Cannabis Cardiovascular Research

Association Between Recreational Drug Use and Cardiovascular Events Post-Hospitalization in France.

Mirailles, Raphael · 2026

Recreational drug users had higher one-year MACCE (major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events) rates than non-users (12.7% vs.

Incidence of New-Onset Cardiac Arrhythmias in Cocaine and Cannabis Users: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Rhabneh, Laith · 2026

Using the TriNetX database, researchers compared cardiovascular outcomes between cocaine users and cannabis users after propensity score matching to reduce baseline differences.

Does Illicit Drug Use Increase Stroke Risk? A Systematic review, Meta-Analyses and Mendelian Randomization analysis.

Ritson, Megan · 2026

Meta-analysis of 32 studies (>100 million participants) found cannabis associated with 37% higher stroke risk (OR 1.37), cocaine with 96% higher risk (OR 1.96), and amphetamines with 122% higher risk (OR 2.22).

Cannabis use and atrial arrhythmias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of large populational studies.

Chye, David M · 2025

Cannabis associated with 71% increased atrial arrhythmia risk (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.1-2.6); risk higher with concomitant drug use (OR 1.91) and in cannabis-legal countries (OR 1.93); 12.5% of cannabis users had AA vs 2.7% of controls..

Lifetime Cannabis Use and Incident Hypertension: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Corroon, Jamie · 2025

Cannabis-years were not significantly associated with incident hypertension (adjusted HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.97-1.00, p=0.18) over 35 years.

Can Endocannabinoids Explain CBD-Mediated Reduction in Blood Pressure? Insights from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Kumric, Marko · 2025

CBD (225-450 mg/day, 5 weeks) increased AEA by 11.1 ng/mL (p=0.025).

Trends in cannabis-attributable hospitalizations and emergency department visits: data from the Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Study (2007-2020).

Malam, Raadiya · 2025

Between 2007 and 2020, cannabis-attributable inpatient hospitalizations increased from 6.4 to 14.0 per 100,000, while ER visits rose from 52.1 to 111.0 per 100,000.

Cannabis Use Disorder Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations and 5-Year Mortality.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Within 5 years of incident hospital-based CUD care, 3.5% of individuals died compared to 0.6% of matched general population members.

Cannabis Use and the Risk of Arrhythmias: Insights From a Large Retrospective Multicenter Analysis.

Vargas, Juan · 2025

Cannabis use was associated with significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation/flutter (HR 1.549), paroxysmal tachycardia (HR 1.791), premature beats (HR 1.739), and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (HR 2.839) compared to propensity score-matched ibuprofen users..

Cannabis for chronic pain: cardiovascular safety in a nationwide Danish study.

Holt, Anders · 2024

Among 5,391 chronic pain patients who received prescribed medical cannabis, 0.8% developed new-onset arrhythmia within 180 days compared to 0.4% of matched controls, yielding a risk ratio of 2.07.

Association of Cannabis Use With Cardiovascular Outcomes Among US Adults.

Jeffers, Abra M · 2024

Daily cannabis use was associated with 25% higher odds of heart attack (aOR 1.25), 42% higher odds of stroke (aOR 1.42), and 28% higher odds of any cardiovascular event (aOR 1.28) after adjusting for tobacco and other factors.

Cannabis Use Variations and Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review.

van Amsterdam, Jan · 2024

After adjusting for tobacco use, cannabis smoking remained significantly associated with heart attack, with adjusted odds ratios from 1.03 to 5.24, particularly high in younger age groups.

Rising trend of acute myocardial infarction among young cannabis users: A 10-year nationwide gender and race stratified analysis.

Sandhyavenu, Harigopal · 2023

Of 819,175 AMI hospitalizations among 18-49 year olds, 28% reported cannabis use.

Cannabis and adverse cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Theerasuwipakorn, Nonthikorn · 2023

As cannabis legalization expands globally, the cardiovascular safety question becomes increasingly urgent.

Nationwide Trends in Hospitalizations and Outcomes of Pulmonary Circulation Disorders Among Patients With Cannabis Use Disorder in the United States.

Jain, Akhil · 2022

Among 3,307,310 cannabis-related hospitalizations, 20,328 (0.61%) involved pulmonary circulation disorders.

Use of Marijuana: Effect on Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Testai, Fernando D · 2022

Cannabinoid receptors are concentrated in brain areas critical for cognition and behavior, especially during neurodevelopment.

Outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction and history of illicit drug use: a French nationwide analysis.

Ma, Iris · 2021

Among all illicit drugs evaluated, only cannabis use was significantly associated with higher AMI risk (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.59).

Recreational substance use among patients with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Mahtta, Dhruv · 2021

Cannabis use was independently associated with premature ASCVD (OR 2.65, 95% CI 2.59-2.71).

Rates, predictors and the impact of cannabis misuse on in-hospital outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the National Inpatient Sample).

Kwok, Chun Shing · 2020

In a national database of 7,306,012 PCI patients (2004-2014), 32,765 cannabis misusers had no significant differences in in-hospital mortality (OR 1.06), bleeding (OR 0.94), or stroke (OR 1.19) compared to non-users after adjustment.

Medical Marijuana, Recreational Cannabis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Page, Robert L · 2020

The AHA scientific statement reviewed evidence that cannabis use is associated with cardiovascular risks including tachycardia, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure, many mediated by delivery mechanism (especially smoking).

Acute Illness Associated With Cannabis Use, by Route of Exposure: An Observational Study.

Monte, Andrew A · 2019

Edible cannabis ER visits were disproportionate to sales (10.7% of visits vs 0.32% of THC sales).

Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana

Mittleman, Murray A · 2001

Risk of MI onset was elevated 4.8 times over baseline (95% CI 2.4-9.5) in the 60 minutes after marijuana use.

Nationwide outcomes of cardiac surgery in patients with cannabis use disorder.

Dewan, Krish C · 2026

Analyzing 846,837 cardiovascular surgery patients from a national database, researchers identified 11,724 (1.4%) with a cannabis use disorder diagnosis.

Risk of Heart Failure-related Events in Patients Exposed to Medical Cannabis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Dubois, Cerina · 2026

Patients with authorized cannabis prescriptions had a hazard ratio of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.06-1.25) for the primary outcome of ED visits/hospitalization for heart failure.

Assessing the association between cannabis use frequency and heart disease in adults aged under 50: National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021-2023.

Earl, Mason · 2026

Each 90-day increase in annual cannabis use was associated with 9% higher odds of heart disease (aOR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.15).

Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review.

Hsu, Michael · 2026

Published in JAMA — the most widely read medical journal in the world — this review synthesized the therapeutic evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids across all conditions studied in randomized trials and meta-analyses. The strongest evidence supports three FDA-approved indications: HIV/AIDS-related anorexia (cannabinoids moderately increased body weight; SMD 0.57), chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (small but significant reduction; SMD −0.29), and certain pediatric seizure disorders (CBD as Epidiolex). For chronic pain — the most common reason people report using medical cannabis — the review found that approximately 27% of US and Canadian adults have used cannabis medicinally, with 10.5% of the US population reporting CBD use for therapeutic purposes.

The relationship between the cannabinoids and cardiac remodelling: A comprehensive review of pivotal mechanisms and emerging evidence.

Krzyżewska, Anna · 2026

Specific CB2 receptor activation and peripheral CB1 receptor blockade appear particularly promising for anti-fibrotic cardiac effects.

The Association Between Cannabis Use and Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in People Living With HIV.

Larson, Michaela E · 2026

Cannabis use was not significantly associated with ECG evidence of myocardial infarction (aOR 1.02) or other abnormalities (aOR 1.02) in adjusted analyses.

Impact of cannabidiol on myocardial recovery in patients with acute myocarditis: primary results of the ARCHER study.

McNamara, Dennis M · 2026

CBD (up to 10 mg/kg BID for 12 weeks) did not significantly improve ECV (p=0.054) or GLS (p=0.90).

Cannabis use and cardiometabolic risk in schizophrenia.

Paris, Jai · 2026

In 988 CATIE study participants with schizophrenia, THC-positive individuals (14.8%) had significantly lower metabolic syndrome prevalence (42.5% vs 60.5%, p < 0.001).

The association between cannabis use and cardiovascular outcomes among U.S. Adults, 2020-2023.

Sun, Ruoyan · 2026

Analyzing data from 436,949 adults surveyed in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) between 2020 and 2023, researchers found dose-dependent associations between cannabis use and cardiovascular outcomes. Non-daily cannabis use (compared to no past-30-day use) was associated with increased odds of stroke (adjusted OR = 1.28) and a composite cardiovascular outcome measure (aOR = 1.16).

Association between cannabis consumption and serum Klotho levels in middle-aged U.S. adults: NHANES cross-sectional analysis.

Wang, Li · 2026

Frequent cannabis users had significantly lower Klotho levels than never users (adjusted estimate = -57.94, p = 0.027), with a significant dose-dependent trend (p = 0.022).

Current marijuana use is cross-sectionally associated with accelerated biological aging among U.S. adults: exploring mediating effect of blood cadmium.

Wei, Kai · 2026

Current marijuana users showed significantly accelerated aging versus never users on both PhenoAge (beta = 0.72, p < 0.001) and KD-BioAge (beta = 0.36, p = 0.002).

Cannabis use in different ethnicity/race populations and risk of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abdullah, Farah Thamer · 2025

Pooled analysis of seven studies revealed a statistically significant association between cannabis use and ischemic stroke risk (pooled OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.46-2.87, p < 0.001).

Lifetime Cannabis, Non-Cigarette Tobacco, and Illicit Drug Use and Cardiovascular Disease Among Young and Middle-Aged U.S. Adults.

Agbonlahor, Osayande · 2025

Cardiovascular disease is increasingly affecting younger adults, and this study examined whether lifetime substance use — including cannabis — might contribute.

Psychoactive substance use in elderly patients: Insights from the addiction in intensive cardiac care units (ADDICT-ICCU) study.

Bouali, Nabil · 2025

Among 760 elderly patients (65+) in 39 French cardiac ICUs, 21% tested positive for psychoactive substances.

Safety considerations for patients using cannabis.

Dugan, Sara E · 2025

The review identifies four major safety domains: (1) cannabis effects on mood symptoms beyond the well-known psychoactive effects, (2) associations with suicidal ideation that are still being uncovered, (3) cardiovascular system effects that extend beyond the central nervous system, and (4) clinically significant drug interactions that may affect patients on other medications..

State of the Art Review: Thiazide diuretics exploit the endocannabinoid system via NAPE-PLD.

Garau, Gianpiero · 2025

The phospholipase NAPE-PLD was identified as a systemic target of thiazide diuretics, meaning these common blood pressure medications produce their chronic therapeutic effects partly by generating anandamide and other protective lipid signaling molecules through the endocannabinoid system..

Cannabidiol Prevents Heart Failure Dysfunction and Remodeling Through Preservation of Mitochondrial Function and Calcium Handling.

García-Rivas, Gerardo · 2025

In mice with heart failure, CBD treatment attenuated cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and loss of ejection fraction.

Perioperative Repercussions of Cannabis Use-Implications for GI Endoscopy Sedation.

Goudra, Basavana · 2025

This narrative review found that cannabis users frequently need higher doses of propofol and other sedatives for GI endoscopy.

Syncope among adolescents and young adults seeking treatment for cannabis-related injuries.

Hammig, Bart · 2025

Analyzing NEISS data from 2019-2022, researchers found that among 24,922 cannabis-associated injuries in young people aged 15-24, 5,400 (21.7%) also involved syncope.

Placental Endocannabinoid System: Focus on Preeclampsia and Cannabis Use.

Harhangi, Madhavi S · 2025

The study found three distinct patterns: (1) In healthy pregnancies, anandamide relaxed placental arteries via CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Association of Smoking Cannabis With Cardiovascular Events Among Veterans With Coronary Artery Disease.

Keyhani, Salomeh · 2025

This is one of the largest and most rigorous studies to examine whether cannabis smoking affects cardiovascular outcomes in people who already have heart disease.

The changing landscape of cannabis use: impact on maternal health and neonatal outcomes.

Krishnan, Parvathy · 2025

Beyond the well-documented cognitive and neurodevelopmental effects, prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with fetal growth restriction, altered cardiovascular development, hematologic changes, gastrointestinal effects, and increased long-term risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

In-hospital outcomes following an acute coronary syndrome in patients with recent cannabis use.

Léquipar, Antoine · 2025

Systematic urine screening across 39 French hospitals found 11.1% of acute coronary syndrome patients tested positive for cannabis.

Cannabis use among young adults with acute coronary syndrome: impact on initial presentation and long-term prognosis.

Martin, Nicolas · 2025

This French study followed 188 patients under age 45 who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (heart attacks and unstable angina)—all of whom were tobacco smokers.

Association of Endothelial Dysfunction With Chronic Marijuana Smoking and THC-Edible Use.

Mohammadi, Leila · 2025

Among 55 participants, cannabis smokers had FMD of 6.0% and THC-edible users had 4.6%, both significantly lower than non-users at 10.4%.

The Impact of Frequency of Cannabis Use on Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy.

Nidey, Nichole · 2025

Cannabis use as a binary variable (yes/no) was not associated with higher odds of hypertension during pregnancy (OR 0.86).

Rare but relevant: Cannabis use and myocardial infarction.

Padmanathan, Prianka · 2025

The link between cannabis use and myocardial infarction may be specific to certain types of cannabis, patterns of use, and user characteristics.

Cannabis Use in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease​​: Friend or Foe? A Retrospective Analysis.

Paladiya, Ruchir · 2025

After adjusting for confounders, cannabis use among MASLD patients was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.70), cirrhosis (aOR 0.72), decompensated cirrhosis (aOR 0.73), chronic kidney disease (aOR 0.81), and hepatocellular carcinoma (aOR 0.71).

Impact of Cannabis Use on Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Autologous Breast Reconstruction: analysis of 719 patients and 1148 flaps: Impact of Cannabis Use in DIEP Reconstruction.

Park, John B · 2025

Cannabis users (12.1% of the cohort) had significantly higher rates of postoperative hematoma (OR 3.078 for general hematoma, OR 3.098 for breast hematoma) and readmission (OR 2.865) after DIEP flap breast reconstruction.

Arrhythmias and cannabis use: A comprehensive overview.

Paulraj, Shweta · 2025

Epidemiological data show a significant association between cannabis use and various arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation.

Cannabis use and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes: A meta-analysis of multinational cohort data.

Sebastian, Sneha Annie · 2025

Ever use of cannabis was associated with a statistically significant 48% higher risk of any adverse cardiovascular event (RR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16-1.90, p=0.002).

A Meta-Narrative Review of Channelopathies and Cannabis: Mechanistic, Epidemiologic, and Forensic Insights into Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death.

Šoša, Ivan · 2025

Cannabinoids affect calcium and potassium currents through both receptor-dependent and -independent pathways, alter autonomic regulation, and promote oxidative stress and inflammation in heart tissue.

Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of cannabis and cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Storck, Wilhelm · 2025

Risk ratios for cannabis users: ACS 1.29 (95% CI 1.05-1.59), stroke 1.20 (1.13-1.26), cardiovascular death 2.10 (1.29-3.42).

Cardiovascular Effects of Cannabidiol: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implementation.

Urlić, Hrvoje · 2025

CBD acts through CB2 and multiple targets: attenuating atherosclerosis, limiting infarct size, decreasing oxidative stress.

Exploring the Link: Marijuana Use Patterns and Their Impact on Coronary Heart Disease Risk.

Wei, Tianwen · 2025

Multiple marijuana consumption methods were associated with increased CHD risk.

Cannabis use disorder and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort analysis of adults from Alberta, Canada.

Bahji, Anees · 2024

Cannabis use disorder was associated with significantly higher cardiovascular disease events (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.40-1.77).

Association Between Marijuana Use and Clinical Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Bellam, Krishna G · 2024

Marijuana users had significantly increased odds of AKI (OR 1.40), AMI (OR 1.56), TIA/stroke (OR 1.64), longer LOS (OR 1.14), and decreased odds of home discharge (OR 1.50).

Association of Cannabis Use Disorder With Hospitalizations for Pulmonary Embolism and Subsequent in-Hospital Mortality in Young Adults: A Contemporary Nationwide Analysis.

Desai, Rupak · 2024

Among 8,438,858 young adult (18-44) admissions in 2018, 61,965 were PE-related, with 1,705 (0.6%) having cannabis use disorder.

The effects of cannabis use on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes, mortality, cost of hospitalization, and cardiac arrhythmias: A Retrospective analysis using the national inpatient sample.

Elsadek, Rabab · 2024

Among 39,992 hospitalized subjects from the National Inpatient Sample (2016-2019), cannabis use disorder was not significantly associated with cardiovascular adverse events (p=0.257), cardiac dysrhythmias (p=0.481), or hospitalization costs (p=0.481) after controlling for other variables.

Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis: Effects on Childhood Obesity and Cardiometabolic Health.

Moore, Brianna F · 2024

Prenatal cannabis exposure is consistently associated with small for gestational age and low birth weight.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects of Cannabis Use by Route of Administration: A Systematic Review.

Muheriwa-Matemba, Sadandaula Rose · 2024

Most cannabis health research lumps all users together regardless of whether they smoke flower, vape concentrates, eat edibles, or dab.

Association of cannabis use disorder with atrial fibrillation in young men without concomitant tobacco use: Insights from nationwide propensity matched analysis.

Patel, Bhavin · 2024

After propensity matching 108,495 young men in each arm (CUD+ vs CUD-) and adjusting for covariates including other substance abuse, the association between cannabis use disorder and atrial fibrillation hospitalizations was non-significant (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 0.91-1.78, P=0.15).

Evidence for enduring cardiac and multiorgan toxicity after repeated exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 in male rats.

Pintori, Nicholas · 2024

Repeated JWH-018 at 0.25 mg/kg for 14 days caused persistent hypothermia, increased blood pressure and heart rate throughout treatment.

Effects of cannabis use on the heart.

Sharkova, Julia · 2024

The cardiovascular system reacts strongly to THC, with effects including increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, and potential triggering of cardiac arrhythmias.

Impact of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana on genome-wide DNA methylation and its relationship with hypertension.

Carreras-Gallo, Natàlia · 2023

Three epigenome-wide association studies in the same cohort found 2,569 CpG sites differentially methylated by alcohol and 528 by tobacco.

Maternal preconception and pregnancy tobacco and cannabis use in relation to placental developmental markers: A population-based study.

Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N · 2022

Cannabis use before and during pregnancy was associated with higher PlGF and lower sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in first and second trimesters.

Foetal tobacco and cannabis exposure, body fat and cardio-metabolic health in childhood.

Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N · 2022

Children exposed to maternal cannabis during pregnancy had higher BMI (0.26 SDS), android/gynoid fat ratio (0.21 SDS), and fat-free mass index (0.24 SDS) at age 10.

Association of cannabis use disorder with cardiovascular diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Chen, Miao · 2022

Genetic liability to cannabis use disorder was associated with higher risk of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and stroke in both univariable and multivariable MR analyses adjusting for smoking, alcohol, BMI, lipids, diabetes, hypertension, and depression.

Hypertensive Crisis-Related Hospitalizations and Subsequent Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Young Adults with Cannabis Use Disorder: A Nationwide Analysis.

Desai, Rupak · 2022

Young adults (18-44) with cannabis use disorder had 15% higher odds of hypertensive crisis hospitalization compared to those without (aOR 1.15).

Marijuana and Myocardial Infarction in the UK Biobank Cohort.

Lehrer, Steven · 2022

Multivariate logistic regression found marijuana use associated with reduced MI risk (OR 0.844), comparable to red wine consumption (OR 0.847).

Cannabinoid Effect and Safety in Spasticity Following Stroke: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

Marinelli, Lucio · 2022

Among 34 stroke patients, nabiximols did not improve spasticity on the primary or secondary endpoints compared to placebo.

QTc prolongation in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome patients exposed to antiemetics: A retrospective chart review.

Noelle, Carrillo · 2022

No significant differences in post-medication QTc values were found between different anti-emetic drugs used to treat CHS.

Early-Onset Cardiovascular Disease From Cocaine, Amphetamines, Alcohol, and Marijuana.

O'Keefe, Evan L · 2022

All four substances (cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, marijuana) are cardiotoxic and contribute to rising levels of premature cardiovascular disease including hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death in younger populations..

Cannabis and the heart: unchartered territory.

Parikh, Kinna · 2022

Cannabis has been linked to acute myocardial infarction in young, otherwise healthy individuals; atherogenesis acceleration; cardiac arrhythmias; Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy; and cannabis arteritis.

Chronic health conditions, acute health events, and healthcare utilization among adults over age 50 in Hawai'i who use cannabis: A matched cohort study.

Phillips, Kristina T · 2022

Cannabis-diagnosed patients had significantly greater risk of coronary heart disease, chronic non-cancer pain, stroke, myocardial infarction, cyclic vomiting, and injuries compared to age- and sex-matched controls.

Nabiximols effect on blood pressure and heart rate in post-stroke patients of a randomized controlled study.

Rosa, Gian Marco · 2022

No arrhythmic events were recorded.

Relation of Cannabis Use to Elevated Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score.

Skipina, Travis M · 2022

Ever cannabis use was associated with 60% increased odds of a high-risk ASCVD score.

Nonmedical Marijuana Use and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review.

Yang, Peter K · 2022

Marijuana use was associated with an increased likelihood of heart attack within 24 hours in 2 studies and stroke in 6 studies.

Cannabis use does not impact on type 2 diabetes: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Baumeister, Sebastian-Edgar · 2021

Using genetic variants as proxies for cannabis use, researchers found no causal effect of either lifetime cannabis use (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93-1.09) or cannabis use disorder (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99-1.08) on type 2 diabetes risk..

Drugs of Abuse and Heart Failure.

Grubb, Alex F · 2021

Cannabis has complex cardiovascular effects depending on consumption method, amount, and cannabinoid content.

Marijuana Use and Stress Cardiomyopathy in the Young.

Modi, Vivek · 2021

Marijuana users with stress cardiomyopathy were younger (44 vs 66 years), more often male (36% vs 8%), had fewer traditional risk factors, but had higher rates of cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, and cardiogenic shock.

Reevaluating America's Latest Pharmaceutical Trend: The Cardiovascular Risk of Cannabis.

O'Keefe, Evan L · 2021

Cannabis consumption was associated with increased ischemic stroke risk and an almost fivefold increase in myocardial infarction, primarily in the period immediately following consumption.

The growing dilemma of legalized cannabis and heart transplantation.

Olt, Caroline · 2021

THC and CBD are metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and P-glycoprotein, the same pathways used by calcineurin inhibitors essential for transplant immunosuppression.

Cannabis use disorder and increased risk of arrhythmia-related hospitalization in young adults.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2021

CUD was associated with 1.28 times higher odds of arrhythmia hospitalization in 15-24 year olds (95% CI: 1.229-1.346) and 1.52 times in 25-34 year olds (95% CI: 1.469-1.578).

Cannabis use and metabolic syndrome among clients with first episode psychosis.

Stiles, Erik · 2021

In the RAISE-ETP program (n=404), cannabis users had similar baseline metabolic syndrome rates as abstainers but showed lower triglycerides, elevated HDL, and were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome over the study period..

Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in cannabis use disorder related hospitalizations in teenagers from 2003 to 2016 in the United States.

Umapathi, Krishna Kishore · 2021

Among 876,431 CUD-related teen hospitalizations, 0.5% involved cardiac arrhythmias.

Cannabis Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhao, Jianqiang · 2021

Standard MR analysis showed no causal effects of cannabis use on coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke subtypes, atrial fibrillation, or heart failure.

Medical cannabis authorization and the risk of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal cohort study.

Zongo, Arsene · 2021

Medical cannabis patients had higher rates of ACS or stroke (7.19 vs.

Cannabis use disorder and the future risk of cardiovascular disease in parous women: a longitudinal cohort study.

Auger, Nathalie · 2020

Women with cannabis use disorders had 1.48 times the risk of cardiovascular hospitalization (95% CI 1.27-1.72).

Characteristics and circumstances of synthetic cannabinoid-related death.

Darke, Shane · 2020

Causes of death: accidental toxicity (38.2%), natural disease (20%), suicide (10.9%), accidental toxicity with CVD (9.1%), traumatic accident (10.9%).

A Review of Cannabis and Interactions With Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Agents.

Greger, Jessica · 2020

Cannabis components can inhibit liver enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19) and transporters involved in metabolizing blood thinners.

Marijuana use and acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review of published cases in the literature.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2020

Across 46 published studies describing 62 patients who had acute myocardial infarction following marijuana use, the mean age was 27.7 years with male predominance.

Cannabinoid-sensitive receptors in cardiac physiology and ischaemia.

Puhl, Sarah-Lena · 2020

Both CB1 and CB2 receptors and their endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-AG) are upregulated in the ischemic heart.

The association between regular cannabis use, with and without tobacco co-use, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: cannabis may have a greater impact in non-tobacco smokers.

Winhusen, Theresa · 2020

In the total sample and non-tobacco subgroup, regular cannabis use was significantly associated with greater risk for stroke (CVA), arrhythmia, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and all-cause mortality.

Review of the many faces of synthetic cannabinoid toxicities.

Alipour, Azita · 2019

Synthetic cannabinoids produced a wide range of severe toxicities including arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, psychosis, suicidal ideation, seizures, acute tubular necrosis, and intracranial hemorrhage.

Synthetic cannabinoid-associated coagulopathy secondary to long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides: Observational case series and management recommendations.

Bahouth, Mona N · 2019

Hematuria was the most common bleeding symptom.

Positive and Negative Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Health.

Cohen, Koby · 2019

Repeated cannabis use is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, cognitive alterations, psychosis, schizophrenia, and mood disorders.

Cannabis as a cause of death: A review.

Drummer, Olaf H · 2019

At least 35 people presented with significant cardiovascular emergencies after recently smoking cannabis, and at least 13 deaths from cardiovascular mechanisms have been reported.

Cannabis Associated "High" Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: Marijuana Smoke Like Tobacco Smoke? A Déjà Vu/Déjà Vécu Story?

Manolis, Theodora A · 2019

Despite different active ingredients (THC vs nicotine), cannabis and tobacco smoke contain largely identical combustion chemicals.

Prevalence and Effects of Cigarette Smoking, Cannabis Consumption, and Co-use in Adults From 15 Countries With Congenital Heart Disease.

Moons, Philip · 2019

Cannabis-only use had a negligible effect on physical functioning, mental health, and quality of life.

Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 in Insulin Resistance and Its Biological Implications.

Nagappan, Arulkumar · 2019

CB1 receptor activation in the liver promotes insulin resistance via increased energy intake/storage, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, enhanced oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.

Cannabis use and acute coronary syndrome.

Richards, John R · 2019

Five Level I systematic reviews, 14 Level II studies (83,961 subjects), and 14 Level III studies (457,495 subjects) were identified.

A Mechanistic and Pathophysiological Approach for Stroke Associated with Drugs of Abuse.

Tsatsakis, Aristides · 2019

Cannabis-related stroke mechanisms include transient vasospasm that can cause ischemic stroke.

Synthetic and Non-synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs and Their Adverse Effects-A Review From Public Health Prospective.

Cohen, Koby · 2018

Researchers reviewed the epidemiology and health effects of synthetic cannabinoids compared to natural cannabis from a public health perspective.

Primary Causes of Hospitalizations and Procedures, Predictors of In-hospital Mortality, and Trends in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events Among Recreational Marijuana Users: A Five-year Nationwide Inpatient Assessment in the United States.

Desai, Rupak · 2018

Researchers analyzed the National Inpatient Sample, identifying over 2.3 million hospitalizations with a recorded history of recreational marijuana use from 2010 to 2014. The most common psychiatric discharge diagnoses were mood disorders (20.6%), schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (10.6%), and substance or alcohol-related disorders (10.4%).

Mortality risk in a sample of emergency department patients who use cocaine with alcohol and/or cannabis.

Gilmore, Devin · 2018

Researchers surveyed 1,669 patients from two urban emergency departments and tracked mortality over 36 months using the National Death Index. The use of cocaine and cannabis, both individually and in combination, was associated with significantly higher mortality risk compared to other ED patients after controlling for demographics. This mortality risk was present whether cocaine and cannabis were used separately or together, suggesting that both substances independently contribute to elevated risk in this population. The authors noted that further research was needed to determine whether these results were stable across racial and ethnic groups..

Cannabis use predicts risks of heart failure and cerebrovascular accidents: results from the National Inpatient Sample.

Kalla, Aditi · 2018

Researchers identified cannabis users aged 18-55 in the National Inpatient Sample 2009-2010 database and compared their cardiovascular outcomes to the general population. Prevalence of heart failure, stroke, coronary artery disease, sudden cardiac death, and hypertension were all significantly higher in cannabis users. After multivariate regression adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, tobacco use, and alcohol use, cannabis use remained an independent predictor of heart failure (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.03-1.18) and stroke (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14-1.34). The stroke association was notably stronger than the heart failure association..

Cannabis Use Disorder in Young Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Trend Inpatient Study from 2010 to 2014 in the United States.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2018

Researchers examined trends in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among cannabis users using the National Inpatient Sample from 2010 to 2014. Key findings: - AMI admissions among cannabis users increased 32% over the study period (p = 0.001). - Mean age was 41 years and remained stable. - AMI was predominant in males (79.1%), with a 38.3% increase in prevalence among female cannabis users. - In-hospital mortality increased 60% (1.0% in 2010 to 1.6% in 2014). - Mean hospitalization costs averaged $65,879 per admission. - Mean length of stay showed a decreasing trend (p = 0.003) while costs increased (p = 0.024). - Moderate-to-severe morbidity was prevalent (p = 0.001)..

Effects of cannabis use on body mass, fasting glucose and lipids during the first 12 months of treatment in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Scheffler, F · 2018

There was a significant group-by-time interaction (p=0.002): cannabis-negative patients showed greater BMI increases over 12 months than cannabis-positive patients.

The role of illicit drug use in sudden death in the young.

Fischbach, Peter · 2017

The review assessed the cardiac risks of major illicit drugs in young people.

Cannabis: Exercise performance and sport. A systematic review.

Kennedy, Michael C · 2017

This systematic review searched for all published studies investigating THC's effects during formal exercise protocols, finding only 15 studies in the entire literature. None of the 15 studies showed any improvement in aerobic exercise performance from THC.

Focus on cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids.

Le Boisselier, R · 2017

This review provided a state-of-the-art overview of both natural and synthetic cannabinoids, explaining why synthetic versions produce more extreme effects. The key pharmacological difference: THC is a partial agonist at CB1 receptors (it activates them partially), while most synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists (they activate receptors to their maximum).

Cannabinoid signaling in health and disease.

Lu, Yan · 2017

This review provided a broad overview of the endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic potential, with particular attention to an emerging area: cardioprotection. The endocannabinoid system is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, and several cannabinoids can be prescribed in Canada for conditions including nausea and pain.

Strokes are possible complications of cannabinoids use.

Wolff, Valérie · 2017

Researchers compiled 98 cases from the medical literature where stroke occurred in the context of cannabinoid use.

One Minute of Marijuana Secondhand Smoke Exposure Substantially Impairs Vascular Endothelial Function.

Wang, Xiaoyin · 2016

Researchers exposed rats to marijuana secondhand smoke at levels comparable to real-world tobacco secondhand smoke conditions and measured blood vessel function using femoral artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a standard measure of endothelial health. Just one minute of marijuana smoke exposure impaired FMD to a comparable extent as tobacco smoke.

Cannabis use: signal of increasing risk of serious cardiovascular disorders.

Jouanjus, Emilie · 2014

From the French Addictovigilance Network database (2006-2010), researchers identified 35 serious cardiovascular complications among 1,979 total cannabis-related reports (1.8%).

Adverse cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular effects of marijuana inhalation: what cardiologists need to know.

Thomas, Grace · 2014

The review documents temporal associations between marijuana use and several serious cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction (heart attack), sudden cardiac death, cardiomyopathy, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and cannabis arteritis (inflammation of blood vessels). Marijuana is known to cause tachycardia (rapid heart rate), which could trigger cardiovascular events in vulnerable individuals.

Metabolic effects of chronic cannabis smoking.

Muniyappa, Ranganath · 2013

Thirty chronic cannabis smokers (median 9.5 years use, 6 joints/day) were compared to 30 matched controls.

Adverse effects of cannabis.

· 2011

This comprehensive review examined multiple categories of cannabis adverse effects using systematic methodology. Acute effects included mental slowness, impaired reaction times, and occasionally heightened anxiety.

Pharmacotherapeutic targeting of the endocannabinoid signaling system: drugs for obesity and the metabolic syndrome.

Vemuri, V Kiran · 2008

This review detailed the pharmacological rationale for targeting the endocannabinoid system in obesity and metabolic syndrome. The endocannabinoid system promotes food intake (through brain CB1 receptors) and energy storage as fat (through peripheral CB1 receptors).

Rimonabant: a cannabinoid receptor type 1 blocker for management of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors.

Gelfand, Eli V · 2006

This review from the Journal of the American College of Cardiology summarized clinical trial evidence for rimonabant, the first selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor blocker developed for cardiometabolic risk management. Across four large trials, rimonabant 20 mg daily produced greater weight loss and waist circumference reduction compared to placebo after one year.

Cannabinoid pharmacology in the cardiovascular system: potential protective mechanisms through lipid signalling.

Hiley, C Robin · 2004

The review documented multiple mechanisms by which cannabinoids affect the cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular manifestations of substance abuse: part 2: alcohol, amphetamines, heroin, cannabis, and caffeine.

Frishman, William H · 2003

The review compared cardiovascular effects across five categories of substances.

Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana.

Jones, Reese T · 2002

Cannabis and THC increased heart rate, slightly increased blood pressure when lying down, and occasionally caused marked drops in blood pressure upon standing.

Health aspects of cannabis.

Hollister, L E · 1986

This extensive review examined cannabis health effects across virtually every organ system and population group. The review's central concern was youth: regular cannabis use might stunt emotional growth in adolescents, though whether the drug caused these effects or whether at-risk youth were drawn to use remained unclear.

Cannabis, 1977.

· 1978

This review synthesized the state of cannabis science as of 1977, covering both therapeutic potential and health concerns. On the therapeutic side, cannabis showed promise for reducing eye pressure in glaucoma and for bronchodilation in asthma.

Cannabidiol in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Abdalla, Hesham M · 2026

CBD demonstrates potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory properties relevant to pericarditis, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias, with preliminary trials showing promise for recurrent pericarditis..

Health impacts of cannabis: focus on smoking vs. vaping effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Chaiton, Michael · 2026

As cannabis legalization shifts consumption patterns toward vaping, this review compares what we know about the health effects of the two main inhalation methods. The good news for vaping: it reduces exposure to the combustion byproducts (tar, carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons) that make smoking harmful.

Dissociative-like Neurotoxicity Following Analytically Confirmed Exposure To Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC).

Greene, Shaun L · 2026

In this individual case, a 32-year-old man developed a dissociative-like neurologic syndrome plus gastrointestinal symptoms after ingesting a single gummy sold as a THC product.

Association between marijuana use and erectile dysfunction in a sample of sexual minority men: a cross-sectional analysis.

Otieno, Marion · 2026

In a cross-sectional survey of 549 sexual minority men, marijuana users had 1.83 times the odds of reporting erectile dysfunction compared to non-users (95% CI: 1.23-2.74) after adjusting for confounders.

Cannabinoids and drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions: Deciphering the risks.

Papakyriakopoulou, Paraskevi · 2026

This review mapped the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions involving cannabinoids across the full ADME framework (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). The metabolism interactions are the most clinically significant.

4F-MDMB-BICA toxicity: a fatal case and literature review of synthetic cannabinoid fatalities.

von Both, Ingo · 2026

Toxicology identified 4F-MDMB-BICA and its metabolite in blood, vitreous fluid, and urine.

The acute cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise and recovery following cannabis use.

Cheung, Christian P · 2025

Smoking THC increased post-exercise pulse pressure (50 vs 41 mmHg) and reduced isovolumic contraction time; vaping THC or CBD had lesser or no effects; blood pressure and cardiac function during exercise were unaffected by any cannabis condition..

Recurrent Peripheral Artery Disease in a 45-Year-Old Male Without Hypercoagulable Comorbidities.

Cohen, Adi · 2025

Recurrent severe PAD requiring multiple bypass surgeries in a patient without traditional cardiovascular risk factors; daily marijuana and alcohol use for 20 years were the only identifiable risk factors; arterial Doppler showed severe occlusion in multiple leg arteries..

Full-spectrum Cannabis sativa extract enhances gut-peripheral organ integrity after experimental ischemic stroke.

de Souza Stork, Solange · 2025

Full-spectrum cannabis extract (15 or 30 mg/kg) given by gavage after middle cerebral artery occlusion improved neurological deficits, reduced intestinal permeability, lowered serum corticosterone, decreased immune cell counts, and protected against post-stroke oxidative stress and lung inflammation at 72 hours..

Cannabis-Related Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Presenting With Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiogenic Shock Successfully Treated With Milrinone and Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump.

Haque, Obaid I · 2025

A 63-year-old woman with prior cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome admissions presented with nausea, vomiting, and cardiopulmonary distress after cannabis use.

Ex vivo study of the vasorelaxant activity induced by cannabigerol in human pulmonary artery- the role of endothelium, sex and selected clinical factors.

Krzyżewska, Anna · 2025

CBG relaxed human pulmonary arteries through endothelium-dependent mechanisms involving cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide, K+ channels, and likely CB1/CB2, PPARgamma, GPR55, and TRPV1 receptors.

Maternal dietary DHA and EPA supplementation ameliorates adverse cardiac outcomes in THC-exposed rat offspring.

Lee, Kendrick · 2025

Maternal THC exposure led to decreased birthweight and early cardiac deficits in offspring.

Acute and subacute cardiovascular effects of synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 in rat.

Ozhan, Onural · 2025

Acute high-dose JWH-018 caused bradycardia and hypotension.

Exacerbated cardiac dysfunction from combined alcohol binge and synthetic cannabinoid use.

Paloczi, Janos · 2025

Both alcohol and the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940 independently caused dose-dependent declines in heart contractile function in mice.

Prenatal cannabinoid exposure affects central cardiorespiratory control in young male and female rats.

Patrone, Luis Gustavo A · 2025

Prenatal cannabinoid exposure (WIN 55,212-2) caused lasting impairments in cardiorespiratory control in juvenile rats.

Recognizing Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome in Pediatric Patients: Insights From a Case Report.

Rucinski, Pawel · 2025

A 16.5-year-old male presented with a 2-year history of vomiting episodes lasting up to 10 days, with abdominal pain and weight loss.

Cannabis cigarette smoking disrupts mice multi-organ bioactive lipid metabolism and inflammation-resolution signaling in an obesogenic setting.

Upadhyay, Gunjan · 2025

Cannabis smoke weakened cardiac GLS.

Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and the Aminoalkylindole K2/Spice Constituent JWH-073 on Cardiac Tissue and Mesenteric Vascular Reactivity.

Breivogel, Chris S · 2024

JWH-073 produced significantly greater maximal relaxation of mesenteric arteries (96% vs.

Cannabis (THC) Aggravates the Deleterious Effects of Alcohol (EtOH) on Skeletal Muscles' Mitochondrial Respiration: Modulation by Age and Metabolic Phenotypes.

Charles, Anne-Laure · 2024

Ethanol impaired mitochondrial respiration in both young and middle-aged rat muscles (35-38% reduction).

Cumulative Deleterious Effects of Tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC) and Ethanol on Mitochondrial Respiration and Reactive Oxygen Species Production Are Enhanced in Old Isolated Cardiac Mitochondria.

Charles, Anne-Laure · 2024

THC impaired cardiac mitochondrial respiration in both young and old rats, but the effect was significantly worse in aged hearts (97.5% vs.

Cannabis use and heart transplant listing: A survey of clinician practices.

Ilonze, Onyedika J · 2024

Whether cannabis was legal in the respondent's state significantly shaped clinical practices.

Asystole in a young child with tetrahydrocannabinol overdose: a case report and review of literature.

Masilamani, Mats Steffi Jennifer · 2024

A 7-year-old who ate five 15mg delta-8-THC gummies experienced 15-second asystole with apnea 7 hours after ingestion, despite being clinically stable.

Mitigating the Risk of QTc Prolongation When Using Haloperidol for Acute Treatment of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Merino, Sandra · 2024

A 15-year-old with CHS developed QTc prolongation to 528 msec with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia during haloperidol treatment.

Cannabis sativa extracts inhibit LDL oxidation and the formation of foam cells in vitro, acting as potential multi-step inhibitors of atherosclerosis development.

Musetti, Bruno · 2024

Three extracts (high, intermediate, low THC/CBD) all inhibited LDL oxidation and foam cell formation (ED50 5-12 ug/mL).

Long-term effects on cardiorespiratory and behavioral responses in male and female rats prenatally exposed to cannabinoid.

Patrone, Luis Gustavo A · 2024

Males showed increased chemosensitivity to CO2 and O2, while females exhibited decreased sensitivity.

Exploring the Possible Role of Cannabinoids in Managing Post-cardiac Surgery Complications: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence and a Call for Future Research Directions.

Pollak, Uri · 2024

Preclinical evidence suggests CBD has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties relevant to post-cardiac surgery recovery.

Cannabis-induced myocardial infarction in a 27-year-old man: Case report.

Aissaoui, Hanane · 2022

The patient developed ST-elevation myocardial infarction on anterior and inferior ECG leads following cannabis consumption.

Marijuana-induced myocarditis in a 24-year-old man.

Alirezaei, Toktam · 2022

Following marijuana use, the patient presented with chest pain and was diagnosed with acute myocarditis based on ECG, cardiac enzyme elevation, and echocardiography.

Case Report: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in an Adolescent With Cannabinoid Hyperemesis.

Berken, Jonathan A · 2022

A 17-year-old with a history of heavy cannabis use and recurrent nausea/vomiting meeting criteria for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presented with sudden severe bilious vomiting.

Sperm DNA methylation alterations from cannabis extract exposure are evident in offspring.

Schrott, Rose · 2022

Cannabis extract exposure caused 3,321 differentially methylated sites in rat sperm, some of which persisted after a washout period.

Aortic Mural Thrombus and Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Patient With Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome.

Labrada, Lyana · 2021

The patient had single-vessel coronary artery disease and an aortic mural thrombus.

Chronic Marijuana Consumption Leading to High-Grade Atrioventricular Block in a Young Male.

Malviya, Amit · 2021

Electrophysiology study revealed high-grade supra-Hisian AV block with prolonged His-ventricular interval in a young man with chronic cannabis use and no other identifiable cause.

Left main coronary artery thrombus after cannabis consumption: a case report.

Matta, Anthony · 2021

Coronary angiography revealed a mobile thrombus in the left main coronary artery, a rare and potentially fatal finding, in a young male cannabis consumer.

Application of medical cannabis in unstable angina and coronary artery disease: A case report.

Shaffer, Brian L · 2021

After failing all first- and second-line cardiac medications and morphine for unstable angina, a patient using edible 1:1 CBD:THC medical cannabis reported reduced frequency and severity of angina pain, discontinued long-term morphine, and showed improved functional capacity on exercise tolerance tests..

Recreational cannabis use causing non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and cardioembolism in a young adult.

Singh, Budha O · 2021

A young recreational cannabis and tobacco smoker developed progressive breathlessness over 4 months, then acute left-sided hemiparesis from a right middle cerebral artery infarct, along with left forearm gangrene from radial artery thrombosis.

Cannabinoid type 1 receptor inverse agonism attenuates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice.

van Eenige, Robin · 2021

In lean mice with dyslipidemia, 20 weeks of rimonabant treatment reduced VLDL-TG production by 52%, lowered non-HDL-C by 19%, raised HDL-C by 57%, and decreased atherosclerotic lesion size by 64% with reduced severity (28% vs.

Suicide by vaping the synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA: cannabinoid receptors and fluoride at the crossroads of toxicity?

Van Rafelghem, Babette · 2021

Following extensive vaping of 4F-MDMB-BINACA, the patient developed fulminant necrotizing pancreatitis, acute tubular necrosis, cerebral edema, hepatocellular necrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Death of a young woman with cyclic vomiting: a case report.

von Both, Ingo · 2021

Death was attributed to fatal cardiac arrhythmia (torsades de pointes) complicating vomiting-induced hypokalemia in the context of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, with contributing factors including QT-prolonging medications (haloperidol, ondansetron) and cardiac genetic mutations (MYBPC3 and RYR2)..

Acute neuroradiological, behavioral, and physiological effects of nose-only exposure to vaporized cannabis in C57BL/6 mice.

Farra, Yasmeen M · 2020

Cannabis inhalation decreased heart rate and blood pressure but promoted anxiety-like behavior in the open field test.

Small bowel intussusception in marijuana users.

Kakish, Daniel · 2020

Eleven patients, all heavy marijuana users, presented with small bowel intussusception at a single institution.

Cannabis-induced recurrent myocardial infarction in a 21-year-old man: a case report.

Lawin, Dennis · 2020

A 21-year-old man with no cardiovascular risk factors experienced four acute coronary syndrome events over 18 months, each involving thrombotic coronary artery occlusion requiring intervention.

A case report positive for synthetic cannabinoids: are cardiovascular effects related to their protracted use?

Anzillotti, Luca · 2019

The report documents a cardiac tamponade case with toxicology positive for synthetic cannabinoids.

Synthetic Cannabinoid-Associated Multiple Organ Failure: Case Series and Literature Review.

Armstrong, Faith · 2019

All six patients had altered mental status and severe rhabdomyolysis (peak CK up to >320,000 U/L).

Delayed Intracerebral Hemorrhage after Synthetic Cannabis (Bonsai) Abuse; Case Report and Literature Review.

Aydin, Gülçin · 2019

The patient initially presented with dyspnea, hemoptysis, and agitation after synthetic cannabinoid ("Bonsai") use.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy Secondary to Unintentional Brodifacoum Poisoning via Synthetic Marijuana.

Chan, Abigail · 2019

The patient developed severe coagulopathy and cardiac arrest after synthetic cannabinoid use contaminated with brodifacoum.

Role of the endocannabinoid system in the dorsal hippocampus in the cardiovascular changes and delayed anxiety-like effect induced by acute restraint stress in rats.

Hartmann, Alice · 2019

The FAAH inhibitor URB597 injected into the dorsal hippocampus prevented stress-induced cardiovascular responses (heart rate increase, blood pressure rise, temperature drop) and delayed anxiety.

ST elevation myocardial infarction following a cannabis smoking binge.

Katranas, Sotirios · 2019

A 26-year-old male with no prior cardiac history presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and subsequent heart failure after heavy cannabis smoking.

Opposite effects of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors on antipsychotic clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity.

Li, Liliang · 2019

Clozapine decreased endocannabinoid levels and caused myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in mice.

Pseudo-Wellens' syndrome secondary to concurrent cannabis and phencyclidine intoxication.

Inayat, Faisal · 2018

A patient arrived with atypical left chest pain and dizziness that started 6 hours after smoking phencyclidine (PCP)-laced cannabis. The ECG showed new deep biphasic T-wave inversions in anterolateral leads, a pattern characteristic of Wellens' syndrome, which typically indicates critical blockage of the left anterior descending artery and imminent heart attack risk. However, troponin levels were normal and coronary angiography revealed no coronary artery disease.

Acute myocardial infarction triggered by use of synthetic cannabis.

Mills, Brooke · 2018

A young woman presented to the hospital with an anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) shortly after using synthetic cannabis. ST elevation myocardial infarction is a serious type of heart attack involving complete blockage of a coronary artery. The temporal relationship between synthetic cannabis use and the cardiac event was notable, as the patient was young and otherwise not in a typical demographic for heart attacks. The case report highlighted the cardiovascular risks of synthetic cannabinoids, which are far more potent than natural cannabis and can cause coronary vasospasm, arrhythmias, and direct cardiac toxicity..

Marijuana use in acute coronary syndromes.

Draz, Eman I · 2017

Among 138 young men (age 40 or under) admitted with acute heart attacks, 23 tested positive for cannabis only.

Conservative treatment of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans or cannabis-associated arteritis presenting with critical lower limb ischaemia.

Galyfos, George · 2017

Over six years, 23 patients (15 with thromboangiitis obliterans and 8 with cannabis-associated arteritis) presented with critical lower limb ischemia.

Coronary vasospasm complicating cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

Pierard, Sophie · 2017

A 41-year-old man with a long history of cannabis smoking presented with recurrent episodes of epigastric and retrosternal (chest) pain.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: A disorder of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system?

Richards, John R · 2017

This hypothesis paper proposes a neurobiological mechanism for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) that explains both the vomiting and the characteristic relief from hot water bathing. The author argues that chronic or excessive cannabis use leads to abnormal stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Synthetic cannabinoids found in "spice" products alter body temperature and cardiovascular parameters in conscious male rats.

Schindler, Charles W · 2017

Researchers compared THC and four synthetic cannabinoids (CP55,940, JWH-018, AM2201, XLR-11) found in "Spice" products.

Clinical Characteristics and Angiographic Findings of Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated With Marijuana Use: Consecutive Case Series.

Sharma, Navneet · 2017

Over four years at an inner-city hospital, researchers identified 8 patients (10 total events) who had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) associated with marijuana use.

Crosstalk between liver antioxidant and the endocannabinoid systems after chronic administration of the FAAH inhibitor, URB597, to hypertensive rats.

Biernacki, Michał · 2016

Researchers tested whether URB597, a FAAH inhibitor that increases anandamide levels, could help or harm liver health in rats with salt-induced hypertension. Hypertension itself already elevated endocannabinoid levels (anandamide, 2-AG, and NADA) and CB1 receptors while increasing oxidative stress and decreasing antioxidant capacity in the liver. Adding URB597 further increased anandamide, NADA, and CB1 receptor levels.

Components of the cannabinoid system in the dorsal periaqueductal gray are related to resting heart rate.

Dean, Caron · 2016

Researchers examined whether natural animal-to-animal variation in endocannabinoid signaling in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), a brainstem region involved in autonomic control, correlated with baseline heart rate. Higher resting heart rate was associated with increased anandamide content and decreased FAAH enzyme activity in this brain region.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a cause of refractory nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

Alaniz, Veronica I · 2015

A 28-year-old pregnant woman was repeatedly admitted for episodic nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, experiencing complications including Mallory-Weiss esophageal tears and dehydration.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome During Pregnancy: A Case Report.

Andrews, Karinna H · 2015

This case report documents a pregnant woman with chronic marijuana use who presented with severe nausea, vomiting, and compulsive bathing, meeting criteria for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

An exploratory study of the combined effects of orally administered methylphenidate and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cardiovascular function, subjective effects, and performance in healthy adults.

Kollins, Scott H · 2015

In a double-blind crossover experiment, 16 healthy adults received all combinations of placebo or 10mg THC with 0mg, 10mg, or 40mg methylphenidate (MPH) across six sessions. The two drugs showed additive effects on heart rate: peak heart rate climbed from 89 beats per minute with THC alone to 96 with low-dose MPH added and 102 with high-dose MPH.

A non-classical cannabinoid syndrome.

Muschart, X · 2015

This case report described a patient with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome who presented with atypical features.

Is recent cannabis use associated with acute coronary syndromes? An illustrative case series.

Casier, Isabelle · 2014

Researchers reported three cases where recent or chronic cannabis use preceded cardiac arrest requiring CPR.

Cannabis-associated myocardial infarction in a young man with normal coronary arteries.

Hodcroft, Christopher J · 2014

A previously healthy 21-year-old man who regularly smoked cannabis presented with an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (the most serious type of heart attack) during sports activity.

Mid-ventricular variant takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: a case report.

Nogi, Masayuki · 2014

A 32-year-old woman presented with severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting after resuming marijuana use following a period of abstinence.

A Gut Gone to Pot: A Case of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome due to K2, a Synthetic Cannabinoid.

Ukaigwe, Anene · 2014

A 38-year-old man with a 10-year history of cannabis use and 1-year history of K2 (synthetic cannabinoid) use presented with episodic nausea, vomiting of clear fluids, and epigastric discomfort for one week.

A rare case of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome relieved by hot water bathing.

Warner, Ben · 2014

The case presents a typical CHS presentation: a chronic cannabis user with cyclical vomiting that was relieved by compulsive hot bathing.

Exercise-induced acute coronary syndrome in a 24-year-old man with massive cannabis consumption.

Deharo, Pierre · 2013

A 24-year-old male soccer player presented with an acute coronary syndrome (heart attack) during exercise.

Increased blood pressure after abrupt cessation of daily cannabis use.

Vandrey, Ryan · 2011

Thirteen daily cannabis users participated in an inpatient study alternating between ad libitum cannabis smoking and supervised abstinence.

ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to slow coronary flow occurring after cannabis consumption.

Karabulut, Ahmet · 2010

A patient who had consumed cannabis regularly over a long period presented with an inferior myocardial infarction (heart attack) showing ST segment elevation on ECG. Coronary angiography revealed slow coronary flow (SCF), defined as slow movement of contrast dye through the coronary arteries in the absence of significant arterial blockages. The patient lacked the common cardiovascular risk factors typically associated with heart attacks, suggesting cannabis use may have contributed to the coronary event. The authors noted that recent research had linked cannabis consumption to increased coronary heart disease risk and acute coronary syndromes, particularly in young individuals without standard risk factors..

Cannabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Rajesh, Mohanraj · 2010

Researchers tested CBD in a mouse model of type I diabetic cardiomyopathy and in human heart cells exposed to high glucose conditions. In diabetic mice, the heart showed declining function, increased oxidative stress, elevated inflammatory markers (NF-kB activation, TNF-alpha, adhesion molecules), fibrosis markers, and enhanced cell death.

Cannabis: a trigger for acute myocardial infarction? A case report.

Cappelli, Francesco · 2008

The case report described a young man who experienced a heart attack (ST-elevation myocardial infarction, or STEMI) after smoking marijuana.

The metabolic implications of long term cannabis use in patients with psychosis.

Mushtaq, Farrah · 2008

This narrative review examined how cannabis use might affect metabolic health in people with psychosis, a population already at elevated risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. In the general population, cannabis's short-term appetite-stimulating effects through the endocannabinoid system are well documented.

Marijuana as a trigger of cardiovascular events: speculation or scientific certainty?

Aryana, Arash · 2007

This review compiled case reports and studies from the previous three decades documenting cardiovascular complications associated with marijuana use.

Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.

Durst, Ronen · 2007

Researchers induced heart attacks in rats by temporarily blocking the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 minutes, then treated them with CBD (5 mg/kg) or vehicle for 7 days. CBD-treated rats showed significantly better preserved heart function, with shortening fraction declining from 48% to 39% compared to 44% to 32% in controls.

Adverse effects of intravenous cannabis tea.

Mims, R B · 1977

Four youths prepared a tea by boiling cannabis seeds, then injected the liquid directly into their veins.

Effects of marihuana-dextroamphetamine combination.

Evans, M A · 1976

In two double-blind, randomized studies, researchers tested the combination of marijuana and dextroamphetamine.

The combined effect of marihuana and dextroamphetamine.

Forney, R · 1976

In mice, THC enhanced locomotor activity and amplified the stimulant effects of methamphetamine.

Cardiovascular effects of prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ingestion.

Benowitz, N L · 1975

Single doses of THC speed up heart rate and raise blood pressure.

The Impact of Cannabis Use on the Prevalence, Progression and Development of Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Narrative Review.

Lee, Frances · 2026

Several mechanisms link cannabis to vascular risk: cannabinoid-induced vasospasm, endothelial dysfunction, platelet aggregation, and oxidative stress.

Cannabis-Induced Cardiac Arrest in a Young Adult: A Case Report.

Irshad, Sana · 2025

A 26-year-old chronic cannabis user presented with sudden cardiac arrest.

Parasympathetic decreases immediately following self-reported cannabis smoking among adults living with cannabis use disorder.

Keen, Larry · 2025

In 31 young adults with CUD wearing Garmin smartwatches for 3 days, both time-domain and frequency-domain HRV metrics were significantly lower after cannabis smoking compared to before, with a corresponding increase in average heart rate..

Synthetic Cannabinoid (Mojo)-Induced ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report.

Udoh, Kubiat E · 2025

A 32-year-old with ASCVD risk 3.6% presented with chest pain 4 hours after smoking Mojo.

Cannabis-Induced Wellens Syndrome: A Rising Cardiovascular Risk.

Unal, Selin · 2025

Young male, no risk factors, serial ECG changes of Wellens syndrome.

Cannabidiol represses miR-143 to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration after myocardial infarction.

Ren, Zhongyu · 2024

Systemic CBD administration (10 mg/kg) in post-MI mice increased cardiac regenerative ability, reduced infarct size, and restored cardiac function.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presenting with ventricular bigeminy.

Wong, Jeffrey · 2023

CHS presentation included ventricular bigeminy (alternating normal and premature ventricular heartbeats) detected on the pre-arrival EMS EKG.