Chronic Marijuana Smokers Showed Fewer Active Immune Cells in Their Blood
Chronic marijuana smokers had lower active T-lymphocyte counts than non-smokers, with 39% falling below the normal range, while B-cell levels remained unaffected.
Inflammation research
Explore published research on inflammation, including study methods and limitations.
THC Suppressed an Immune Defense Signal in Rats
THC injection suppressed macrophage migration inhibition factor in immunized rats, with peak suppression at 15 hours, suggesting a mechanism for cannabis-related immune changes.
Marijuana Smoke Crippled the Lung Cells That Kill Bacteria in Rats
Marijuana smoke reduced lung immune cell bacteria-killing from 78% to 11% in a dose-dependent pattern. The toxic component was in the gas phase, not THC.
THC Suppressed Antibody-Producing Cells and Shrank Spleens in Mice
THC suppressed antibody-producing spleen cells and reduced overall spleen cellularity in immunized mice, suggesting broad immune suppression effects.
Chronic Marijuana Smoking Affected How Some T-Cells Function but Not Their Total Count
Chronic marijuana smokers had normal total T-cell counts but impaired T-cell function, suggesting cannabis alters immune cell behavior rather than reducing cell numbers.
THC Suppressed Multiple Immune Cell Types in Labs and Animals, but Direct Evidence in Humans Was Missing
THC suppressed macrophages, T cells, and NK cells and reduced infection resistance in labs and animals, but direct evidence of increased infections in human marijuana users was unavailable.
Twenty-Five Years of Research Showed Cannabis Modulated Immunity Across Multiple Cell Types and Infections
A 25-year research review found cannabinoids modulated all major immune cell types and altered resistance to multiple infections, while noting the endocannabinoid system's role in immune regulation needed further study.
CBD Blocked Arthritis Progression in Mice When Given After Symptoms Started, Published in PNAS
Published in PNAS, CBD blocked arthritis progression in mice when given after symptoms started, protected joints, and worked through multiple anti-inflammatory mechanisms at an optimal oral dose of 25 mg/kg.
A Pioneer's Overview of Cannabinoids: From Ancient Use to Modern Medicine
A review by THC discoverer Raphael Mechoulam tracing cannabinoids from ancient use to modern clinical applications in nausea, appetite, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and neuroprotection.
How Drugs of Abuse Including Cannabis Affect the Immune System and Infection Risk
Review documenting that cannabis and other drugs of abuse suppress immune function through receptor-mediated mechanisms, increasing infection susceptibility, with implications for HIV/AIDS.
Cannabinoids Protected Against Brain Damage in an MS Animal Model
Animal study showing CB1 receptor knockout mice suffered worse neurodegeneration in MS model, while CB1 activation provided neuroprotection, suggesting cannabis could slow MS disease progression.
Medical Marijuana for Brain Disorders: A Rehabilitation Medicine Perspective
Review from rehabilitation medicine documenting seven therapeutic properties of cannabinoids applicable to neurological disorders: antioxidation, neuroprotection, analgesia, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, glial modulation, and tumor regulation.
Marijuana Smoke Weakened Lung Immune Cells' Ability to Kill Bacteria
Study finding marijuana smoke impaired lung macrophage bacterial killing through nitric oxide suppression, unlike tobacco smoke, though the impairment was reversible with immune stimulation.
Review of How Cannabinoids Interact With the Immune System and Their Potential for Treating Inflammation
Review of how cannabinoids interact with immune cells, showing they can modulate cytokine secretion and immune function with potential applications for inflammatory disease treatment.
Comprehensive Review of Cannabinoid Pharmacology, Receptor Systems, and Therapeutic Applications
Comprehensive review of 15 years of cannabinoid research catalogs receptor distribution across the body and identifies therapeutic potential for pain, neurological disorders, obesity, and addiction.
How Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoids May Help Treat Multiple Sclerosis Through Immune Modulation
Review shows cannabinoids may benefit MS by shifting immune responses from harmful Th1 to protective Th2 patterns and providing neuroprotection, with animal model support for endocannabinoid-based therapies.
CBD Blocked Brain Inflammation Pathways Triggered by Alzheimer's-Related Protein in Cell Study
Cell study found CBD blocked inflammation pathways (p38 MAP kinase, NF-kappaB) triggered by Alzheimer's-associated beta-amyloid protein, adding to evidence of CBD's neuroprotective properties.
How Cannabinoids Suppress Immune Responses Through Antigen-Presenting Cells
Review shows cannabinoids suppress immune function by affecting antigen-presenting cells and cytokine production, suggesting therapeutic potential for chronic inflammatory diseases.
Endocannabinoid System Modulation Shows Promise for MS, Arthritis, IBD, Asthma, and Autoimmune Diabetes
Review of endocannabinoid system modulation identifies therapeutic potential for MS, rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, atherosclerosis, allergic asthma, and autoimmune diabetes based on cell and animal studies.
CB2 Receptor on Immune Cells Offers Path to Anti-Inflammatory Treatments Without Cannabis-Like High
Review highlights CB2 receptor on immune cells as a target for anti-inflammatory treatments without psychoactive effects, with evidence in autoimmune disease and bone metabolism models.
Raw Cannabis Acid (THCa) Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects Through Different Pathways Than THC
Cell study found raw cannabis acid (THCa) has anti-inflammatory effects through different pathways than THC, with sustained TNF-alpha inhibition versus THC's paradoxical induction with prolonged exposure.
CBD Reduced Diabetes Incidence From 86% to 30% in Mice by Shifting Immune Response
CBD reduced autoimmune diabetes incidence from 86% to 30% in mice by shifting the immune response from harmful Th1 to protective Th2 patterns and reducing pancreatic inflammation.
Cannabinoids May Slow MS Progression Through Both Immune and Neuroprotective Mechanisms, But Dose Limits Apply
Review finds cannabinoids could modify MS through immune and neuroprotective mechanisms, but dose constraints prevent achieving immunosuppressive benefits clinically. Neuroprotection may be more achievable.
CBD Activated Mast Cells in Lab Tests, Behaving Opposite to Synthetic Cannabinoids
CBD activated mast cells in lab tests through an unknown mechanism, behaving opposite to synthetic cannabinoids that suppressed them, suggesting undiscovered cannabinoid receptors exist.
CBD Suppressed Immune Responses and Antibody Production in Mice
A single CBD dose before allergen exposure significantly suppressed antibody production, immune cell cytokine output, and T-cell proliferation in mice.
Combining MDMA and Cannabis Produced Lasting Immune System Changes in Regular Users
Year-long study found combined MDMA and cannabis users had sustained immune cell decreases and more infections, with cannabis-only users showing intermediate effects.
How the Endocannabinoid System Could Both Treat MS Symptoms and Slow Disease Progression
Review proposed that the endocannabinoid system could both relieve MS symptoms and slow disease progression, with local endocannabinoid enhancement as a strategy to minimize psychoactive side effects.
CBD Calmed Inflamed Intestines in Mice Without Affecting Normal Gut Movement
CBD selectively normalized gut hypermotility in mice with intestinal inflammation without affecting normal movement, working through CB1 receptors and the FAAH enzyme.
CB2 Receptors on Immune Cells Can Directly Suppress the Autoimmune Attack in MS
Review showed that the CB2 cannabinoid receptor on immune cells can directly suppress the autoreactive T cells that cause MS nerve damage, offering a potential non-psychoactive therapeutic target.
CBD Suppressed Immune Function by Disrupting a Key T Cell Signaling Pathway, Independent of Cannabinoid Receptors
CBD suppressed T cell function through NFAT/AP-1 transcription factor disruption, and this occurred independently of both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.
Scientists Found the Endocannabinoid System in Connective Tissue Cells, With Implications for Pain and Bodywork
Database analysis found fibroblasts and connective tissue cells express a full endocannabinoid system that may help regulate pain, inflammation, and tissue remodeling in muscles and fascia.
How Cannabinoids Fight Inflammation: A Review of Recent Research
A review found that all classes of cannabinoids show anti-inflammatory activity, potentially through promoting inflammation resolution rather than blocking its initiation.
CBD Reduced Some Immune Cells in Rats but Spared Natural Killer Cells
In rats, 14 days of CBD reduced T cells, B cells, and white blood cells at 5 mg/kg while sparing natural killer cells. A lower dose actually increased NKT cells.
CBD Shows Promise for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of the Evidence
A review found that CBD demonstrates neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical studies, making it a promising candidate for neurodegenerative disorders with few existing treatments.
CBD Reduced Bone Loss from Gum Disease in Rats
CBD (5 mg/kg daily) reduced bone loss, inflammatory cytokines, and RANKL/RANK expression in rats with experimentally induced periodontal disease over 30 days.
The Immune System Effects of Cannabinoids Should Be Considered With Every Prescription
A review argued that the potent immunological effects of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists are clinically relevant and should be considered in every prescribing decision for cannabinoid medicines.
Cannabinoids and Cancer: A New Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Effects Beyond Direct Tumor Killing
A review highlighted a new focus on cannabinoids' anti-inflammatory effects in cancer treatment, arguing that their ability to reduce chronic inflammation could be as important as direct anti-tumor effects.
CBD reduced heart damage, inflammation, and cell death in diabetic mice
CBD reduced cardiac dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and cell death in diabetic mice and human heart cells exposed to high glucose.
How cannabinoids suppress the immune system by triggering immune cell death
Review identified four mechanisms of cannabinoid immunosuppression through CB2 receptors: cell death, proliferation block, cytokine suppression, and regulatory T cell induction.
How cannabinoids reduce brain inflammation by interacting with the Toll-like receptor immune system
Review described how cannabinoids reduce brain inflammation by interacting with Toll-like receptor signaling, part of the innate immune system implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
CBD reduced Alzheimer's-related brain inflammation and promoted new brain cell growth through the PPARgamma pathway
CBD reduced Alzheimer's-related brain inflammation and stimulated new neuron growth in rats, both through the PPARgamma receptor pathway.
Cannabis made vaccinia virus infections worse in mice by suppressing immune function
Cannabis resin enhanced vaccinia virus infection severity in mice and inhibited immune cell proliferation in vitro, with effects from multiple cannabis compounds beyond THC.
Boosting endocannabinoid 2-AG protected against stomach bleeding caused by common painkillers in mice
Boosting endocannabinoid 2-AG with a MAGL inhibitor prevented NSAID-induced stomach bleeding in mice through CB1 receptors, without tolerance development.
CBD reduced MS-like disease severity in mice by suppressing harmful immune cells and brain inflammation
CBD reduced MS-like disease severity in mice by suppressing pathogenic T cells and microglial activation through mechanisms independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors.
A natural plant compound reduced pain by boosting endocannabinoids without binding to cannabinoid receptors
Beta-amyrin did not bind cannabinoid receptors (correcting prior claims) but potently inhibited 2-AG breakdown, suggesting indirect cannabinoid-based pain relief.
CBD protected myelin-producing brain cells from inflammatory damage through ER stress reduction
CBD protected myelin-producing brain cells from inflammatory death by reducing ER stress through a mechanism independent of known cannabinoid receptors.
CBD Reduced Lung Inflammation in Mice Through Adenosine Receptor Activation
A single dose of CBD reduced lung inflammation across multiple markers in mice, working through the adenosine A2A receptor pathway.
Cannabinoids Show Promise for Slowing Huntington's Disease Progression in Lab Studies
Preclinical evidence showed cannabinoids, especially the THC/CBD combination in Sativex, had neuroprotective properties relevant to Huntington's disease.
A THC/CBD Combination Protected Brain Cells in a Huntington's Disease Model
A THC/CBD combination reduced brain cell death and inflammation in a rat Huntington's disease model, working through both CB1 and CB2 receptors.
THC Reduced Skin Inflammation Without Needing the Known Cannabinoid Receptors
Topical THC reduced allergic skin inflammation in mice by suppressing immune signaling, working independently of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.
Low-Dose MAGL Inhibitor Maintained Pain Relief and Stomach Protection Without Causing Tolerance
Low-dose MAGL inhibitor maintained pain relief and stomach protection without causing CB1 tolerance or dependence, unlike high doses which caused both.
THC and CBD Suppressed a Key Inflammatory Immune Response Linked to Autoimmune Diseases
THC and CBD suppressed the autoimmune Th17 response (IL-17, IL-6) while CBD boosted anti-inflammatory IL-10, through a novel receptor-independent mechanism.
Cannabis Produced Clinical Response in 10 of 11 Crohn's Disease Patients Who Had Failed All Other Treatments
In treatment-resistant Crohn's disease, cannabis produced clinical response in 90% vs 40% placebo (p=0.028), with 3 patients weaned off steroids.
FAAH Inhibitors Reduced MS-Like Spasticity in Mice Without Cannabis-Like Side Effects
Three FAAH inhibitors reduced MS-model spasticity in mice without psychoactive side effects, definitively confirmed using genetic knockout mice.
12% of IBD Patients Actively Used Marijuana, With Most Finding It "Very Helpful" for Pain, Nausea, and Diarrhea
12.3% of IBD patients used marijuana, driven by chronic pain (OR=4.7), with most rating it "very helpful" for pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
Hemp Seed Oil Combined With a Special Diet Improved Clinical Scores and Immune Markers in MS Patients
RCT found hemp seed + evening primrose oils improved MS disability, relapse rates, and inflammatory markers (IL-17, IFN-gamma, IL-4) over 6 months.
Genetic Background Dramatically Changed Whether Cannabinoid Receptor Knockouts Affected MS-Like Disease in Mice
CB2 knockout effects on MS-model disease completely depended on mouse strain: augmented disease in one background, no effect in another, cautioning against over-interpreting animal cannabinoid studies.
COX-2 creates inflammatory molecules from endocannabinoids, not just destroys them
Review revealed that COX-2 converts endocannabinoids into novel inflammatory mediators rather than simply destroying them, adding complexity to our understanding of inflammation.
The endocannabinoid system plays important roles in liver disease
Review documented the endocannabinoid system's roles in multiple liver diseases and the potential for peripherally targeted therapies after early drug safety setbacks.
How marijuana affects immune cells in the brain
Review found THC inhibited brain immune cell migration toward infections, while CBD modulated neuroimmunity differently. Early-life exposure may alter adult immune responses.
Cannabis Showed Promise for Crohn's Disease, but Evidence Remains Limited
Review of early clinical data found cannabis improved Crohn's disease activity scores in small trials, but low-dose CBD alone did not work, and larger controlled studies are needed.
Marijuana Smoke Affects the Lungs Similarly to Tobacco but May Not Cause COPD
Review found marijuana smoke causes cough and sputum similar to tobacco but does not appear to cause COPD, with mixed and unclear evidence on cancer risk.
Neuroinflammation May Connect the Endocannabinoid System to Drug Addiction
Review of 165 studies found drug addiction involves both disrupted endocannabinoid signaling and neuroinflammation, suggesting cannabinoids could address addiction through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Cannabis Use Similarly Affected Immune Markers in MS Patients and Healthy Controls
Cannabis use reduced inflammatory markers CCL2 and IL-17 similarly in MS patients and healthy controls, while anandamide was elevated in MS patients regardless of cannabis use.
Cannabis Relieved IBD Symptoms but Was Linked to Higher Surgery Risk in Crohn's Disease
Survey of 313 IBD patients found 83.9% reported cannabis improved pain, but Crohn's patients who used cannabis >6 months had 5x higher odds of requiring surgery.
Cannabis May Increase Psychosis Risk Through Immune System Disruption
Systematic review of 122 studies found exogenous cannabinoids suppress immune function and shift Th1/Th2 balance, potentially creating latent vulnerability to psychosis, especially during adolescence.
A CB2 Receptor Drug Reduced Pancreatic Pain and Protected Tissue in Rats
CB2 receptor agonist reduced pain behaviors and protected pancreatic tissue from damage in a rat model of chronic pancreatitis without affecting brain function.
Blocking an endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme protected myelin and reduced nerve damage in mice with MS-like disease
Blocking 2-AG breakdown protected myelin-producing cells and reduced demyelination in two mouse models of MS, through CB1 receptor activation and reduced inflammation.
How cannabinoids regulate immune function in the brain and could treat neuroinflammatory diseases
Review of cannabinoid effects on brain immunity found anti-inflammatory properties relevant to MS, Alzheimer's, and ALS, with CB2 receptors as promising non-psychoactive targets.
CBD increased survival and protected brain function in mice with cerebral malaria
CBD treatment increased survival, prevented memory deficits, and reduced brain inflammation in mice with cerebral malaria by lowering cytokines and increasing BDNF.
How cannabinoid signaling regulates brain immune responses in neuroinflammatory diseases
Review of cannabinoid regulation of brain immunity found potential therapeutic applications for MS, Alzheimer's, and ALS through modulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation.
A CBD cream applied to the skin reduced paralysis and brain inflammation in mice with MS-like disease
Topical 1% CBD cream reduced EAE clinical scores from 5.0 to 1.5, recovered paralysis, and decreased brain inflammation, demyelination, and immune cell infiltration in mice.
CBD reduced brain inflammation and reversed schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice, matching the effects of clozapine
CBD reversed social withdrawal, cognitive deficits, and brain inflammation (astrocyte and microglial activation) in a schizophrenia mouse model, matching clozapine's effectiveness.
A new CBD derivative (HU-444) reduced arthritis inflammation in mice without any psychoactive effects
Novel CBD derivative HU-444 reduced arthritis severity, liver inflammation, and TNF-alpha production in mice without psychoactive effects and without the ability to convert to THC.
CBD triggered the production of immune-suppressive cells in mice through mast cells and a fat-sensing receptor
CBD triggered immune-suppressive cell mobilization in mice through mast cells and PPAR-gamma receptor activation, revealing a specific molecular pathway for CBD's immune effects.
50 Years After THC: How the Endocannabinoid System Works Throughout the Body
Landmark review by endocannabinoid research pioneers mapped the system's roles across reproduction, bone, skin, immunity, and gut function, establishing it as one of the body's most widespread signaling networks.
Alcohol and Cannabis Have Opposite Effects on the Immune System
Review found alcohol promotes inflammation while cannabinoids suppress it, suggesting cannabinoid-based therapies could potentially counteract alcohol-induced immune damage.
Endocannabinoid Enzymes Play Different Roles in Body Temperature Regulation
Mouse study found MAGL inhibition (raising 2-AG) worsened hypothermia from cold and infection via CB1 receptors, while FAAH inhibition (raising anandamide) had no temperature effect.
Endocannabinoid Levels Are Elevated in Chronic Hepatitis C and May Worsen Liver Fibrosis
Hepatitis C patients had elevated endocannabinoids that suppressed antiviral immunity and promoted liver scarring, potentially explaining why cannabis worsens liver disease progression.
New CB2-Selective Compounds Block Inflammation Without Activating Brain Receptors
Researchers designed CB2-selective inverse agonist compounds with no CB1 activity, including novel noncompetitive antagonists, expanding the toolkit for non-psychoactive cannabinoid therapeutics.
Endocannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis and ALS: From Symptom Relief to Neuroprotection
Review found cannabinoids relieve MS spasticity and showed neuroprotective potential in animal models of both MS and ALS, suggesting possible disease-modifying effects.
New Pyrrole-Based Compounds Selectively Target CB2 Receptors
Researchers designed pyrrole-based compounds with high CB2 selectivity and antagonist/inverse agonist activity, advancing the development of non-psychoactive anti-inflammatory cannabinoid drugs.
Could Nutritional Supplements and Cannabis Compounds Modify Multiple Sclerosis?
Review found cannabis constituents and FAAH inhibitors could complement MS treatment through dual symptom relief and anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective mechanisms.
Inflammation Suppresses an Endocannabinoid-Degrading Enzyme, Possibly to Self-Limit
Mouse study found inflammation suppresses an endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme in the spleen, potentially boosting anti-inflammatory endocannabinoid signaling as a natural feedback mechanism.
What the Evidence Says About Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
A review found that cannabis may relieve IBD symptoms but lacks evidence of anti-inflammatory effects, with animal models showing promise that human trials have not yet confirmed.
Could Cannabis Treat Psoriasis? Early Theoretical Evidence
A theoretical review proposed cannabinoids as potential psoriasis treatments based on the endocannabinoid system's intersection with immune and nervous system pathways involved in the disease.
Systematic Review Finds Insufficient Evidence for Cannabinoids in Rheumatic Pain
A systematic review found only four small, short trials of cannabinoids for rheumatic pain, with inconsistent results. The evidence was insufficient to support clinical recommendations despite some potential for pain and sleep benefits.
Review Confirms Very Limited Evidence for Cannabinoids in Rheumatic Disease Pain
A systematic review of four trials with 203 patients found limited evidence for cannabinoids in rheumatic pain, with nearly half of patients experiencing side effects and one osteoarthritis trial terminated for futility.
THC Suppressed Immune Inflammation by Reprogramming Immune Cells Through MicroRNA
THC suppressed immune inflammation in mice by correcting dysregulated microRNA molecules that control inflammatory T cell development, revealing a precise molecular mechanism.
Chronic THC Did Not Worsen SIV Infection in Monkeys and May Have Reduced Mortality
Long-term THC administration in SIV-infected monkeys did not enhance viral replication, reduced IgE+ B cells, and showed a non-significant trend toward lower mortality compared to placebo.
Cannabinoids show promise as anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drugs through mechanisms different from traditional painkillers
Review showing cannabinoids reduce inflammation through mechanisms different from NSAIDs, with several compounds in clinical development for chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.
The body's own cannabinoid system helps regulate immune tolerance in the gut and pancreas
The endocannabinoid anandamide promotes immune tolerance in the gut via CB2 receptors, and capsaicin triggers the same pathway, protecting mice from type 1 diabetes.
Temporarily blocking CB2 receptors during vaccination boosted immune responses in both young and old mice
Temporarily blocking CB2 cannabinoid receptors during vaccination boosted antibody responses in both young and aged mice, revealing the endocannabinoid system as a natural vaccine response suppressor.
The cannabinoid system interacts with toll-like receptor signaling in multiple sclerosis, revealing how Sativex might work
Review revealing novel interplay between toll-like receptor immune signaling and the cannabinoid system in MS, potentially explaining how Sativex reduces inflammation and symptoms.
The endocannabinoid system shows promise for treating digestive disorders including IBD, IBS, and motility problems
Review showing the endocannabinoid system is a promising therapeutic target for IBD, IBS, and digestive motility disorders, though clinical efficacy needs further confirmation.
Using Cannabis Compounds to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Where the Science Stands
Expert review finding that cannabinoids may help IBD symptoms like pain and diarrhea, but clinical evidence remains insufficient for evidence-based treatment guidelines.
Marijuana Smoke Caused More Severe Lung Damage Than Tobacco Smoke in Mice
First systematic comparison showing marijuana smoke caused earlier and more severe lung damage than tobacco in mice over 4 months, with effects independent of CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
How Cannabinoids Affect the Immune System During Infections
Review finding that the endocannabinoid system helps fight infections, but cannabis use generally increases infection susceptibility by suppressing immune responses.
Cannabis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children: What Pediatric Doctors Need to Know
Pediatric gastroenterologists from Colorado review the challenges of caring for children with IBD as cannabis acceptance grows, highlighting biological plausibility but insufficient evidence and developmental concerns.
Scientists Designed a New Drug That Blocks CB1 Receptors Without Entering the Brain to Treat Liver Fibrosis
Medicinal chemistry study creating novel brain-excluded compounds that block CB1 receptors and inhibit iNOS, showing antifibrotic effects in animal models of liver disease.
Could Cannabis Be a Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases?
Review finding cannabis compounds modulate immune function by reducing inflammation, with early clinical evidence for MS, IBD, and fibromyalgia and preclinical promise for rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
Cannabis Use Did Not Affect Immune Cell Counts in HIV-Hepatitis C Co-Infected Patients
Longitudinal study of 955 HIV-HCV co-infected patients finding no effect of cannabis use on CD4 T-cell counts or percentages, providing reassurance for immunocompromised patients.
CBD Reduced Brain Damage and Promoted Recovery After Stroke in Mice
Mouse study showing CBD prevented cognitive and emotional deficits after brain ischemia by reducing inflammation, preventing neuron death, increasing BDNF, and stimulating new brain cell growth.
Low-Dose CBD Did Not Help Active Crohn's Disease in This Small Trial
Small RCT of 20 Crohn's patients finding CBD 10 mg twice daily was safe but no more effective than placebo, possibly due to insufficient dosing.
The Anti-Inflammatory Power in Cannabis Comes From THCA, Not CBD, for Colon Disease
Study identifying THCA (not CBD) as the primary anti-inflammatory compound in cannabis for colon cells, working through GPR55 receptors, with effects confirmed in IBD patient tissue.
What Works for Abdominal Pain in IBD? Relaxation and Cannabis Show Promise
Systematic review finding few tested treatments for IBD abdominal pain, with relaxation/CBT showing the most consistent benefit and one controlled cannabis trial showing promise.
How Cannabinoids Control the Immune System: Opportunities and Challenges
Review of how the endocannabinoid system controls immunity, finding widespread expression in immune cells with generally immunosuppressive effects that create both therapeutic opportunities and safety considerations.
CBD Blocked Pain and Nerve Damage in Rat Osteoarthritis, Especially When Given Early
Rat study found that locally administered CBD reduced osteoarthritis pain and, when given early, prevented pain development and protected joint nerves from damage.
Cannabis Is One of Many Herbs That Can Interact with IBD Medications in Older Patients
Review of herbal medicine use in elderly IBD patients identifies cannabis among many supplements with potential drug-herb interactions, emphasizing the need for provider awareness.
A Compound from Black Pepper Reduces Inflammation and Pain by Boosting the Body's Own Cannabinoids
Mouse study found that guineensine from black pepper produced potent anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects by blocking endocannabinoid reuptake, with effects partially mediated through CB1 receptors.
Taking cannabis with fatty foods dramatically increases cannabinoid levels in the immune system
Taking cannabinoids with fats boosted CBD levels in the lymphatic system 250-fold above blood levels, reaching concentrations that suppressed immune cell activity, especially in MS patients.
Cannabinoid compounds reduced inflammation markers in human gum tissue cells
Three cannabinoid compounds reduced inflammatory markers IL-6 and MCP-1 in human periodontal cells, suggesting potential for cannabinoid-based gum disease treatments.
Omega-3 fatty acids produce endocannabinoid-like compounds that preferentially activate anti-inflammatory CB2 receptors
Omega-3 derived endocannabinoid-like molecules selectively activated anti-inflammatory CB2 receptors without activating psychoactive CB1, connecting dietary fats to endocannabinoid signaling.
The endocannabinoid system in MS could address both symptoms and disease progression
Comprehensive review finds clinical evidence for cannabinoids managing MS symptoms (spasticity, pain) and preclinical evidence for neuroprotective effects that could slow disease progression.
Comprehensive review of endocannabinoid system targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain
Major review found endocannabinoid system targets produce reliable pain relief in preclinical models with opioid-sparing potential, though clinical translation for enzyme inhibitors lags behind.
Comprehensive review of approved and emerging medical uses of cannabinoids across multiple conditions
Comprehensive review cataloged six approved cannabinoid medications and evidence across pain, epilepsy, cancer, neurodegeneration, PTSD, anxiety, and addiction, spanning the full endocannabinoid system.
Cannabinoids show preclinical promise for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer but clinical evidence is lacking
Review found cannabinoids show preclinical anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects relevant to IBD and colorectal cancer, but clinical evidence remains limited to questionnaires and small studies.
Your Blood Carries Endocannabinoids That Track Exercise, Stress, Sleep, and Inflammation
Review mapping how blood endocannabinoid levels shift with exercise, sleep, stress, pain, and metabolism — showing why cannabis affects so many different systems.
A review found emerging but insufficient evidence for cannabinoids in treating rheumatic diseases
Nature Reviews Rheumatology review found emerging evidence for cannabinoid immunomodulatory effects relevant to rheumatic diseases, but concluded evidence is insufficient to recommend cannabis treatment for these conditions.
Most IBD patients using marijuana reported benefits but also had worse symptoms and mental health than non-users
Survey of 1,666 IBD patients found marijuana users reported high perceived benefits (80.7%) but also had more depression, anxiety, and pain than non-users, likely reflecting harder-to-treat disease.
Heavy cannabis use was linked to reduced immune activation and inflammation in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy
Study of 198 HIV-positive patients found heavy cannabis use was associated with reduced immune activation and inflammatory markers, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory benefits in treated HIV infection.
Cannabis-Using HIV Patients Had Lower Levels of Inflammatory Immune Cells
HIV patients who used cannabis had lower levels of inflammatory monocytes and markers linked to brain inflammation, and THC directly suppressed these markers in lab experiments.
The Endocannabinoid System Plays a Major Role in Gut Health and Disease
Review reveals the GI tract has a fully functional endocannabinoid system controlling motility, sensation, and barrier function, with therapeutic potential for IBS, IBD, and colorectal cancer.
THC plus CBD together reduced MS-like brain inflammation in mice through changes in immune cell gene activity
In a mouse MS model, THC plus CBD together (but not alone) reduced paralysis and brain inflammation by suppressing inflammatory immune cells and altering microRNA gene regulation.
THC plus CBD reduced MS-like symptoms in mice by reshaping gut bacteria
THC+CBD reduced MS-like symptoms in mice partly by reshaping gut bacteria, as confirmed by fecal transplant experiments showing the microbiome changes were causally involved in the therapeutic effect.
A cannabis-derived compound reduced HIV drug-induced nerve pain in mice through CB2 receptors
Beta-caryophyllene, a non-psychoactive cannabis compound, prevented and reduced HIV drug-induced nerve pain in mice by activating CB2 receptors and reducing inflammatory cytokines.
Cannabis shows promise for IBD symptoms in the lab but has not yet delivered in clinical trials
Despite strong evidence that cannabinoids improve colitis in animal models, clinical trials in human IBD have not shown meaningful benefit, with THC tolerance limiting the largest study.
A cannabis compound reduced bladder inflammation and pain in mice better than the standard treatment
Beta-caryophyllene, a cannabis compound with GRAS safety status, reduced bladder inflammation and pain in mice better than the FDA-approved treatment DMSO through CB2 receptor activation.
Cannabis users hospitalized with inflammatory bowel disease had shorter stays and lower bills
National propensity-matched study of over 7,000 IBD hospitalizations found cannabis users had shorter stays, lower charges, and lower colorectal cancer rates, though some complications were higher.
CB1 receptor blockers caused diarrhea so consistently they might actually treat constipation-dominant IBS
Meta-analysis of 18 trials shows CB1 receptor blockers consistently caused diarrhea and GI symptoms, suggesting potential repurposing for constipation-predominant IBS if psychiatric side effects can be avoided.
Canadian rheumatology group says no evidence supports medical cannabis for joint diseases but offers pragmatic guidance
Canadian Rheumatology Association finds zero clinical trials and insufficient evidence for cannabis in joint diseases, but issues pragmatic guidance acknowledging widespread patient use.
Cannabis compounds suppress immune defenses against gum disease bacteria through CB2 receptor pathway
Lab and mouse study shows CBD, CBN, and THC all suppress immune defenses against three major gum disease bacteria through a CB2/PI3K pathway, revealing why cannabis use increases periodontal disease risk.
Cannabis might help pediatric IBD symptoms but evidence is far too limited to recommend use
Review finds cannabis shows anti-inflammatory potential for IBD, but evidence is insufficient to recommend use in pediatric patients, calling for pediatric-specific safety and efficacy studies.
Young IBD patients are using cannabis oil, mostly for sleep, nausea, and appetite
Study of young IBD patients found 15 cannabis oil users had similar clinical profiles to 67 non-users but reported perceived benefits for sleep, nausea, and appetite, with most also using other cannabis forms.
THC and CBD reduce inflammation after bone marrow transplant in mice but slow immune recovery
Cannabinoids reduced GVHD and improved survival in transplanted mice but also slowed immune cell recovery, highlighting a complex therapeutic tradeoff.
THC reduced gut inflammation and prevented lymph node scarring in SIV-infected monkeys
THC suppressed gut inflammation, preserved intestinal barrier integrity, and prevented lymph node fibrosis in all treated SIV-infected macaques.
Cannabis extract and CBD both inhibited human immune cell migration and inflammation, but the extract was more potent
Both a standardized cannabis extract and pure CBD inhibited human immune cell functions, but the extract was more potent for cell migration and TNF-alpha production.
Cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease: animal models are promising but human trials have not shown efficacy
Cannabis shows promise in animal IBD models but has not demonstrated anti-inflammatory efficacy in human trials. It may help manage symptoms like pain and nausea.
Cannabis and turmeric for IBD: promising but not ready to replace standard treatment
Cannabis and turmeric show potential for IBD symptom management, but neither has been compared to standard treatment and should not be used as a substitute.
Cannabinoids for rheumatic diseases: anti-inflammatory potential but lacking rigorous evidence
Cannabinoids have theoretical benefits for rheumatic diseases, but reviews are outpacing actual trials and evidence remains insufficient.
What the evidence says about cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease
Cannabis may improve IBD symptoms and quality of life, but no evidence yet shows it reduces underlying inflammation or heals the gut.
Most Australian gastroenterologists don't support cannabis for IBD despite patient demand
Survey of 93 Australian gastroenterologists found only 21% support cannabis for IBD, despite 39% having patients using it and ranking it safer than standard IBD drugs.
Review finds cannabis may improve IBD symptoms but standardized treatment protocols are lacking
A review found cannabis associated with improved IBD symptom scores and quality of life, but the lack of standardized preparations, doses, and routes of administration prevents establishing treatment guidelines.
Meta-analysis finds extremely limited evidence for marijuana in Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
A meta-analysis found only 3 eligible trials (71 patients) testing marijuana for IBD, with no significant benefit over placebo for remission or response and very low quality evidence overall.
Endocannabinoids can shut down virulence programs in gut bacteria
Mouse study found that the endocannabinoid 2-AG directly blocks virulence programs in gut bacteria by targeting the bacterial receptor QseC, protecting against enteric infections.
Cannabinoid compounds protected brain cells from damage caused by high glucose and Alzheimer's-linked proteins
Cell study found five cannabinoid agents protected rat brain cells from combined high glucose and amyloid beta damage, with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 showing the strongest neuroprotection.
Psychotic patients who used cannabinoids showed different inflammation patterns linked to symptom severity
Study of 119 acutely psychotic patients found cannabinoid users showed an unusual inverse relationship between IL-6 inflammation and psychosis severity, with synthetic cannabinoid users more likely to need emergency sedation.
IBD patients who self-medicated with cannabis showed more depression, impulsivity, and substance misuse risk
Survey of 201 IBD patients found those self-medicating with cannabis had higher impulsivity, more depression, and greater substance misuse vulnerability compared to recreational cannabis users.
Activating CB2 receptors reduced bladder inflammation in mice
CB2 agonist JWH-133 reduced bladder pain, inflammation, and urinary frequency in mice with cystitis through an autophagy-dependent mechanism.
Cannabis improved Crohn disease symptoms in small trials but did not reduce inflammation markers
Three small trials (93 subjects) showed cannabis improved Crohn disease symptoms but mostly did not reduce inflammation markers, raising questions about symptomatic versus disease-modifying effects.
Cannabis use disorders linked to fewer digestive problems in schizophrenia patients but not in healthy people
Danish study of 21,066 schizophrenia patients found cannabis use disorders associated with 16% lower risk of gut-brain disorders and 30% lower IBD risk, with no such association in healthy controls.
CB1 worsens and CB2 protects the heart during ischemia, but cannabis also raises cardiovascular risk factors
Review found CB1 worsens and CB2 protects heart inflammation during ischemia, while cannabis use may trigger arrhythmias and metabolic dysfunction.
Hemp Seed Oil Combined With a Drug Improved Immune Markers in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Hemp seed oil improved immune cell membrane composition and inflammatory markers in an MS mouse model, with additive benefits alongside rapamycin.
CB2 receptors on immune cells could be a drug target for HIV-related brain inflammation
Review proposes CB2 receptors as drug targets for HIV brain inflammation, noting cannabis-using HIV patients have lower inflammatory monocyte levels.
CBD reversed ARDS symptoms in mice by upregulating apelin, a peptide involved in immune regulation
Mouse study found CBD reversed ARDS symptoms and increased apelin expression in lungs and blood, revealing a new CBD mechanism for respiratory inflammation.
CBD-rich cannabis extract dramatically increased a "probiotic" gut bacterium in mice but also triggered intestinal inflammation
Mouse study found CBD-rich extract dramatically increased a "probiotic" gut bacterium while simultaneously triggering intestinal inflammation and reducing gut integrity markers.
Cannabis use was linked to elevated inflammatory marker sgp130 in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder
Cannabis use elevated the anti-inflammatory marker sgp130 in 401 schizophrenia patients but not 242 bipolar patients, suggesting diagnosis-specific immune modulation.
CB2 receptor activation promoted gut healing markers in tissue from IBD patients
A CB2 receptor agonist increased epithelial cell growth and reduced inflammatory markers in colon tissue from IBD patients, suggesting cannabinoid receptors could help promote gut healing.
Allosteric CB1 ligands reduced eye pain and inflammation in a mouse corneal injury model
Novel allosteric CB1 receptor ligands reduced corneal pain and inflammation in mice, especially when combined with low-dose THC, suggesting a new approach for eye pain treatment.
A CB2 agonist relieved nerve pain in mice even without CB1 receptors, working through anti-inflammatory pathways
The CB2 agonist AM1710 reversed neuropathic pain in mice with or without CB1 receptors by boosting anti-inflammatory IL-10 and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord.
A CB2 inverse agonist reduced brain inflammation and neuronal death after prolonged seizures in mice
A CB2 inverse agonist given after prolonged seizures were stopped prevented brain inflammation, reduced neuronal death, and improved behavior in mice, suggesting a potential post-seizure neuroprotective therapy.
The Endocannabinoid System May Suppress Neuroinflammation and Fight Tumors — A Review of the Mechanisms
Review of how the endocannabinoid system modulates immune function — suppressing inflammation and showing anti-tumor effects in preclinical models.
Both Tobacco and Cannabis Smoking Activated the Same Inflammatory Immune Pathway in Young Adults
Both cannabis and tobacco smoking activated the same inflammatory immune pathway (GPR15 on helper T cells), accounting for half of smoking's pro-inflammatory effect.
A cannabis extract reduced COVID-related inflammatory markers in lung cells but increased inflammation in immune cells
A CBD-rich cannabis extract reduced inflammatory markers in lung cells but increased them in macrophages, highlighting the cell-type-specific and potentially contradictory effects of cannabinoids on inflammation.
Half of New Zealand IBD patients had used cannabis, with most reporting symptom improvement
A New Zealand survey found 51% of IBD patients had used cannabis, with most medicinal users reporting improvements in pain, nausea, and appetite, and 54% would request it if legally available.
The pancreas has its own endocannabinoid system that influences insulin, inflammation, and beta cell health
The pancreas has its own endocannabinoid system that helps regulate insulin secretion. Preclinical research suggests CB1 receptor blockers could protect beta cells from obesity-related inflammation and damage.
Cannabinoids reshape the immune system partly by changing which microRNAs cells produce
Cannabinoids alter immune function by changing which microRNAs immune cells produce. These tiny RNA molecules regulate gene expression, providing a molecular mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects observed with cannabinoid use.
Cannabis shows promise for managing abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel disease but not the underlying inflammation
A review found cannabis does not appear to treat the underlying inflammation in IBD but consistently reduces abdominal pain in both animal and human studies, offering potential symptom relief alongside standard therapy.
Cannabinoid receptors on immune cells in tumors could be therapeutic targets for cancer treatment
Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are found on nearly all immune cell types within tumors. Activating these receptors can modulate cancer-related immune responses, opening potential therapeutic avenues.
A practical guide for clinicians on cannabis use by IBD patients, including clinical vignettes
A practical clinician guide finds cannabis may help some IBD symptoms but does not reduce inflammation. Clinicians should discuss dosing inconsistencies, dependence, and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with IBD patients who use cannabis.
Blocking a key enzyme in Alzheimer's patients' immune cells shifted them from inflammatory to protective
Blocking the enzyme FAAH in immune cells from Alzheimer's patients reduced inflammation and shifted cells toward a protective state, suggesting endocannabinoid system modulation could offer a new therapeutic approach.
Cannabis only increased psychosis risk in people who already had elevated inflammation, supporting a "two-hit" model
Cannabis only increased psychosis risk in people with pre-existing elevated inflammation, providing the first human evidence for a two-hit hypothesis. Cannabis did not cause the inflammation itself.
CBD may help clear toxic protein buildup in neurodegenerative diseases
Review of preclinical evidence suggests CBD may help clear toxic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases by modulating the proteostasis network, though human data remains limited.
New mouse model shows cannabis smoke triggers specific immune changes in the lungs
Validated mouse model showed cannabis smoke increased lung macrophages without neutrophil infiltration, plus elevated immune mediators, in both male and female mice.
CBD shows strong anti-inflammatory effects in animal MS models but clinical evidence is still limited
Systematic review found CBD effective in rodent MS models but clinical results in humans were limited and usually negative, possibly because doses tested were too low.
About 20% of rheumatology patients actively use cannabis, and meta-analysis shows pain improvement
Meta-analysis of 10,873 rheumatology patients found 40% had used cannabis and 15% were current users, with significant pain reduction among users, especially in fibromyalgia.
The endocannabinoid system shows promise as a drug target for inflammatory bowel disease
Systematic review found multiple endocannabinoid system components show anti-inflammatory potential for IBD in preclinical studies, identifying CB1, CB2, FAAH, and MAGL as therapeutic targets.
Hempseed extract protected rat kidneys from high-cholesterol damage better than statins
Rat study found hempseed lipid extract improved cholesterol-related kidney damage more safely than simvastatin, modulating inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress.
A brain-sparing CB1 blocker improved metabolic syndrome in obese mice
Mouse study found a brain-sparing CB1 receptor blocker reduced weight gain, improved glucose metabolism, and reversed fatty liver without the psychiatric risks that ended rimonabant.
Anandamide-like compound protected against Alzheimer's symptoms in mice via cannabinoid receptors
An anandamide analog improved memory and reduced amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's model mice by activating CB2 cannabinoid receptors and promoting autophagy, a cellular cleanup process.
Cannabinoid receptor GPR18 activation relieved bladder pain and overactivity in rats
In a rat model of interstitial cystitis, activating the cannabinoid receptor GPR18 reduced pain and improved bladder function by inhibiting TRPV1 pain receptors in nerve tissue.
Topical CBD and PEA products showed no skin irritation or sensitization in healthy adults
Three clinical trials found topical CBD and PEA products caused no skin irritation or sensitization in healthy adults, with only mild phototoxicity from one hemp seed oil product.
Most IBD patients using cannabis in Puerto Rico had limited knowledge and did not tell their doctor
A survey of 100 IBD patients in Puerto Rico found 27% used cannabis, most had limited knowledge, 78% had not told their doctor, and 68% reported symptom improvement.
CBD-rich cannabis oil improved Crohn's symptoms and quality of life but not gut inflammation
A double-blind trial of 56 Crohn's patients found CBD-rich cannabis oil improved symptoms and quality of life but did not change endoscopic scores or inflammatory markers, raising questions about symptom masking.
German IBD patients using cannabis reported benefits but most obtained it from the black market
A survey of 417 German IBD patients found 4.3% used cannabis for their condition, with most reporting benefits but over half obtaining cannabis from the black market rather than through medical channels.
What does the evidence say about cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease?
Scoping review of 6 studies finds preliminary positive signals for cannabis in IBD, but evidence is too limited for clinical recommendations.
Can activating CB2 receptors protect against chemotherapy-induced lung damage?
Rat study finds CB2 receptor activation with AM1241 protects against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
THC Stimulated Dental Pulp Cells to Form Bone-Like Tissue in a Lab — a Surprising Finding for Tooth Repair
THC promoted mineralization and bone-like tissue formation in human dental pulp cells through CB1/CB2 receptors — an unexpected finding with potential for dental regeneration research.
CBD Selectively Dials Down Two Key Inflammation Signals in Human Immune Cells
In vitro study found CBD selectively suppressed two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) in human immune cells while leaving 11 other immune signals unaffected, revealing a targeted anti-inflammatory profile.
Cannabis Treatment Preserved Endocannabinoid Levels in Ulcerative Colitis Patients
In UC patients, endocannabinoid levels dropped in the placebo group but remained stable with cannabis treatment, and changes correlated with symptom improvements in bowel movements and quality of life.
Lab study ranks cannabinoids by anti-inflammatory potency in human immune cells, with THC most active and terpenes showing minimal effects
Testing cannabis compounds in human immune cells found THC had the broadest anti-inflammatory activity, while popular terpenes like limonene had no measurable immune effects.
Cannabis extract outperformed pure CBD at reducing brain immune cell inflammation through multiple molecular pathways
A CBD-and-terpene-enriched cannabis extract reduced brain immune cell inflammation more effectively than pure CBD alone, through multiple molecular pathways.
IBD patients who use cannabis report more symptoms but do not have worse underlying disease
Among 383 IBD patients, cannabis users reported more pain, gas, and joint symptoms but did not have worse underlying disease, suggesting non-luminal factors drive their symptom burden.
CBD reduced viral activity markers released from HIV-infected immune cells
Lab study showed CBD reduced inflammatory vesicles released from HIV-infected immune cells, potentially by lowering viral activity.
High-CBD cannabis extract suppressed human immune cell activity in the lab
A high-CBD cannabis extract suppressed human T cell activity in the lab without killing cells, working mainly through CB2 and TRPV1 receptors.
Parrots lost their CB2 cannabinoid receptor gene and are more vulnerable to brain inflammation
Parrots naturally lack the CB2 cannabinoid receptor gene, making their brains more vulnerable to inflammation and demonstrating CB2's protective role.
Acidic cannabinoids, especially CBGA, blocked a key inflammatory pathway in immune cells
Minor acidic cannabinoids, especially CBGA, potently blocked a key calcium-driven inflammatory pathway in immune cells, while CBD and THC did not.
A cannabinoid receptor agonist broadly suppressed inflammatory gene activity in human brain cells
A synthetic cannabinoid broadly suppressed inflammatory gene expression in human astrocytes through CB1-independent mechanisms involving neuroprotective transcription factors.
Arthritis patients reported less pain and reduced medication use with CBD
Survey of 428 arthritis patients found CBD was associated with 44% average pain reduction, and 60% reduced or stopped other medications including opioids.
Cannabis use changes blood biomarker patterns in people with schizophrenia
Schizophrenia patients with cannabis use disorder showed different blood biomarker patterns than those with schizophrenia alone, with elevated serotonin receptors and inflammation markers absent in dual-diagnosis patients.
Cannabinoids in rheumatology: potential pain benefits weighed against drug interactions and side effects
Cannabinoids show some pain benefits for rheumatic conditions but carry drug interaction risks with common rheumatology medications, leading the review to conclude they are more foe than friend.
Could cannabinoids help fight COVID-19? A review of anti-inflammatory and antiviral evidence
Cannabinoids including CBD and CBGA have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties that could theoretically help with COVID-19, but no clinical evidence exists.
How the endocannabinoid system could be a therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis
Beyond relieving MS symptoms, cannabinoids and ECS modulators may promote oligodendrocyte survival and myelination, suggesting potential disease-modifying effects.
First meta-analysis finds altered endocannabinoid levels in fibromyalgia patients
First meta-analysis finds fibromyalgia patients have altered levels of endocannabinoid-like molecules, supporting endocannabinoid system involvement in chronic widespread pain.
Daily THC in Adolescent Mice Disrupted Immune Cells in the Brain Until Young Adulthood
Daily THC during adolescence disrupted brain immune cell (microglia) function in mice through young adulthood, impairing responses to infection and stress. Effects were adolescent-specific and eventually resolved.
Not All High-THC Cannabis Extracts Are Equal for Cancer or Inflammation
Lab testing of 25 high-THC cannabis extracts found huge variation in anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, with specific terpenes like terpinene and p-cymene predicting better outcomes.
Topical CBD for Skin Conditions: Anti-inflammatory, Anti-itch, and Wound Healing Effects
Review found topical CBD has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, wound healing, and anti-proliferative effects on skin through cannabinoid receptors, positioning it as a potential corticosteroid alternative.
Adolescent Mice That Self-Administered Synthetic Cannabinoid Developed Lasting Brain Changes
First study showing adolescent mice voluntarily self-administered synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018, leading to lasting compulsive behaviors and brain neuroinflammation in adulthood.
Cannabis-Based Products for Inflammatory Skin Diseases Show Promise but Need Trials
Review found topical cannabinoid products show promise for atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis based on skin endocannabinoid system biology, but large clinical trials are still needed.
Cannabis Terpene Myrcene Reduced Arthritis Pain and Inflammation in Rats
Cannabis terpene myrcene reduced chronic arthritis pain and inflammation in rats through cannabinoid receptors, but did not synergize with CBD, challenging "entourage effect" assumptions.
Cannabis for Rheumatic Disease Pain: Growing Interest, Limited Clinical Evidence
Review found growing interest in cannabis for rheumatic disease pain but noted the literature skews toward reviews over original research, with very few randomized trials completed.
Cannabis Use Linked to Shorter Hospital Stays and Lower Costs for IBD Patients After Legalization
After recreational legalization in CO and WA, cannabis use among IBD inpatients tripled. Cannabis-using patients had shorter stays and $8,418 lower hospital charges.
Higher CBD Concentrations Worsened Inflammatory Markers in Depression in Lab Tests
In vitro testing found higher CBD concentrations increased some inflammatory markers in blood from depressed patients, challenging the assumption that CBD is uniformly anti-inflammatory.
Eczema patients were enthusiastic about medical cannabis but rarely discussed it with dermatologists
Survey of 76 eczema patients found universal support for medical cannabis and 94% interest in learning more, but 93% had never discussed it with their healthcare provider.
THC May Weaken the Immune System's Ability to Fight Cancer, Mouse Study Finds
Mouse study found THC weakened PD-1 immunotherapy by suppressing T-cell function through the CB2 receptor. In human cancer patients, higher endocannabinoid levels were linked to worse survival.
Cannabis Extracts Reduced Gut Inflammation Better Than Pure THC or CBD Alone in Mice
Mouse study found cannabis extracts reduced gut inflammation better than pure THC or CBD alone, with each treatment producing a distinct immune response pattern.
Targeting Brain Immune Cells With Cannabinoids Reduced Inflammation and Protected Neurons in Lab Study
Lab study found synthetic cannabinoids targeting either CB1 or CB2 receptors reduced brain immune cell inflammation and protected neurons from secondary damage via MAPK suppression.
Injected vs. smoked cannabis had different effects on inflammation in pregnant rats
Pregnant rat study found injected THC/CBD increased fetal inflammation while smoked cannabis reduced it, showing route of administration fundamentally changes outcomes.
Medical cannabis improved quality of life for inflammatory bowel disease patients in a UK registry
UK registry study of 76 IBD patients found medical cannabis improved disease-specific quality of life, anxiety, and sleep at 1 and 3 months.
CBG Reduced Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Cells Through a Pain-Sensing Channel
CBG reduced key inflammatory markers in rheumatoid arthritis cells through the TRPA1 pain-sensing channel, with selectivity for inflamed over healthy tissue.
CBD and the Immune System: Extensive Preclinical Evidence, Zero Clinical Trials
CBD consistently suppressed immune responses across animal and cell studies, but zero clinical trials have tested whether this helps humans with inflammatory diseases.
Systematic Review Finds Cannabinoids Show Promise for IBD Symptoms but Optimal Dose and Delivery Remain Unknown
Systematic review found most studies report cannabinoid benefits for IBD symptoms, but heterogeneous methods prevent determining optimal dose, formulation, or delivery.
Cannabis Use Was Linked to 2.5x Higher 30-Day Hospital Readmission for Ulcerative Colitis but Not Crohn's Disease
Cannabis use linked to 2.5x higher 30-day readmission for UC but not Crohn's among 1,021 IBD patients.
Scoping Review Finds Preclinical Promise but Limited Clinical Evidence for Cannabis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Scoping review found preclinical support for cannabinoids in rheumatoid diseases but scarce and mixed clinical evidence.
CBD Reprograms Immune Cells to Be More Anti-Inflammatory, but Only When They Are Activated
CBD reprogrammed human dendritic cells during long-term treatment to mount anti-inflammatory responses when activated, with IL-10 signaling as the dominant pathway.
Review Examines How Inhaled Cannabis Affects Lung Immune Defenses, With More Questions Than Answers
Review found inhaled cannabis dampens lung immune function, potentially reducing inflammation but also impairing pathogen defense, with major knowledge gaps remaining.
Prenatal tobacco and cannabis exposure linked to higher inflammation markers in young children
Longitudinal study found prenatal tobacco and cannabis exposure associated with elevated inflammatory markers (salivary CRP) in children ages 4-6.
CBD reshaped the tumor immune environment and boosted immunotherapy response in colon cancer mice
Single-cell sequencing study found CBD reprogrammed tumor macrophages and enhanced anti-PD-1 immunotherapy response in a colon cancer mouse model.
High-CBD Cannabis Extracts Suppressed Gut Inflammation Through microRNA Pathways
Five high-CBD cannabis extracts reduced gut cell inflammation through microRNA pathways, suppressing COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8 — but high doses also slowed cell growth.
Cannabinoids for Psoriasis: How Plant Compounds Might Calm an Overactive Skin Immune System
Cannabinoids — especially CBD — show biological rationale for treating psoriasis through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, but clinical evidence in human patients remains minimal.
Cannabis extracts reduced inflammatory signaling in human immune cells in the lab
Lab study found cannabis extracts reduced inflammatory cytokine release in human macrophages, supporting anti-inflammatory potential at the cellular level.
Endocannabinoids travel in tiny cell-derived particles during COVID-19 and increase with disease severity
COVID-19 patients showed significantly higher endocannabinoid concentrations in extracellular vesicles than in plasma, with levels increasing alongside disease severity, suggesting EVs serve as an endocannabinoid delivery system during infection.
THC blocked immune cell development by eliminating oxidative stress through a novel mechanism
THC prevented bone marrow cells from becoming macrophages by eliminating reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms, both independent of known cannabinoid receptors, revealing a novel pathway for cannabis-related immune effects.
UK medical cannabis patients with inflammatory bowel disease reported improvements over 18 months
An 18-month UK registry study of 116 IBD patients found cannabis-based products were associated with improvements in disease-specific quality of life, anxiety, and sleep.
Activating CB1 Receptors Protected Against Brain Damage From Excitotoxicity in Mice
A mouse study showed CB1 receptor activation protected against glutamate-induced brain damage by reducing oxidative stress through the NOX-2 pathway.
Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids Protected Brain Mitochondria From Toxic Damage
Cannabinoids protected brain mitochondria from toxic damage by activating mitochondrial CB1 receptors.
Blocking CB2 receptors on brain immune cells reduced neuroinflammation from graft-versus-host disease in mice
CB2 receptors on brain microglia drove neuroinflammation in graft-versus-host disease, and a brain-penetrant CB2 blocker selectively reduced it without worsening the systemic immune response.
Combined amphetamine and cannabis abuse altered white blood cells and increased fungal infections
Study of 50 people who abused both amphetamines and cannabis found significant white blood cell changes and 70% positive for fungal lung infections.
CBD shows promise for gut and lung diseases but its poor absorption remains a major barrier
Review finds CBD shows strong preclinical promise for gut and lung diseases, but its poor absorption and metabolism create a major gap between lab results and real-world clinical outcomes.
People with HIV had altered endocannabinoid levels, but cannabis use frequency did not change immune markers
People with HIV showed higher inflammation and lower endocannabinoid levels, but cannabis use frequency did not alter these immune measures.
Cannabis extracts blocked multiple steps of atherosclerosis development in lab cells
Three cannabis extracts blocked LDL oxidation, foam cell formation, and inflammation through non-traditional receptors, targeting multiple steps of plaque development.
Review of Cannabinoids for Multiple Sclerosis and the Emerging Field of Nano-Cannabinoid Medicine
Review examines cannabinoids' disease-modification potential in MS and nano-cannabinoid drug delivery.
Comprehensive Review of CBD's Potential for Brain Disorders
Review of 170 articles maps CBD's neuroprotective mechanisms across brain disorders.
CBD Shifted Immune Responses in Blood Cells from Psoriasis Patients
Lab experiments showed CBD shifted immune responses in psoriasis patients' blood cells from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory across multiple immune cell types.
How the Endocannabinoid System Affects Liver Disease
Review finds the endocannabinoid system has opposing effects in liver disease: CB1 promotes fibrosis while CB2 inhibits it, suggesting targeted cannabinoid therapies could help.
Chronic Cannabis Use in Teens Was Linked to Lower B Cell Levels, Hinting at Immune Effects
Small exploratory study found chronic cannabis-using teens had lower B cell proportions, suggesting possible immune effects that need confirmation in larger studies.
Daily Cannabis Use in Young Adults Linked to a Novel Marker of Chronic Inflammation
Daily cannabis use at age 24 was linked to elevated suPAR, a novel chronic inflammation marker, while less frequent use and traditional inflammatory markers showed no association.
Arthritis Patients Who Used Cannabinoids Reported Less Pain, Stiffness, and Fatigue
Survey of 290 arthritis patients found about 15% used cannabinoids, reporting significant pain reduction with minimal side effects, though placebo effects cannot be ruled out.
Cannabis Shows Promise for Inflammatory Bowel Disease But Needs Larger Clinical Trials
Review finds cannabis interacts with receptors throughout the gut to reduce inflammation and symptoms in IBD, but larger controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy.
Periodontitis Combined With Stress Disrupts the Brain Endocannabinoid System in Rats
In rats with both gum disease and chronic stress, the brain endocannabinoid system was disrupted with reduced CB1 receptors and metabolic enzymes, alongside increased neuroinflammation.
Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract Outperformed CBD Alone in Reducing Brain Cell Inflammation
A full-spectrum cannabis extract significantly reduced brain cell inflammation and protected neurons from damage in lab models, outperforming CBD alone.
Cannabis Leaf Extract Showed Anti-Inflammatory and Antidepressant Effects in Mice
Cannabis leaf extract reduced depression-like behavior and brain inflammation in mice, with effects attributed to the combined action of THCA and the terpene B-caryophyllene.
CBGA Was the Most Potent Cannabinoid at Blocking a Channel Linked to Cancer and Kidney Disease
CBGA was the most potent cannabinoid at blocking TRPM7 ion channels, which are involved in cancer, stroke, and kidney disease, working through the channel's kinase domain.
Non-Intoxicating Cannabinoids Show Promise for Gut Pain in Preclinical Research
Review of preclinical evidence finds multiple non-intoxicating cannabinoids beyond CBD can reduce gut pain and inflammation through TRP and ion channels, not just classical cannabinoid receptors.
CBD and THC Suppressed Both Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory T Cell Responses in Lab
Blinded lab study found CBD and THC suppressed both pro-inflammatory Th17 cells and regulatory T cells in human immune cells, representing broad immunomodulation rather than simple anti-inflammatory action.
Selective CB2 Drug Matched High-Dose CBD Effects for Colitis at a Fraction of the Dose
Mouse colitis study found CB2 agonist HU308 matched high-dose CBD efficacy at 1/24th the dose, with both normalizing gut inflammation and GLP-1 hormone levels.
Cannabis Vaping and Smoking Trigger the Same Inflammatory and Cancer Gene Pathways in Lung Cells
Despite fewer toxicants in vapor, cannabis vaping triggered the same inflammatory, cancer, and stress gene pathways in lung cells as smoking — questioning the harm reduction narrative at the molecular level.
High-CBD Extract Reduced Arthritis Severity in Two Mouse Models and Suppressed Human Immune Cell Inflammation
High-CBD extract reduced inflammatory cytokines from human immune cells and lessened arthritis severity in two mouse models of RA — the most complete preclinical package yet for cannabinoids in rheumatoid arthritis.
CBD Reversed Seizure Worsening Caused by Chronic Nicotine Pouch Use in Mice
Chronic nicotine pouch exposure worsened seizures and brain inflammation in mice, but inhaled CBD reversed these effects by restoring brain waste clearance and reducing inflammatory markers.
CBD Reversed More Than 75% of Alzheimer's-Related Molecular Changes in Mice
Daily CBD reversed more than 75% of over 1,000 Alzheimer's-related molecular changes in a mouse model, affecting pathways from inflammation to synaptic plasticity.
CBD Reduced Brain Cell Death Signals in Rat Offspring Born to Obese Mothers
CBD treatment reduced pro-death cell signaling and restored glial cell populations in the brains of adult rat offspring born to obese mothers.
CBD Extract Suppressed Immune Cell Activation More Effectively Than Standard Immunosuppressants in Lab Tests
In lab tests, a CBD-rich cannabis extract suppressed T cell activation and inflammatory markers more potently than dexamethasone or tacrolimus, two standard immunosuppressants.
Marijuana Alone Reduced Inflammation in HIV-Positive Youth, But Adding Tobacco Reversed the Effect
Multi-modal profiling of HIV-positive youth found marijuana alone linked to anti-inflammatory immune changes, while tobacco use (alone or with marijuana) drove pro-inflammatory responses.
Meta-Analysis Found CBD and THC Had Trivial Effects on Blood Inflammation Markers
Meta-analysis of 13 clinical studies found CBD and THC had trivial, non-significant effects on blood inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha), with evidence certainty ranging from very low to moderate.
CBD Reduced Brain Inflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Through a Specific Signaling Pathway
CBD reduced brain inflammation and improved neurological outcomes after traumatic brain injury in rats by acting through the PGE2-EP2-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.
Systematic review finds early evidence that CBD may help with oral pain and inflammation
A systematic review of 7 clinical studies found topical CBD showed promise for oral pain, gum inflammation, and mouth sores with no serious side effects, though evidence remains preliminary due to small study sizes and varying methods.
Mouse study suggests endocannabinoid receptors help mediate anti-inflammatory effects in colitis
A mouse study found that CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are involved in the anti-inflammatory action of a muscarinic receptor drug in colitis, revealing crosstalk between the cholinergic and endocannabinoid systems in gut inflammation.
Review explores potential of medicinal cannabis for sickle cell disease complications
A narrative review examines how the endocannabinoid system's roles in pain, inflammation, and vascular function make medicinal cannabis a potential therapeutic option for sickle cell disease, though clinical evidence is still very limited.
Full-spectrum cannabis extract protected gut and organs after stroke in rats
Full-spectrum cannabis extract improved neurological function, protected gut barrier integrity, and reduced oxidative stress and lung inflammation in rats after induced stroke, showing broad protective effects beyond the brain.
Different CBD:THC ratio oils showed distinct benefits for fatty liver disease in rats
A rat study comparing five cannabis oils found THC-rich formulations best reduced liver fat and damage while CBD-rich oils better lowered blood pressure, with 1:1 and 2:1 CBD:THC ratios offering benefits across multiple metabolic syndrome features.
CBD/THC extract reduced inflammation and improved movement after spinal cord injury in rats
A cannabis extract with equal parts CBD and THC reduced neuroinflammation, prevented tissue damage expansion, and improved movement recovery in rats after spinal cord injury, working across both acute and chronic phases.
CB2 cannabinoid receptor effects on the blood-brain barrier in HIV depended on receptor levels
In HIV blood-brain barrier models, CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation improved barrier integrity in cells with high receptor expression but worsened damage in cells with low expression, suggesting individual variation may determine whether cannabis helps or harms.
Cannabinol (CBN) showed anti-inflammatory effects in skin cells through a TRPV1 receptor mechanism
CBN reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory markers in human skin cells, with the key finding that its reduction of itch-associated IL-31 was mediated specifically through TRPV1 receptors.
Inhaled CBD reduced two key neuroinflammation pathways in Alzheimer's disease mice
In Alzheimer's mice, inhaled CBD reduced two key neuroinflammation pathways (IDO and cGAS) and lowered proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a multi-target anti-inflammatory mechanism.
Blocking CB1 receptors alongside activating NOP receptors worsened colitis in mice
Combining a CB1 blocker with a NOP receptor activator worsened colitis in mice, revealing a cautionary interaction between the endocannabinoid and nociceptin systems.
Removing CB1 receptors from the hypothalamus reduced joint damage during aging in mice
Mice lacking CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus had less joint damage and lower stress hormones with aging, suggesting the brain's cannabinoid system influences peripheral joint health.
How the endocannabinoid system may drive fibromyalgia symptoms
Emerging evidence suggests endocannabinoid system dysregulation may underlie fibromyalgia symptoms, potentially opening the door to targeted cannabinoid-based treatments.
CBD combined with a minor cannabinoid reduced colitis severity in mice through a specific receptor pathway
A CBD:CBDV combination reduced colitis in mice by suppressing immune cell trafficking through CB2 receptors, providing mechanistic evidence for the entourage effect.
CBD reduced rheumatoid arthritis in rats by reshaping gut bacteria and boosting protective metabolites
CBD reshaped gut bacteria in arthritic rats, boosting butyric acid and L-carnitine levels that reduced inflammation in immune cells and joint tissue.
Oral CBD/CBG hemp extract reduced ulcerative colitis severity and pain in mice
Oral hemp extract high in CBG and CBD reduced colonic damage and pain in a mouse ulcerative colitis model, supporting further investigation of cannabinoid combinations for IBD.
The Endocannabinoid System Drives Immune Cell Infiltration in Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Study found the endocannabinoid system drives eosinophil infiltration in eosinophilic esophagitis, with CB2 receptor blocking reducing inflammation in mice.
CBD Protected Against Stress-Induced Liver Damage in Mice
Mouse study found CBD reduced stress-induced liver damage by activating CB2 receptors and protective antioxidant pathways, improving inflammation, fibrosis, and mitochondrial health.
CBD-Rich Cannabis Extract Outperformed Pure CBD Against Brain Inflammation in Mice
Mouse study found CBD-rich cannabis extract was more effective than pure synthetic CBD against brain inflammation, reducing anxiety, cognitive deficits, and oxidative stress.
CBD Reduced Anxiety and Brain Inflammation in Obese Aged Rats
Aged obese rats given CBD showed reduced anxiety, lower circulating endotoxin, and decreased brain inflammation markers, with disrupted endocannabinoid signaling partially restored.
Cannabigerol (CBG) Reduces Inflammation Through MAPK and NF-kB Pathways in Lab and Animal Models
CBG suppressed key inflammatory markers and pathways (MAPK, NF-kB) in cell cultures and a mouse model, though physical inflammation reduction in mice was not statistically significant.
Key Endocannabinoid 2-AG Is Depleted in Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis Patients
Clinical study found arthritis patients had significantly lower 2-AG (a key pain-regulating endocannabinoid) and altered inflammatory lipid profiles compared to healthy controls.
Cannabis Use Changes How Immune Markers Predict 10-Year Psychosis Outcomes
A 10-year study of 320 first-episode psychosis patients found that most immune markers only predicted outcomes in cannabis users, suggesting inflammation and cannabis interact in shaping psychosis trajectories.
IBD Patients Report Cannabis Helps With Pain, Nausea, and Anxiety, With Some Reducing Opioid Use
A survey of 93 IBD patients found 54% used cannabis, with over 50% reporting symptom relief and 19% reducing opioid use.
Cannabis Use in People With HIV Linked to Reduced Inflammation and Improved Gut Health
A review found cannabis use in people with HIV is associated with reduced inflammation, improved gut health, and unique microbiome changes, though HIV reservoir effects remain unclear.
CBD Nanoparticles Restore Gut-Brain-Bone Axis in Stressed Rats, Matching or Exceeding Standard Antidepressants
CBD nanoparticles restored gut barrier function, reduced inflammation, and normalized metabolites in stressed rats, performing comparably to standard antidepressants.
Baseline Inflammation Levels Influenced Whether Cannabis Helped Anxiety and Sleep
A study of people with anxiety found that baseline inflammation levels influenced whether different cannabis products improved mood and sleep, with CBD-dominant products showing the most reliable benefits.
THC and CBD Produce Largely Non-Overlapping Molecular Effects Across Species and Tissues
Analysis of 105 datasets found THC and CBD have largely different molecular effects: CBD consistently suppressed inflammation while THC primarily affected neuronal signaling.
Cannabis-Using IBD Patients Had Longer Procedures and More Inflammation on Endoscopy
IBD patients who used cannabis had longer endoscopic procedures and more inflammation on evaluation compared to matched non-users, raising questions about whether cannabis masks symptoms without treating disease.
CBD Improved Survival in Pancreatic Cancer Mice and Changed Gut Bacteria
In a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, CBD alone extended survival and altered gut bacteria and bile acid metabolism, while THC and the THC-CBD combination did not improve outcomes.
A Gene Variant Affecting Dopamine Breakdown Influenced THC Blood Levels in Pain Patients
Small study of 58 pain patients found a dopamine-related gene variant significantly influenced THC blood levels, with biomarker differences between inhaled and oral cannabis routes.
Cannabis Extracts Outperformed Individual Cannabinoids in Reducing Gut Inflammation in Lab Cells
Lab study found cannabis extracts containing CBD and CBG were more effective than individual cannabinoids at reducing gut inflammation and restoring intestinal barrier function.
Activating Cannabinoid Receptors Reduced Brain Damage After Bleeding Strokes in Mice
Mouse study shows cannabinoid receptor activation reduces brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage by suppressing NOX-2 and the NLRP3 inflammasome.
A CBD-Hydroxychloroquine Combination Drug Was Safe and Well-Tolerated in Healthy Volunteers
Phase I trial of a CBD-hydroxychloroquine combination for inflammatory conditions showed good tolerability and bioavailability in 36 healthy volunteers.
Cannabis Plant Extract Reduces Pain and Inflammation in Animal Models
Cannabis plant extract reduces pain, inflammation, and menstrual cramp-like symptoms in animal models at low doses, with effects from a mix of cannabinoids and other plant compounds.
Cannabis Shows Promise for Autoimmune Diseases, but Evidence Remains Thin
Review finds cannabis shows therapeutic promise for autoimmune and rheumatic diseases, but calls for rigorous clinical trials that legal and social barriers have so far prevented.
CBD Oil for Knee Arthritis Pain: A Rigorous Trial Shows No Benefit Over Placebo
A 60-day double-blind trial found CBD-rich cannabis oil (45 mg/day) did not reduce knee osteoarthritis pain more than placebo.
Synthetic Cannabinoid Improved Memory and Reduced Alzheimer's Plaques in Mice
Alzheimer's mice treated with a synthetic cannabinoid for 42 days showed improved memory and motor function plus reduced brain plaques and inflammation.
CBD Boosts Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Production in Humans, THC Does Not
Human clinical data shows CBD, but not THC, boosts anti-inflammatory lipid production through the 15-LOX pathway, providing molecular evidence for CBD's therapeutic potential.
CBD Protected Rat Brains From Liver Disease-Induced Damage
CBD reduced brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in rats with liver disease-induced brain dysfunction through multiple anti-inflammatory pathways.
How CBD Talks to Your Immune System: A Comprehensive Map
CBD modulates immune function through multiple mechanisms with potential for autoimmune diseases, though most evidence remains preclinical. Nanotechnology may improve delivery.
What Does the Research Say About Cannabis, Aging, and Longevity?
A systematic review of 18 studies found preclinical promise for cannabinoids in supporting healthy aging, but noted that human evidence remains too sparse to draw definitive conclusions.
A Genetic Variant in the Body's Cannabis Receptor Was Linked to Higher Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk
A study of 240 Iranians found that a genetic variant in the cannabinoid CB2 receptor gene was associated with more than 2.5 times the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
A CBD-CBC Combination Best Reversed Sleep Deprivation Damage in Mice
Among multiple cannabinoid treatments tested in sleep-deprived mice, a CBD+CBC combination was the most effective at reversing memory impairment, depression, and brain inflammation.
Cannabis Users Hospitalized with Fatty Liver Disease Had Lower Mortality but Higher Heart Attack and Stroke Risk
Large database study found cannabis use associated with 30% lower mortality and less cirrhosis in liver disease patients, but 42% higher heart attack risk.
Endocannabinoid Levels May Be Disrupted Early in Multiple Sclerosis
Small study found a trend toward lower anandamide levels in newly diagnosed MS patients, with teriflunomide treatment linked to stronger endocannabinoid coordination.
How CBD Fights Seizures Through the Brain's Inflammation System
CBD fights seizures through multiple mechanisms including neuroinflammation reduction, modulation of several receptor systems, and oxidative stress reduction.
Low-Dose THC Accelerated Wound Healing in Old Mice
Low-dose THC given daily for three weeks improved wound healing in old mice by coordinating immune cell responses and reducing inflammation at the wound site.
Cannabis Use Linked to Lower Gut Microbial Diversity in Older Adults with HIV
In 63 older adults with HIV, higher cannabis use was linked to reduced gut microbial diversity and dose-dependent decreases in Dialister, a bacterium important for mucosal health.
Low-Dose THC Improved Gut Health and Reduced Inflammation in HIV-Positive Monkeys on Treatment
In HIV-positive monkeys on ART, low-dose THC improved serotonin levels, gut health, cholesterol metabolism, and inflammation markers while maintaining viral suppression, published in Science Advances.
Cannabis and Exercise May Have Overlapping Effects on Brain Health Through Shared Pathways
Review found cannabis and exercise share overlapping effects on brain health through inflammation, blood flow, and neuroplasticity pathways, with potential for both beneficial and harmful interactions.
PTSD Shows Different Biological Signatures in Men and Women: Endocannabinoid vs Inflammatory
Men with PTSD showed depleted endocannabinoid levels while women showed elevated inflammatory markers, suggesting PTSD operates through different biological mechanisms by sex.
Full-Spectrum CBD Reversed Depression-Like Behavior in Rats While CBD Isolate Did Not
Full-spectrum CBD reversed inflammation-induced depression in rats while CBD isolate did not, providing direct evidence for the "entourage effect" in mood disorders.
CBD Reversed Memory Problems and Brain Cell Damage in a Mouse Model of Schizophrenia
CBD reversed memory deficits, restored protective brain cells, and reduced neuroinflammation in a mouse model of schizophrenia, working through serotonin and cannabinoid receptor pathways.
Combining Endocannabinoid Boosters With Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reduced Post-Surgical Pain in Mice
Mouse study found that boosting endocannabinoids via MAGL inhibition reduced post-surgical pain through CB2 receptors, with additive benefit when combined with an NSAID at sub-threshold doses.
Cannabis Use Linked to Lower Inflammation Markers in People Who Use Methamphetamine or Have HIV
Cross-sectional study found past-month cannabis use associated with lower inflammatory markers in blood, especially among people with methamphetamine use history.
CBD Reduced Depression-Like Behavior and Brain Inflammation in Female Rats Exposed to Stress and a High-Fat Diet
CBD reduced depressive behaviors and brain inflammation in female rats exposed to both obesity and chronic stress, with effects depending on the type of stressor.
Injectable CBD Liposomes Work Better Than Oral CBD in Dogs With Arthritis
Injectable liposomal CBD provided sustained blood levels and pain relief in arthritic dogs—bypassing the poor oral absorption that limits current CBD products.
CBD Reduced Rosacea-Like Inflammation in Mice by Blocking Multiple Pathways
Mouse study found CBD reduced rosacea-like skin inflammation by blocking MAPK signaling pathways, with stronger effects when combined with metronidazole.
CB2 Receptor Activation Emerges as Promising Target for Treating Gum Disease
Systematic review of 9 studies found CB2 receptor activation reduced inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis models, with bioinformatics revealing distinct roles for CB1 and CB2 in gum disease.
Cannabis Use Associated with 53% Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Chronic Pancreatitis Patients
National database analysis of 907,790 chronic pancreatitis patients found cannabis users had 53% lower mortality, lower ICU admissions, and fewer blood clots, though healthy user bias may explain some findings.
Cannabinoids Show Promise for Atopic Dermatitis Through Multiple Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
Review finds cannabinoids may complement atopic dermatitis treatment by targeting skin barrier function, inflammation, and itching through the endocannabinoid system, though clinical evidence remains limited.
CBD Blocked Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation by Disrupting Metabolic and Signaling Pathways
Lab study found CBD selectively blocked pro-inflammatory macrophage activation by disrupting metabolic reprogramming and PI3K/Akt signaling, without affecting TNF-alpha production.
CBD and THC Together Suppress Viral Immune Receptor Signaling More Than Either Alone
Lab study found a 1:1 CBD:THC combination most effectively suppressed viral immune receptor (TLR7/8) inflammatory signaling in human immune cells, outperforming either cannabinoid alone.
Cannabis and Cannabinoids Alter the Gut Microbiome with Both Beneficial and Harmful Effects
Systematic review of 9 studies found cannabis affects the human microbiome across multiple body sites, with beneficial effects at moderate use and reduced diversity with heavy consumption.
Review: Cannabinoids Show Anti-Inflammatory Potential Across Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, and MS
Review found cannabinoids show anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential across six neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions by simultaneously targeting neural and immune pathways.
Targeting CB2 and TRPV1 Receptors Together Shows Promise for Osteoarthritis Pain in Mice
A mouse study found targeting both CB2 and TRPV1 receptors reduced osteoarthritis pain and inflammation more effectively than either target alone.
Cannabis Smoke Combined With Seed Oil Diet Weakened Heart Function and Blocked Inflammation Resolution in Mice
Cannabis smoke plus seed oil diet weakened heart function, suppressed anti-inflammatory mediators, and increased immune activation in mice.
THC May Protect Brain Cells From HIV-Related Aging and Inflammation
THC reversed HIV-induced premature aging of brain support cells and reduced inflammatory signaling in a primate model, suggesting cannabinoids may help protect the brain during chronic HIV infection.
Both CBD and THC Cannabis Improved Insulin Resistance and Liver Disease in Obese Mice
Both high-CBD and high-THC cannabis reduced insulin resistance and liver disease in obese mice while shifting inflammatory immune cells toward a less harmful profile.
Cannabis Use Changed Inflammatory Gene Activity in Immune Cells From People Living With HIV
HIV-positive immune cells showed higher inflammatory gene activity, and cannabis use was associated with lower levels — but CBD treatment produced unexpectedly complex effects on downstream inflammatory signaling.
How Your Gut Bacteria and Your Body's Cannabis-Like System Talk to Each Other
A review maps the bidirectional communication between gut bacteria and the body's endocannabinoid system, showing how this axis influences inflammation, mood, and metabolic health across multiple conditions.
How CBD Might Treat Schizophrenia: Two Mechanisms Identified
CBD reduced schizophrenia-like symptoms in animals through two pathways: reducing neuroinflammation and modulating serotonin-MAPK signaling.
Vaping Cannabis Triggers Cancer, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Genes in Lung Cells
Cannabis vapor activated cancer, inflammation, and oxidative stress genes in human lung cells—without triggering DNA damage, suggesting a unique harm mechanism.
From Lab to Clinic: How Cannabinoids Affect the Immune System
Comprehensive review of cannabinoid effects on the immune system, from molecular mechanisms to disease applications, highlighting both therapeutic potential and safety concerns.
Cannabis Use During Pregnancy Suppresses Key Immune Signals in Mothers
Study finds cannabis use during pregnancy suppresses both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune signals in mothers, providing a potential biological mechanism for adverse birth outcomes.
Testing Synthetic THC (Dronabinol) for Sickle Cell Disease Pain: A Clinical Trial Protocol
Protocol for the first randomized controlled trial testing dronabinol (synthetic THC) as both a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory agent for chronic sickle cell disease pain.
Moroccan Cannabis Seed Varieties Show Anti-Inflammatory and Pain-Reducing Properties
Lab study of three Moroccan cannabis seed varieties found anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing properties from polyphenolic compounds, with Beldiya variety most active.
Cannabis Smoke Reduced Brain Inflammation in Old Mice But Increased It in Young Mice
Mouse study reveals cannabis smoke has opposite effects on brain inflammation depending on age — increasing it in young brains but reducing it in aged brains — potentially explaining why cannabis affects older and younger users differently.
CBD May Help Prevent Fatty Liver Disease from Progressing to Inflammation
Rat study shows CBD supplementation reduces early inflammatory lipid markers in diet-induced fatty liver disease by shifting the balance from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory pathways.
How CBD and THC Affect Fat Buildup and Inflammation in Immune Cells
Cell study shows THC promotes fat uptake and inflammation in macrophages via CB1/NFκB pathway while CBD partially counteracts these effects, with implications for atherosclerosis risk in cannabis users.
How CBD Might Protect the Gut: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
Review mapped CBD's gut-protective mechanisms: antioxidant pathway activation, anti-inflammatory signaling, barrier integrity preservation, and microbiota modulation.
CBD Showed Promising but Inconclusive Heart Recovery Benefits in Acute Myocarditis Trial
Phase 2 RCT: CBD missed primary cardiac endpoints but significantly reduced LV mass and showed anti-inflammatory trends in myocarditis.
Endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes in tumors helped colon cancer evade the immune system in mice
Mouse study reveals endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes help colon tumors evade the immune system; blocking the pathway improved immunotherapy.
Cannabinoids may influence oral diseases like cancer and gum disease through autophagy pathways, but clinical evidence is lacking
Review finds cannabinoids modulate autophagy in oral tissues via mTOR/AMPK pathways, with potential for oral cancer and periodontal disease.
Large meta-analysis finds regular cannabis use raises both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers, not just one or the other
Meta-analysis of 46 studies finds cannabis use elevates both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, suggesting immunomodulation rather than anti-inflammatory effects.
Endocannabinoid System Found to Play a Role in Chemotherapy-Caused Hearing Loss
Study reveals cisplatin chemotherapy disrupts the endocannabinoid system in hearing cells, and blocking CB2 receptors may protect against the damage.
CBD Prevented Colorectal Precancerous Growths by Suppressing Immune-Blocking Cells
CBD prevented precancerous colorectal growths in two mouse models by targeting EEF1B2 to suppress immune-blocking cells, enabling stronger anti-tumor immune responses.
Endocannabinoid System Genes Are Disrupted in Inflamed Bowel Disease Tissue
Study of IBD patient biopsies found 6 of 10 endocannabinoid system genes dysregulated in inflamed tissue, with CB2 and GPR55 receptors upregulated.
Can Cannabinoids Help With Pain in Older Adults? A Review of the Science
Review explored how age-related endocannabinoid system changes and chronic inflammation ('inflammaging') create a rationale for cannabinoid pain therapy in older adults, though clinical evidence is limited.
Hemp's Potential for Brain Diseases: A Review of Seeds, Leaves, and Flowers
Review found hemp-derived compounds from seeds, leaves, and flowers show neuroprotective potential across epilepsy, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and MS — mostly in preclinical studies.
CBD Oil Did Not Improve Psoriasis Severity But Temporarily Relieved Itch and Sleep
RCT finds oral CBD at 60 mg/day did not improve psoriasis severity versus placebo, though temporary benefits in itch and sleep onset were observed.
Cannabis and Linden Tree Extracts Together Showed Powerful Neuroprotective Synergy
Study finds cannabis and linden tree extracts together produce synergistic neuroprotection, fully restoring cell viability and shifting brain immune cells to anti-inflammatory states.
Cannabigerol showed inconsistent anti-inflammatory effects and was genotoxic at higher doses in brain immune cells
A cell study found CBG was genotoxic at moderate concentrations, highly toxic at high concentrations, and failed to reduce neuroinflammation in microglial cells, challenging claims of CBG as a safe anti-inflammatory cannabinoid.
A CBD-rich cannabis extract reduced inflammation and pain in lab animals in a dose-dependent manner
Preclinical study found a chemically characterized CBD-rich cannabis extract reduced inflammatory markers in cells and showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in animal models.
Higher endocannabinoid levels appeared to buffer the link between childhood trauma and inflammation in people with borderline personality disorder
Study of women with BPD found that higher endocannabinoid levels appeared to buffer the link between childhood trauma and inflammation (IL-6), suggesting endocannabinoids may modulate trauma-immune interactions.
Lesser-known cannabinoids showed stronger anti-inflammatory effects when combined with other cannabis plant compounds
Systematic comparison of ten non-psychoactive cannabinoids found CBDV was the most anti-inflammatory, and combinations with CBG or CBN plus cannabis plant matrices showed synergistic effects.
Psoriasis lesions showed major changes in endocannabinoid receptor expression compared to healthy skin, pointing to potential drug targets
RNA analysis found psoriatic skin lesions show major endocannabinoid receptor changes including CB2 upregulation and PPARG downregulation, while unaffected skin appears normal, highlighting potential drug targets.
Two weeks of daily CBD decreased immune cell counts in the spleens of healthy rats without affecting their ability to kill infected cells
Fourteen days of daily CBD reduced T cell and B cell populations in rat spleens while leaving natural killer cells and their cancer/infection-fighting ability intact.
Prenatal cannabis exposure may affect offspring mental health by altering the immune system, but the research is still early
Review found prenatal cannabis exposure reduces placental inflammation markers, which was linked to behavioral issues in offspring, though research is still early.
Inhaled CBD before brain tumor implantation significantly reduced glioblastoma growth in mice
First preclinical evidence that 14 days of inhaled CBD pretreatment significantly reduced glioblastoma tumor growth in mice by modulating immune checkpoint markers.
The endocannabinoid system plays a central role in headache disorders, and targeting it could offer new treatments
Review found the endocannabinoid system regulates key headache mechanisms including pain signaling, inflammation, and cortical excitability, with sex differences shaping treatment responses.
Cannflavin B, a non-psychoactive cannabis compound, improved social behavior and brain function in an autism rat model
Cannflavin B, a non-psychoactive cannabis flavonoid, normalized social behavior, reduced anxiety in females, and corrected brain wave abnormalities in an adolescent rat model of autism.
CBD protected mice from acute liver injury by preventing the breakdown of a key mitochondrial protein
CBD protected mice from acute liver injury by preventing degradation of the mitochondrial protein MFN2, reducing inflammation, cell death, and oxidative stress.
CBD Reduced Depression-Like Behavior in Mice by Repairing Cellular Power Plants
CBD reversed depression-like behavior in mice by restoring mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and decreasing neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
Cannabinoid receptor activation reduced organ damage from chemotherapy drugs in preclinical studies
Review found cannabinoid receptor agonists reduced chemotherapy-induced organ damage in preclinical studies by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.
Topical THC and CBD balms were well tolerated for joint pain in breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors
Randomized trial found topical THC and CBD balms well tolerated for breast cancer treatment-related joint pain, with 86% reporting improvement and THC balm outperforming CBD.