disorder predicted shorter treatment retention (p=0.02), while depression (p=0.04), PTSD (p=0.002), and alcohol use disorder (p=0.04) were associated with longer retention.

Impact of Computer-Mediated Versus Face-to-Face Motivational-Type Interviews on Participants' Language and Subsequent Cannabis Use: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Llanes, Karla D · 2025

Both interview formats generated similar amounts of change talk and sustain talk after adjusting for verbosity.

Associations between cannabis risk perceptions and Delta-8 THC use among young adults.

LoParco, C R · 2025

Past-year Delta-9 THC use was associated with 20 times the odds of Delta-8 use.

Snapchat Artificial Intelligence as an Information Source on Delta-8 THC.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

Snapchat AI provided information about Delta-8 THC across five themes: general information (comparing it to Delta-9 but with lower potency), use motives (pain relief, anti-nausea, appetite, anxiety), potential consequences (mild side effects), retail availability, and product recommendations.

Cannabis Marketing Strategies in the United States: A Descriptive Analysis of Four Prominent Companies.

LoParco, Cassidy R · 2025

Four cannabis companies produced 399 unique ads with 1,171 placements totaling $488,617.

Young Smokers' Therapy Preferences: App-Based vs. Face-to-Face Treatment in the Context of Co-Addictions.

López-Torrecillas, Francisca · 2025

This study enrolled 98 young adult smokers from the University of Granada into either an app-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program or a traditional face-to-face CBT program for smoking cessation.

Mode Matters: Investigating the Associations Between Mode of Cannabis Use and Self-Reported Physical and Psychological Effects.

MacDonald-Spracklin, Rachael · 2025

Bong use predicted significantly more physical and psychological health effects than other methods.

Model Building with Youth: Applying a System Science Approach to Examine the Dynamic Social Context of Adolescent and Young Adult Marijuana Use.

Matson, Pamela A · 2025

The causal loop diagram generated by youth featured 14 feedback loops across three domains: within-relationship behaviors, factors proximal to marijuana use, and influences on the partner pool.

Parent and caregiver perceptions of cannabidiol products may put children at risk for unintentional exposure.

McNally, Michael · 2025

While most parents and caregivers had heard of CBD, opinions split on whether CBD products pose safety risks to children.

Missouri College Students' Intentions Towards Initiating or Changing Cannabis Use in a Shifting Legal Landscape.

McNamara, Ian A · 2025

Following the 2022 legalization of recreational cannabis in Missouri, college students showed increased intentions to use cannabis and more favorable attitudes compared to pre-legalization baseline data..

Qualitative interviews with young adults at risk for psychosis and who use Cannabis: Informing the development of a mobile intervention.

Merrill, Jennifer E · 2025

Five key barriers to reducing cannabis emerged: using cannabis to cope, social influences, dependence symptoms, easy access, and ambivalence about change.

Clinician perspectives on barriers and facilitators to the treatment of adolescent cannabis use: A qualitative study.

Mian, Maha N · 2025

Key barriers to treating adolescent cannabis use include minimization of risks by both teens and parents.

Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB1 leads to aberrant myelination in development.

Miramontes, Tania G · 2025

A cannabinoid agonist (WIN 55,212-2) caused oligodendrocytes to wrap myelin around neuronal cell bodies instead of only axons in developing zebrafish spinal cords.

Decriminalization of cannabis use in South Africa: The perspectives and health outcomes among medical students; A systematic qualitative review.

Mokhwelepa, L Winter · 2025

Four themes emerged from the review: health impacts (mental and physical), attitudes toward decriminalization, educational influences, and access to support services.

A Hidden Mark of a Troubled Past: Neuroimaging and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Interactive Effects of Maternal Immune Activation and Adolescent THC Exposure Suggestive of Increased Neuropsychiatric Risk.

Moreno-Fernández, Mario · 2025

While adolescent THC did not trigger visible behavioral disruptions, PET brain scans revealed alterations dependent on the combination of prenatal immune activation and THC.

The role of endocannabinoid signaling in the cytoskeleton functionality in migrating neurons.

Morozov, Yury M · 2025

About 40% of migrating neurons in both CB1 receptor knockout mice and wild-type mice exposed to cannabinoid agonists showed nuclear envelope ruptures or "piercing nuclear hernias" (PNH), a novel form of cell pathology.

Cannabis use and cognition in older adults: Preliminary performance-based neuropsychological test results and directions for future research.

Mulhauser, Kyler · 2025

As cannabis use increases among older adults, a pressing question is whether it affects cognitive function in people already at risk for or experiencing cognitive decline.

Barriers and facilitators to nicotine and cannabis vaping cessation among young adults: a qualitative study using Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).

Nguyen, Nhung · 2025

Young adults expressed stronger motivation to stop vaping nicotine than cannabis.

Cannabis Use is Related to Anhedonia in Adolescents With Diverse Mood and Anxiety Symptoms.

Nguyen, Tram N B · 2025

Adolescents who used cannabis endorsed worse anticipatory anhedonia (difficulty looking forward to pleasurable experiences) compared to those who never used or tried cannabis only once.

Portrayal of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on YouTube.

Olsson, Sofia E · 2025

Four themes emerged: reasons to use (legal status, accessibility, psychoactive effects described as milder and more euphoric), how to use, effects of using, and safety/harm reduction.

Concurrent maternal stress and THC exposure during pregnancy alters adolescent behavioral outcomes and corticolimbic molecular programs.

Olusakin, Jimmy · 2025

All exposure groups (THC alone, stress alone, combined) showed impaired maternal behavior, with additive effects in the combined group.

Biochemical Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Narrative Review and Future Directions.

Özmeral Erarkadaş, Kübra · 2025

Eleven preclinical and 2 clinical studies showed alterations in endocannabinoid system components linked to ADHD-related behaviors.

Acute effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on computational measures of neurocognitive processes are related to recent cannabis use among adolescents and young adults.

Paige, K J · 2025

Overall, 7.5mg oral THC did not significantly alter cognitive performance compared to placebo.

Cannabinoids and alcohol co-exposure modulate pathogen-induced pulmonary immune responses.

Parker, De'Jana · 2025

Adolescent cannabinoid exposure primed mouse lungs for more severe inflammation when later infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Effects of Cannabidiol on Social Relating, Anxiety, and Parental Stress in Autistic Children: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Parrella, Nina-Francesca · 2025

CBD oil (10 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) did not significantly improve the primary outcome of social responsiveness (SRS-2).

Age- and sex-dependent participation of the endocannabinoid system in locomotion and risk assessment of an ADHD rat model.

Penna, Daniel Bussinger de Souza · 2025

During adolescence, cannabinoid receptor activation aggravated hyperactivity and risky behaviors in ADHD model rats, with more pronounced effects in females.

Timing matters: modeling the effects of gestational cannabis exposure on social behavior and microglia in the developing amygdala.

Pham, Aidan L · 2025

Postnatal THC exposure (modeling late pregnancy) produced sex-specific changes in microglial phagocytosis during brain development and altered social behavior during the juvenile period.

Cannabidiol potentiates phenobarbital effects in the control of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in neonate rats.

Pinto, Lillian Soares · 2025

Low CBD doses (3 and 30 mg/kg) had limited antiseizure effects alone, while higher doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) modestly reduced seizures.

Impact of the Kusa prevention program on cannabis consumption and emotional competencies among French Polynesian adolescents.

Pitel, Marion · 2025

Among 231 Polynesian middle and high school students, the Kusa prevention program improved emotional acceptance, awareness, verbalization, and impulse control in non-users and low-users.