Cannabis Workplace Research

Urinary Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolite concentrations following cannabis use: A systematic review.

McCartney, Danielle · 2026

This systematic review synthesized 92 studies examining urinary THC and THC-metabolite concentrations across different cannabis use patterns and testing contexts. The findings exposed major problems with current testing thresholds.

Cannabis.

Feinberg, Steven D · 2025

Some evidence for MS spasticity, but no quality evidence for back pain, radiculopathy, neuropathic pain, or other common work-related pain.

The Acute and Chronic Pharmacokinetic Oral Fluid Profile of Oral Cannabidiol (CBD) With and Without Low Doses of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in Healthy Human Volunteers.

Vikingsson, Svante · 2025

After taking 100 mg CBD with just 0.5 mg THC (well within legal hemp limits), 1 in 10 participants tested positive for THC in oral fluid.

Cannabis Use, Use Disorder, and Workplace Absenteeism in the U.S., 2021-2022.

Yang, Kevin H · 2024

Past-month cannabis use was associated with more missed work days due to illness and more skipped work days compared to no lifetime use.

Illicit cannabis use among workers in Australia: A nationally representative cross-sectional analysis of prevalence, determinants, and associated absenteeism.

Di Censo, Gianluca · 2026

Weekly cannabis use was reported by 5.0% of workers.

Workplace Drug Testing-Prevalence of Positive Test Results, Most Common Substances, and Importance of Medical Review.

Helander, Anders · 2025

This analysis of 23,900 workplace drug test results from Sweden provides a snapshot of substance use among employed people.

Cross-sectional analysis of cannabis use at work in the USA: differences by occupational risk level and state-level cannabis laws.

Kucera, Ava · 2025

Workplace use highest in recreational states (8.5%) vs.

Substance Use Right Before or During Work Among the Young US Workers: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort.

Oh, Sehun · 2025

8.9% of workers reported past-month substance use at work: 5.9% alcohol, 3.1% marijuana, 0.8% cocaine/hard drugs.

Workplace and non-workplace cannabis use and the risk of workplace injury: Findings from a longitudinal study of Canadian workers.

Carnide, Nancy · 2023

Among 2,745 Canadian workers followed from 2018-2020, workplace cannabis use (before or at work) was associated with a nearly two-fold increased risk of workplace injury (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.32-2.93).

Medicinal Cannabis and Implications for Workplace Health and Safety: Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews.

O'Neill, Veronica · 2023

Across 31 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the most predominant adverse events of medical cannabis were sedation, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and euphoria.

Prevalence of ∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid in workplace drug testing.

Vikingsson, Svante · 2023

Delta-8 THC has gone from obscure cannabinoid to widespread consumer product almost overnight, and this study shows it's already creating a significant presence in workplace drug testing.

Increasing prevalence of illicit drug use among employees at Swedish workplaces over a 25-year period.

Feltmann, Kristin · 2022

Over 25 years and hundreds of thousands of workplace urine samples from across Sweden, the proportion testing positive for illicit drugs quadrupled — from 1.3% in 1994 to 5.6% in 2019.

A Clinical Framework for Assessing Cannabis-Related Impairment Risk.

MacCallum, Caroline A · 2022

The framework provides clinicians with a structured approach to evaluate impairment-related factors in medical cannabis patients, including dosing, tolerance, timing, and individual risk factors.

Urinary Excretion Profile of Cannabinoid Analytes Following Acute Administration of Oral and Vaporized Cannabis in Infrequent Cannabis Users.

Sholler, Dennis J · 2022

Using federal workplace drug-testing criteria (50 ng/mL screening, 15 ng/mL confirmation), urine specimens tested positive for THC-COOH in 97.6% of oral cannabis sessions versus 59.5% of vaporized sessions at active THC doses..

Patterns and correlates of workplace and non-workplace cannabis use among Canadian workers before the legalization of non-medical cannabis.

Carnide, Nancy · 2021

In a survey of 1,651 Canadian workers conducted in June 2018 — just months before recreational legalization — a quarter of those reporting past-year cannabis use said they'd used before or at work.

Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid Samples Using a Commercially Available Collection Device: Agreement with Urine Testing and Evaluation of A and B Samples Obtained from Employees at Different Workplace Settings with Uncontrolled Sampling Procedures.

Zheng, Yufang · 2021

This study compared 113 paired oral fluid and urine samples collected from a treatment center, testing for cannabis, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates/opioids, and cocaine.

Occupational Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke Among Law Enforcement Officers Providing Security at Outdoor Concert Events.

Wiegand, Douglas M · 2020

THC was detected in personal air samples (53-480 ng/m3) and area samples (up to 330 ng/m3).

Employment and Marijuana Use Among Washington State Adolescents Before and After Legalization of Retail Marijuana.

Graves, Janessa M · 2019

Between 2010 and 2016, marijuana use decreased among 8th and 10th graders regardless of work status.

Comparing medical and recreational cannabis use among employees: associations with health and work-related outcomes.

Rineer, Jennifer R · 2018

While some differences in health and work outcomes were initially seen between medical, recreational, and mixed-use cannabis users, several disappeared after controlling for health-related factors.

Techniques and technologies for the bioanalysis of Sativex®, metabolites and related compounds.

Molnar, Anna · 2016

As medical cannabis products like Sativex become more widely prescribed, drug testing faces a growing challenge: how to distinguish legal medical use from illicit recreational use. This review systematically examined methods for detecting THC and CBD across four biological matrices: blood, urine, oral fluid, and hair.

School and work status, drug-free workplace protections, and prescription drug misuse among Americans ages 15-25.

Miller, Ted · 2015

Researchers analyzed data from over 20,000 young adults in national surveys to examine how school status, employment, and workplace drug policies relate to prescription drug misuse. Being a student was protective against prescription misuse.

Cannabis use, cognitive performance and mood in a sample of workers.

Wadsworth, E J K · 2006

Cannabis users and controls completed laboratory cognitive tests before and after work at the start and end of a working week, along with daily workplace performance diaries. Cannabis use was associated with lower alertness and slower response organization across testing sessions.

State Initiatives to Promote Cannabis Industry Entrepreneurship Among Disproportionately Impacted Communities: A Multi-State Analysis.

Chakraborty, Rishika · 2026

This multi-state analysis examined social equity entrepreneurship initiatives across all 17 states with legal non-medical cannabis retail as of May 2025.

Effective cannabis testing protocols for workplace safety in South Africa post legalisation: Navigating the new normal.

Laurens, J B · 2025

South Africa's legalization of private cannabis use created an immediate tension with workplace drug testing policies—particularly in safety-sensitive industries like mining, construction, and transport.

Work-Related Asthma in the Cannabis Industry: Findings From California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Washington.

Pacheco, Michelle · 2025

Of 30 work-related asthma cases in the cannabis industry, 52% were new-onset asthma and 48% were work-aggravated asthma.

Workplace Cannabis Policies: A Moving Target.

Hazle, Mia C · 2022

The legal landscape for workplace cannabis use is a mess.

Cannabis and work: Need for more research.

Howard, John · 2020

This commentary from researchers at NIOSH (the federal workplace safety agency) identified a fundamental gap: cannabis legalization was reshaping the American workforce, but almost no research existed to guide workplace policy.

Impact of lowering confirmatory test cutoff value in pre-enlistment urine cannabinoids screening: about five years' experience in the French Gendarmerie.

Lecompte, Yannick · 2012

Researchers reviewed 986 confirmation analyses of positive cannabis screening tests from French Gendarmerie pre-enlistment examinations over 5 years (2005-2009).

A snapshot of workplace drug testing in Italy.

Santoro, Paolo Emilio · 2012

Under Italian workplace safety law, workers in hazardous jobs must undergo mandatory drug testing.

Workplace drug testing in a military organization: results and experiences from the testing program in the Finnish Defence Forces.

Meririnne, Esa · 2007

The Finnish Defence Forces conducted a drug testing program from 2002 to 2005, testing soldiers, civilian personnel, and military students.

Workplace drug testing in Europe.

Verstraete, A G · 2001

Workplace drug testing in Europe lacked the standardized infrastructure found in the United States.