Cannabis Drug Interactions Research

Cannabidiol Lacks Direct Effect on Cortical Excitability: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, 3-Way Crossover Trial.

Gorbenko, Andriy A · 2026

Single doses of 30 mg and 700 mg CBD had no significant effects on single-pulse or paired-pulse TMS-EMG measures of cortical excitability, nor on validated CNS sedation tests, compared to placebo — suggesting CBD may lack intrinsic anti-epileptic and sedative properties..

Urinary Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolite concentrations following cannabis use: A systematic review.

McCartney, Danielle · 2026

This systematic review synthesized 92 studies examining urinary THC and THC-metabolite concentrations across different cannabis use patterns and testing contexts. The findings exposed major problems with current testing thresholds.

Real-world experience of cannabidiol in conjunction with clobazam for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome: Results from a retrospective multicentre chart review in Germany.

Strzelczyk, Adam · 2025

50%+ seizure reduction in total seizures: 47.5% at 3 months, 45.5% at 12 months.

Association of a Positive Drug Screening for Cannabis With Mortality and Hospital Visits Among Veterans Affairs Enrollees Prescribed Opioids.

Keyhani, Salomeh · 2022

Cannabis use was not associated with all-cause mortality at 90 or 180 days in the overall population or among those on long-term opioid therapy.

Cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Current evidence and perspectives for further research.

Franco, Valentina · 2021

Pharmaceutical-grade CBD has been approved for seizures in Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex based on multiple randomized placebo-controlled trials.

Cannabidiol in conjunction with clobazam: analysis of four randomized controlled trials.

Gunning, Boudewijn · 2021

CBD reduced primary seizure frequency versus placebo in LGS (treatment ratio 0.70) and Dravet syndrome (0.71) in the overall population.

Emerging Use of Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) in Epilepsy.

Abu-Sawwa, Renad · 2020

Epidiolex was FDA-approved June 2018 for patients aged 2+ with Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Adverse effects of cannabinoids.

Anciones, Carla · 2020

Short-term CBD side effects are generally transitory, dose-dependent, and mild to moderate: somnolence, decreased appetite, and diarrhea.

Therapeutic potential of opioid/cannabinoid combinations in humans: Review of the evidence.

Babalonis, Shanna · 2020

Preclinical studies show cannabinoids enhance opioid analgesia and reduce required opioid doses in animals.

Does cannabidiol have antiseizure activity independent of its interactions with clobazam? An appraisal of the evidence from randomized controlled trials.

Bialer, Meir · 2020

47-68% of CBD trial patients were taking clobazam, which shows complex interactions with CBD (3.4-5 fold norclobazam increase).

Cannabidiol efficacy independent of clobazam: Meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2020

CBD vs.

Cannabidiol efficacy and clobazam status: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lattanzi, Simona · 2020

Across four RCTs with 714 participants, CBD was associated with significantly higher seizure response rates compared to placebo both in patients taking clobazam (52.9% vs 27.8%, RR=1.85) and those not taking it (29.1% vs 15.7%, RR=1.80).

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Morano, Alessandra · 2020

Pharmaceutical CBD (Epidiolex) was approved based on four pivotal RCTs enrolling 154 Dravet and 396 Lennox-Gastaut syndrome patients.

Cannabidiol: A New Hope for Patients With Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes.

Chen, Jeffrey W · 2019

In the GWPCARE trial series, CBD reduced key seizure frequencies by 17-23% compared to placebo as adjunctive therapy in patients 2+ years old.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol for Epilepsy.

Franco, Valentina · 2019

CBD at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day was superior to placebo in reducing drop seizures (LGS) and convulsive seizures (DS) across four RCTs.

A Phase 1, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Investigate Possible Drug-Drug Interactions Between Clobazam, Stiripentol, or Valproate and Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects.

Morrison, Gilmour · 2019

CBD increased N-desmethylclobazam (active clobazam metabolite) 3.4-fold for both Cmax and AUC.

The Endogenous Cannabinoid System: A Budding Source of Targets for Treating Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain.

Donvito, Giulia · 2018

This comprehensive review examined the entire endocannabinoid system as a source of pain treatment targets, covering CB1 and CB2 receptors plus the enzymes that make and break down endocannabinoids (FAAH and MAGL). In preclinical models, cannabinoid receptor agonists and inhibitors of endocannabinoid-regulating enzymes (FAAH and MAGL) produced reliable antinociceptive (pain-reducing) effects across multiple inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. A particularly notable finding: these compounds offered opioid-sparing effects, meaning they could reduce the amount of opioid medication needed for pain control. Clinical studies showed that medicinal cannabis or cannabinoid-based medications relieve pain in cancer, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia.

Cannabis for the Treatment of Epilepsy: an Update.

Gaston, Tyler E · 2018

This review compiled all available evidence on cannabis-derived treatments for epilepsy, from artisanal products through FDA-approved purified CBD. While artisanal CBD products showed high rates of reported seizure improvement in surveys and retrospective studies, these lacked controlled dosing and rigorous design. The stronger evidence came from open-label expanded access programs (EAPs) and randomized controlled trials of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex).

The Influence of CBD and THC on Hepatic Enzymes of the Human Cytochrome P450 Complex Family: A Systematic Literature Review.

Dos Santos, Mariana Candeias · 2026

CBD was consistently identified as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 — enzymes that metabolize approximately 80% of therapeutic drugs.

Relations between medical and nonmedical prescription stimulant misuse, cannabis use, alcohol use, and related consequences among college students.

McDonald, Abigail · 2026

Nonmedical stimulant misuse: cannabis d=0.444, alcohol d=0.275 vs no use.

Rates and predictors of postdischarge opioid-free analgesia after elective colorectal surgery: A prospective cohort study.

Pook, Makena · 2026

Among 344 colorectal surgery patients, 51% used no opioids after discharge.

Concomitant use of medical cannabis and drugs associated with risks of interaction in older patients: a longitudinal cohort study.

Bérété, Zoumana Cheick · 2025

The drug interaction studies in the laboratory (RTHC-00091, RTHC-00104) have shown that cannabinoids inhibit liver enzymes that metabolize many medications.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and suicide risk in individuals with diabetes and Cannabis use disorder.

Dhruva, Yesh · 2025

GLP-1 RA use was associated with lower suicide attempt risk (aHR 0.63).

Safety considerations for patients using cannabis.

Dugan, Sara E · 2025

The review identifies four major safety domains: (1) cannabis effects on mood symptoms beyond the well-known psychoactive effects, (2) associations with suicidal ideation that are still being uncovered, (3) cardiovascular system effects that extend beyond the central nervous system, and (4) clinically significant drug interactions that may affect patients on other medications..

Prevalence of Cannabidiol (CBD) Use Among Patients Taking Medications with Known Drug-Drug Interactions: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Geneau, Hunter · 2025

Of 681 survey respondents, 254 (37.3%) reported CBD use in their household.

Low-dose cannabidiol increases plasma concentrations of amitriptyline: A clinical drug-drug interaction study.

Gorbenko, Andriy A · 2025

In a crossover study of 12 healthy volunteers, a single 30 mg CBD dose taken one hour before amitriptyline significantly increased amitriptyline's AUC by 13% and peak concentration by 17%.

Workplace Drug Testing-Prevalence of Positive Test Results, Most Common Substances, and Importance of Medical Review.

Helander, Anders · 2025

This analysis of 23,900 workplace drug test results from Sweden provides a snapshot of substance use among employed people.

Cannabinoids and Adverse Convulsive Effects: A Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance Analysis of Cases Reported in France.

Laroche, Marie-Laure · 2025

130 seizure cases among 4,296 cannabinoid reports (3%).

Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use Among Individuals Receiving Prescription Opioids for Pain Management.

Miller-Matero, Lisa R · 2025

Tobacco users had greater pain severity, more pain sites, and higher opioid misuse concern, plus higher rates of depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

Gender differences in non-fatal suicidal behaviors linked to concurrent use of cannabis and opioids.

Nayeem, Nawar · 2025

Cannabis and opioid co-use was associated with a smaller-than-expected (sub-additive) increase in non-fatal suicidal behaviors overall (interaction beta=-0.58, p<0.001) and especially in women (beta=-0.87, p<0.001).

Vaping nicotine and cannabis on the same occasion is linked to increased vaping consumption among young adults: A smartphone-based daily diary study.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2025

On days with same-occasion co-vaping, participants reported the greatest intensity of both nicotine and cannabis vaping compared to all other patterns (single-substance vaping, same-day different-occasion co-vaping, or non-vaping days).

Drug interactions in a sample of inpatients diagnosed with cannabis use disorder.

Schulze Westhoff, Martin · 2025

89.4% of inpatients with CUD were taking at least one potentially interacting drug.

Effect of caffeine and cannabidiol (CBD) co-administration on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) subjective effects, performance impairment, and pharmacokinetics.

Strickland, Justin C · 2025

Caffeine produced minimal changes in THC-induced subjective effects, performance, or metabolism, though signals for perceived driving impairment were observed.

Impact of cannabinoids on cancer outcomes in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.

Vigano, MariaLuisa · 2025

Cannabis use in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) reduces immune-related adverse events and improves tolerability, but several studies noted potential negative effects on clinical outcomes including overall survival and progression-free survival, possibly due to CB2-mediated immunosuppression..

Inhibitory effects of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol on major hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and implications for drug disposition.

Zhao, Mengqi · 2025

Delta-8-THC competitively inhibited CYP2C9-mediated warfarin metabolism and non-competitively inhibited CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 metabolism of other substrates.

Associations Between Buprenorphine\Naloxone and Methadone Treatment and non-Opioid Substance Use in Prescription-Type Opioid Use Disorder: Secondary Analyses From the OPTIMA Study: Associations entre le traitement avec la buprénorphine/naloxone et avec la méthadone et l'utilisation de substances non opioïdes dans le trouble lié à l'usage d'opioïdes de type sur ordonnance : analyses secondaires de l'étude OPTIMA.

Bakouni, Hamzah · 2024

Methadone was associated with lower odds of THC-positive urine (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.77) and benzodiazepine-positive urine (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.98) compared to buprenorphine/naloxone.

Advances and Challenges in Modeling Cannabidiol Pharmacokinetics and Hepatotoxicity.

Beers, Jessica L · 2024

CBD causes dose-dependent hepatocellular toxicity at therapeutic doses.

Pharmacovigilance of unlicensed cannabidiol in European countries.

Calapai, Fabrizio · 2024

Serious adverse reactions made up 18.9% of all reported events for unlicensed CBD.

The State of Synthetic Cannabinoid Medications for the Treatment of Pain.

Maglaviceanu, Anca · 2024

Dronabinol and nabilone, both THC-mimicking synthetics approved for nausea, are being investigated for neuropathic pain, spasticity-related pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and postoperative pain.

Assessment of education in a community hospital on healthcare providers' knowledge of and attitudes toward medical marijuana.

Meyers, Sierra · 2024

All four provider groups showed significant post-education knowledge improvements: physicians (P<.01), nurses (P<.001), pharmacists (P<.01), and nurse technicians (P<.05).

Surgery-Related Considerations in Treating People Who Use Cannabis: A Review.

Mims, Mark M · 2024

Cannabis users may require higher anesthesia doses due to tolerance, face increased rates of myocardial ischemia, and experience prolonged sedation.

Cannabis Use Is Associated With Increased Use of Prescription Opioids Following Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery.

Moon, Andrew S · 2024

Among 220 opioid-naive patients, 29 cannabis users consumed significantly more postoperative prescription opioids (2,545 vs 1,380 morphine equivalent doses, p=.019) than 191 non-users.

Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis.

Nachnani, Rahul · 2024

This systematic review went hunting for something specific: documented real-world cases where cannabis or cannabinoids caused clinically significant interactions with prescription medications that have narrow therapeutic windows — drugs where even small changes in blood levels can cause serious harm. After screening 4,600 reports, they identified 31 cases meeting their criteria.

Evaluation of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cannabinoid-Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants.

Bansal, Sumit · 2023

When you take a medication, your liver enzymes (called cytochrome P450 or CYP enzymes) break it down.

Concomitant cannabidiol does not impact safety and effectiveness of diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters: Post hoc analysis of a phase 3 safety study.

Peters, Jurriaan M · 2023

Of 163 patients, 73% received no CBD, 14.1% received purified CBD (Epidiolex), and 12.9% received other CBD.

Cannabinoids in rheumatology: Friend, foe or a bystander?

Jain, Nibha · 2022

Cannabinoids act through CB1 and CB2 receptors with potential analgesic effects.

Cannabidiol enhances the antinociceptive effects of morphine and attenuates opioid-induced tolerance in the chronic constriction injury model.

Jesus, Carlos Henrique Alves · 2022

CBD (30 mg/kg) combined with a sub-effective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg) produced enhanced pain relief for both evoked and ongoing pain that neither drug achieved alone.

Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone.

Kajero, Jaiyeola Abiola · 2022

CBD (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced risperidone-induced elevated fasting blood sugar when given after risperidone.

Ask Your Provider About Cannabis: Increasing Nurse Practitioner Knowledge and Confidence.

Klein, Tracy A · 2022

Significant improvement in all content areas from pre- to post-test, with a mean improvement of 39.3%.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Yellow Oil in Healthy Participants.

Peters, Erica N · 2022

CBD showed dose-proportional absorption (AUC slope=1.03, Cmax slope=0.92).

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Red Softgels in Healthy Participants.

Peters, Erica N · 2022

All 65 adverse events were mild-to-moderate; none were serious.

A Coala-T-Cannabis Survey Study of breast cancer patients' use of cannabis before, during, and after treatment.

Weiss, Marisa C · 2022

42% of breast cancer patients used cannabis for symptom relief (pain 78%, insomnia 70%, anxiety 57%).

Cannabidiol Interactions with Medications, Illicit Substances, and Alcohol: a Comprehensive Review.

Balachandran, Premalatha · 2021

CBD has confirmed or suspected drug interactions with anti-epileptic drugs, antidepressants, opioid analgesics, THC, acetaminophen, and alcohol.

Cannabinoid Interactions with Cytochrome P450 Drug Metabolism: a Full-Spectrum Characterization.

Doohan, Peter T · 2021

This was the most comprehensive cannabinoid-enzyme interaction study published to date.

Interaction of cannabidiol with other antiseizure medications: A narrative review.

Gilmartin, Christopher G S · 2021

CBD has potential pharmacokinetic interactions with brivaracetam, clobazam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, potassium bromide, pregabalin, rufinamide, sirolimus/everolimus, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, and zonisamide.

The growing dilemma of legalized cannabis and heart transplantation.

Olt, Caroline · 2021

THC and CBD are metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and P-glycoprotein, the same pathways used by calcineurin inhibitors essential for transplant immunosuppression.

Buprenorphine-cannabis interaction in patients undergoing opioid maintenance therapy.

Vierke, Christopher · 2021

Among opioid maintenance therapy patients on buprenorphine, those who also used cannabis had dramatically different pharmacokinetics.

Medication overuse headache in patients with chronic migraine using cannabis: A case-referent study.

Zhang, Niushen · 2021

Medication overuse headache was present in 81% of cannabis-using chronic migraine patients vs.

Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid Samples Using a Commercially Available Collection Device: Agreement with Urine Testing and Evaluation of A and B Samples Obtained from Employees at Different Workplace Settings with Uncontrolled Sampling Procedures.

Zheng, Yufang · 2021

This study compared 113 paired oral fluid and urine samples collected from a treatment center, testing for cannabis, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates/opioids, and cocaine.

Clinical trial simulations of the interaction between cannabidiol and clobazam and effect on drop-seizure frequency.

Bergmann, Kirsten Riber · 2020

Simulations showed that the observed seizure reduction from CBD could be replicated by assuming: (1) patients on clobazam had a 2- to 7-fold increase in norclobazam (active metabolite) exposure, and (2) patients not on clobazam had seizure reduction and variability similar to placebo.

Novel therapeutic and drug development strategies for tobacco use disorder: endocannabinoid modulation.

Butler, Kevin · 2020

CB1 receptor neutral antagonists and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors demonstrated positive effects across multiple addiction-related factors including nicotine reinforcement, cue-induced reinstatement, and withdrawal.

A perspective on cannabinoids for treating epilepsy: Do they really change the landscape?

Cross, J Helen · 2020

Only purified CBD formulations have been rigorously evaluated in controlled trials, showing modest but significant improvements in motor seizures.

Slow Titration of Cannabidiol Add-On in Drug-Resistant Epilepsies Can Improve Safety With Maintained Efficacy in an Open-Label Study.

D'Onofrio, Gianluca · 2020

At 6 months, mean seizure frequency decreased 41% from baseline, and 37.8% had 50%+ seizure reduction.

A Review of Cannabis and Interactions With Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Agents.

Greger, Jessica · 2020

Cannabis components can inhibit liver enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19) and transporters involved in metabolizing blood thinners.

Model-based analysis on systemic availability of co-administered cannabinoids after controlled vaporised administration.

Liu, Zheng · 2020

In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, concomitant inhalation of high-dose CBD significantly decreased the systemic availability of THC.

Coadministered cannabidiol and clobazam: Preclinical evidence for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2019

CBD potently inhibited liver enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C19) that metabolize clobazam and its metabolite, increasing plasma clobazam levels.

Drug-drug interactions between antiepileptics and cannabinoids.

Miziak, Barbara · 2019

In animal models, WIN 55,212-2 (CB1/CB2 agonist) potentiated anticonvulsant activity of various AEDs but caused profound neurotoxicity when combined with conventional AEDs.

Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development.

Nguyen, Thuy · 2019

Rimonabant demonstrated effectiveness for treating obesity and smoking cessation but was withdrawn from the European market due to psychiatric side effects.

Distinct effects of cocaine and cocaine + cannabis on neurocognitive functioning and abstinence: A six-month follow-up study.

Oliveira, Hercílio Pereira de · 2019

Both cocaine groups performed worse than controls on multiple cognitive measures.

The Potential for Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Cannabis Products and Conventional Medications.

Qian, Yuli · 2019

CYP2C9, CYP1A1/2, and CYP1B1 are likely inhibited by all three major cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBN).

Antipsychotic treatment failure in patients with psychosis and co-morbid cannabis use: A systematic review.

Reid, Sam · 2019

Seven studies met inclusion criteria.

Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Efficacy and Safety in Epilepsy.

Samanta, Debopam · 2019

CBD modulates multiple endogenous systems for anticonvulsant effects.

Medicinal Cannabis-Potential Drug Interactions.

Alsherbiny, Muhammad A · 2018

Researchers reviewed the known and potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between cannabinoids and other medications.

Does Cannabis Use Influence Opioid Outcomes and Quality of Life Among Buprenorphine Maintained Patients? A Cross-sectional, Comparative Study.

Bagra, Igam · 2018

Researchers studied 100 randomly selected men who had been stable on buprenorphine maintenance for opioid use disorder for an average of 96 months.

Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Kong, Tae Yeon · 2018

Researchers reviewed the metabolism of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids, mapping which cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases are responsible for breaking them down. Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes, meaning these enzymes process and eliminate them from the body. Critically, synthetic cannabinoids also inhibit CYP and UGT enzymes.

Slowly Signaling G Protein-Biased CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist LY2828360 Suppresses Neuropathic Pain with Sustained Efficacy and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance and Dependence.

Lin, Xiaoyan · 2018

Researchers characterized LY2828360, a CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist that had previously failed in a clinical trial for osteoarthritis due to lack of efficacy. In vitro, LY2828360 was identified as a "G protein-biased" agonist: it activated G protein signaling but did not recruit arrestin, a pattern that may explain its sustained efficacy. In mice with chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (from paclitaxel), LY2828360 at 3 mg/kg/day for 12 days suppressed pain without developing tolerance.

Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing.

MacCallum, Caroline A · 2018

The authors compiled practical clinical guidance for medical cannabis dosing and administration. Key recommendations: - Total daily THC should generally be limited to 30 mg/day or less to avoid psychoactive effects and tolerance development. - THC should preferably be combined with CBD, which can attenuate THC-associated anxiety and tachycardia. - CBD is less potent than THC and may require much higher doses for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic benefits. - Dose initiation should start at modest levels with slow titration over up to two weeks. - Administration methods covered include smoking, vaporization, and oral ingestion, each with different onset times and bioavailability profiles. The review addressed cannabis-drug interactions, patient monitoring standards, and special populations including epilepsy, cancer, chronic pain, elderly patients, Parkinson's disease, pediatrics, concurrent opioid use, and driving..

Drug-Herb Interactions in the Elderly Patient with IBD: a Growing Concern.

Rahman, Haider · 2017

Nearly half of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have used complementary and alternative medicine at some point, and elderly IBD patients face particular risks because they often take multiple medications for comorbid conditions. The review covers over 20 herbs commonly used by IBD patients, including cannabis, and details their potential interactions with standard IBD drugs like immunomodulators, biologics, and corticosteroids.

Association between cannabis use and methadone maintenance treatment outcomes: an investigation into sex differences.

Zielinski, Laura · 2017

Researchers studied 414 men and 363 women receiving methadone maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder across multiple clinics in Ontario, Canada.

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Tobacco, Cannabinoids and Smoking Cessation Products.

Anderson, Gail D · 2016

This pharmacokinetics review examined how tobacco smoking, cannabis use, and smoking cessation products interact with medications metabolized by liver enzymes. Both marijuana and tobacco smoke induce the CYP1A2 enzyme through the same pathway (aromatic hydrocarbon receptor), and the effect is additive when both are smoked.

Opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral dronabinol in opioid dependent humans.

Lofwall, Michelle R · 2016

The cannabinoid system shares neural circuitry with the opioid system, making it a rational target for treating opioid dependence.

Medical marijuana patient counseling points for health care professionals based on trends in the medical uses, efficacy, and adverse effects of cannabis-based pharmaceutical drugs.

Parmar, Jayesh R · 2016

Researchers reviewed 68 studies comparing the three FDA-approved cannabis-based medications (dronabinol, nabiximols, nabilone) with smoked and orally ingested marijuana.

The Selective Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor MJN110 Produces Opioid-Sparing Effects in a Mouse Neuropathic Pain Model.

Wilkerson, Jenny L · 2016

Researchers combined morphine with MJN110, a selective MAGL inhibitor that boosts 2-AG levels, in a mouse model of neuropathic pain (chronic constriction injury). When used alone, both drugs reduced pain in a dose-dependent manner.

Effect of Pharmacological Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System on Opiate Withdrawal: A Review of the Preclinical Animal Literature.

Wills, Kiri L · 2016

This review synthesized animal research on how manipulating the endocannabinoid system affects opiate withdrawal.

The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone.

Bisaga, Adam · 2015

Sixty opioid-dependent participants were randomized to receive dronabinol (30mg/day) or placebo during inpatient detoxification and transition to extended-release naltrexone.

No evidence for reduction of opioid-withdrawal symptoms by cannabis smoking during a methadone dose taper.

Epstein, David H · 2015

Researchers analyzed data from 116 outpatient heroin and cocaine users undergoing a 10-week methadone taper, of whom 46 also used cannabis.

Concomitant cannabis abuse/dependence in patients treated with opioids for non-cancer pain.

Hefner, Kathryn · 2015

Researchers examined cannabis use disorder (CUD) rates among 1,316,464 VHA patients with non-cancer pain who received opioid medications.

Variations in Cannabis Use Level and Correlates in Opiate-Users on Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A French Prospective Study.

Mayet, Aurélie · 2015

Researchers followed 188 opioid-dependent individuals starting methadone maintenance treatment for 12 months, tracking cannabis use at enrollment, 3, 6, and 12 months. Cannabis use levels showed no significant variation throughout treatment.

Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review.

Stout, Stephen M · 2014

The review identified the specific cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzymes responsible for metabolizing major cannabinoids.

Prospective study of QTc changes among former opiate addicts since admission to methadone maintenance treatment: benzodiazepine risk.

Peles, Einat · 2013

Four hundred twenty-one opiate addicts newly admitted to methadone maintenance were followed prospectively for 4.5 years.

Cannabinoid and opioid interactions: implications for opiate dependence and withdrawal.

Scavone, J L · 2013

The review detailed how cannabinoid and opioid receptors interact at the molecular level, particularly in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system, a key circuit in the negative effects of opiate addiction.

Alcohol and marijuana use in the context of tobacco dependence treatment: impact on outcome and mediation of effect.

Hendricks, Peter S · 2012

Researchers analyzed data from 739 adult cigarette smokers across three randomized cessation trials.

Nicotine: alcohol reward interactions.

Lajtha, A · 2010

This review examined the neurochemical interactions between nicotine and alcohol, two substances whose use frequently co-occurs. Chronic nicotine altered multiple brain systems: nicotinic receptors (subunit composition changes), catecholamine, glutamate, GABA levels, and opiate and cannabinoid receptors.

Oxidation of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamide by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: physiological and pharmacological implications.

Snider, Natasha T · 2010

The review focused on an underappreciated aspect of endocannabinoid biology: the oxidation of anandamide by cytochrome P450 enzymes. While FAAH is the primary enzyme that breaks down anandamide, several P450 enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP4F2, CYP4X1, and the highly variable CYP2D6) also metabolize anandamide into structurally diverse lipid products. Critically, one P450-derived epoxide of anandamide was found to be a potent agonist at CB2 receptors.

Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive performance in recreational ecstasy polydrug users: evidence from a 12-month longitudinal study.

de Sola, Susana · 2008

Researchers followed three groups for one year: 14 ecstasy polydrug users, 13 cannabis-only users, and 22 drug-free controls, measuring cognitive performance and brain event-related potentials (P300/P3). After one year, ecstasy users showed significant cognitive deficits compared to controls in word fluency, processing speed, and memory recognition.

Combined immunomodulating properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis in humans.

Pacifici, Roberta · 2007

Researchers followed three groups over one year with assessments at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months: 37 people who used both MDMA and cannabis, 23 cannabis-only users, and 34 non-using controls. The MDMA-cannabis group showed significantly decreased IL-2 (a pro-immune cytokine) and increased TGF-beta1 (an anti-inflammatory marker), along with reduced total lymphocytes, CD4 cells, and natural killer cells.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study about the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the pharmacokinetics of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after oral application of THC verses standardized cannabis extract.

Nadulski, Thomas · 2005

Twenty-four volunteers (12 male, 12 female) received soft-gelatin capsules of either 10 mg THC alone, cannabis extract containing 10 mg THC plus 5.4 mg CBD, or placebo in a crossover design.

Species differences in pregnane X receptor activation by Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol.

Lau, Aik Jiang · 2026

THC, CBD, and CBN activated human PXR at 10 μM by 28-fold, 23-fold, and 17-fold respectively — significantly more than rat or mouse PXR.

Do Cannabis Users Require More Anesthesia During Third Molar Removal Under Intravenous General Anesthesia When Compared to Nonusers?

Panesar, Kanvar S · 2026

After adjusting for confounders, cannabis exposure years were significantly associated with total propofol requirements (coefficient = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.07-1.25, p = 0.03).

Cannabinoids and drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions: Deciphering the risks.

Papakyriakopoulou, Paraskevi · 2026

This review mapped the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions involving cannabinoids across the full ADME framework (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). The metabolism interactions are the most clinically significant.

Perioperative cannabis use on postoperative pain in immediate alloplastic breast reconstruction.

Qin, Nancy · 2026

Cannabis users reported significantly higher pain scores at 0-12 hours (4.42 vs 3.68, p=0.018) and 12-24 hours (4.53 vs 3.36, p=0.004) post-surgery.

Molecular docking of danuglipron uncovers potential crossovers between GLP-1R and the endocannabinoid system.

Dailey, Kiersten A · 2025

Danuglipron showed higher binding affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors than THC, anandamide, or 2-AG in computational docking experiments, suggesting potential cross-reactivity between GLP-1 receptor agonists and the endocannabinoid system..

Aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 reduces neuropathic pain and anxiety-like behaviours in male diabetic rats: antinociceptive enhancement by cannabinoid receptor agonists.

Ferreira, Matheus Vinícius · 2025

Aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 (ATL) reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in diabetic rats both acutely and cumulatively.

Effects of ketamine enantiomers on morphine and THC subjective effects in rats.

Malikowska-Racia, Natalia · 2025

In drug discrimination tests, no form of ketamine (R-, S-, or racemic) substituted for the subjective effects of either morphine or THC.

An open-label phase I comparator-controlled clinical trial to assess tolerability and pharmacokinetics of IHL-675 A a fixed dose combination of cannabidiol plus hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers.

Mbogo, George Williams · 2025

IHL-675A was generally well-tolerated with no serious adverse events.

A Preliminary Investigation of Brain Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB1R) Availability in Men with Opioid Use Disorder.

Nia, Anahita Bassir · 2025

Average CB1R availability (measured by volume of distribution) was 15% lower across 13 brain regions in men with OUD compared to healthy controls (p=0.04).

Cannabidiol potentiates phenobarbital effects in the control of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in neonate rats.

Pinto, Lillian Soares · 2025

Low CBD doses (3 and 30 mg/kg) had limited antiseizure effects alone, while higher doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) modestly reduced seizures.

Interaction of cytochrome P450 3A4 with cannabinoids and the drug darifenacin.

Sevrioukova, Irina F · 2025

THC and CBD act as type I ligands causing a nearly complete high-spin transition in CYP3A4 (Kd of 1.9 and 3.6 micromolar respectively), while cannabinol caused negligible changes.

Drug-Cannabinoid Interactions in Selected Therapeutics for Symptoms Associated with Epilepsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, and Pain.

Campos, Maria G · 2024

As medical cannabis use expands, patients are increasingly combining cannabinoids with prescription medications for serious conditions.

Cannabis-derived products antagonize platinum drugs by altered cellular transport.

Buchtova, Tereza · 2023

Even low concentrations of cannabinoids reduced the toxicity of cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin in human cell cultures.

Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants.

Treyer, Andrea · 2023

If you take a blood thinner like warfarin and use cannabis, this study has important implications.

Examining the Use of Antidepressants for Adolescents with Depression/Anxiety Who Regularly Use Cannabis: A Narrative Review.

Hen-Shoval, Danielle · 2022

Almost all randomized clinical trials of antidepressants excluded participants using cannabis or other drugs, so the expected course of therapy in cannabis users is unknown.

Cannabinoids for behavioral symptoms in severe dementia: Safety and feasibility in a long-term pilot observational study in nineteen patients.

Pautex, Sophie · 2022

Managing behavioral symptoms in severe dementia — agitation, aggression, wandering, sleep disruption — is one of the hardest challenges in elder care.

Prediction of Carboxylesterase 1-mediated In Vivo Drug Interaction between Methylphenidate and Cannabinoids using Static and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models.

Qian, Yuli · 2022

Both THC and CBD reversibly inhibited the CES1 enzyme that metabolizes methylphenidate.

Cannabis with breast cancer treatment: propitious or pernicious?

Schoeman, Recardia · 2022

Simultaneous treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with various cannabinoid formulations and tamoxifen resulted in diminished anti-proliferative activity of tamoxifen, with the effect more pronounced with recreational cannabis formulations (higher THC)..

Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2021

This study combined lab work and real patient data to examine whether CBD interacts with common antidepressants.

Cannabis constituents interact at the drug efflux pump BCRP to markedly increase plasma cannabidiolic acid concentrations.

Anderson, Lyndsey L · 2021

Plasma CBDA concentrations were 14-fold higher from cannabis extract versus isolated CBDA at the same dose.

Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol dose increase leads to warfarin drug interaction and elevated INR.

Brown, Geoffrey W · 2021

A 67-year-old man on warfarin developed a supratherapeutic INR of 5.2 after self-titrating his THC dose upward by 7.35 mg.

The Impact of Marijuana on Antidepressant Treatment in Adolescents: Clinical and Pharmacologic Considerations.

Vaughn, Samuel E · 2021

CBD and THC inhibit cytochrome enzymes (particularly CYP2C19) that metabolize SSRIs.

Potential Adverse Drug Events with Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Due to Drug-Drug Interactions.

Brown, Joshua D · 2020

This review mapped out the pharmacological interactions between THC and other medications, revealing a more complex picture than most cannabis users — or their doctors — appreciate.

Positive allosteric modulation of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) in periaqueductal gray (PAG) antagonizes anti-nociceptive and cellular effects of a mu-opioid receptor agonist in morphine-withdrawn rats.

Datta, Udita · 2020

Intra-PAG DAMGO (opioid agonist) dose-dependently reversed morphine-induced hyperalgesia.

Safety and Molecular-Toxicological Implications of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Methylsulfonylmethane Co-Administration.

Kutanzi, Kristy R · 2020

Researchers gave mice a high-dose cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) alongside methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a popular over-the-counter supplement often taken for joint pain.

Influence of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligands on the activity of atypical antidepressant drugs in the behavioural tests in mice.

Poleszak, Ewa · 2020

In mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests, sub-effective doses of CB receptor ligands enhanced antidepressant activity: oleamide (CB1 agonist) potentiated tianeptine; AM251 (CB1 antagonist) enhanced both tianeptine and agomelatine; AM630 (CB2 inverse agonist) augmented both drugs in the forced swim test only.

Ligands of the CB2 cannabinoid receptors augment activity of the conventional antidepressant drugs in the behavioural tests in mice.

Poleszak, Ewa · 2020

Sub-effective doses of JWH133 (CB2 agonist, 0.25 mg/kg) and AM630 (CB2 inverse agonist, 0.25 mg/kg) each significantly enhanced the antidepressant effects of imipramine (15 mg/kg), escitalopram (2 mg/kg), and reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg) in both forced swim and tail suspension tests.

Drug-Drug Interactions Between Cannabidiol and Lithium.

Singh, Rani K · 2020

An autistic patient with LGS and psychiatric comorbidities on multiple medications including lithium developed hypersomnolence, ataxia, and decreased oral intake several weeks after starting CBD.

β-Caryophyllene, a CB2-Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain.

Aly, Esraa · 2019

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) prevented the development of mechanical allodynia when co-administered with the NRTI zalcitabine and attenuated established pain through CB2 receptor activation.

Opposite effects of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors on antipsychotic clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity.

Li, Liliang · 2019

Clozapine decreased endocannabinoid levels and caused myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in mice.

Emerging Role of Aprepitant in Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome.

Parvataneni, Swetha · 2019

A patient with CHS who did not respond to common anti-emetics was successfully treated with aprepitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist typically used for chemotherapy-induced nausea..

Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on irinotecan-induced clinical effects in rats.

Prester, Ljerka · 2018

Co-administration of THC with irinotecan in rats caused greater leukopenia than irinotecan alone, but the expected rise in the liver enzyme AST seen with irinotecan alone did not occur in the combination group..

Human serum albumin: A modulator of cannabinoid drugs.

Leboffe, Loris · 2017

This study investigated whether human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in blood plasma, serves as a major transporter for cannabinoid drugs. Using computational docking methods, the researchers found that HSA binds strongly to a wide range of cannabinoid compounds: indirect agonists (URB597, AM5206, JZL184, JZL195, AM404), direct agonists (WIN55,212-2, CP55,940), and the antagonist/inverse agonist SR141716 (rimonabant). Binding energies ranged from -5.4 to -10.9 kcal/mol.

Tamoxifen Isomers and Metabolites Exhibit Distinct Affinity and Activity at Cannabinoid Receptors: Potential Scaffold for Drug Development.

Ford, Benjamin M · 2016

Tamoxifen is primarily known as a breast cancer drug, but this study revealed that its chemical structure interacts with cannabinoid receptors in ways that could be therapeutically useful. The researchers tested tamoxifen's two mirror-image forms (isomers) and their metabolic breakdown products at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Cannabinoid Receptor Inverse Agonists with Differential CB1 and CB2 Selectivity.

Franks, Lirit N · 2016

Building on the discovery that tamoxifen interacts with cannabinoid receptors, researchers screened 14 drugs from five structurally distinct classes of SERMs to find compounds with even better cannabinoid receptor properties. Four of five SERM classes bound to cannabinoid receptors.

Pregabalin for the Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms: A Comprehensive Review.

Freynhagen, Rainer · 2016

This review examined evidence for using pregabalin, a nerve pain medication, to treat physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms across multiple substance categories including cannabinoids. The available evidence was limited, with few randomized controlled studies.

Dorsal hippocampal NMDA receptors mediate the interactive effects of arachidonylcyclopropylamide and MDMA/ecstasy on memory retrieval in rats.

Ghaderi, Marzieh · 2016

Both cannabinoids and MDMA (ecstasy) can impair memory individually, but this study found something unexpected: when given together, MDMA actually reversed the memory problems caused by a synthetic cannabinoid. The researchers injected the synthetic cannabinoid ACPA directly into the hippocampus of rats, which impaired their ability to remember a passive avoidance task.

Are Alcohol Anti-relapsing and Alcohol Withdrawal Drugs Useful in Cannabinoid Users?

Kleczkowska, Patrycja · 2016

Cannabis is frequently used alongside alcohol, and many people who use cannabis also take medications for alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol withdrawal.

Differential effects of endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors on morphine withdrawal in mice.

Gamage, Thomas F · 2015

Researchers tested whether cannabinoid compounds could reduce different aspects of morphine withdrawal in mice.

An exploratory study of the combined effects of orally administered methylphenidate and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cardiovascular function, subjective effects, and performance in healthy adults.

Kollins, Scott H · 2015

In a double-blind crossover experiment, 16 healthy adults received all combinations of placebo or 10mg THC with 0mg, 10mg, or 40mg methylphenidate (MPH) across six sessions. The two drugs showed additive effects on heart rate: peak heart rate climbed from 89 beats per minute with THC alone to 96 with low-dose MPH added and 102 with high-dose MPH.

The cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 increases paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon toxicity in rats.

Liu, Jing · 2015

Researchers tested whether blocking the endocannabinoid system would worsen poisoning from two organophosphorus pesticides (paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon) in rats. The CB1 antagonist AM251, given 30 minutes after pesticide exposure, significantly increased involuntary movements at lower pesticide doses.

Relationship between plasma concentrations of the l-enantiomer of methadone and response to methadone maintenance treatment.

Meini, Milo · 2015

Researchers measured blood levels of the active form of methadone (l-methadone) in 94 opioid-dependent patients on maintenance treatment.

Prescription stimulant use is associated with earlier onset of psychosis.

Moran, Lauren V · 2015

Among 205 patients recruited from an inpatient psychiatric unit, 40% reported using prescription stimulants (mostly for ADHD) before the onset of psychosis. Those exposed to stimulants developed psychosis at an average age of 20.5 years compared to 24.6 years for unexposed patients.

Factors affecting noncompliance with buprenorphine maintenance treatment.

Fareed, Ayman · 2014

In a review of 69 veteran patients receiving buprenorphine maintenance for opioid use disorder, researchers found that positive urine drug screens for marijuana and benzodiazepines, along with being a cigarette smoker, were significantly associated with noncompliance (inaccurate pill counts). Psychiatric comorbidity was also independently associated with noncompliance.

Impact of cannabis use during stabilization on methadone maintenance treatment.

Scavone, Jillian L · 2013

A retrospective chart analysis of 91 methadone maintenance patients examined cannabis use patterns during treatment.

Nicotine-induced anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of the novelty-seeking phenotype is associated with long-lasting neuropeptidergic and neuroplastic adaptations in the amygdala: effects of the cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist AM251.

Aydin, Cigdem · 2012

Researchers used novelty-seeking (high-responder) rats that are predisposed to nicotine sensitization.

Highly selective inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase bearing a reactive group that is bioisosteric with endocannabinoid substrates.

Chang, Jae Won · 2012

The existing MAGL inhibitor JZL184, while useful for research, had low-level cross-reactivity with FAAH and peripheral carboxylesterases, which complicated interpretation of some experiments.

Abnormal striatal circuitry and intensified novelty seeking among adolescents who abuse methamphetamine and cannabis.

Churchwell, John C · 2012

Researchers compared brain scans from three groups of adolescents: healthy controls (10), methamphetamine users (9), and combined methamphetamine plus cannabis users (8).

Antagonism of cannabinoid 1 receptors reverses the anxiety-like behavior induced by central injections of corticotropin-releasing factor and cocaine withdrawal.

Kupferschmidt, D A · 2012

Researchers tested whether blocking CB1 receptors could reduce anxiety caused by two different triggers: direct brain injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, the brain's primary stress peptide) and withdrawal from 14 days of cocaine. AM251 reversed anxiety from both CRF and cocaine withdrawal in a dose-dependent manner when injected directly into the brain.

Blockade of endocannabinoid hydrolytic enzymes attenuates precipitated opioid withdrawal symptoms in mice.

Ramesh, Divya · 2011

Morphine-dependent mice challenged with naloxone displayed jumping, paw tremors, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Pharmacological activation/inhibition of the cannabinoid system affects alcohol withdrawal-induced neuronal hypersensitivity to excitotoxic insults.

Rubio, Marina · 2011

Using an in vitro model of chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal, researchers found that alcohol withdrawal increased sensitivity to NMDA-induced neuron death, likely by altering the balance of NMDA receptor subtypes (GluN2A vs GluN2B). The cannabinoid agonist HU-210 reduced NMDA-induced neuronal death, but only in alcohol-withdrawn neurons, not control neurons.

Cocaine withdrawal reduces group I mGluR-mediated long-term potentiation via decreased GABAergic transmission in the amygdala.

Schmidt, Kady · 2011

Researchers studied how cocaine withdrawal altered brain circuitry in the amygdala, a region central to emotional learning and drug-cue associations.

MDMA & cannabis: a mini-review of cognitive, behavioral, and neurobiological effects of co-consumption.

Schulz, Sybille · 2011

This review examined 23 articles on the combined effects of MDMA (ecstasy) and cannabis.

Behavioral effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition on morphine withdrawal symptoms.

Shahidi, Siamak · 2011

Rats made dependent on morphine through 7 days of daily injections received URB597, a FAAH inhibitor that boosts anandamide levels, before naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.

Methamphetamine neurotoxicity increases brain expression and alters behavioral functions of CB₁ cannabinoid receptors.

Bortolato, Marco · 2010

Rats were exposed to a neurotoxic methamphetamine regimen (4 doses of 4 mg/kg in one day) and examined three weeks later. Meth-exposed rats showed significantly increased CB1 receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, basolateral amygdala, hippocampal CA1 region, and perirhinal cortex. Behavioral responses to the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 were altered: it produced anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects in meth-exposed rats but anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) effects in controls.

Involvement of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in the increased consumption of and preference for ethanol of mice treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine.

Gutierrez-Lopez, M D · 2010

Mice exposed to a neurotoxic methamphetamine regimen showed increased alcohol consumption and preference seven days later. Biochemical analysis of the limbic forebrain revealed that while CB1 receptor density and activity were unchanged, 2-AG (endocannabinoid) levels were significantly elevated.

Gz mediates the long-lasting desensitization of brain CB1 receptors and is essential for cross-tolerance with morphine.

Garzón, Javier · 2009

Injecting CB1 receptor agonists into the brain ventricles of mice produced dose-dependent pain relief, then a long-lasting drop in analgesic effect that persisted for more than 14 days.

Behavioural and neurochemical effects of combined MDMA and THC administration in mice.

Robledo, Patricia · 2007

Researchers tested how THC and MDMA interact when given together to mice, using reward-based behavioral tests and brain dopamine measurements. At low doses, THC and MDMA produced a synergistic reward effect: combining sub-effective doses of both drugs (THC 0.3 mg/kg + MDMA 3 mg/kg) produced place preference, while neither alone did at those doses.

The effects of concurrent cannabis use among ecstasy users: neuroprotective or neurotoxic?

Fisk, John E · 2006

Researchers reanalyzed data from multiple studies to test whether using cannabis alongside ecstasy (MDMA) might protect against ecstasy-related cognitive damage, based on evidence that cannabinoids can be neuroprotective under certain conditions. They compared three groups: people who typically use cannabis and ecstasy at the same time, people who use ecstasy without concurrent cannabis, and non-ecstasy users.

The effects of cannabinoids on P-glycoprotein transport and expression in multidrug resistant cells.

Holland, M L · 2006

Researchers tested whether cannabinoids affect P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transporter that pumps anti-cancer drugs out of cancer cells and is a major cause of multidrug resistance. Short-term (1-hour) exposure to cannabinol, CBD, THC, and a synthetic cannabinoid did not inhibit P-gp drug efflux in either human leukemia cells or mouse cells with the MDR1 gene.

Influence of chronic oral intake of cannabis extract on oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism of xenobiotics in rat.

Khanna, P · 1991

Rats fed cannabis extract for three weeks at escalating doses showed selective changes in liver enzyme activity.

Effects of marihuana-dextroamphetamine combination.

Evans, M A · 1976

In two double-blind, randomized studies, researchers tested the combination of marijuana and dextroamphetamine.

The combined effect of marihuana and dextroamphetamine.

Forney, R · 1976

In mice, THC enhanced locomotor activity and amplified the stimulant effects of methamphetamine.

Cannabis and Hormonal Contraception: Pharmacological Interaction Evidence

Nasrin S · 2024

Cannabis (both THC and CBD) inhibits CYP3A4, the liver enzyme that metabolizes hormonal contraceptive hormones.

Randomized, dose-ranging safety trial of cannabidiol in Dravet syndrome

Devinsky O · 2018

CBD pharmacokinetics are dose-proportional in young Dravet patients.