Explore published research on withdrawal, including study methods and limitations.
Data from 120 subjects showed cannabis tolerance develops and fades quickly, while withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, irritability, and tremor appeared after as few as 7 days of use.
Animal study showing a compound from passionflower reduced THC tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms in mice, suggesting potential for cannabis withdrawal treatment.
Stopping heavy cannabis use was linked to withdrawal that began within 1–3 days, peaked in Days 2–6, and typically resolved by two weeks.
Early case series: vomiting stopped in most after stopping cannabis and returned on rechallenge, with hot bathing reported by nearly all.
A 2004 psychiatry review concluded that stopping heavy cannabis or THC use brings a reproducible withdrawal syndrome and proposed diagnostic criteria.
Controlled study showing oral THC relieved marijuana withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, insomnia, craving, appetite loss) without intoxication, while divalproex worsened mood and cognition.
Mouse study showing cannabinoid withdrawal produced region-specific CB1 receptor changes: upregulation in motor and emotional areas but downregulation in hippocampus, with behavioral symptoms peaking day 1 and resolving by day 3.
Review of animal studies found cannabinoid tolerance develops through receptor down-regulation, withdrawal symptoms are generally milder than with other drugs, and tolerant animals showed no increased vulnerability to morphine.
Comprehensive review found strong evidence linking cannabis to psychosis, supported the existence of cannabis withdrawal syndrome, and called for more rigorous research on prevention and treatment.
Study of adolescent cannabis treatment seekers found nearly two-thirds experienced four or more withdrawal symptoms, though rates were lower than in adult studies.
Vouchers drove abstinence during treatment. Adding CBT helped keep it going over the next year.
Long-term open-label study of 137 MS patients found Sativex maintained its effects over 434 days without tolerance, and planned 2-week interruption showed no consistent withdrawal syndrome.
In the first 48 hours after stopping heavy cannabis use, lab sleep was shorter, lighter, and more fragmented, with bigger gaps versus controls on night two.
National survey of 2,613 frequent cannabis users found 44% experienced clinically significant withdrawal symptoms, with identical rates among cannabis-only users, supporting its diagnostic recognition.
Mice chronically treated with THC showed hyperlocomotion (4.1x normal) and paw tremors (111 vs 1.1) during precipitated withdrawal, establishing quantifiable measures for studying cannabis dependence.
THC withdrawal induced the Narp gene in the amygdala, the same response seen with opiate and nicotine withdrawal, suggesting a shared molecular mechanism across drug withdrawal.
Both FAAH and MAGL inhibitors reduced THC withdrawal signs in dependent mice without causing dependence or motor impairment, though FAAH knockout mice showed normal withdrawal.
A 20-year-old developed dependence on Spice Gold over 8 months, with physical withdrawal including elevated blood pressure (180/90), tachycardia (125 bpm), sweating, and tremor resembling cannabis withdrawal.
In FAAH knockout mice, repeated THC caused stronger tolerance, more CB1 receptor dampening, and bigger withdrawal than repeated anandamide at equally effective doses.
For the first time, THC withdrawal was shown to produce anxiety-like behavior in mice on the elevated plus-maze, without affecting motor activity, establishing an animal model for cannabis withdrawal anxiety.
Daily marijuana users with past alcohol problems drank 52% more during marijuana abstinence; those without alcohol history showed no increase.
Chronic cannabinoid treatment impaired male rat sexual behavior; forced CB1 receptor blockade restored function while spontaneous withdrawal did not.
Cannabinoid withdrawal physically shrank VTA dopamine neurons and reduced dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens shell, supporting a "hypodopaminergic" addicted brain model.
THC-dependent monkeys discriminated withdrawal as a distinct state; cannabinoid agonists and clonidine blocked it, but sedatives and cocaine did not.
The Cannabis Withdrawal Scale was developed with excellent reliability, revealing nightmares as the most diagnostic symptom and angry outbursts as the most distressing.
Boosting endocannabinoids with URB597 reduced anxiety but not physical symptoms during nicotine withdrawal in rats, with anandamide fluctuating across multiple brain regions.
First human study of antagonist-elicited cannabis withdrawal: rimonabant at 20-40 mg did not reliably trigger withdrawal in 10 THC-dependent volunteers before the study was terminated.
First agonist substitution trial for cannabis dependence: dronabinol did not increase abstinence but improved retention (77% vs 61%) and reduced withdrawal symptoms.
Mouse study found that boosting natural endocannabinoids reduced opioid withdrawal symptoms, with the 2-AG pathway more effective than anandamide.
Review documenting that cannabis dependence and withdrawal are clinically real, though THC's slow clearance delays and obscures symptoms.
Rat study found FAAH inhibitor URB597 reduced most morphine withdrawal symptoms across a broad dose range.
Three nights off cannabis cut sleep efficiency and total sleep time and shifted REM. Extended-release zolpidem restored efficiency but did not shorten time to fall asleep.
Inpatient study found blood pressure increases up to 22.8 mmHg systolic when daily cannabis users stopped, with a subset showing potentially dangerous elevations.
Review finding buspirone was the only medication with controlled trial evidence for cannabis dependence, with several others warranting further study.
Chronic cannabinoid exposure during rat adolescence caused temporary general cognitive impairment but spatial memory deficits lasting at least 75 days.
In 49 dependent users, greater day-to-day disruption from withdrawal was linked to relapse and to heavier use one month later.
Among 1,015 substance users, 27% had headaches (94.5% starting after drug use), with cannabis use duration specifically linked to higher headache rates.
Female adolescent rats showed greater locomotor depression and anxiety during THC withdrawal compared to males across multiple doses.
Chronic daily smokers showed lower cortical CB1 receptor availability that returned to control-like levels after about four weeks without cannabis.
Objective measurement of cannabis smoking showed front-loaded puffing and dose-dependent prediction of withdrawal severity, especially sleep disruption.
Animal data place cannabis squarely in the dopamine reward circuit: dopamine rises with use and cues, and falls during withdrawal. Blocking endocannabinoid signaling blunts these effects.
Pregabalin and topiramate both reduced anxiety and motor symptoms during cannabinoid withdrawal in mice while reversing brain gene expression changes.
Cannabis-dependent veterans with PTSD used cannabis more for coping, experienced worse withdrawal, and had stronger cravings than veterans without PTSD.
Quetiapine improved sleep and appetite during cannabis withdrawal but increased craving and use during the relapse phase, disqualifying it as a dependence treatment.
Hypothesis paper proposed PEA, a natural fatty acid with endocannabinoid properties, as a potential treatment for cannabis dependence and withdrawal.
Females often show stronger cannabinoid effects. Estradiol is a leading explanation in animals, while human evidence remains mixed.
A 19-year-old heavy cannabis user showed no withdrawal, anxiety, or dissociative symptoms during 10 days of CBD treatment for cannabis withdrawal syndrome.
Nabilone (6-8 mg/day) reduced both marijuana withdrawal symptoms and self-administration in the relapse phase, with low abuse potential and once-daily dosing.
Two cases of synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal showed anxiety and tachycardia more severe than cannabis withdrawal, with natural THC failing to improve symptoms.
Study protocol for examining cannabis withdrawal in Indigenous Australian prisoners using a pictorial withdrawal scale and cortisol biomarkers.
A researcher hypothesized that beta-lactam antibiotics might reduce cannabis dependence by boosting brain glutamate transporters, based on parallels with opioid pharmacology.
Oral THC (dronabinol) up to 120 mg/day dose-dependently reduced cannabis withdrawal symptoms in daily users with no significant cognitive impairment.
Twin study found cannabis withdrawal was about 50% heritable, with 99% overlap between genes influencing withdrawal and those influencing abuse/dependence.
A clinical trial found nabiximols (THC/CBD spray) significantly reduced cannabis withdrawal and improved treatment retention, but provided no long-term advantage over placebo for reducing cannabis use.
In 39 monitored cannabis patients, withdrawal peaked at day 4 and declined by day 16, while 28% still had detectable blood THC after over two weeks of abstinence.
Three adolescents referred for eating disorders actually had cannabis withdrawal syndrome, demonstrating how CWS symptoms can mimic disordered eating.
Review found sleep disturbance and substance use disorders reinforce each other, with cannabis withdrawal showing objective sleep disruption and insomnia treatment identified as a gap.
Cannabis-dependent veterans with moderate/high physical activity were less likely to relapse during the first week of quitting, especially in the first four days.
In a randomized trial, lithium did not reduce overall cannabis withdrawal severity vs. placebo, though it improved appetite loss, stomach aches, and nightmares.
A 20-year-old woman with protracted nausea and vomiting from cannabis withdrawal was successfully treated with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone.
During monitored cannabis abstinence, most withdrawal symptoms peaked in days 0-3 and improved, but sleep disturbance and strange dreams got progressively worse over time.
First study examining THC dependence in both sexes of adult rats found broadly similar withdrawal signs spanning somatic, cognitive, and affective domains, with females showing more retropulsion.
Study of 11 daily cannabis smokers found that oral THC (dronabinol) increased blood cannabinoid levels dose-dependently, but smoked cannabis was only distinguishable from oral THC for about 1 hour.
Review proposes nabiximols (THC/CBD spray) as cannabinoid replacement therapy for cannabis dependence, analogous to methadone for opioid dependence, with controlled dosing and pharmaceutical standardization.
In 35 cannabis-dependent patients, psychiatric symptoms improved with effect sizes of 0.7-1.4 within 16 days of inpatient detox, though patients self-reported more distress than clinicians observed.
Analysis of 116 patients found cannabis use did not reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms during a 10-week methadone taper, with results robust across 17 sensitivity analyses.
THC and endocannabinoid-boosting drugs reduced physical morphine withdrawal jumping in mice but did not block the emotional aversion, suggesting they address only part of the withdrawal experience.
Auckland detox services saw 47 synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal presentations in one year, with 20 requiring inpatient care. It became the third largest detox admission category.
Rat study found estrogen and progesterone promoted THC dependence and withdrawal symptoms, while testosterone appeared protective, potentially explaining sex differences in cannabis withdrawal.
Review found no approved cannabis addiction medications but identified promising targets including FAAH inhibitors and allosteric CB1 modulators in animal models of reward, withdrawal, and relapse.
Both inverse agonist and neutral antagonist precipitated withdrawal in cannabis-dependent mice, showing withdrawal results from receptor competition, not inverse agonism, and is centrally mediated.
A nursing guide describes cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, characterized by severe vomiting in regular cannabis users that responds to hot bathing and cessation but not standard antiemetics.
A review explored novel CVS treatments and challenged the assumption that cannabis straightforwardly causes hyperemesis, suggesting the endocannabinoid system itself may be a treatment target.
A case of severe cannabis hyperemesis worsened with prescription THC, providing direct evidence that THC drives the condition. Symptoms resolved after 12 months of cannabis abstinence.
A case report described CHS being mistaken for eating disorder purging in a patient with a real history of anorexia nervosa, diagnosed only after collateral history and drug screening.
Rats exposed to cannabis smoke at human-relevant THC levels showed biphasic activity changes, reduced anxiety, and developed physical dependence confirmed by precipitated withdrawal signs.
Six CHS cases at one Spanish hospital showed a 6.1-year average diagnostic delay, highlighting persistent clinical unawareness despite the condition being described over a decade earlier.
Synthetic cannabinoid dependence and withdrawal are underrecognized problems with no established treatment, though benzodiazepines and quetiapine may provide some relief.
Heavy users showed lower brain CB1 receptor availability at baseline, but the difference from controls disappeared after two days without cannabis.
A review found limited but promising evidence that pregabalin may help manage cannabis and other drug withdrawal symptoms, though the medication's own misuse potential in substance-dependent populations warrants caution.
A systematic review of 36 human studies confirmed that sleep disruption is a consistent feature of cannabis withdrawal, but methodological differences between studies prevented clear conclusions about which specific aspects of sleep are most affected.
An inpatient study found that combining the sleep aid zolpidem with the synthetic THC pill nabilone reduced cannabis withdrawal symptoms and decreased cannabis self-administration more than zolpidem alone.
Review examines how alcohol treatment drugs (disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone) interact with cannabinoids, finding potential relevance for cannabis use disorder but limited clinical evidence.
A rigorous trial of 122 cannabis-dependent adults found that combining synthetic THC (dronabinol) with lofexidine was no more effective than placebo for achieving cannabis abstinence, though both groups improved with behavioral therapy.
An inpatient study found dronabinol provided modest opioid withdrawal relief at higher doses, but with concerning side effects including rapid heart rate and sedation, making it an unlikely clinical candidate.
Proof-of-concept trial shows high fixed doses of Sativex significantly reduced cannabis withdrawal symptoms but not craving, with self-titrated doses proving insufficient.
Review finds CBT-based psychotherapy has moderate-to-large effects on cannabis dependence (evidence level Ia), no pharmacotherapy is approved, and serotonergic antidepressants may worsen outcomes.
Review of animal studies shows the endocannabinoid system modulates both physical and emotional opiate withdrawal through distinct brain regions, with CB1 effects varying by location.
Adolescent cannabinoid exposure in mice altered cocaine withdrawal in adulthood, preventing anxiety but worsening depressive symptoms during cocaine cessation.
Protracted withdrawal from THC, morphine, nicotine, and alcohol produced similar behavioral and molecular patterns in mice, while cocaine withdrawal was strikingly opposite.
Comprehensive review establishing cannabis withdrawal as a neurobiologically grounded syndrome with a 4-week CB1 receptor recovery timeline, gender differences in severity, and limited but promising pharmacological treatments.
Turkish versions of the CUPIT and CPQ cannabis screening tools showed good reliability and validity for both cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid use disorder patients.
Computational drug design identified stemphol as a potential CB1 receptor ligand for treating cannabis withdrawal, though no experimental validation has been performed.
Review arguing that cannabis and stimulant drugs damage well-being through the same core mechanism: cyclical mood disruptions that chronically stress the body's hormonal and neurological systems.
Case report of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, a condition in heavy daily cannabis users featuring cyclical vomiting relieved only by hot showers or stopping cannabis.
Case report of a chronic cannabis user who developed both cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and coronary vasospasm causing a heart attack, suggesting cardiac evaluation in CHS patients with chest pain.
Prospective study found that opioid-dependent patients who also used synthetic cannabinoids experienced significantly longer withdrawal and craving during detoxification.
Hypothesis paper proposing that CHS results from chronic cannabis disruption of the HPA stress axis and sympathetic nervous system, causing endocannabinoid dysfunction and loss of autonomic balance.
Systematic review of 63 studies (205 patients) found benzodiazepines, haloperidol, and capsaicin most frequently effective for acute CHS, with hot showers universally helpful.
Review of cannabis withdrawal neurobiology finding CB1 receptor downregulation drives withdrawal symptoms, recovery occurs with abstinence, and women may experience faster and more severe symptoms.
Among 302 adults entering cannabis treatment, women had significantly more severe withdrawal, more psychiatric disorders, and more pain than men despite identical cannabis use patterns.
Review of clinical trial evidence finding THC-containing medications effective for cannabis withdrawal, promising for opioid withdrawal, and identifying rimonabant's failed potential for smoking cessation.
Systematic review of 183 studies establishing 14 diagnostic features of CHS, confirming cannabis cessation as the only cure and hot bathing relief in 92.3% of cases.
First reported case of exercise-relieved CHS: a patient ran for 15 continuous hours, developing rhabdomyolysis, supporting the theory that blood flow redistribution explains symptom relief.
Four CHS patients who failed standard ER antiemetics improved significantly with haloperidol, suggesting dopamine-cannabinoid receptor interactions explain the treatment's effectiveness.
Among 23 cannabis-dependent adults with ADHD, 96% had withdrawal symptoms similar to non-ADHD populations, with money being the top motivation (87%) to quit.
Overview found cannabinoids produce dose-dependent acute effects on anxiety, mood, and cognition, with chronic use linked to tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and associations with psychiatric disorders.
Survey of 155 daily marijuana smokers at an urban ED found 32.9% met criteria consistent with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, estimating 2.75 million Americans may be affected annually.
Major review documented US increases in cannabis potency, use disorders, ER visits, and fatal crashes alongside growing perception of harmlessness, while medical marijuana laws showed no effect on adolescent use.
Two-year chart review found 19.4% of ED vomiting patients reported cannabis use, with 43% of regular users having repeat visits and extensive workups suggesting widespread CHS underdiagnosis.
Meta-analysis of 69 studies found cannabis cognitive deficits are small (d=-0.25) and become non-significant after 72 hours of abstinence — meaning most impairment is residual drug effect, not lasting damage.
New mouse behavioral tests showed THC withdrawal includes mood and stress-related symptoms beyond physical signs, with boosting endocannabinoid levels partially reversing withdrawal effects.
Systematic review of 10 trials found dronabinol, nabilone, and nabiximols all show promise for treating cannabis withdrawal, with good safety profiles and potential dose-dependent effects.
Small pilot study of guanfacine for cannabis withdrawal in 7 volunteers found no significant effects on withdrawal or craving, with trends toward improved mood that may warrant larger investigation.
Mouse study found CBD did not prevent THC cognitive impairment or withdrawal, but CBD alone showed anxiolytic effects without cognitive harm or dependence.
Survey of 2,905 users found older adults and medical users experience fewer adverse effects, but medical users report more withdrawal symptoms. Only 17% thought cannabis is addictive.
Mouse study found a CB1 positive allosteric modulator reduced THC withdrawal signs without sedation or rewarding effects, suggesting a potential new treatment approach.
Rhesus monkeys given THC twice daily showed 20-fold activity spikes during withdrawal, while those dosed every 3 days showed no dependence signs.
First meta-analysis of cannabis withdrawal prevalence: 47% of regular/dependent users experienced clinically significant withdrawal across 23 studies and 27,000+ participants.
Survey of 200 people found most who used cannabis for opioid withdrawal reported improvement, especially in anxiety, tremors, and sleep.
A 24-day inpatient detox study of 78 cannabis-dependent adults found urine THC metabolite levels moderately predicted withdrawal severity, with females showing prolonged elimination and withdrawal symptoms.
An 8-week pilot trial found guanfacine extended-release was feasible for cannabis use disorder, with significant reductions in use amount and frequency, though only 41% remained in the study.
Rimonabant-precipitated THC withdrawal in mice significantly reduced motivation for sucrose rewards, modeling the anhedonia of human cannabis withdrawal. A CB1 positive allosteric modulator did not prevent this effect.
A randomized trial found that abruptly stopping 1,500 mg/day CBD after four weeks produced virtually no withdrawal symptoms in healthy volunteers.
AB-FUBINACA produced classic cannabinoid effects that cleared rapidly from the brain but still induced physical dependence after just 5 days of twice-daily dosing in mice.
Gabapentin reduced physical withdrawal signs (tremors, head twitches) and restored motivation in THC-withdrawn mice, but did not affect stress hormones or all behavioral measures.
Review of how endocannabinoids and dopamine work as partners across Maslow's hierarchy — from survival drives to achievement — and how cannabis disrupts that partnership.
A randomized trial found daily moderate-intensity cycling during inpatient cannabis withdrawal improved objective sleep duration and efficiency compared to stretching, though participants did not perceive the difference.
Cannabis withdrawal occurs in half of regular users, starting 24-48 hours after quitting and peaking within a week. No approved medications exist, but supportive counseling is first-line treatment.
A survey of 284 frequent synthetic cannabinoid users found worse withdrawal, faster tolerance, and harder dose control compared to high-potency natural cannabis.
A systematic review of 11 studies found inconsistent evidence that cannabis or THC alleviates opioid withdrawal, with a potentially narrow therapeutic window.
A CB1 receptor enhancer fully blocked withdrawal-induced diarrhea and weight loss in opioid-dependent mice without cannabis-like side effects.
In 15 daily cannabis smokers, the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib did not reduce withdrawal symptoms or change endocannabinoid levels, and it increased cannabis craving.
THC withdrawal in mice disrupted dopamine release, sleep patterns, and behavior in ways that mirror human withdrawal, with more pronounced effects in males.
Cannabis products showed minimal to no benefit for sleep disorders in this review, and cannabis withdrawal itself causes significant insomnia that can drive relapse.
CBD has multiple properties relevant to opioid withdrawal management and is safe with opioids, but large clinical trials are needed before it can be recommended as an adjunct treatment.
CBD reduced anxiety, agitation, and physical withdrawal symptoms in heroin-dependent mice while normalizing gene expression changes in brain reward regions.
Literature review proposed a novel ER algorithm to distinguish cannabis hyperemesis from withdrawal syndrome, emphasizing that correct identification is key to appropriate treatment and reducing repeat visits.
Study of 79 young people found cannabis withdrawal symptoms peaked in the first week of monitored abstinence then declined, with mood and sleep most affected.
Study of 20 cannabis users found brain glutamate levels were lower than controls during 21 days of abstinence, with declining glutamate strongly correlated with increasing craving.
Mouse study found cannabinoid cessation reduced sleep during normal sleep periods, providing an animal model for human cannabis withdrawal sleep disturbance.
RCT found adolescents who quit cannabis experienced trouble falling asleep during the first week, but sleep returned to normal by week two and stayed there through week four.
Rat study found CBD prevented the negative emotional conditioning associated with opioid withdrawal through 5-HT1A serotonin receptor activation.
A 12-week group therapy program combining CBT and motivational enhancement reduced cannabis use, cravings, withdrawal, depression, and anxiety in treatment-seeking patients.
Study found tobacco dependence worsened cannabis withdrawal symptoms in both people with and without schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Cannabis-nicotine co-users showed exaggerated blood pressure stress responses and higher cannabis cravings during nicotine withdrawal compared to single-substance users.
Rat study found THC withdrawal reduced dopamine neuron firing in the brain's reward center, with functional changes in the habenula-RMTg circuit that may drive negative withdrawal states.
Female rats showed cannabinoid withdrawal at lower antagonist doses than males, and the specific withdrawal behaviors differed by sex, supporting clinical observations that cannabis withdrawal manifests differently in women.
Growth mixture modeling of 67 cannabis detox patients found two withdrawal patterns: a slow, protracted decline (66%) and a sharp days-2-6 peak followed by rapid improvement (34%), with the peaking pattern linked to lower THC metabolites at admission.
Chronic pain and addiction share a common neurobiological root — reduced dopamine signaling — explaining why pain patients who self-medicate with opioids or cannabis are vulnerable to escalating into misuse.
Mouse study found THC withdrawal disrupted both motivation and attention, but during abstinence only motivational deficits persisted, suggesting these are qualitatively distinct withdrawal states.
A 33-year-old daily cannabis user developed cannabis hyperemesis syndrome after stopping use while traveling, with symptoms overlapping withdrawal. Recovery occurred within 10 days on tramadol, promethazine, and mirtazapine.
Survey of 550 opioid addiction patients found 23% use CBD — primarily for anxiety, pain, and sleep, with 42% using it specifically for withdrawal relief.
Four patients developed psychotic symptoms after abruptly stopping chronic cannabis use, suggesting withdrawal itself may trigger psychosis in vulnerable individuals.
Mouse study found CBD dose-dependently reduced gastrointestinal symptoms of opioid withdrawal, with consistent effects across both sexes during precipitated withdrawal.
Review of emerging CUD pharmacotherapies found no approved medications but several promising investigational compounds targeting endocannabinoid and motivational pathways.
Protocol for a 200-teen RCT testing whether 8 weeks of cannabis abstinence reduces depression and suicidal ideation — using 8 daily phone surveys to capture the moment-by-moment relationship.
A 16-year study of 52,000+ psychiatric admissions found cannabis users were more likely to need intensive care during the 3-5 day cannabis withdrawal window, especially women and older adults.
Over a third of Irish drug users tried HHC before its 2025 ban, with 90% reporting negative effects—a cautionary tale about legal synthetic cannabinoid alternatives.
The Cochrane Review's second update confirms: no medication has strong evidence for treating cannabis use disorder or reliably reducing withdrawal symptoms.
A pilot study of 10 adolescent CHS patients found universal cannabis use disorder and specific blood profiles that may help diagnose the condition.
Rats developed clear THC tolerance after 7 days of dosing but showed no spontaneous withdrawal symptoms when THC was stopped — even with a sensitive behavioral measure.
Well-powered rat study found oral CBD did not significantly reduce acute opioid withdrawal symptoms, with limited sex-specific effects in the protracted phase.
Pilot study found veterans with PTSD who achieved 12 weeks of cannabis abstinence saw 71% symptom reduction vs. 37% in those who continued using.
Study of 94 Spanish cannabis treatment seekers found 88% co-used cannabis with tobacco, 76% had withdrawal symptoms (worse in women), with two distinct user profiles.
ABCD Study found adolescents' mental health improved when household members quit cannabis, mediated by reduced family conflict and better sleep.