Cannabis Cancer Research

Cannabis Laws and Opioid Use Among Commercially Insured Patients With Cancer Diagnoses.

Lozano-Rojas, Felipe · 2025

Medical cannabis dispensary openings were associated with a reduction of 41 fewer patients per 10,000 with opioid prescriptions, 2.54 fewer days of supply per prescription, and 0.099 fewer prescriptions per patient.

Trends in cannabis use among those with and without a cancer diagnosis according to state-level cannabis policy: findings from the PATH Study, Waves 1-5 (2013-2019).

Martin, Connor D · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence among people with a cancer diagnosis rose from 6.6% in 2013 to 10.6% in 2019 (approximately 60% increase), mirroring the 11.8% to 18.6% increase in the general population.

Cannabis Use Disorder Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations and 5-Year Mortality.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Within 5 years of incident hospital-based CUD care, 3.5% of individuals died compared to 0.6% of matched general population members.

Liver enzyme effects of medicinal cannabis in advanced cancer: a substudy of two randomised trials.

Scarborough, Luke · 2025

No patients in the cannabis groups exceeded predefined safety thresholds (3x upper limit of normal for ALT or AST, or 5x for those with liver metastases).

Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial.

Grimison, Peter · 2024

THC:CBD improved complete response rate (no vomiting, no rescue medication) from 8% to 24% (absolute difference 16%, 95% CI 4-28, p=0.01) during the first chemotherapy cycle.

Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes following complex cancer surgery.

Munir, Muhammad M · 2024

After propensity score matching, CUD was associated with slightly higher AKI (7.8% vs 6.1%) but lower in-hospital mortality (0.9% vs 1.6%).

Medical Marijuana Legalization and Opioid- and Pain-Related Outcomes Among Patients Newly Diagnosed With Cancer Receiving Anticancer Treatment.

Bao, Yuhua · 2023

In a difference-in-differences analysis of 58,195 cancer patients across 34 states, medical marijuana legalization was associated with a 5.6 percentage point reduction in opioid dispensing among breast cancer patients with recent opioid use and a 6.3 percentage point reduction in pain-related hospital events among lung cancer patients..

Smoking Behaviors and Prognosis in Patients With Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in the Be-Well Study.

Kwan, Marilyn L · 2022

Longer cigarette smoking duration and more pack-years were associated with higher recurrence risk in a dose-dependent manner (40+ years: HR 2.36; 40+ pack-years: HR 1.97).

Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial.

Grimison, P · 2020

Complete response improved from 14% with placebo to 25% with THC:CBD (RR 1.77, p=0.041).

Medical Use of Cannabinoids.

Fraguas-Sánchez, Ana Isabel · 2018

This extensive review covered the therapeutic landscape of cannabinoids across dozens of medical conditions. Six cannabinoid medications had already received regulatory approval: nabilone and dronabinol capsules for chemotherapy nausea and vomiting, dronabinol capsules and oral solution for anorexia, THC:CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex) for MS-related spasticity and cancer pain, and CBD oral solution (Epidiolex) for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut epilepsy syndromes. Beyond approved uses, the review found evidence supporting potential applications in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, various cancer types (brain, breast, prostate), neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's), PTSD and anxiety disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, eye diseases, and substance abuse disorders (particularly alcohol and opioid). The endocannabinoid system's involvement in energy balance, appetite, blood pressure, pain modulation, nausea, memory, learning, and immune response explains the breadth of potential therapeutic applications..

Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Smith, Lesley A · 2015

This Cochrane systematic review analyzed 23 randomized controlled trials of cannabis-based medications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, all conducted between 1975 and 1991. Compared to placebo, cannabinoids significantly increased complete absence of vomiting (RR 5.7) and complete absence of nausea and vomiting (RR 2.9).

Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Machado Rocha, F C · 2008

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined 30 randomized clinical trials from over 12,000 initially identified papers, comparing cannabinoids to conventional anti-emetics and placebo for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Five meta-analyses were conducted.

Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review.

Tramèr, M R · 2001

Across 30 randomized trials with 1,366 patients, cannabinoids (nabilone, dronabinol, and levonantradol) outperformed conventional antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced sickness.

Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy

Herman, T S · 1979

Nabilone was significantly superior to prochlorperazine: 80% response rate vs 32% (p<0.001).

Demographics, methods of use, and perceived benefits among patients with cancer who use cannabis.

Behl, Deepti · 2026

24.7% of cancer patients used cannabis; primary reason was sleep (56.7%); associated with younger age, Stage 4 cancer (OR=3.28), and concurrent chemotherapy (OR=2.45); 68% smoked/vaped, 60% used edibles, 65%+ used multiple methods..

Impact of Medical Cannabis on the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients: A Critical Review.

Correa, Larissa Gonçalves · 2026

Medical cannabis use in cancer patients was associated with improvements in mental health, sleep, appetite, and pain management.

Unlocking the potential: Cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising anti-tumor agent.

Duan, Shuqin · 2026

CBD exhibits multi-target anti-tumor effects including inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, suppressing metastasis, and remodeling the tumor microenvironment through immunomodulation.

Using a discrete choice experiment to estimate individual preferences to medicate cancer-related symptoms with cannabis.

McTaggart-Cowan, Helen · 2026

Respondents most valued cannabis effectiveness for managing cancer symptoms and the ability to perform everyday activities.

Cannabidiol suppresses emergency MDSCs generation by disturbing EEF1B2-mediated C/EBPβ protein synthesis in colorectal adenomas.

Pan, Jie · 2026

CBD prevented colorectal adenomas in both AOM/DSS and high-fat diet Apcmin/+ mouse models by binding to EEF1B2, inhibiting C/EBPb protein synthesis, and suppressing MDSC generation.

Cannabinoids and skin cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic potential, and translational perspectives.

Pareek, Ashutosh · 2026

Phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids demonstrated antitumor activity against melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers in preclinical models by inhibiting proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis while inducing apoptosis and autophagy.

Medical Cannabis for Best Supportive Care of Patients Affected by Cancers of the Head and Neck: A Narrative Review.

Perri, Francesco · 2026

Medical cannabis can be effective in managing chronic pain, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety in cancer patients through interaction with the endocannabinoid system.

Cannabinoids and the autophagy-related signaling in brain Tumors: From mechanistic insights to therapeutic Frontiers in glioblastoma.

Rejili, Mokhtar · 2026

Glioblastoma harbors alterations in the endocannabinoid system including changes in CB1 and CB2 receptor expression.

Therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanisms of cannabinoids in alleviating chemotherapy-induced organ toxicity and adverse effects.

Zia, Bushra · 2026

CB2 receptor activation attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by enhancing antioxidant defenses and reducing inflammation.

The impact of cannabis on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review of immunomodulatory effects of cannabis in patients with and without cancer.

Behling-Hess, Caroline · 2025

Analysis of 40 clinical studies (including 9 RCTs) found no change in cytokines, T-cell counts, or CRP in most studies with cannabis exposure.

Cannabis Use and Disclosure in the Oncology Setting: A Cross-Sectional Survey Exploring Information Needs Among Cancer Survivors.

Camp, Lindsey Nicole · 2025

About one-third of 719 cancer survivors reported current cannabis use.

Meta-analysis of medical cannabis outcomes and associations with cancer.

Castle, Ryan D · 2025

Aggregated analysis showed support for medical cannabis was 31.38x stronger than opposition across health metrics, cancer treatments, and cancer dynamics; anti-inflammatory potential and symptom management were key themes..

Efficacy of cannabinoids for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chow, Ronald · 2025

Cannabinoids superior to placebo for overall CINV control (RR 2.65, 95% CI 1.70-4.12); no difference vs active comparators; 23 of 26 studies published before 2000; one recent trial showed THC:CBD promise as adjunctive therapy..

Effects of cannabinoids on immune checkpoint inhibitor response: CCTG pooled analysis of individual patient data.

Coschi, Courtney H · 2025

Of 684 patients, 9.5% used cannabinoids during treatment.

A population-level analysis on the association of cannabis use and urologic cancers.

Davis, Ryan J · 2025

After propensity matching on demographics, tobacco use, and cancer risk factors, cannabis abuse/dependence was associated with 4.21-fold increased risk of bladder cancer, 3.70-fold increased risk of kidney cancer, and 2.80-fold increased risk of prostate cancer..

Cannabis Use and Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Cancer Survivors.

Gao, May Z · 2025

Among nearly 8,000 cancer survivors, those with four or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) had 4.1 times greater odds of cannabis use compared to those with zero ACEs, with a clear dose-response pattern..

Cannabis use and its impact on respiratory physiology and lung cancer risk: Mechanistic and epidemiological insights (Review).

Georgakopoulou, Vasiliki Epameinondas · 2025

Cannabis smoke contains carcinogenic compounds similar to tobacco, and chronic smoking causes cough, sputum, and wheezing resembling chronic bronchitis.

Medicinal cannabis for symptom control in advanced cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of 1:1 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.

Hardy, Janet R · 2025

This is one of the most rigorous tests of medicinal cannabis for cancer symptoms conducted to date.

Medical marijuana policies, opioid prescriptions, and adverse events among patients undergoing cancer resection surgery.

Hu, Ju-Chen · 2025

Using insurance claims data from over 34,000 cancer surgery patients across 27 states, this study examined whether medical marijuana legalization (MML) affected opioid prescribing patterns in the six months after diagnosis. The researchers distinguished between two phases of legalization: the law passing (MML without dispensaries) and dispensaries actually opening (MML with dispensaries).

The association between marijuana use and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

Ibrahim Mohammad, Suleiman · 2025

Pooling six case-control studies (4,686 cases, 10,370 controls), marijuana use was associated with significantly lower oral cancer risk (OR=0.659, 95% CI: 0.500-0.869, p=0.003).

Relationship between pain and nonopioid substance use in two national samples of cancer survivors.

Powers, Jessica M · 2025

This study used two large national datasets to examine how pain relates to substance use among cancer survivors—a population with high rates of both pain and substance use but surprisingly little research on the connection. The pattern was consistent across both samples: cancer survivors with more pain were significantly more likely to use cannabis and cigarettes, but less likely to drink alcohol.

The Impact of Dual Cannabis and Tobacco Smoking in Young Patients With Lung Cancer: Results From the Prospective "Environment and Lung Cancer" Study.

Pradère, Pauline · 2025

In a prospective study of 150 lung cancer patients aged 60 or under, 39% smoked both cannabis and tobacco (CTSs), 52% smoked only tobacco (TSs), and 9% were nonsmokers.

Measuring the Effects of Cannabis on Anxiety and Depression Among Cancer Patients.

Reddy, Apoorva C · 2025

This longitudinal study followed 1,962 cancer patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program, measuring self-reported anxiety and depression before and after 30 days of use.

The effects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on sleep in cancer patients.

Reddy, Apoorva C · 2025

Among 1,962 cancer patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program (2015-2023), those in the highest CBD dose quintile showed sleep improvement of 1.87 points on a 0-10 scale, compared to approximately 1.5 points for lower quintiles.

The endocannabinoid system in cancer biology: a mini-review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Salum, Kaio Cezar Rodrigues · 2025

This review summarizes how the endocannabinoid system influences cancer through CB1 and CB2 receptor activation.

Decoding the genetic links between substance use disorder and cancer vulnerability.

Su, Xin · 2025

No significant causal relationship was found between CUD and any cancer type (all P>0.05).

An international survey on the knowledge, attitudes and clinical patterns of use of medical cannabis for cancer care: The TASMAN study.

Trapani, Dario · 2025

68% of oncologists believed medical cannabis could benefit patients.

Impact of cannabinoids on cancer outcomes in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.

Vigano, MariaLuisa · 2025

Cannabis use in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) reduces immune-related adverse events and improves tolerability, but several studies noted potential negative effects on clinical outcomes including overall survival and progression-free survival, possibly due to CB2-mediated immunosuppression..

Evaluation of a Digital Educational Intervention to Enhance Oncology Nurse Professional Practice to Support Safe Cannabis Use: A Pilot Study.

Vinette, Billy · 2025

Among 70 oncology nurses randomized 1:1, 89% in the intervention group completed the full digital educational program.

Evaluating racial disparities in cancer patient-provider communication about cannabis in a state without a legal cannabis marketplace.

Wedel, Amelia V · 2025

No racial differences in cannabis use rates or provider discussions.

Cannabis and opioid perceptions, co-use, and substitution among patients across 4 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers.

Ashare, Rebecca L · 2024

Black patients were less likely to use opioids for pain (OR 0.66, p=0.035) and more likely to report cannabis was more effective than opioids (OR 2.46, p=0.03) compared to White patients.

Association Between Medical Marijuana Cardholder Status and Antiemetic Overuse.

Baltz, Alan P · 2024

Medical marijuana cardholders had significantly lower odds of antiemetic overuse (aOR 0.76, p<0.05) compared to non-cardholders.

Cannabis Use Among Cancer Patients During Active Treatment: Findings From a Study at an NCI-Designated Cancer Center.

Baral, Amrit · 2024

41% of surveyed cancer patients used cannabis during active treatment.

Adverse events associated with the use of cannabis-based products in people living with cancer: a systematic scoping review.

Cheah, Irene · 2024

Across 152 studies, the most common adverse events were nervous system-related (118 studies), psychiatric (101 studies), and gastrointestinal (81 studies).

Does medicinal cannabis affect depression, anxiety, and stress in people with cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.

Crichton, Megan · 2024

No clinically significant effects on depression, anxiety, or stress.

Cannabis and Craniotomy for Glioblastoma: Impact on Complications and Health Care Utilization.

Sreenivasan, Sanjeev · 2024

After balancing groups, patients with cannabis abuse disorder (CAD) had higher complication rates during initial hospitalization (32% vs 15%, p=0.001) and higher neurologic complications at 6 months (27% vs 8%, p<0.001) and 12 months (31% vs 12%, p<0.001).

The impact of cannabis use disorder on urologic oncologic surgery morbidity, length of stay, and inpatient cost: analysis of the National Inpatient Sample from 2003 to 2014.

Tinsley, Shane A · 2024

CUD incidence rose from 51 to 383 per 100,000 admissions between 2003-2014.

Medical cannabis use in oncology and associated outcomes: A scoping review.

Valente, Ana Carolina · 2024

Of 35 studies (29 randomized, 6 non-randomized), 77.1% evaluated cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting, 11.4% for appetite, 8.6% for pain, and 2.9% for tumor regression.

Cannabis use among adults undergoing cancer treatment.

Azizoddin, Desiree R · 2023

Cannabis users most commonly used edibles (65%) or smoked (51%).

Cannabinoids for symptom management in children with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chhabra, Manik · 2023

Of 19 studies (including 7 RCTs), cannabinoids were most commonly used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (58%).

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) guidelines: cannabis for psychological symptoms including insomnia, anxiety, and depression.

De Feo, Giulia · 2023

From 829 articles screened, 2 systematic reviews and 15 RCTs met criteria.

Clinical Epigenomic Explanation of the Epidemiology of Cannabinoid Genotoxicity Manifesting as Transgenerational Teratogenesis, Cancerogenesis and Aging Acceleration.

Reece, Albert Stuart · 2023

Longitudinal epigenome-wide association studies showed cannabinoid exposure disrupts chromosomal segregation, DNA repair, methylation machinery, and telomerase function.

Therapeutic and Supportive Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with Brain Tumors (CBD Oil and Cannabis).

Rodriguez-Almaraz, J Eduardo · 2023

Published and anecdotal evidence suggests cannabis may help with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, appetite stimulation, pain reduction, and seizure management in brain tumor patients.

Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironments with cannabinoids and their analogs: Update on clinical trials.

Sheik, Aliya · 2023

Cannabinoids positively affect healthy cell growth and reverse cancer-related abnormalities by targeting aberrant tumor microenvironments (TMEs).

Oral Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC):Cannabinoid (CBD) Cannabis Extract Adjuvant for Reducing Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV): A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Sukpiriyagul, Apichaya · 2023

Nausea scores were significantly lower in the THC:CBD extract group (2.11) compared to placebo (2.99).

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) expert opinion/consensus guidance on the use of cannabinoids for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with cancer.

Alderman, Bryony · 2022

Of 36 RCTs, 11 showed cannabis improved CINV vs.

Marijuana and the Lung: Evolving Understandings.

Joshi, Manish · 2022

Marijuana can cause bronchitis symptoms.

A peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptor mechanism suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: evidence from a CB2 reporter mouse.

Lin, Xiaoyan · 2022

CB2 agonists (AM1710 and LY2828360) suppressed paclitaxel-induced mechanical and cold allodynia in mice.

The prevalence, distribution and impact of peripheral neuropathy among Danish patients with cancer - a population-based cross-sectional study.

Nielsen, Sebastian Werngreen · 2022

Overall neuropathy prevalence was 17%, ranging from 6% to 33% across cancer types.

Perspectives of pediatric oncologists and palliative care physicians on the therapeutic use of cannabis in children with cancer.

Oberoi, Sapna · 2022

85.7% of physicians saw potential for cannabis in nausea/vomiting management, 72.3% for chronic pain, 67.2% for appetite, and 42.9% for anxiety/depression.

Experiences, patient interactions and knowledge regarding the use of cannabis as a medicine in a cohort of New Zealand doctors in an oncology setting.

Oldfield, Karen · 2022

84% of doctors reported patient requests to prescribe cannabis, and 98% knew of patients using illicit cannabis for symptoms.

Survival rate of patients with combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma receiving medical cannabis treatment: A retrospective, cohort comparative study.

Phansila, Narisara · 2022

Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) is devastating in Northeast Thailand, where incidence is among the highest in the world due to endemic liver fluke infections.

Inhaled Marijuana and the Lung.

Tashkin, Donald P · 2022

Smoking marijuana produces short-term bronchodilation in healthy subjects and asthmatics.

Routes of administration, reasons for use, and approved indications of medical cannabis in oncology: a scoping review.

Vinette, Billy · 2022

Two main reasons for medical cannabis use in cancer: limiting cancer impacts and side effects, and staying connected to others.

A Coala-T-Cannabis Survey Study of breast cancer patients' use of cannabis before, during, and after treatment.

Weiss, Marisa C · 2022

42% of breast cancer patients used cannabis for symptom relief (pain 78%, insomnia 70%, anxiety 57%).

Cannabis suppresses antitumor immunity by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling in T cells through CNR2.

Xiong, Xinxin · 2022

THC reduced the therapeutic effect of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in tumor-bearing mice.

Cannabis and the Cancer Patient.

Braun, Ilana M · 2021

Conclusive evidence supports cannabinoids for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, with suggestive evidence for cancer-related pain.

Differences between cancer patients and others who use medicinal Cannabis.

Cousins, Matthew M · 2021

Among 1,485 adults pursuing medical cannabis certification in Michigan, 72 cancer patients used less cannabis and used it less often than the 1,413 non-cancer patients.

Tetrahydrocannabinol and Skin Cancer: Analysis of YouTube Videos.

Mamo, Andrina · 2021

All 10 videos received the lowest possible Global Quality Scale score (1 = poor quality).

A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma

Twelves, Chris · 2021

One-year survival was 83% for nabiximols-treated patients versus 44% for placebo (p=0.042).

Can Hemp Help? Low-THC Cannabis and Non-THC Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Cancer.

Afrin, Farjana · 2020

THC can inhibit cancer cell growth via CB1R and CB2R modulation, but clinical confirmation is lacking.

The Highs and Lows of Cannabis in Cancer Treatment and Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Almogi-Hazan, Osnat · 2020

Current cancer applications of cannabinoids are mainly palliative (pain and anti-emetic effects).

The expression level of cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 in the different types of astrocytomas.

Hashemi, Mansoureh · 2020

CB1 receptor expression was increased in tumor tissue across grades.

The impact of legalization of access to recreational Cannabis on Canadian medical users with Cancer.

Hawley, Philippa · 2020

Cannabis use prevalence increased 26% after legalization (23.1% to 29.1%, p=0.01).

Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?

Abrams, Donald I · 2019

Cannabis analgesic effects are supported by the best clinical evidence.

Impact of Medical Cannabis on Patient-Reported Symptoms for Patients With Cancer Enrolled in Minnesota's Medical Cannabis Program.

Anderson, Susan P · 2019

Significant reductions were found across all 8 symptoms (anxiety, appetite loss, depression, sleep disturbance, fatigue, nausea, pain, and vomiting) within 4 months of starting medical cannabis.

What cancer patients actually know regarding medical cannabis? A cross-sectional survey with a critical analysis of the current attitudes.

Cortellini, Alessio · 2019

81% of patients had heard about medical cannabis, but only 2% from healthcare professionals.

Cannabidiol-from Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer.

Kis, Brigitta · 2019

The review documents CBD's effects against cancer through multiple mechanisms: inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting cancer cell death, blocking invasion and angiogenesis, and modulating inflammation and immune responses.

Opportunities for cannabis in supportive care in cancer.

Kleckner, Amber S · 2019

The review found reasonable evidence to consider cannabis for nausea/vomiting, appetite loss, and pain as supplemental treatment.

Cannabinoids: the lows and the highs of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Mortimer, Toni Leigh · 2019

Cannabinoids reduce CINV primarily by inhibiting serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells in the small intestine, disrupting the vomiting reflex.

Cannabis for cancer - illusion or the tip of an iceberg: a review of the evidence for the use of Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in oncology.

Turgeman, Ilit · 2019

Sufficient evidence supports cannabis for palliative indications in oncology, including chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, cancer-related pain, anorexia, insomnia, and anxiety.

Dronabinol oral solution in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer.

Badowski, Melissa E · 2018

Researchers reviewed the evidence for dronabinol, a synthetic form of THC, in treating anorexia and weight loss associated with HIV/AIDS and cancer.

Therapeutic Cannabis and Endocannabinoid Signaling System Modulator Use in Otolaryngology Patients.

Bryant, Lucas M · 2018

Researchers reviewed the endocannabinoid signaling system in the context of ear, nose, and throat medicine.

Cannabis Use, Lung Cancer, and Related Issues.

Jett, James · 2018

Researchers reviewed the evidence on cannabis, lung cancer risk, and therapeutic applications in oncology. On lung cancer risk: smoking cannabis has not been proven to be a risk factor for lung cancer development.

Rates of cannabis use in patients with cancer.

Martell, K · 2018

Researchers distributed surveys to 3,138 cancer patients across two comprehensive and two community cancer centers in a Canadian province, with 1,987 usable responses (63% response rate). Lifetime cannabis use was reported by 43%, independent of age, sex, education level, or cancer type. Cannabis was acquired primarily through friends (80%), with only 10% from regulated medical dispensaries. Of 356 patients (18%) who used cannabis in the past 6 months, 36% were new users who started after their cancer diagnosis. Reasons for recent use included cancer-related pain (46%), nausea (34%), other cancer symptoms (31%), and non-cancer-related reasons (56%, which could overlap with other categories). Most users (81% of those with any use) had used dried leaves..

The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology.

Śledziński, Paweł · 2018

Cannabinoids exhibit anticancer properties through multiple mechanisms: inhibiting cell proliferation, stimulating autophagy and apoptosis, and potentially inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis.

A selective review of medical cannabis in cancer pain management.

Blake, Alexia · 2017

The review identified five clinical studies evaluating THC or CBD for cancer pain.

The use of cannabis in supportive care and treatment of brain tumor.

Likar, Rudolf · 2017

This review examined the dual role of cannabinoids in brain tumor care: established palliative symptom management and emerging anti-tumor potential. For palliative care, cannabinoids have documented roles in managing nausea, vomiting, pain, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in cancer patients.

Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: "High"-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges.

Oláh, Attila · 2017

This review summarized how the endocannabinoid system influences the immune system at multiple levels. Cannabinoids affect nearly every type of immune cell: T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and others.

Cannabis Use in Palliative Oncology: A Review of the Evidence for Popular Indications.

Turgeman, Ilit · 2017

The review assessed cannabis and cannabinoid use across the spectrum of palliative care needs in cancer patients. The best-established indications were chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), where synthetic cannabinoids like nabilone and dronabinol have been approved for decades, and cancer-related pain, where cannabis showed benefit particularly for pain not adequately controlled by opioids alone. Emerging evidence supported use for anorexia/cachexia (cancer-related weight loss), insomnia, and anxiety, though clinical trial data for these indications was limited.

Integrating cannabis into clinical cancer care.

Abrams, D I · 2016

This review examined the role of cannabis in cancer care across multiple domains.

The Use of Medical Marijuana in Cancer.

Birdsall, Shauna M · 2016

This review addressed the state of evidence for medical marijuana in cancer care, identifying both the potential and the significant knowledge gaps. On the benefit side, cannabis may help with cancer-related symptoms including nausea, pain, appetite loss, and possibly neuropathy.

Cannabinoids for Symptom Management and Cancer Therapy: The Evidence.

Davis, Mellar P · 2016

This review from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network examined cannabinoids across multiple cancer-related applications. For pain, multiple studies (mostly moderate to low quality) showed that THC and THC/CBD combinations modestly reduce cancer pain.

A user's guide to cannabinoid therapies in oncology.

Maida, V · 2016

This review provides a clinical roadmap for using cannabinoid therapies in cancer care.

Dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to antiemetics.

May, Megan Brafford · 2016

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is one of patients' most feared side effects.

Damaging Effects of Cannabis Use on the Lungs.

Yayan, Josef · 2016

This review examined the pulmonary effects of cannabis smoking.

Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids

Velasco, Guillermo · 2016

Cannabinoids have demonstrated anticancer activity across multiple tumor types in preclinical models through defined mechanisms: ceramide-p8-TRIB3 pathway leading to autophagy-mediated cell death, inhibition of angiogenesis, and decreased metastasis.

Cannabis in cancer care.

Abrams, D I · 2015

The review covers established and emerging roles of cannabis in cancer care.

Narrative review of the safety and efficacy of marijuana for the treatment of commonly state-approved medical and psychiatric disorders.

Belendiuk, Katherine A · 2015

Researchers reviewed the scientific evidence for cannabis treatment across the conditions most commonly approved by state medical marijuana programs.

Medical marijuana for cancer.

Kramer, Joan L · 2015

This clinical review examined evidence for three cannabinoid pharmaceuticals: dronabinol (synthetic THC), nabilone (THC analog), and nabiximols (THC/CBD spray), along with smoked marijuana. Dronabinol had the most established evidence base, with FDA approval for chemotherapy nausea and AIDS-related anorexia.

The Antitumor Activity of Plant-Derived Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids.

McAllister, Sean D · 2015

This review examined how non-psychoactive cannabinoids, particularly CBD, affect cancer cells through mechanisms that do not require activation of CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors. In animal models, CBD inhibited the progression of glioblastoma, breast, lung, prostate, and colon cancers.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in counteracting chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: an exploratory review.

Ostadhadi, Sattar · 2015

This exploratory review examined evidence for cannabinoids addressing a wider range of chemotherapy side effects than just nausea and vomiting. Beyond the established use for chemotherapy-induced nausea, the review identified emerging evidence for cannabinoids in: appetite stimulation for cancer cachexia, protection against chemotherapy-induced bone loss (through CB2 receptor activation), reduction of kidney toxicity (nephroprotection), reduction of heart damage (cardioprotection), pain management, mood improvement, and relief from insomnia. The review also noted that cannabinoids showed direct antitumoral effects in some preclinical models, suggesting they might simultaneously fight cancer while mitigating treatment side effects..

Phytocannabinoids for Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Updates and Future Prospects.

Patil, K R · 2015

This review examined how plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) from both cannabis and non-cannabis plants interact with the endocannabinoid system to fight cancer. The review focused on strategies to avoid psychoactive effects: targeting CB2 receptors (found primarily on immune cells rather than in the brain), inhibiting endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes (FAAH and MAGL), and using non-psychoactive cannabinoids.

Is the clinical use of cannabis by oncology patients advisable?

Bar-Sela, Gil · 2014

This review assessed the evidence for cannabis use by oncology patients.

Marijuana: respiratory tract effects.

Owen, Kelly P · 2014

The review found that marijuana smoke produces respiratory symptoms similar to tobacco: increased cough, sputum production, hyperinflation, and upper lobe emphysematous changes.

An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics.

Johnson, Jeremy R · 2013

Forty-three patients with advanced cancer and pain inadequately managed by strong opioids entered an open-label extension study of THC/CBD spray (nabiximols/Sativex).

Targeting the endocannabinoid system with cannabinoid receptor agonists: pharmacological strategies and therapeutic possibilities.

Pertwee, Roger G · 2012

Three cannabinoid medicines were already in clinical use at the time: Cesamet (nabilone), Marinol (dronabinol), and Sativex (THC with CBD).

Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy

Shrivastava, Ashutosh · 2011

CBD induced concentration-dependent cell death in both ER-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells while having little effect on nontumorigenic MCF-10A mammary cells.

Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain.

Johnson, Jeremy R · 2010

One hundred seventy-seven cancer patients whose pain was inadequately controlled by opioids were randomized to THC/CBD extract spray (60 patients), THC-only extract spray (58 patients), or placebo (59 patients) for two weeks. The THC/CBD group showed statistically significant pain improvement compared to placebo (mean change -1.37 vs -0.69 on a numerical rating scale).

Cannabis-derived substances in cancer therapy--an emerging anti-inflammatory role for the cannabinoids.

Liu, Wai M · 2010

While previous cannabinoid-cancer research focused primarily on direct anti-tumor effects (inducing cancer cell death through disrupting signaling pathways like ERK and PI3-K), this review highlighted a newer perspective: cannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents in cancer. Chronic inflammation has long been associated with cancer development and progression.

Cannabis, tobacco and domestic fumes intake are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in North Africa.

Feng, B-J · 2009

Researchers interviewed 636 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and 615 matched controls across Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Cigarette smoking and snuff were associated with differentiated NPC but not with undifferentiated carcinoma (UCNT), the dominant type in these populations. Marijuana smoking significantly elevated NPC risk independently of cigarette smoking.

Use of cannabinoid receptor agonists in cancer therapy as palliative and curative agents.

Pisanti, Simona · 2009

This review examined the growing evidence for cannabinoids in cancer treatment, covering both established palliative uses and emerging anti-tumor evidence. Preclinical studies showed that cannabinoid receptor agonists can limit cell proliferation and induce tumor-selective cell death.

Cannabis smoking and risk of lung cancer in men: a pooled analysis of three studies in Maghreb.

Berthiller, Julien · 2008

Researchers pooled data from three hospital-based studies in Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria, regions with high cannabis consumption. Among 430 male lung cancer cases, 15.3% had ever smoked cannabis, compared to 5% of 778 controls.

Cannabinoids:their role in pain and palliation.

McCarberg, Bill H · 2007

This review examined the evidence for cannabinoid use in pain management and palliative care across several conditions. The author described how the endocannabinoid system works alongside the opioid system as a retrograde neuromodulatory network.

Cannabinoids and cancer: causation, remediation, and palliation.

Hall, Wayne · 2005

This review addressed three distinct relationships between cannabinoids and cancer. First, regarding cancer causation: case reports linked cannabis smoking to upper respiratory tract cancers in young adults, but epidemiological evidence from cohort and case-control studies was inconsistent. Second, regarding anti-tumor effects: some lab studies showed THC and synthetic cannabinoids had antineoplastic effects, while others showed THC impaired immune responses to cancer.

Smoked marijuana as a cause of lung injury.

Tashkin, D P · 2005

This review by a leading pulmonologist examined the lung effects of marijuana smoking.

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease.

Croxford, J Ludovic · 2003

The review mapped cannabinoid therapeutic potential across multiple CNS conditions.

Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents.

Guzmán, Manuel · 2003

Beyond their established palliative effects in cancer patients (preventing nausea, vomiting, pain, and stimulating appetite), cannabinoids had been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth in cell cultures and animal models.

Established and potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in oncology.

Walsh, Declan · 2003

Two uses for the synthetic cannabinoid dronabinol were established: chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and AIDS-related anorexia.

Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation

Galve-Roperh, I · 2000

Intratumoral administration of THC and the synthetic cannabinoid WIN-55,212-2 caused considerable regression of malignant gliomas in rat and mouse models.

Cancer cachexia and cannabinoids.

Gorter, R W · 1999

Anorexia and cachexia (severe weight loss) are diagnosed in more than two-thirds of cancer patients with advanced disease and independently increase illness and death risk.

Marijuana. Respiratory tract effects.

Van Hoozen, B E · 1997

This review consolidated the evidence on marijuana's effects on the respiratory system, drawing careful comparisons with tobacco. Daily marijuana smoking clearly produced bronchitis symptoms (cough, wheeze, sputum) similar to tobacco smoking, along with measurable declines in pulmonary function.

Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana.

Voth, E A · 1997

Following the passage of ballot initiatives in California and Arizona making marijuana accessible to patients, the authors reviewed all relevant research from 1975 to 1996 on medical applications of THC and marijuana. The evidence supported selective use of pure THC preparations for two conditions: nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy and appetite stimulation.

Marijuana as an antiemetic drug: how useful is it today? Opinions from clinical oncologists.

Schwartz, R H · 1994

Researchers surveyed two groups of practicing oncologists about their antiemetic preferences, receiving completed surveys from 141 physicians (78% response rate).

Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes.

Doblin, R E · 1991

In 1990, researchers surveyed a random sample of 2,430 members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology about their experiences and attitudes toward medical marijuana.

Review of cannabinoids and their antiemetic effectiveness.

Vincent, B J · 1983

This review synthesized the growing body of evidence on cannabinoid antiemetics.

Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy: a comparison of oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine.

Ungerleider, J T · 1982

Two hundred fourteen cancer patients were randomized in a double-blind crossover design to receive either THC (dosed by body surface area) or prochlorperazine (Compazine, a standard antiemetic) before chemotherapy. Both drugs were equally effective at reducing nausea and vomiting across a wide range of chemotherapy regimens and tumor types.

A critical review of the safety and antiemetic efficacy of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Cocchetto, D M · 1981

By 1981, both government and industry had invested substantial effort in isolating cannabis compounds with medical potential.

Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.

Sallan, S E · 1975

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, oral THC was tested as an anti-nausea treatment for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy drugs known to cause severe vomiting.

Phytocannabinoids influence phospholipid metabolism of melanoma cells: Modulation of in vitro effects of the UVA irradiation.

Biernacki, Michał · 2026

CBD (5 µM) and CBG (1 µM) altered melanoma cell membrane phospholipid fatty acids, sialic acid, surface charge, and lipid rafts; increased endocannabinoid 2-AG levels; and when combined, reduced pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and modified cannabinoid receptor expression after UVA irradiation..

CYP4X1/sEH-Dependent Endocannabinoid Metabolism Drives Fibroblast-Mediated Immunosuppression to Limit Immunotherapy in Colon Cancer.

Mo, Min · 2026

CYP4X1 and sEH enzymes metabolize endocannabinoids to produce 14,15-EET-EA, which acts on GPR119 receptors in cancer-associated fibroblasts.

Hemp seed extract exerts cytostatic effects through metabolic stress and autophagy modulation in malignant cells.

Moccia, Stefania · 2026

The oil polar extract (OPE) from the Codimono hemp cultivar induced metabolic stress in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, decreasing ATP by approximately 40%, activating AMPK (a cellular energy sensor), and disrupting autophagic flux.

Cannabinoid Signaling and Autophagy in Oral Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.

Munkhsaikhan, Undral · 2026

Cannabinoids acting through CB1 and CB2 receptors modulate autophagy by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR, activating AMPK and Beclin-1, and promoting ROS-induced autophagy.

Medical Cannabis Formulations, Administration Routes, and Dosing: Perspectives of Patients With Cancer Who Consume.

Nayak, Manan M · 2026

Through interviews with 24 cancer patients using medical cannabis across 8 states, researchers documented the lived experience of navigating cannabis therapeutics during cancer care. A dominant theme was the sheer number of product formulations available at dispensaries, which triggered feelings of astonishment and burden rather than empowerment.

Cannabinoids and drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions: Deciphering the risks.

Papakyriakopoulou, Paraskevi · 2026

This review mapped the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions involving cannabinoids across the full ADME framework (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). The metabolism interactions are the most clinically significant.

Survey of MaineHealth Cancer Care Network Providers on Cannabis Use: Preparation for Studies Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.

Prescott, Jill M · 2026

A survey of cancer care network providers found 89% agree cannabis can manage cancer symptoms, 54% are sensitive to stigma around cannabis use (57% of their patients feel similarly), only 15% consider themselves knowledgeable, only 30% routinely ask about cannabis use, and 85% want to learn more..

Anticancer Potential of Cannabidiol in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Serum Modulation and Preliminary Mechanistic Insights.

Sousa, Débora · 2026

CBD decreased renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell viability and proliferation dose-dependently and induced reactive oxygen species accumulation.

The Anti-proliferative Effects of Anandamide and Oleamide in Glioblastoma Cell Lines Recruit Mitochondrial and PPAR-γ Receptor Modulation.

Torres-Román, Ana Laura · 2026

Anandamide (AEA) and oleamide (ODA) reduced glioblastoma cell viability and increased lipid peroxidation compared to normal astrocytes.

Cannabidiol as a Prophylactic Agent Against Glioblastoma Growth: A Preclinical Investigation.

Wang, Lei P · 2026

Fourteen days of inhaled CBD pretreatment before tumor implantation significantly reduced glioblastoma burden compared to both placebo and 3-day CBD groups.

Cannabidiol Regulates CD47 Expression and Apoptosis in Jurkat Leukemic Cells Dependent upon VDAC-1 Oligomerization.

Wang, Lixing · 2026

CBD reduced CD47 surface expression and triggered apoptosis in Jurkat leukemic cells.

Cannabidiol inhibits melanoma progression by regulating PPARγ-TET1 complex-dependent LRSAM1 demethylation.

Zhang, Xuedan · 2026

CBD induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells in vitro and reduced lung metastasis in vivo.

Pilot Randomized Trial of Medical Cannabis to Reduce Symptom Burden in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (CanPan).

Zylla, Dylan · 2026

The trial met all prespecified feasibility benchmarks: 74% enrollment (goal 20%), 81% compliance (goal 60%), and 75% outcome completion (goal 50%).

A Randomized, Open-Label Trial to Assess Feasibility and Tolerability of Topical Cannabis Balms for the Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Syndrome (AIMSS).

Zylla, Dylan · 2026

86% of participants reported improvement in hand-related symptoms from baseline to week 2.

Cannabis vaping elicits transcriptomic and metabolomic changes involved in inflammatory, oxidative stress, and cancer pathways in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Arlen, Maddison T · 2025

The shift from smoking to vaping cannabis is driven largely by the belief that vaping is safer.

Association between lifetime co-use of classic psychedelics and cannabis and prostate cancer diagnosis among US adults 50 years and older.

Baral, Amrit · 2025

Exclusive classic psychedelic use was associated with 2.62 times higher odds of prostate cancer diagnosis compared to non-users.

Cannabis use among Dutch patients with a primary brain tumor.

Belgers, Vera · 2025

Fifty-one percent of brain tumor patients had ever used cannabis and 14% were current users.

Prevalence of cannabis and medication use by indices of residential urbanicity and deprivation among Ohio cancer patients.

Brasky, Theodore M · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence was 19% in higher social disadvantage areas versus 13% in lower disadvantage areas.

Endocannabinoid system and mood responses to acute aerobic exercise in adult cancer patients versus healthy controls: a pilot study.

Cheema, Birinder S · 2025

The 'runner's high' was long attributed to endorphins, but recent research has shifted the credit to the endocannabinoid system — specifically anandamide, the body's own cannabis-like molecule.

Bioinformatics differential expression analysis of the effect of cannabidiol in chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line.

Donchev, Petar P · 2025

CBD treatment at its IC50 (17.69 microM) induced 3,518 DEGs at 12 hours and 3,433 at 4 hours.

Cannabidiol in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: preclinical evidence, molecular mechanisms, and translational challenges.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD exhibited antitumor properties through ER stress and apoptosis (via CerS1), GPR55/MAPK inhibition, immune modulation, and chemosensitization to gemcitabine.

The potential role of cannabidiol (CBD) in lung cancer therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD induced apoptosis through PPAR-gamma activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.

Cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential therapeutic agent for liver cancer: a comprehensive review of current evidence.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD induced pyroptosis (inflammatory cell death) via caspase-3/GSDME, modulated autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and sensitized liver cancer cells to both sorafenib and cabozantinib..

Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers with Cannabidiol: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Implications.

Esmaeli, Mojtaba · 2025

CBD modulated multiple molecular pathways relevant to GI cancers, including inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibiting new blood vessel formation, reducing inflammation, and potentially enhancing chemotherapy effectiveness and overcoming drug resistance..

Pilot Study of Cannabidiol for Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Breast Cancer.

Fleege, Nicole M G · 2025

In a phase 2 clinical trial, 17 of 39 breast cancer patients (43.6%) taking CBD (Epidiolex, titrated to 100mg twice daily) achieved at least a 2-point reduction in worst pain from aromatase inhibitor therapy.

Characterizing Cannabidiol Use in a Breast Cancer Population.

Fleege, Nicole M G · 2025

Of 141 breast cancer patients surveyed, 68 (48.2%) reported prior or current CBD use.

Characterizing the Population of a Medical Cannabis Clinic in a Pediatric Hospital.

Free, Taylor · 2025

Among 46 pediatric palliative care patients (mean age 11.7), there was a significant decrease in inpatient days and cost.

Cannabidiol sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to NK cell-mediated killing via EGFR inhibition and FAS upregulation.

Garunyapakun, Perawat · 2025

CBD elevated FAS death receptor expression on MDA-MB-468 cells to 125% versus 83% with EGF alone, and enhanced NK-92 cell cytotoxicity, reducing cancer cell viability to 52% versus 114% with EGF alone.

Optimal Cannabinoid-Terpene Combination Ratios Suppress Mutagenicity of Gastric Reflux in Normal and Metaplastic Esophageal Cells.

Goldman, Aaron · 2025

The CBG:Phytol 1:5 ratio reduced DCA-induced DNA damage, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased reactive oxygen species, enhanced apoptosis in damaged cells, and reduced mutagenicity.

Oral Cannabis for Taxane-Induced Neuropathy: A Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

Haney, Margaret · 2025

All 12 participants completed the 8-week trial.

Pediatric Patient Experiences Using Medical Cannabis in Cancer Symptom Management as Reported by Parents of Children and Adolescents and by Young Adults.

Langevin, Mary · 2025

Top symptoms targeted: nausea/vomiting (n=20), appetite (n=15), pain (n=13), sadness/anxiety (n=7), sleep (n=7).

Benefits and Burdens of Vaporized Botanical Cannabis Flower Bud for Cancer-Related Anorexia: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of People with Advanced Cancer Enrolled as Inpatients in a Phase I/IIb Clinical Trial and Their Family Carers.

Luckett, Tim · 2025

This qualitative study interviewed 10 advanced cancer patients enrolled in a Phase I/IIb clinical trial of vaporized cannabis flower for cancer-related anorexia, along with 6 of their family carers. All patients perceived benefits to eating, though the mechanism varied.

Cannabidiol Is Associated with Improved Survival in Pancreatic Cancer and Modulation of Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota.

Malhotra, Pratibha · 2025

Only CBD alone improved survival in KPC mice (a genetic model that mimics human pancreatic cancer).

Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel inhibitor of HLA-G expression in human choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG-3).

Martínez, Kevin I · 2025

Both pure CBD and a high-CBD cannabis extract reduced cell proliferation and migration, increased apoptosis, and significantly downregulated HLA-G expression at mRNA and protein levels in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells.

Advancing cervical cancer treatment: integrating cannabinoids, combination therapies and nanotechnology.

Mathibela, S P · 2025

THC and CBD demonstrate anticancer effects in cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, suppressing metastasis, promoting oxidative stress, and modulating immune responses.

Cannabis in Hematology Survey Study (CHESS): A Longitudinal Investigation on Uses, Attitudes, and Outcomes of Cannabis Among Hematology Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

McLennan, Andrew I G · 2025

Cannabis use decreased from 46% to 40% after transplant.

Targeting Human Cancer Cells with Cannabidiol (CBD): Apoptotic Cytotoxicity in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and CaCo-2 Lines.

Montes-de-Oca-Saucedo, Carlos R · 2025

CBD at 5-20 micromolar concentrations killed cancer cells through apoptosis with LC50 values of 9.4 (HeLa cervical), 10.3 (MDA-MB-231 breast), and 4.3 (CaCo-2 colon) micromolar at 24 hours.

Perceptions, Uses, and Information Sources of Medical Cannabis Among Patients With Cancer.

Qu, Vera · 2025

Of 84 cancer patients surveyed, 83.3% agreed medical cannabis provides symptom relief, while 15.5% agreed it can cure cancer.

Consumer Contribution in Designing Medicinal Cannabis Clinical Trials in Palliative Medicine.

Razmovski-Naumovski, Valentina · 2025

Clinical trials are typically designed by researchers for patients.

Design Considerations for Medicinal Cannabis Clinical Trials in People Receiving Palliative Care.

Razmovski-Naumovski, Valentina · 2025

This paper is a practical roadmap for researchers, drawn from the investigators' experience running a Phase I/IIb trial of vaporized cannabis for cancer anorexia.

CBD promotes antitumor activity by modulating tumor immune microenvironment in HPV associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Sen, Prakriti · 2025

CBD activated the MAPK pathway (ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK, MK2), promoting apoptosis in cancer cells.

Selective anti-cancer effects of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol via PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition and PTEN restoration in ovarian cancer cells.

Tong, Siyao · 2025

CBD:THC at a 3:1 ratio showed synergistic cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cell lines.

Evaluating the Antitumor Potential of Cannabichromene, Cannabigerol, and Related Compounds from Cannabis sativa and Piper nigrum Against Malignant Glioma: An In Silico to In Vitro Approach.

Turizo Smith, Andrés David · 2025

CBC, CBG, and CBD demonstrated strong binding to GPR55 and PINK1 glioblastoma targets.

Durable complete response of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using cannabis oil: a report of two cases.

van den Berg, Pieter F · 2025

Both patients (ages 82 and 77) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and high tumor burden achieved complete and durable tumor regression after using sublingual cannabis oil containing THC and CBD, with no other anti-cancer treatment..

Cannabidiol and multi-modal exercise for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in cancer survivors.

Vigano, MariaLuisa · 2025

After 2 months of CBD alone (up to 300 mg/day), medium effect sizes were observed for neuropathy symptoms (d=0.62), perceived physical function (d=0.62), and hand grip strength (r=0.401).

Transcriptomic changes in oxidative stress, immunity, and cancer pathways caused by cannabis vapor on alveolar epithelial cells.

Wilson, Emily T · 2025

Many people switch from smoking to vaping cannabis believing it's safer.

Drug-Cannabinoid Interactions in Selected Therapeutics for Symptoms Associated with Epilepsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, and Pain.

Campos, Maria G · 2024

As medical cannabis use expands, patients are increasingly combining cannabinoids with prescription medications for serious conditions.

Effects of Cannabidiol on the Functions of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Hematologic Malignancies.

Chantarat, Natthida · 2024

CBD at 8 microM (the maximum non-toxic dose) did not alter CAR T cell surface expression, immune characteristics, T cell subset, or memory phenotype.

The potential neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: in vitro study on neurite outgrowth.

Creanga-Murariu, Ioana · 2024

When combined with paclitaxel, cannabinoids maintained cell viability at 70-89% compared to 40% with chemotherapy alone at 48 hours.

Endocannabinoid Receptor 2 Function is Associated with Tumor-Associated Macrophage Accumulation and Increases in T Cell Number to Initiate a Potent Antitumor Response in a Syngeneic Murine Model of Glioblastoma.

Duan, Jin · 2024

CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 induced a potent antitumor response in glioblastoma-bearing mice, with 50% survival at day 40 when all control mice (median survival 28 days) and CB2 agonist-treated mice (median survival 21 days) had died.

Drug dependence epidemiology in palliative care medicinal cannabis trials.

Lee, Chee Yen · 2024

Of 182 palliative care patients screened, 92% reported lifetime alcohol use and 73% lifetime tobacco use.

Anti-Cancer and Anti-Proliferative Potential of Cannabidiol: A Cellular and Molecular Perspective.

Mashabela, Manamele Dannies · 2024

CBD inhibits tumor growth, reduces inflammation, and induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Evaluating Online Cannabis Health Information for Thai Breast Cancer Survivors Using the Quality Evaluation Scoring Tool (QUEST): Mixed Method Study.

Peerawong, Thanarpan · 2024

Of 62 Thai-language cannabis content items, 64% were news-related or generic advertisements.

Fatty Acid Amides Suppress Proliferation via Cannabinoid Receptors and Promote the Apoptosis of C6 Glioma Cells in Association with Akt Signaling Pathway Inhibition.

Silva, Nágila Monteiro da · 2024

Two fatty ethanolamides (FAA1 and FAA2) reduced C6 glioma cell viability, proliferation, and migratory potential in a dose-dependent manner.

The immunomodulatory effects of cannabidiol on Hsp70-activated NK cells and tumor target cells.

Wang, Fei · 2024

CBD treatment significantly reduced the release of interferon-gamma and granzyme B from activated NK cells, lowered Hsp70 expression on tumor surfaces, and decreased NK cell killing of high-Hsp70-expressing cancer cells.

Supporting gut health with medicinal cannabis in people with advanced cancer: potential benefits and challenges.

Wardill, Hannah R · 2024

The endocannabinoid system is densely distributed throughout the gut and modulates mucosal barrier integrity, inflammation, and microbial balance.

The Potential Antinociceptive Effect and Mechanism of Cannabis sativa L. Extract on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats Uncovered by Multi-Omics Analysis.

Xu, Yunhui · 2024

Hemp extract significantly decreased mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and inflammatory cytokines in rats with paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

Cannabis use in gynecologic cancer patients in a Canadian cancer center.

Black, Kristin A · 2023

Of 46 surveyed patients, 17 (37%) were current cannabis users.

Cannabis-derived products antagonize platinum drugs by altered cellular transport.

Buchtova, Tereza · 2023

Even low concentrations of cannabinoids reduced the toxicity of cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin in human cell cultures.

Assessing Efficacy and Use Patterns of Medical Cannabis for Symptom Management in Elderly Cancer Patients.

Nathan, Rachel · 2023

There was no statistically significant difference in symptom scores for pain, nausea, appetite, insomnia, or anxiety before versus after medical cannabis initiation.

Pilot clinical and pharmacokinetic study of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/Cannabidiol (CBD) nanoparticle oro-buccal spray in patients with advanced cancer experiencing uncontrolled pain.

Clarke, Stephen · 2022

The water-soluble formulation produced dose-dependent plasma cannabinoid levels, with higher systemic exposure for THC than CBD.

Cannabis and End-of-Life Care: A Snapshot of Hospice Planning and Experiences Among Illinois Medical Cannabis Patients With A Terminal Diagnosis.

Croker, James Alton · 2022

Only 19 of 342 terminal patients were enrolled in hospice, with 323 planning enrollment.

Cannabis in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.

Doppen, Marjan · 2022

Across 52 studies with 4,786 participants, some cannabis products showed positive effects on pain, nausea/vomiting, appetite, sleep, fatigue, and night sweats in cancer patients; appetite and agitation in dementia patients; and appetite and nausea in AIDS patients.

Cannabis sativa Extract Induces Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic 3D Cancer Models: Importance of Major Antioxidant Molecules Present Therein.

Emhemmed, Fathi · 2022

CBD emerged as the primary compound responsible for inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.

Improved Therapeutic Efficacy of CBD with Good Tolerance in the Treatment of Breast Cancer through Nanoencapsulation and in Combination with 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD).

Fu, Jingxin · 2022

CBD and 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD, from ginseng) co-loaded into liposomes (mean particle size 138.8 nm) achieved 82.2% tumor inhibition in mice bearing breast tumors (4T1 cells) with good tolerance.

Cannabis as an Anticancer Agent: A Review of Clinical Data and Assessment of Case Reports.

Guggisberg, Jordan · 2022

Of 207 pre-clinical articles, 107 contained original data showing anticancer activity.

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Lichen Simplex Chronicus Successfully Treated with Topical Cannabinoid Oil: A Case Report and Summary of Cannabinoids in Dermatology.

Laborada, Jennifer · 2022

Both squamous cell carcinoma and lichen simplex chronicus resolved with topical application of 20% cannabidiol.

Analysis of Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of 25 High-THC Cannabis Extracts.

Li, Dongping · 2022

Anti-cancer efficacy ranged from 66% to 92% growth inhibition across 25 extracts.

Medical Cannabis in Pediatric Oncology: Friend or Foe?

Malach, Megan · 2022

Published cases demonstrate the safety and efficacy of cannabis in children for pediatric epilepsy and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Oral cannabidiol for prevention of acute and transient chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Nielsen, Sebastian W · 2022

CBD-treated patients receiving CAPOX or Carbo-Tax chemotherapy showed significantly better high-frequency vibrometry scores compared to controls.

Cannabis with breast cancer treatment: propitious or pernicious?

Schoeman, Recardia · 2022

Simultaneous treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with various cannabinoid formulations and tamoxifen resulted in diminished anti-proliferative activity of tamoxifen, with the effect more pronounced with recreational cannabis formulations (higher THC)..

Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders.

Ahmed, Ishtiaq · 2021

This review mapped the endocannabinoid system's relationship with the immune system and cancer biology.

Assessment of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiol in Mouse Models of Medulloblastoma and Ependymoma.

Andradas, Clara · 2021

THC and CBD induced dose-dependent cell death in medulloblastoma and ependymoma cell lines, with synergistic effects in combination.

The Interplay between the Immune and the Endocannabinoid Systems in Cancer.

Braile, Mariantonia · 2021

CB2 and CB1 receptors are expressed on T cells, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and eosinophils within the tumor microenvironment.

Medical Cannabis as Adjunctive Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Caputo, Mathew P · 2021

Only five studies met inclusion criteria, most investigating recreational rather than medical cannabis.

Medical marijuana utilization in gynecologic cancer patients.

Fehniger, Julia · 2021

Of 45 patients (89% receiving chemotherapy), 71% reported improvement in at least one symptom after a median 5.2 months of use.

Family attitudes about and experiences with medical cannabis in children with cancer or epilepsy: an exploratory qualitative study.

Gibbard, Marissa · 2021

Five themes emerged: 1) parents sought cannabis as a last resort for severely ill children; 2) information came from social media, industry, and other families rather than healthcare providers; 3) cannabis was viewed ambiguously as both a serious drug needing medical oversight and a safe natural product; 4) parents perceived medical benefits with few adverse effect concerns; 5) high costs and uncertain legality were barriers but did not stop use..

THC Reduces Ki67-Immunoreactive Cells Derived from Human Primary Glioblastoma in a GPR55-Dependent Manner.

Kolbe, Marc Richard · 2021

THC reduced Ki67-positive (proliferating) glioblastoma cells, but this effect was blocked by the GPR55 antagonist CID16020046, not by CB1 or CB2 antagonists.

Specific Compositions of Cannabis sativa Compounds Have Cytotoxic Activity and Inhibit Motility and Colony Formation of Human Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro.

Peeri, Hadar · 2021

Fractions F4 and F5 from a high-THC cannabis extract showed significant cytotoxic activity against multiple GBM cell lines and patient-derived glioma stem cells.

Cannabinoid exposure as a major driver of pediatric acute lymphoid Leukaemia rates across the USA: combined geospatial, multiple imputation and causal inference study.

Reece, Albert Stuart · 2021

Cannabis use was independently associated with pediatric ALL rates in multiple regression models adjusted for other substances, income, and ethnicity.

A randomized trial of medical cannabis in patients with stage IV cancers to assess feasibility, dose requirements, impact on pain and opioid use, safety, and overall patient satisfaction.

Zylla, Dylan M · 2021

High enrollment interest (36% of eligible patients enrolled).

Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil Does Not Display an Entourage Effect in Reducing Cancer Cell Viability in vitro.

Raup-Konsavage, Wesley M · 2020

Pure CBD (10 μM) reduced cell viability in 3 of 6 cancer cell lines tested.

Cannabis and Radiation Therapy: A Scoping Review of Human Clinical Trials.

Rosewall, Tara · 2020

Of 48 records screened, only 8 clinical studies met criteria.

Transcriptomic and barrier responses of human airway epithelial cells exposed to cannabis smoke.

Aguiar, Jennifer A · 2019

Cannabis smoke induced gene expression profiles that overlapped significantly with tobacco smoke, including DNA replication stress, oxidative stress responses, impaired epithelial barrier function, suppressed antiviral pathways, and increased inflammatory mediator production..

Pharmacological evidence of medicinal cannabis in oncology: a systematic review.

Brown, Danielle · 2019

Of 18 selected articles (10 RCTs, 2 experimental, 2 retrospective cohort, 4 case studies), only 4 reported absorption data and only 1 drug interaction study was identified.

Cannabinoids Reduce Inflammation but Inhibit Lymphocyte Recovery in Murine Models of Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Khuja, Iman · 2019

In an allogeneic transplant model, THC-high and CBD-high cannabis extracts reduced GVHD severity and improved survival better than pure cannabinoids.

Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity.

Namdar, Dvora · 2019

Specific terpenoid groups were statistically associated with THC-rich or CBD-rich strains.

Concerns of Patients With Cancer on Accessing Cannabis Products in a State With Restrictive Medical Marijuana Laws: A Survey Study.

Singh, Vinita · 2019

Among 101 patients in Georgia's low-THC oil program, 76% had advanced cancer as their qualifying condition.

Appraising the "entourage effect": Antitumor action of a pure cannabinoid versus a botanical drug preparation in preclinical models of breast cancer.

Blasco-Benito, Sandra · 2018

Researchers directly compared pure THC against a standardized botanical drug preparation (BDP) containing the full spectrum of cannabis compounds in cell culture and animal models of three breast cancer subtypes: ER+/PR+, HER2+, and triple-negative. The botanical preparation was consistently more potent than pure THC at producing antitumor responses across all three subtypes.

Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids: An Option for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cancer of the Colon?

Grill, Magdalena · 2018

Researchers reviewed the evidence on cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. For IBD, in vitro and animal data showed cannabinoids reduce intestinal inflammation through multiple mechanisms.

Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on irinotecan-induced clinical effects in rats.

Prester, Ljerka · 2018

Co-administration of THC with irinotecan in rats caused greater leukopenia than irinotecan alone, but the expected rise in the liver enzyme AST seen with irinotecan alone did not occur in the combination group..

Cannabis use patterns and motives: A comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients.

Haug, Nancy A · 2017

This dispensary-based study compared 217 medical cannabis patients across three age groups: younger (18-30), middle-aged (31-50), and older (51-72). All age groups used cannabis at similar frequencies over the past month.

Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and Histone acetyltransferase activity by Rimonabant: a therapeutic target for colon cancer.

Proto, Maria Chiara · 2017

Researchers tested rimonabant, a CB1 receptor inverse agonist, on two colon cancer cell lines carrying mutations associated with metastatic cancer that responds poorly to chemotherapy. Rimonabant inhibited the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, one of the most important cancer-promoting pathways in colorectal cancer, and increased the phosphorylation (deactivation) of beta-catenin.

Critical appraisal of the potential use of cannabinoids in cancer management.

Cridge, Belinda J · 2013

The review analyzed the anticancer evidence for endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids across multiple cancer types including glioma, breast, prostate, liver, and lung cancer.

Endocannabinoids as emerging suppressors of angiogenesis and tumor invasion (review).

Bifulco, Maurizio · 2007

This review highlighted an emerging area of endocannabinoid cancer research beyond the previously known effects on tumor cell growth and death.

Targeting astrocytomas and invading immune cells with cannabinoids: a promising therapeutic avenue.

Cudaback, Eiron · 2007

This review examined the accumulating evidence that cannabinoids could be effective against astrocytomas, particularly high-grade brain tumors that remain among the most difficult cancers to treat. The authors summarized in vitro (cell culture) evidence showing cannabinoids could inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce programmed cell death (apoptosis), and reduce tumor invasiveness.

New insights into endocannabinoid degradation and its therapeutic potential.

Bari, M · 2006

This review focused on the enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation.

The effects of cannabinoids on P-glycoprotein transport and expression in multidrug resistant cells.

Holland, M L · 2006

Researchers tested whether cannabinoids affect P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transporter that pumps anti-cancer drugs out of cancer cells and is a major cause of multidrug resistance. Short-term (1-hour) exposure to cannabinol, CBD, THC, and a synthetic cannabinoid did not inhibit P-gp drug efflux in either human leukemia cells or mouse cells with the MDR1 gene.

An efficient new cannabinoid antiemetic in pediatric oncology.

Abrahamov, A · 1995

Researchers administered delta-8-THC, a cannabinoid with lower psychoactive potency than the more familiar delta-9-THC, to eight children with hematologic cancers.

Marijuana effects on immunity: suppression of human natural killer cell activity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Specter, S C · 1986

Natural killer (NK) cells are immune cells that identify and destroy abnormal cells, including tumor cells.

Possible risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with marijuana use during chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer.

Sutton, S · 1986

A patient with small cell lung cancer was using illegally obtained marijuana to control nausea during combination chemotherapy.

Randomised clinical trial of levonantradol and chlorpromazine in the prevention of radiotherapy-induced vomiting.

Lucraft, H H · 1982

Cannabinoid antiemetics had shown promise in chemotherapy, but their use in radiation therapy was largely untested.

The California program for the investigational use of THC and marihuana in heterogeneous populations experiencing nausea and vomiting from anticancer therapy.

Dow, G J · 1981

Recognizing that existing THC studies left major questions unanswered, California established a statewide program combining therapeutic access with structured research. Four protocols were designed to address specific gaps: optimal oral THC dosing in adults on cyclic chemotherapy, optimal dosing in children, dosing for adults on chronic chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and optimal dosing for smoked marijuana.

Ewing sarcoma-related pain: potential role of medical cannabis monotherapy in symptom management - a case report.

De Virgilio Suglia, Cesare · 2026

After initiating THC-rich cannabis (Bedrocan, 22% THC, 1% CBD, 1g/day), the patient's pain dropped from VAS 9-10 to VAS 2-3.

Cannabichromene: integrative modulation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and endocannabinoid signaling in pancreatic cancer therapy.

Hwang, Yu-Na · 2025

CBC treatment upregulated ferroptosis-related genes including HMOX1 and induced both apoptosis and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.

Cannabinoids for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in oncological therapy: a systematic review.

Kemmner, Sarah F · 2025

Among 32 studies (1,889 patients), 12 of 22 studies found cannabinoids significantly outperformed now-outdated antiemetics, and 8 of 9 placebo-controlled studies showed benefit.

Influence of Substance Use Disorders on Mortality in a Systemwide Cohort of Cancer Patients.

Khoyilar, Shawnly · 2025

Cannabis dependence was not significantly associated with mortality among cancer patients.

Cannabidiol Suppresses EMT in Pancreatic Cancer via Inhibition of MALAT1 lncRNA and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway.

Kim, Na Young · 2025

CBD suppressed CXCR4/CXCR7 and MMP-2/9 expression, reducing migration and invasion in three pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Medicinal Plants for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review of Antiemetic, Chemosensitizing, and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms.

Sun, Xue · 2025

Among 22 botanicals reviewed, cannabis (THC, CBD) modulates the endocannabinoid system and 5-HT3 receptors for CINV relief and may enhance chemotherapy sensitivity.

Cannabinoid Derived Product is a Potential Novel Therapeutic for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Taico Oliva, Carolina · 2025

The cannabinoid product BRF1A decreased K1 papillary thyroid cancer cell viability dose- and time-dependently.

Patients' Perceptions of the Efficacy, Safety, and Quality of the Evidence of Medicinal Cannabis: A Survey of Australian Cancer Patients.

Taylor, Joseph S · 2025

19% (67/350) of cancer patients were using medical cannabis, primarily for pain (61%).

Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Adults With Cancer: ASCO Guideline.

Braun, Ilana M · 2024

The guideline found that cannabis access and use by cancer patients has outpaced the supporting science.

NHS-Reimbursed Cannabis Flowers for Cancer Palliative Care and the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: An Autobiographical Case Report.

Roberts, Michael · 2024

A patient with rectosigmoid adenocarcinoma with lung metastases failed five standard antiemetics.

Single-cell analyses reveal cannabidiol rewires tumor microenvironment via inhibiting alternative activation of macrophage and synergizes with anti-PD-1 in colon cancer.

Sun, Xiaofan · 2023

CBD suppressed M2-like (immunosuppressive) macrophages and promoted M1-like (anti-tumor) macrophages within tumors.