Cannabis Addiction Research

Prevalence of schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder among patients with cannabis induced psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Javed, Mohammad Saad · 2026

Pooling data from 13 studies with a total of 7,515 patients diagnosed with cannabis-induced psychosis, this meta-analysis calculated the rates at which these individuals later received diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder. The conversion rates were substantial.

Varenicline for cannabis use disorder: A randomized controlled trial.

McRae-Clark, Aimee L · 2026

Varenicline did not reduce cannabis use sessions overall during weeks 6-12.

Rural and Urban Variation in Mobile Health Substance Use Disorder Treatment Mechanisms and Efficacy.

Mennis, Jeremy · 2026

The PNC-txt mobile health intervention reduced cannabis use at 6 months by increasing readiness to change and protective behavioral strategies at 1 month.

Acute Effects of Cannabis on Alcohol Craving and Consumption: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Metrik, Jane · 2026

After overnight cannabis abstinence, smoking cannabis with 3.1% or 7.2% THC led to significantly less alcohol consumption compared to placebo, reducing intake by 19% and 27% respectively.

Associations of Cannabis and Tobacco Use with Suicide Attempt, Suicide Death, and Overdose Death Among Veterans Prescribed Opioid Analgesics.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2026

Cannabis use: HR 1.11 for suicide attempts.

Cannabis Co-Use and Endocannabinoid System Modulation in Tobacco Use Disorder: A Translational Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

P A Costa, Gabriel · 2026

Meta-analysis of 18 observational studies (N=229,630) found cannabis use was associated with 35% lower odds of quitting tobacco (OR=0.65).

Racial diversity in cannabis use disorder research: A systematic review.

Reid, Mallet R · 2026

Of 14 cannabis use disorder behavioral health RCTs (1994-2025), White people comprised 64% of participants despite having a smaller share of CUD cases, overrepresented at 49 times their proportional rate.

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions for People With Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Salahuddin, Nurul Husna · 2026

A very small effect favoring interventions was observed for overall symptoms (SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.05, low confidence), mainly driven by nicotine studies.

Longitudinal trends in the past 30-day co-use of nicotine/tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis among youth and adults in the PATH study.

Sokolovsky, Alexander W · 2026

E-cigarette and alcohol co-use increased among young adults (18-34), possibly replacing cigarette-alcohol co-use which declined.

Alcohol Use, Cannabis Use, and Discrimination by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Within the All of Us Research Program.

Sunder, Gowri · 2026

Discrimination (measured by the Everyday Discrimination Scale) was positively associated with cannabis use at low-to-moderate levels but the association was not significant at very high discrimination levels.

Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for harmful cannabis use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ullah, Safat · 2026

CBT did not significantly reduce cannabis use frequency at short-term (effect=0.12, p=0.10), medium-term (effect=-0.03, p=0.75), or long-term (effect=0.01, p=0.91) follow-ups compared to control conditions.

Cannabis Legalization and Cannabis Use Disorder by Sex in Veterans Health Administration Patients, 2005-2019.

Wisell, Caroline G · 2026

CUD prevalence increased in both sexes across the study period.

Substance Use Patterns Across the Sexual Identity Spectrum Among U.S. Individuals.

Yang, Kevin H · 2026

Substance use was higher across all non-heterosexual identity groups compared to heterosexual individuals.

Adolescent Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychotic, Bipolar, Depressive, and Anxiety Disorders.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2026

This large longitudinal cohort study followed adolescents aged 13–17 who were screened for past-year cannabis use during routine pediatric care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2016 to 2023, with follow-up through age 25. Adolescents who reported cannabis use had significantly higher rates of clinician-diagnosed psychiatric disorders compared to non-users.

Trends in the diagnostic prevalence of cannabis-related disorders and co-occurring psychiatric disorders in adolescents: analysis of German health insurance data from 2013 to 2022.

Zarour, Alexander · 2026

Cannabis-related disorder diagnoses increased from 0.08% to 0.10% (+22.4%) among German adolescents ages 12-17 from 2013 to 2022, with a COVID-19 pandemic dip.

Divergence in cannabis and alcohol use disorder prevalence trends from 2002 to 2019.

Acuff, Samuel F · 2025

Daily cannabis use prevalence increased 94% (AARC 11.68%).

Estimated Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders Among US Adolescents and Emerging Adults by Substance Class, Severity, and Age, 2022.

Adams, Zachary W · 2025

While past-year cannabis use rates increased with age, the prevalence of CUD and its severity distribution (mild, moderate, severe) among those who used cannabis did not differ across age cohorts 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-20, and 21-25 (effect size phi-c = 0.04).

Method and frequency of cannabis use: Results from the 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Amrock, Stephen M · 2025

Past-30-day cannabis use was reported by 14.7% of 119,068 adults.

Effects of legal access versus illegal market cannabis on use and mental health: A randomized controlled trial.

Baltes-Flueckiger, Lavinia · 2025

After 6 months, the legal cannabis group showed a trend toward lower cannabis misuse scores compared to the illegal market group (10.1 vs 10.9, p=0.052).

Disparities in self-reported mental health, physical health, and substance use across sexual orientations in Canada.

Bellows, Zachary · 2025

Lesbians and bisexual women had elevated odds of cannabis use compared to heterosexual women.

Self-perceived impact of COVID-19 and risk behaviors among adolescents: Results from the HBSC 2021/22 study in 21 European countries.

Berchialla, Paola · 2025

Fourteen percent of adolescents were classified as negatively impacted by COVID, with this group overrepresented among girls, older teens, and less affluent families.

Brief Drug Interventions Delivered in General Medical Settings: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Use Outcomes.

Berny, Lauren M · 2025

Across 17 RCTs, brief drug interventions showed no significant short-term effects on cannabis use (OR=1.20), consumption level (g=0.01), or severity (g=0.13).

Cannabis Use Cessation and the Risk of Psychotic Disorders: A Case-Control Analysis from the First Episode Case-Control EU-GEI WP2 Study: L'arrêt de l'utilisation du cannabis et le risque de troubles psychotiques: Une analyse cas-témoins tirée de l'étude cas-témoins EU-GEI WP2 centrée sur les premiers épisodes psychotiques.

Bond, Benjamin W · 2025

Ex-users who stopped 1-4 weeks prior had 6.9 times the psychosis odds of never-users.

Early and risky adolescent alcohol use independently predict alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drug use in early adulthood in Ireland: a longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative cohort.

Brennan, Margaret M · 2025

Older age at first alcohol use was associated with dose-response reductions in cannabis use odds at age 20 (relative to initiation at 14 or younger).

Randomized Laboratory Study of Single-Dose Cannabis, Dronabinol, and Placebo in Patients With Schizophrenia and Cannabis Use Disorder.

Brunette, Mary F · 2025

Oral dronabinol (15 mg) worsened verbal learning (B = -9.89) and attention (B = -0.61) in the schizophrenia-CUD group compared to placebo.

Prospective associations of alcohol and drug misuse with suicidal behaviors among US Army soldiers who have left active service.

Campbell-Sills, Laura · 2025

Cannabis use at baseline was significantly associated with subsequent suicidal ideation (AOR range: 1.42-2.60 across substance use measures) and suicide planning.

Depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and tobacco and marijuana use.

Carney-Knisely, Geoffrey · 2025

People under stay-at-home orders had 2.18 times the odds of moderate-to-severe depression.

Alcohol and Cannabis Use Trends Among Adolescents With and Without a History of Recent Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior: 1991-2023.

Cheek, Shayna M · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence decreased since 1995 for adolescents with no STB history but showed no significant decline for those with recent suicidal ideation or attempts; female adolescents with suicide attempt history showed plateauing cannabis use since the 1990s..

Changes in and correlates of cannabis-involved substance use treatment admissions age 50 and older, 2000-2021.

Choi, Namkee G · 2025

Cannabis admissions increased in number but share peaked and declined for ages 50-64 (after 2012) and plateaued for 65+ (after 2016); higher among males, Black individuals, legal state residents, and court/healthcare referrals..

Cannabis Vaping in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Chung, Jack · 2025

Among adolescent cannabis users, cannabis vaping odds were higher for males (OR 1.79), older adolescents (OR 1.26), current tobacco users (OR 1.62), and alcohol users (OR 2.52); lower for non-Hispanic Black youth (OR 0.55); insufficient evidence for mental health associations..

Understanding clustered behavioral risk factors among adults in the United States: A gender-specific analysis of alcohol and other substance use and obesity.

Cook, Won Kim · 2025

Four clusters with similar profiles emerged for both men and women: heavy-drinking-tobacco-some-cannabis-use-obese, high-substance-use, obese, and relatively-healthy-lifestyle.

Trends in Cannabis and Tobacco Use by Racial and Ethnic Groups Among U.S. Youth: 1991-2021.

Dai, Hongying Daisy · 2025

During 2015-2021, Black adolescents had 12.6% cannabis-only use (vs 4.9% for White), while AI/AN adolescents had 20.1% cannabis-tobacco co-use (vs 13.4% for White).

The burden of alcohol and substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults.

Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn · 2025

Cannabis use disorder affected 10.69 million young people aged 10-24 globally in 2019, second only to alcohol use disorder (13.31 million).

Relapse in substance-induced psychosis and associated risk factors. A Nationwide register-linkage study from Sweden.

Ellilä, Venla · 2025

Cannabis-induced psychosis carried a 2.42x higher risk of relapse compared to alcohol-induced psychosis.

Deliberate self-harm and suicide in individuals with cannabis-related hospital contacts in Ontario, Canada.

Fabiano, Nicholas · 2025

Cannabis-related hospital contact was associated with a 5.35x risk of deliberate self-harm and 9.22x risk of death by suicide compared to the general population.

Cannabis legalization and increasing cannabis use in the United States: Data from urine toxicology testing in emergency room patients.

Fink, David S · 2025

Using biological urine drug screens rather than self-report, recreational cannabis law (RCL) enactment was associated with a 2.9% increase in cannabis-positive tests among ER patients, while medical cannabis laws alone were associated with a 0.8% increase.

Partner History of Problematic Substance Use and Self-Reported Substance Use During Early Pregnancy: Findings from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2021-2022.

Gallegos, Rachel · 2025

Among 82,180 pregnant individuals, partner substance problems were associated with 89% higher odds of prenatal cannabis (aOR=1.89), 238% higher odds of e-cigarettes (aOR=3.38), and 266% higher odds of tobacco (aOR=3.66)..

Taxonicity of cannabis use disorder: Findings from a large community sample and an inpatient clinical sample.

Garber, Molly L · 2025

Using three taxometric procedures across a large community sample (N=3,623) and a clinical inpatient sample (N=621), cannabis use disorder consistently showed dimensional rather than categorical structure, with mean CCFIs well below the 0.50 threshold for taxonicity..

Relations between adverse childhood experiences, racial and ethnic Identity, and cannabis use outcomes.

Gette, Jordan A · 2025

As ACEs increased, odds of lifetime CUD rose across all groups (aOR 1.45-3.03).

Binge Drinking, Cannabis, and Tobacco Use and Modifiable Social Risks Among Adults Who Used Health Care.

Glass, Joseph E · 2025

42.1% of past-month cannabis users and 42.6% of tobacco users had at least one social risk, compared to 30.9% overall.

Brain Function Outcomes of Recent and Lifetime Cannabis Use.

Gowin, Joshua L · 2025

Using Human Connectome Project data, heavy lifetime cannabis users (>1,000 uses, n=88) showed significantly lower brain activation during a working memory task compared to nonusers, with a moderate effect size (Cohen d = -0.28).

N-acetylcysteine for youth cannabis use disorder: randomized controlled trial main findings.

Gray, Kevin M · 2025

In a double-blind RCT of 192 treatment-seeking youth (ages 14-21) with CUD, N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks showed no advantage over placebo on any cannabis use outcome.

Effectiveness and safety of psychosocial interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Halicka, Monika · 2025

Across 22 RCTs with 3,304 participants, MET-CBT significantly increased point abstinence (OR=18.27) and continuous abstinence (OR=2.72) compared to inactive/non-specific comparators.

Cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder in United States Veterans Health Administration patients with and without psychiatric disorders, 2005-2022: a repeated cross-sectional study.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2025

CUD prevalence among veterans with any psychiatric disorder rose from ~3.3% in 2005 to ~5.7-6.4% by 2022, depending on state legalization status.

Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder Among U.S. Adults with Psychiatric Disorders: 2001-2002 and 2012-2013.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2025

Across two nationally representative surveys (2001-2002 and 2012-2013), cannabis use, frequent use, and CUD all increased more among adults with psychiatric disorders.

Cannabis Use in California Following Legalization of Recreational Use.

Hill, Linda · 2025

Among 15,208 census-weighted California adults surveyed in 2022-2023, 37% currently used cannabis, 30% formerly used, and 33% never used.

Controlled Use of Cannabis Among Young Adults in Los Angeles Across Changes in Cannabis Policies.

Lankenau, Stephen E · 2025

Two latent classes emerged: Controlled and Uncontrolled, becoming more distinct over time.

Predictors of Participation in Prenatal Substance Use Assessment, Counseling, and Treatment Among Pregnant Individuals in Prenatal Settings Who Use Cannabis.

Lapham, Gwen T · 2025

80.3% of cannabis-positive pregnancies completed assessment.

Tobacco and Cannabis Co-use by HIV Status Among United States Adults: Results from the 2021-2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Lee, Juhan · 2025

Adults with HIV had 3.35x higher odds of past-month tobacco-cannabis co-use (aRRR=3.35, 95% CI: 1.79-6.27).

The role of depression in the relationship between cannabis use and suicidal behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Maffre Maviel, Gustave · 2025

Among adolescents, cannabis use was associated with suicidal ideation (OR=1.46) and suicide attempts (OR=2.17) in studies adjusting for depression.

Cannabis Legalization and Opioid Use Disorder in Veterans Health Administration Patients.

Mannes, Zachary L · 2025

OUD prevalence increased by 0.06 percentage points after medical cannabis law enactment and 0.07 points after recreational law enactment.

Treatment demand for cannabis use problems: analyses of routine data from 30 European countries.

Manthey, Jakob · 2025

The cannabis-attributable treatment fraction rose from 29.4% in 2013 to 37.1% in 2020 across 20 European countries.

Cannabis use, health problems, and criminal offences in Germany: national and state-level trends between 2009 and 2021.

Manthey, Jakob · 2025

Age-standardized cannabis use prevalence nearly doubled (5.7% to 10.6%), cannabis-related diagnoses more than tripled (1.1 to 3.7 per 1,000), and minor possession offences increased (1.8 to 3.1 per 1,000) between 2009 and 2021.

The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Markets on Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Adults: A Synthetic Control Analysis.

Marinello, Samantha · 2025

Using the synthetic control method, recreational cannabis markets were associated with moderate increases in adolescent use prevalence and initiation (11% and 13%), large increases among young adults 18-25 (17% and 33%), and the largest increases among adults 26+ (33% prevalence increase, 82% initiation increase) within 2-4 years of dispensary opening..

Age-Varying Patterns of Cannabis Use, Related Risk Factors, and their Associations among Young Adults in the Context of Legalized Nonmedical Cannabis.

Martinez, Griselda · 2025

Cannabis use prevalence increased from ages 18-22 and remained relatively stable through age 26.

Health Service Use Among Young Adults With a History of Adolescent Cannabis Use.

Martínez, Pablo · 2025

Three adolescent cannabis patterns were identified: nonuse (60%), late-onset after 15 (20%), and early/frequent before 15 (20%).

The rising burden of drug use disorders in the Americas, 2000-2021.

Martinez, Ramon · 2025

In 2021, 17.7 million people in the Americas had drug use disorders, with opioids (42.7%) and cannabis (31.5%) dominating.

The relationship of medical and recreational cannabis laws with opioid misuse and opioid use disorder in the USA: Does it depend on prior history of cannabis use?

Martins, Silvia S · 2025

Overall, neither medical nor recreational cannabis laws were associated with changes in opioid misuse or use disorder at the population level.

Cannabis Use and Misuse Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

McDonald, André J · 2025

Cannabis use frequency increased by 0.35% of days per year overall (1.75% over 5 years).

The Impact of Medical Cannabis Laws on Cannabis and Opioid Use Disorder Treatment and Overdose-Related Health Care Utilization Among Adults With Chronic Noncancer Pain.

McGinty, Emma E · 2025

Medical cannabis laws had estimated effects of less than 0.005 percentage points on CUD or OUD treatment, less than 0.009 points on new treatment initiation, and less than 0.0005 points on overdose-related care (all p > 0.05).

Increasing Prevalence of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Young Adults and Minority Populations.

Miki, Akari · 2025

CHS prevalence in Massachusetts ERs increased 14-fold from 2012 to 2021 (0.729 to 10.6 per 10,000 visits).

Disparities in Treatment Outcomes for Cannabis Use Disorder Among Adolescents.

Miranda, Helena · 2025

Of 40,054 adolescents with CUD, only 36.8% completed treatment.

Cannabis use and suicide in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal, case control, and cross-sectional studies.

Mulligan, Lee D · 2025

Across 29 studies (36 samples), cannabis use was associated with 40% higher odds of attempted suicide (OR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-1.68) and 21% higher risk of suicide death (HR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.04-1.40).

Cannabis Use Disorder Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations and 5-Year Mortality.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Within 5 years of incident hospital-based CUD care, 3.5% of individuals died compared to 0.6% of matched general population members.

Changes in Incident Schizophrenia Diagnoses Associated With Cannabis Use Disorder After Cannabis Legalization.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

The population-attributable risk fraction (PARF) for CUD associated with schizophrenia nearly tripled from 3.7% pre-legalization to 10.3% post-legalization.

Risk of Dementia in Individuals With Emergency Department Visits or Hospitalizations Due to Cannabis.

Myran, Daniel T · 2025

Individuals aged 45+ with acute care due to cannabis use had a 5.0% rate of dementia diagnosis within 5 years, compared to 3.6% for all-cause acute care and 1.3% in the general population.

Patterns of substance use and associations with mental health and interpersonal violence among adolescents.

Ogden, Shannon N · 2025

Five latent classes of substance use were identified: friends' use only (37%), alcohol use (21%), polysubstance use (20%), cannabis use/some polysubstance use (18%), and other substance use (5%).

Psychoactive Substance Use in Germany: Findings From the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) in 2024.

Olderbak, Sally · 2025

12-month cannabis use prevalence was 9.8% (5.1 million Germans).

Multilevel Risk and Protective Factors Influencing Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review.

Phares, Belinda A · 2025

Risk factors operated at every level: individual (older age, early initiation, low perceived harm, polysubstance use), interpersonal (peer influence, parental acceptance, family structure), community (neighborhood stress, social media, proximity to dispensaries), and societal (legalization, lower SES).

Does Cannabis Use Contribute to Schizophrenia? A Causation Analysis Based on Epidemiological Evidence.

Pourebrahim, Sepehr · 2025

Analysis of 18 qualifying studies (10 included in forest plot) found all reported increased risk for psychosis-like events or schizophrenia with cannabis use, with 9 of 10 reaching significance.

Cannabis Use Among Older Adults.

Pravosud, Vira · 2025

Of 4,503 veterans aged 65-84, 58.2% had ever used cannabis.

Efficacy of cannabidiol alone or in combination with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for the management of substance use disorders: An umbrella review of the evidence.

Redonnet, Bertrand · 2025

From 22 systematic reviews (5 with meta-analysis), CBD monotherapy does not appear efficacious for treating substance use disorders including cannabis, tobacco, alcohol, and opioid use.

The Longitudinal Relationship of Loneliness With Frequency and Problematic Use of Alcohol and Cannabis Among Young Adults.

Rhew, Isaac C · 2025

Using marginal structural modeling to control for multiple confounders, loneliness at ages 21 and 23 predicted greater cannabis use frequency at subsequent waves (OR 1.13 per SD increase, 95% CI 1.06-1.20).

Cannabis and suicide risk in first-episode psychosis: Mechanisms, interactions, and intervention strategies.

Ricci, Valerio · 2025

Across 50 studies (12,764 FEP patients), cannabis use consistently elevated suicide risk (OR 1.43-1.84), with daily use showing OR 2.73 (95% CI 1.89-3.94) and high-THC cannabis OR 3.12 (95% CI 2.11-4.62).

High-Concentration Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis Products and Mental Health Outcomes : A Systematic Review.

Rittiphairoj, Thanitsara · 2025

In non-therapeutic studies, high-concentration THC showed unfavorable associations with psychosis/schizophrenia (70% of studies) and cannabis use disorder (75%).

An integrated behavioral approach to understanding sociocognitive determinants and risk profiles of cannabis use in adolescents.

Torrejón-Guirado, María-Carmen · 2025

Four trajectories emerged: non/minimal users, late-onset moderate users, early-onset moderate users, and early-onset escalating users.

Trends in cannabis use disorder and treatment by race and ethnicity, 2002-2019.

Triguero Roura, Mireia · 2025

Black patients with CUD received evidence-based psychotherapy (CBT or MET) in 18% of treatment episodes vs.

Antipsychotic Use and Psychiatric Hospitalization in First-Episode Non-affective Psychosis and Cannabis Use Disorder: A Swedish Nationwide Cohort Study.

Denissoff, Alexander · 2024

Any antipsychotic use reduced psychotic relapse risk by 33%.

Cannabis use disorder contributes to cognitive dysfunction in Veterans with traumatic brain injury.

Esmaeili, Aryan · 2024

Cognitive disorder incidence was highest in Veterans with both TBI and CUD (1.83 per 10,000 person-months), followed by TBI only (1.03), CUD only (0.68), and controls.

The prevalence of cannabis use disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical epidemiological meta-analysis.

Froude, Anna M · 2024

Lifetime CUD prevalence in ADHD populations was 26.9%, with current prevalence at 19.2%.

Genetic influences and causal pathways shared between cannabis use disorder and other substance use traits.

Galimberti, Marco · 2024

CUD showed significant causal effects on all analyzed substance use traits: opioid use disorder (IVW beta 0.925), problematic alcohol use (0.443), smoking initiation (0.405), drinks per week (0.182), nicotine dependence (0.183), and cigarettes per day (0.150).

Substance addictions and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: Evidence from a multi-wave epidemiological study.

Giugovaz, Angela · 2024

Addictions to alcohol, pain relievers, marijuana, and cocaine were stable and reliable predictors of all three STB outcomes (ideation, planning, attempt) across 12 years.

Cannabis use and trauma-focused treatment for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis of individual patient data.

Hill, Melanie L · 2024

A common clinical concern is that cannabis use might interfere with PTSD treatment — either by numbing emotions needed for therapeutic processing or by signaling lower motivation for change.

Associations of alcohol and cannabis use with change in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms over time in recently trauma-exposed individuals.

Hinojosa, Cecilia A · 2024

Using latent class mixture modeling, researchers identified three trajectory classes for both alcohol and cannabis use: low, high, and increasing use.

Use of antipsychotic medication, benzodiazepines, and psychiatric hospitalization in cannabis-related versus cannabis-unrelated schizophrenia - a nationwide, register-based cohort study.

Hjorthøj, Carsten · 2024

Among 35,714 people with incident schizophrenia (11.5% cannabis-related), propensity-score matched analysis showed cannabis-related cases used significantly less antipsychotics and benzodiazepines.

Behind the heterogeneity in the long-term course of first-episode psychosis: Different psychotic symptom trajectories are associated with different patterns of cannabis and stimulant use.

Kreis, Isabel · 2024

Four trajectories emerged: Stable Remission (54.2%), Delayed Remission (15.6%), Psychotic Relapse (7.8%), and Persistent Symptoms (22.4%).

Longitudinal patterns of cannabis and tobacco co-administration and concurrent use among young adult college students.

Kreitzberg, Daniel S · 2024

Four latent classes emerged: non-use (58%), general use of all substances (19%), blunt and cannabis use (13%), and concurrent/co-administration use with cigarettes, cannabis, blunts, and spliffs (10%).

The many forms of cannabis use: Prevalence and correlates of routes of administration among nationally representative samples of U.S. adult and adolescent cannabis users.

Leal, Wanda E · 2024

Among cannabis users surveyed in the 2022 NSDUH, the majority used more than one cannabis product type.

Associations between cannabis policies and state-level specialty cannabis use disorder treatment in the United States, 2004-2019.

Mauro, Pia M · 2024

CUD treatment decreased 2.15 points after MCL with dispensaries (2004-2014).

Association of Cannabis Use Reduction With Improved Functional Outcomes: An Exploratory Aggregated Analysis From Seven Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment Trials to Extract Data-Driven Cannabis Reduction Metrics.

McClure, Erin A · 2024

In 920 participants across 7 CUD trials, reductions in use were associated with improvements in cannabis-related problems, clinician ratings, and sleep.

Why Are Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment Admissions Declining in the US? The Mediated Pathway of State Treatment Admissions Rates before and after Recreational Cannabis Legalization.

Mennis, Jeremy · 2024

Before legalization, perceiving cannabis as low-risk predicted more use, which predicted more CUD treatment admissions.

Neuroanatomical Variability and Substance Use Initiation in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence.

Miller, Alex P · 2024

Among 9,804 children, 35.3% initiated substance use before age 15.

Cannabidiol does not attenuate acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced attentional bias in healthy volunteers: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study.

Oliver, Dominic · 2024

THC (10 mg) increased attentional bias (d=0.41, P=0.03).

Trends in use of tobacco and cannabis across different alcohol consumption levels in the United States, 2010-19.

Pham, Huyen · 2024

Among 395,256 US adults, tobacco use and nicotine dependence decreased while cannabis use increased across all alcohol consumption levels from 2010-2019.

Cannabis legalization and changes in cannabis and tobacco/nicotine use and co-use in a national cohort of U.S. adults during 2017-2021.

Pravosud, Vira · 2024

Cannabis use increased 3.3% from 2017-2021 while tobacco/nicotine use declined 1.9%.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Signaling: Research Gaps and Opportunities.

Valentino, Rita J · 2024

Despite decades of cannabis pharmacology research, major knowledge gaps remain in: (1) enduring consequences of cannabis exposure during critical brain development windows, (2) effects of large daily doses of high-THC cannabis, (3) therapeutic opportunities from endocannabinoid system manipulation, and (4) strategies to treat cannabis use disorder and cannabis toxicity..

Effectiveness of the Minder Mobile Mental Health and Substance Use Intervention for University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Vereschagin, Melissa · 2024

The Minder app produced significant reductions in anxiety (GAD-7: d=-0.17, p<0.001) and depression (PHQ-9: d=-0.11, p=0.007).

Associations of cannabis use, use frequency, and cannabis use disorder with violent behavior among young adults in the United States.

Volkow, Nora D · 2024

For males, only daily cannabis use (with or without CUD) was associated with violent behavior (adjusted PRs: 1.7-1.8).

Cannabis Use, Use Disorder, and Workplace Absenteeism in the U.S., 2021-2022.

Yang, Kevin H · 2024

Past-month cannabis use was associated with more missed work days due to illness and more skipped work days compared to no lifetime use.

Association of psychiatric and substance use disorders with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder during early pregnancy in northern California.

Young-Wolff, Kelly C · 2024

All psychiatric disorders studied were associated with elevated cannabis use and CUD during pregnancy.

Cannabis use, cannabis use disorder and mental health disorders among pregnant and postpartum women in the US: A nationally representative study.

Brown, Qiana L · 2023

Among 1,316 pregnant and postpartum women, past-year cannabis use prevalence was 9.8% and cannabis use disorder (CUD) was 3.2%.

Monitoring adherence and abstinence of cannabis use disorder patients: Profile identification and relationship with long-term treatment outcomes.

Dacosta-Sánchez, Daniel · 2023

Latent profile analysis of 2,055 CUD outpatients revealed three groups: moderate abstinence/moderate adherence (n=997), high abstinence/moderate adherence (n=613), and high abstinence/high adherence (n=445).

Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use among individuals with DSM-5 social anxiety disorder: Findings from a nationally representative sample.

Patel, Tapan A · 2023

In both lifetime (N=1,255) and past-year (N=980) SAD samples, weekly+ cannabis use was significantly related to fear or avoidance of social situations interfering with relationships.

Risk of readmission among individuals with cannabis use disorder during a 15-year cohort study: the impact of socio-economic factors and psychiatric comorbidity.

Rabiee, Rynaz · 2023

About 80% of CUD visits were outpatient.

Cannabis use disorder in relation to socioeconomic factors and psychiatric comorbidity: A cluster analysis of three million individuals born in 1970-2000.

Rabiee, Rynaz · 2023

Of 3,307,759 individuals born 1970-2000, 14,046 (0.42%) received a CUD diagnosis.

Association between Substance Misuse and Outcomes in Critically III Patients with Pneumonia.

Reynolds, Paul M · 2023

Alcohol misuse (5.0% of patients) was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.19).

Annual incidence of substance-induced psychoses in Scandinavia from 2000 to 2016.

Rognli, Eline Borger · 2023

Cannabis-induced psychosis incidence increased in all three countries: Denmark (2.6 to 5.6), Sweden (0.8 to 2.7), Norway (1.8 to 3.0 per 100,000).

Using the Severity of Dependence Scale to examine cannabis consumers with impaired control in Canada.

Rotermann, Michelle · 2023

4.7% of past-year cannabis consumers had Severity of Dependence Scale scores of 4 or higher (impaired control).

Severe Cannabis use is Associated with Complications and Prolonged Length of Stay in Bariatric Surgery.

Shah, Rohan M · 2023

Cannabis use disorder (0.26% of patients) was associated with medical complications (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.31-3.82; P=0.003) and longer hospital stays (beta: 1.3 days; P<0.001).

Suicidality risk after using cannabis and cannabinoids: An umbrella review.

Shamabadi, Ahmad · 2023

25 systematic reviews were included (24 on recreational use, 1 on therapeutic).

Validity of the DSM-5 craving criterion for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and non-prescription use of prescription painkillers (opioids).

Shmulewitz, D · 2023

Across all six substances, craving was associated with most baseline validators.

Disparities in functioning from alcohol and cannabis use among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults.

D'Amico, Elizabeth J · 2022

Greater frequency and increased frequency of alcohol and cannabis use were associated with poorer outcomes across groups.

Cannabis use among U.S. military veterans with subthreshold or threshold posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychiatric comorbidities, functioning, and strategies for coping with posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Hill, Melanie L · 2022

Veterans with PTSD who used cannabis more than weekly were significantly more likely to screen positive for depression (OR 3.4-3.8), anxiety, and suicidal ideation compared to non-users.

Animal evidence considered in determination of cannabis smoke and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) as causing reproductive toxicity (developmental endpoint); Part II. Neurodevelopmental effects.

Iyer, Poorni · 2022

Prenatal cannabis smoke or THC exposure in animals produced: impaired locomotor and exploratory behavior (rats), memory and learning deficits, attention deficits, increased separation-induced vocalizations, reduced social interaction, increased anxiety, and enhanced sensitivity to morphine and heroin rewarding effects in adulthood.

Nationwide Trends in Hospitalizations and Outcomes of Pulmonary Circulation Disorders Among Patients With Cannabis Use Disorder in the United States.

Jain, Akhil · 2022

Among 3,307,310 cannabis-related hospitalizations, 20,328 (0.61%) involved pulmonary circulation disorders.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and cannabis use after one year among students of the i-Share cohort.

Jean, François Arnaud Matthieu · 2022

Higher ASRS scores were associated with greater probability of cannabis use after one year (OR 1.24 for occasional use, OR 1.43 for frequent use).

Marijuana Use Is Associated With Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among US Adolescents at Rates Similar to Tobacco and Alcohol.

Kahn, Geoffrey D · 2022

Marijuana was more strongly associated with suicide attempts than with suicidal ideation.

Timing of cannabis exposure relative to prodrome and psychosis onset in a community-based first episode psychosis sample.

Kline, Emily R · 2022

Cannabis exposure (78%) and cannabis use disorders (47%) were highly prevalent at first-episode admission.

Elevated social anxiety symptoms across childhood and adolescence predict adult mental disorders and cannabis use.

Krygsman, Amanda · 2022

Three social anxiety trajectories emerged: high increasing (15.5%), moderate (37.3%), and low (47.2%).

Alcohol and cannabis co-use and longitudinal gray matter volumetric changes in early and late adolescence.

Luo, Xi · 2022

Co-use of alcohol and cannabis predicted faster gray matter volume decline (-0.046 to -0.138 cm3/year) in the caudal middle frontal cortex, fusiform, inferior frontal, superior temporal, and supramarginal gyri.

Trends in cannabis or cocaine-related dependence and alcohol/drug treatment in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.

Mauro, Pia M · 2022

Adjusted cannabis dependence increased from 0.7% to 1.5% in Argentina, 0.8% to 2.8% in Chile, and 1.4% to 2.4% in Uruguay.

Long-Term Cannabis Use and Cognitive Reserves and Hippocampal Volume in Midlife.

Meier, Madeline H · 2022

Long-term cannabis users showed a mean 5.5-point IQ decline from childhood to age 45, poorer learning and processing speed relative to childhood IQ, and informant-reported memory and attention problems.

Cannabis use and posttraumatic stress disorder: prospective evidence from a longitudinal study of veterans.

Metrik, Jane · 2022

Using cross-lagged panel modeling, baseline cannabis use significantly predicted worse intrusion symptoms at 6 months (beta=0.46).

Recreational Marijuana Legalization and Co-use With Alcohol Among Adolescents.

Paschall, Mallie J · 2022

Recreational legalization was associated with greater odds of co-use overall (OR=1.06) and much greater odds among past-month drinkers (OR=1.58) and heavy drinkers (OR=1.25).

Comorbidity and Coaggregation of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder in a Controlled Family Study.

Quick, Courtney R · 2022

CUD in probands was associated with increased CUD in relatives (aOR 2.64).

Substance use patterns in 9 to 13-year-olds: Longitudinal findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.

Sullivan, Ryan M · 2022

By age 12-13, 39.7% of children had experimented with any substance (mostly sipping alcohol), while 7.4% reported "full use" in their lifetime including 1.1% cannabis use.

Associations of Suicidality Trends With Cannabis Use as a Function of Sex and Depression Status.

Han, Beth · 2021

Cannabis use disorder was associated with substantially higher suicidality regardless of depression status.

Prevalence of cannabis use, disorder, and medical card possession in U.S. military veterans: Results from the 2019-2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.

Hill, Melanie L · 2021

Cannabis use prevalence among veterans was estimated at 11.9%, up from 9% in 2014.

Comparative associations of problematic alcohol and cannabis use with suicidal behavior in U.S. military veterans: A population-based study.

Hill, Melanie L · 2021

Among veterans with AUD, 8.7% also had CUD, while 33.3% of those with CUD also had AUD.

Burden of cannabis use and disorder in the U.S. veteran population: Psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality, and service utilization.

Hill, Melanie L · 2021

Compared to veterans who never used cannabis, those with any lifetime use had elevated odds (ORs 1.5-8.3) of current and lifetime PTSD, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and mental health treatment use.

No evidence of associations between genetic liability for schizophrenia and development of cannabis use disorder.

Hjorthøj, Carsten · 2021

Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores did not predict CUD in controls (HR=1.16, not significant) or in patients with other psychiatric disorders.

The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia: a genetically informed perspective.

Johnson, Emma C · 2021

Genetic liability to CUD predicted schizophrenia (beta=0.29, p=0.001) even after accounting for cannabis ever-use, tobacco smoking, and nicotine dependence.

Demographic risk factors for co-occurring suicidality and cannabis use disorders: Findings from a nationally representative United States sample.

Kelly, Lourah M · 2021

Men had twice the odds of co-occurring suicidal ideation and CUD (AOR=2.06).

Recreational substance use among patients with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Mahtta, Dhruv · 2021

Cannabis use was independently associated with premature ASCVD (OR 2.65, 95% CI 2.59-2.71).

Cannabis use disorder trajectories and their prospective predictors in a large population-based sample of young Swiss men.

Marmet, Simon · 2021

Four trajectories were identified: stable-low (88.2%), decreasing (5.2%), stable-high (2.6%), and increasing (4.0%).

Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study.

Merkouris, Stephanie S · 2021

Persistent cannabis use from adolescence to young adulthood predicted gambling problems in the early 30s (OR 2.30-3.42).

Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: Evidence from genome-wide association studies.

Munn-Chernoff, Melissa A · 2021

Significant positive genetic correlations emerged between anorexia nervosa and cannabis initiation (rg = 0.23), and between anorexia nervosa with binge eating and cannabis use disorder (rg = 0.27).

Comorbid Cannabis Use Disorder with Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Nationally Representative Epidemiological Surveys.

Onaemo, Vivian N · 2021

Cannabis use disorder was strongly associated with major depressive episodes (OR 3.22; 95% CI 2.31-4.49) and with generalized anxiety disorder (OR 2.99; 95% CI 2.14-4.16).

Investigating causality between liability to ADHD and substance use, and liability to substance use and ADHD risk, using Mendelian randomization.

Treur, Jorien L · 2021

Genetic liability to ADHD increased the likelihood of smoking initiation, heavier smoking, difficulty quitting smoking, and cannabis initiation.

Prevalence of cannabis withdrawal symptoms among people with regular or dependent use of cannabinoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bahji, Anees · 2020

This was the first meta-analysis to estimate how common cannabis withdrawal syndrome actually is.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive Bayesian trial.

Freeman, Tom P · 2020

CBD 400mg reduced urinary THC metabolites by 94 ng/mL and increased abstinent days by 0.48 per week compared to placebo.

International differences in patterns of cannabis use among adult cigarette smokers: Findings from the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.

Gravely, Shannon · 2020

Countries with more permissive cannabis regulations (Canada, US) had higher co-use rates and daily cannabis use among co-users.

Relationship between cannabis use frequency and major depressive disorder in adolescents: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2012-2017.

Gukasyan, Natalie · 2020

Adolescents with any cannabis use history had significantly higher rates of major depressive disorder and past-year suicide attempts.

Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews.

Hasan, Alkomiet · 2020

Across 26 reviews, the evidence consistently showed: psychosis occurs more frequently in cannabis users than non-users; risk increases with dose; cannabis users develop psychosis earlier; and cannabis use is associated with increased relapse, more hospitalizations, and more pronounced positive symptoms in those with psychotic disorders..

A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.

Johnson, Emma C · 2020

This GWAS meta-analysis identified 22 genome-wide significant loci associated with cannabis use disorder, with SNP-based heritability estimated at 11%.

Rates, predictors and the impact of cannabis misuse on in-hospital outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the National Inpatient Sample).

Kwok, Chun Shing · 2020

In a national database of 7,306,012 PCI patients (2004-2014), 32,765 cannabis misusers had no significant differences in in-hospital mortality (OR 1.06), bleeding (OR 0.94), or stroke (OR 1.19) compared to non-users after adjustment.

Use of illicit substances and violent behaviour in psychotic disorders: two nationwide case-control studies and meta-analyses.

Lamsma, Jelle · 2020

Across two large nationwide samples (GROUP, Netherlands, N=871; NEDEN, UK, N=921), daily cannabis use was associated with 1.6 times higher odds of violence in people with psychotic disorders (pooled OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.0).

Reduced Segregation Between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Cannabis Dependence.

Manza, Peter · 2020

Using Human Connectome Project data from 89 cannabis-dependent individuals, 87 recreational users, and matched controls, researchers found that cognitive and emotional measures were significantly correlated in the cannabis-dependent group only.

Cannabis use, other drug use, and risk of subsequent acute care in primary care patients.

Matson, Theresa E · 2020

In a large prospective cohort, daily cannabis users had 24% higher risk of subsequent acute care (HR 1.24, CI 1.10-1.39) compared to non-users.

Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Murrie, Benjamin · 2020

Across 50 studies encompassing 40,783 people, the pooled transition rate from substance-induced psychosis to schizophrenia was 25%.

Recreational Cannabis Use and Risk of Prescription Opioid Overdose: Insights from Pediatric Inpatients.

Pankaj, Amaya · 2020

In 27,444,239 pediatric hospitalizations (NIS database), 10,562 (0.04%) involved prescription opioid overdose.

Do cannabis use disorders increase medication non-compliance in schizophrenia?: United States Nationwide inpatient cross-sectional study.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2020

Among 1,030,949 schizophrenia inpatients (2010-2014), 26% were non-compliant with medications.

Cannabis use, cognitive performance, and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in community adults.

Petker, Tashia · 2020

After controlling for age, income, sex, alcohol, and tobacco use, cannabis use severity predicted greater hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive ADHD symptom endorsement in 1,008 adults, but was not associated with other neurocognitive measures.

Predictors of marijuana vaping onset and escalation among young adults.

Pokhrel, Pallav · 2020

Among 2,327 young adults followed for one year, dual cigarette/e-cigarette use at baseline was the strongest predictor of marijuana vaping initiation among non-marijuana users.

Frequent Cannabis Use and Cessation of Injection of Opioids, Vancouver, Canada, 2005-2018.

Reddon, Hudson · 2020

Among three prospective cohorts of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Vancouver from 2005-2018, at-least-daily cannabis use was associated with 16% faster injection cessation overall (AHR 1.16, CI 1.03-1.30).

The role of perceived discrimination in substance use trajectories in Hispanic young adults: A longitudinal cohort study from high school through emerging adulthood.

Rogers, Christopher J · 2020

Among 1,457 Hispanic youth in Southern California followed from 2006-2017, perceived discrimination in high school significantly predicted marijuana use initiation that was discontinued (RRR 1.464) and marijuana use that continued into emerging adulthood (RRR 1.249), compared to never using.

Healthcare cost associations of patients who use illicit drugs in Florida: a retrospective analysis.

Ryan, Jessica L · 2020

Across 709,658 drug-related healthcare observations in Florida (2016-2018), total costs were estimated at $6.4 billion.

Childhood social environmental and behavioural predictors of early adolescent onset cannabis use.

Scholes-Balog, Kirsty E · 2020

Among 852 adolescents, 10.7% showed early-onset cannabis use (before age 15).

Association of State Policies Allowing Medical Cannabis for Opioid Use Disorder With Dispensary Marketing for This Indication.

Shover, Chelsea L · 2020

Across 167 dispensary brands in 7 states, those in states where OUD is a qualifying condition had 39% more brands claiming cannabis treats OUD (p<0.001), 28% more claiming adjunctive therapy potential (p<0.001), 14% more recommending replacing FDA-approved OUD medications (p=0.002), and 25% more suggesting cannabis as an opioid substitute for pain (p=0.002) compared to adjacent states without this policy..

Greater delay discounting and cannabis coping motives are associated with more frequent cannabis use in a large sample of adult cannabis users.

Sofis, Michael J · 2020

Latent class analysis identified three use groups: low (23%, 1-9 days/month), moderate (41%, 10-29 days/month, 2-3 times/day), and high (36%, daily, 4+ times/day).

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and lifetime cannabis use: genetic overlap and causality.

Soler Artigas, María · 2020

Using GWAS data from 53,293 ADHD and 32,330 cannabis use subjects, genetic correlation between ADHD and lifetime cannabis use was r2=0.29 (p=1.63×10-5).

Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.

Banister, Samuel D · 2019

THC primarily acts as a partial agonist at CB1 receptors, producing its distinctive intoxication.

The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies.

Bloomfield, Michael A P · 2019

Cannabis and THC acutely affect executive, emotional, reward, and memory processing through direct CB1 effects and indirect effects on glutamate, GABA, and dopamine systems.

Cannabis use and suicide attempts among 86,254 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 21 low- and middle-income countries.

Carvalho, Andre F · 2019

Past 30-day cannabis use was significantly associated with suicide attempts (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.42-2.91) after multivariable adjustment.

Increasing Depression and Substance Use Among Former Smokers in the United States, 2002-2016.

Cheslack-Postava, Keely · 2019

Among former smokers, past-year marijuana use rose from 5.35% to 10.09% (2002-2016), depression increased from 4.88% to 6.04% (2005-2016), and binge alcohol use rose from 17.22% to 22.33% (2002-2016).

Alteration to hippocampal volume and shape confined to cannabis dependence: a multi-site study.

Chye, Yann · 2019

Cannabis users as a whole (n=140) did not differ from controls (n=121) in hippocampal volume or shape.

Genome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder.

Demontis, Ditte · 2019

A variant (rs56372821) near the CHRNA2 gene reached genome-wide significance for cannabis use disorder risk (P = 9.31 x 10^-12) and replicated independently (P = 3.27 x 10^-3).

Change in alcohol and other drug use during five years of continuous opioid substitution treatment.

Eastwood, Brian · 2019

Continued high-level heroin use during OST predicted continued high-level crack cocaine use (RRR 58.7), continued high-level alcohol use (RRR 1.2), and increasing unspecified drug use (RRR 1.7), but was associated with less high-and-increasing cannabis use (RRR 0.5)..

Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study.

Mars, Becky · 2019

Cannabis use at age 16 predicted first suicide attempt by 21 in both high-risk groups: OR 2.61 (95% CI 1.11-6.14) among those with suicidal thoughts and OR 2.14 (95% CI 1.04-4.41) among those with non-suicidal self-harm.

Schizophrenia is associated with increased risk of subsequent substance abuse diagnosis: A nation-wide population-based register study.

Petersen, Stine Mai · 2019

Among 3.1 million individuals followed for over 100 million person-years, 14,007 developed schizophrenia, and 2,885 were subsequently diagnosed with substance abuse.

Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

Breet, Elsie · 2018

Researchers systematically reviewed 108 studies examining the relationship between substance use and suicidal ideation and behavior in low- and middle-income countries, where 75% of global suicides occur. The association between substance use and suicidal behavior was remarkably consistent across all substances studied (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, illicit drugs, prescription drug misuse), all dimensions of substance use (intoxication, use, and pathological use), and all dimensions of suicidal behavior (ideation, non-fatal attempts, and completed suicide). However, the review revealed significant gaps.

Effect of cannabis use in people with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed opioids: findings from a 4-year prospective cohort study.

Campbell, Gabrielle · 2018

This prospective national cohort followed 1,514 Australians with chronic non-cancer pain who were prescribed opioids over four years.

Marijuana use among adults: Initiation, return to use, and continued use versus quitting over a one-year follow-up period.

Choi, Namkee G · 2018

Using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, researchers tracked marijuana use transitions over one year in over 26,000 US adults. Among people who had never used marijuana, 2.36% initiated use.

Associations between childhood ADHD, gender, and adolescent alcohol and marijuana involvement: A causally informative design.

Elkins, Irene J · 2018

Researchers studied 3,762 twins (64% identical) to determine whether childhood ADHD causally leads to adolescent substance use or whether shared genetic and environmental factors explain the link. Children with more severe ADHD symptoms initiated alcohol and marijuana use earlier, escalated to frequent or heavy use faster, and developed more symptoms of substance use problems by age 17. Females with more hyperactivity-impulsivity had higher alcohol consumption and progressed further toward daily marijuana use than males with similar symptoms. The critical test: when identical twins who differed in ADHD severity were compared, the twin with more severe ADHD did not have significantly worse substance outcomes than their co-twin.

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2018

This comprehensive review documented the shifting landscape of cannabis use in the United States. Both adults and adolescents increasingly perceive cannabis as harmless.

Overlap of heritable influences between cannabis use disorder, frequency of use and opportunity to use cannabis: trivariate twin modelling and implications for genetic design.

Hines, Lindsey A · 2018

Researchers used data from 3,303 Australian twins to decompose the genetic and environmental contributions to three stages of cannabis involvement: opportunity to use, frequency of use, and cannabis abuse/dependence. All three stages were substantially heritable: opportunity (64%), frequency (74%), and abuse/dependence (78%).

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use.

Minică, Camelia C · 2018

Researchers conducted the largest genome-wide association study of age at first cannabis use to date. Twin analysis (8,055 twins from three cohorts) estimated heritability at 38% (95% CI 19-60%).

GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal influence of schizophrenia.

Pasman, Joëlle A · 2018

In the largest GWAS of lifetime cannabis use to date, researchers analyzed 184,765 individuals and identified eight genome-wide significant SNPs in six genomic regions. All measured genetic variants combined explained 11% of the variance in cannabis use. Gene-based tests revealed 35 significant genes in 16 regions.

Abuse potential assessment of cannabidiol (CBD) in recreational polydrug users: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

Schoedel, Kerri A · 2018

Therapeutic CBD (750 mg) showed significantly low abuse potential.

Major depressive disorder, suicidal thoughts and behaviours, and cannabis involvement in discordant twins: a retrospective cohort study.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2017

Among nearly 14,000 twins from the Australian Twin Registry, the identical twin who used cannabis frequently (100+ times) was significantly more likely to report major depressive disorder (odds ratio 1.98) and suicidal ideation (odds ratio 2.47) compared to their genetically identical co-twin who used less. These associations persisted even after adjusting for early alcohol and nicotine use, early mood symptoms, conduct disorder, and childhood sexual abuse.

The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights.

Bonnet, Udo · 2017

The review synthesized evidence that regular cannabis use causes desensitization and downregulation of brain CB1 receptors, which begins reversing within the first 2 days of abstinence and normalizes within about 4 weeks.

20-year outcomes in adolescents who self-harm: a population-based cohort study.

Borschmann, Rohan · 2017

In a population-based cohort of 1,671 Australians followed from adolescence to age 35, those who self-harmed during adolescence (8% of the cohort) had significantly worse outcomes across multiple domains: social disadvantage, mental health, and substance use. Most of these associations were explained by concurrent adolescent mental health disorders and substance use.

Predicting Persistent, Limited, and Delayed Problematic Cannabis Use in Early Adulthood: Findings From a Longitudinal Study.

Hill, Sherika · 2017

Following 1,229 people from childhood through age 30, this study identified four distinct patterns of problematic cannabis use (cannabis use disorder or daily use) in early adulthood. The persistent pattern (6.7% of the sample) characterized people with problematic use in both late adolescence (19-21) and early adulthood (26-30).

Effectiveness of a pragmatic school-based universal resilience intervention in reducing tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use in a population of adolescents: cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Hodder, Rebecca Kate · 2017

This large cluster-randomized controlled trial tested whether building student resilience through school-based programs could reduce substance use among adolescents. Twenty intervention schools implemented resilience-building programs targeting individual protective factors (like problem-solving skills) and environmental factors (like caring relationships) for students in grades 7 through 10 over three years. At follow-up, when students were 15-16 years old, there were no significant differences between intervention and control students on any substance use measure.

Evidence for the Risks and Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Exposure.

Levine, Amir · 2017

This comprehensive review examined four neuropsychiatric outcomes most vulnerable to adolescent cannabis exposure: cognition, emotional functioning, psychosis risk, and addiction. The clinical literature showed strong correlations between early, frequent, heavy adolescent cannabis use and poor cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood.

A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Interactive Middle School Cannabis Prevention Programs.

Lize, Steven E · 2017

This meta-analysis evaluated whether interactive (skill-building, participant-focused) drug prevention programs in middle schools reduced cannabis use among 12-14 year olds in North America. Across 21 studies measuring cannabis use, the pooled effect size was small but statistically significant (d = -0.07, p < 0.01), favoring the prevention programs.

The Influence of College Attendance on Risk for Marijuana Initiation in the United States: 1977 to 2015.

Miech, Richard A · 2017

Using Monitoring the Future data tracking nationally representative cohorts from 1977 to 2015, this study examined college attendance as a risk factor for marijuana initiation among people who had never used marijuana by 12th grade. For decades (1977-2012), college enrollment was associated with a modest 17-22% increased probability of starting marijuana use compared to non-college peers.

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Young Adult Twins.

Nesvåg, Ragnar · 2017

This twin study of 2,793 young adults disentangled the genetic and environmental contributions to the cannabis-psychosis relationship. Cannabis use disorder symptoms were strongly associated with psychotic-like experiences, with an incidence rate ratio of 6.3.

Deficits in striatal dopamine release in cannabis dependence.

van de Giessen, E · 2017

Eleven severely cannabis-dependent participants (free of all comorbidities, including nicotine use) and 12 healthy controls underwent PET brain scans before and after amphetamine challenge to measure dopamine release. Cannabis-dependent participants had significantly lower dopamine release in the striatum (p = 0.002, effect size 1.48), including the associative striatum (ES = 1.39), sensorimotor striatum (ES = 1.41), and the pallidus (ES = 1.16).

Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders: Prospective Evidence From a US National Longitudinal Study.

Blanco, Carlos · 2016

Researchers followed a nationally representative sample of over 34,000 US adults over three years to examine whether cannabis use predicted the development of psychiatric disorders. After adjusting for a comprehensive set of confounders (demographics, family history, childhood adversity, prior psychiatric disorders, and more), cannabis use was strongly associated with subsequent substance use disorders: 6.2x for any substance use disorder, 9.5x for cannabis use disorder, 2.7x for alcohol use disorder, 2.6x for other drug use disorder, and 1.7x for nicotine dependence. However, cannabis use was not significantly associated with developing any mood disorder (OR 1.1) or any anxiety disorder (OR 0.9).

A literature review and meta-analyses of cannabis use and suicidality.

Borges, Guilherme · 2016

This review and meta-analysis examined the relationship between cannabis use and suicidality across three outcomes: suicide death, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt. For chronic cannabis use, the pooled odds ratios from meta-analyses were: suicide death (2.56, based on 4 studies), suicidal ideation with any use (1.43, from 6 studies) and heavy use (2.53, from 5 studies), and suicide attempt with any use (2.23, from 6 studies) and heavy use (3.20, from 6 studies). For acute cannabis use, the evidence was mostly limited to toxicology reports finding cannabis in approximately 9.5% of suicide decedents, with higher detection rates among those who died by non-overdose methods.

Rapid Changes in CB1 Receptor Availability in Cannabis Dependent Males after Abstinence from Cannabis.

D'Souza, Deepak Cyril · 2016

Using high-resolution PET imaging, researchers measured CB1 receptor availability in 11 cannabis-dependent males and 19 matched healthy controls. At baseline (while using cannabis), dependent subjects showed 15% lower CB1 receptor availability across nearly all brain regions compared to controls, a large effect (Cohen's d = -1.11).

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with substance use and substance use disorders in young men.

Estévez, N · 2016

Researchers examined the relationship between ADHD and substance use in 5,677 Swiss men (average age 20) from a representative cohort study. Men with ADHD were more likely to have used nicotine, cannabis, and other illicit drugs (but not alcohol) at some point.

The association between cannabis use and anxiety disorders: Results from a population-based representative sample.

Feingold, Daniel · 2016

This study followed thousands of Americans over three years to test whether cannabis use leads to anxiety disorders or vice versa.

Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2016

This study provided the first nationally representative prevalence data for cannabis use disorder using the updated DSM-5 criteria.

Dronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Levin, Frances R · 2016

With no approved medications for cannabis use disorder, researchers tested a combination approach: dronabinol (synthetic THC, to ease withdrawal by providing cannabinoid receptor stimulation) plus lofexidine (an alpha-2 agonist, to reduce noradrenergic symptoms of withdrawal). One hundred fifty-six cannabis-dependent adults were enrolled, with 122 randomized after a placebo lead-in week.

Cannabis use in first episode psychosis: Meta-analysis of prevalence, and the time course of initiation and continued use.

Myles, Hannah · 2016

This meta-analysis pooled data from 37 studies to characterize the epidemiology of cannabis use in first-episode psychosis. Three key findings emerged.

The association between cannabis use and suicidality among men and women: A population-based longitudinal study.

Shalit, Nadav · 2016

Using data from over 30,000 participants followed over 3 years, researchers found strikingly different patterns between men and women in the cannabis-suicidality relationship. In men, cannabis use predicted the development of new suicidal ideation.

Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium.

Stringer, S · 2016

The International Cannabis Consortium pooled genetic data from 13 cohorts totaling 32,330 participants.

Trajectories of perceived discrimination from adolescence to emerging adulthood and substance use among Hispanic youth in Los Angeles.

Unger, Jennifer B · 2016

Researchers identified four distinct trajectories of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among Hispanic youth from ages 14 to 23: 1.

Is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among men associated with initiation or escalation of substance use at 15-month follow-up? A longitudinal study involving young Swiss men.

Vogel, Tanja · 2016

In a large cohort of 5,103 Swiss Army conscripts followed over 15 months, men screening positive for ADHD (4.2%) showed heavier baseline substance use and significantly higher rates of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use disorders compared to men without ADHD. However, the pattern over time was nuanced.

Evidence-based Treatment Options in Cannabis Dependency.

Walther, Lisa · 2016

This evidence-based review of treatment options for cannabis dependence found psychotherapy to be the most effective approach, with all psychotherapeutic interventions supported at evidence level Ia (the highest). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with other techniques showed moderate to large effects (Cohen's d = 0.53-0.9) on cannabis consumption, psychosocial functioning, and dependence severity.

Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study.

Fergusson, David M · 2015

The Christchurch Health and Development Study tracked 1,265 New Zealanders from birth to age 35, providing one of the most comprehensive longitudinal datasets on cannabis outcomes.

The efficacy of an opportunistic cognitive behavioral intervention package (OCB) on substance use and comorbid suicide risk: a multisite randomized controlled trial.

Morley, Kirsten C · 2014

Over 6 months, there were no completed suicides and only 2 suicide attempts among 185 participants, which is a positive outcome regardless of treatment group.

Commentary--Project Towards No Drug Abuse: an evidence-based drug abuse prevention program.

Sussman, Steve · 2014

Project TND (Towards No Drug Abuse) was evaluated across seven group-randomized controlled trials.

"Unplugged," a European school-based program for substance use prevention among adolescents: overview of results from the EU-Dap trial.

Vigna-Taglianti, Federica D · 2014

The "Unplugged" program was evaluated in a randomized trial involving 7,079 students across seven European countries.

Chemical probes of endocannabinoid metabolism.

Blankman, Jacqueline L · 2013

The review described the development and application of chemical tools that selectively block the enzymes degrading each major endocannabinoid.

Childhood trajectories of inattention, hyperactivity and oppositional behaviors and prediction of substance abuse/dependence: a 15-year longitudinal population-based study.

Pingault, J-B · 2013

Researchers tracked behavioral trajectories of 1,803 children from age 6 to 12 using yearly parent and teacher reports, then assessed substance dependence at age 21.

Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of substance use disorders and pathological gambling.

van den Brink, Wim · 2012

The review evaluated the evidence base for pharmacological treatments across multiple substance use disorders.

Decline in genetic influence on the co-occurrence of alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine dependence symptoms from age 14 to 29.

Vrieze, Scott I · 2012

Researchers followed twins from age 11 through 29, measuring nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana dependence symptoms at six timepoints.

Evaluating the drug use "gateway" theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.

Degenhardt, Louisa · 2010

Using data from WHO World Mental Health Surveys across 17 countries with widely varying drug use prevalence, researchers tested whether the standard gateway sequence (alcohol/tobacco to cannabis to other illicit drugs) reflects a causal chain or other factors. The likelihood of progression from "gateway" substances to other illicit drugs varied based on the background prevalence of gateway substance use in each country.

Common genetic contributions to alcohol and cannabis use and dependence symptomatology.

Sartor, Carolyn E · 2010

Researchers analyzed data from 6,257 Australian twins aged 24 to 36 to understand genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol and cannabis use and dependence. Genetic factors accounted for over 60% of variance in alcohol consumption, cannabis use, and cannabis dependence symptoms.

Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: a meta-analysis of twin studies.

Verweij, Karin J H · 2010

Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 28 twin studies on cannabis initiation and 24 on problematic use, weighting results by sample size. For cannabis use initiation, genetics explained 48% of variance in males and 40% in females.

Cannabis withdrawal in the United States: results from NESARC.

Hasin, Deborah S · 2008

Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), researchers examined cannabis withdrawal among 2,613 frequent users (three or more times per week) and a subset of 1,119 "cannabis-only" users who didn't binge drink or use other drugs frequently. Withdrawal was common: 44.3% of the full sample and 44.2% of the cannabis-only subset experienced two or more symptoms.

A latent class analysis of illicit drug abuse/dependence: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2007

Using latent class analysis of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (43,093 participants), researchers identified five distinct patterns of illicit drug abuse/dependence. The largest class (92.5%) had no drug abuse/dependence.

Cannabinoids: reward, dependence, and underlying neurochemical mechanisms--a review of recent preclinical data.

Tanda, Gianluigi · 2003

Strong and persistent THC self-administration was demonstrated in squirrel monkeys at doses matching those humans self-administer when smoking marijuana, providing the first reliable direct measure of THC's reinforcing effects.

Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood.

Fergusson, David M · 2002

Across annual assessments from ages 14 to 21, more frequent cannabis use was significantly associated with property and violent crime, depression, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other illicit drug use.

Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population-based sample of male twins.

Kendler, K S · 2000

Researchers interviewed 1,198 male-male twin pairs (708 identical, 490 fraternal) from a population registry about lifetime use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence on six drug classes including cannabis. Twin resemblance was consistently greater in identical twins than fraternal twins across all measures.

Cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins.

Kendler, K S · 1998

Researchers interviewed 1,934 women from female twin pairs, including 485 identical (monozygotic) and 335 fraternal (dizygotic) pairs, about their lifetime cannabis use. Nearly half (47.9%) had used cannabis at least once.

Depressive Symptoms Predict Cannabis Initiation Among Mexican American Young Adults.

Arora, Srishty · 2026

The question of whether depression leads to cannabis use or cannabis leads to depression has been debated for decades.

Is cannabis legalization associated with treatment completion? A study of pregnant women admitted for cannabis use in substance use treatment facilities, 2020-2022.

Carandang, Rogie Royce · 2026

This is the first large-scale study to examine whether cannabis legalization affects treatment completion among pregnant women—a uniquely vulnerable population where treatment success has direct consequences for two patients. Using the Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharge (national treatment data from 2020–2022), the researchers analyzed 13,088 pregnant women admitted for cannabis use across states with different legal frameworks: fully legalized, medical only, or illegal. The finding was stark: pregnant women in states with full legalization had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.33 for treatment completion compared to illegal states—meaning 67% lower odds of completing treatment.

Nationwide outcomes of cardiac surgery in patients with cannabis use disorder.

Dewan, Krish C · 2026

Analyzing 846,837 cardiovascular surgery patients from a national database, researchers identified 11,724 (1.4%) with a cannabis use disorder diagnosis.

Cannabidiol mitigates alcohol dependence and withdrawal with neuroprotective effects in the basolateral amygdala and striatum.

Dirik, Selen · 2026

In alcohol-dependent rats, CBD reduced alcohol self-administration during withdrawal, decreased motivation for alcohol, reduced somatic withdrawal signs, withdrawal-induced anxiety, and pain sensitivity.

Cannabidiol as a treatment for cocaine use disorder: a scoping review.

Dos Santos, Leticia Custódio · 2026

Clinical studies did not demonstrate significant efficacy of CBD over placebo in reducing cocaine craving, preventing relapse, or improving cognitive performance.

The Neurocircuitry of Cannabis Cue Reactivity in Cannabis Use Disorder: A Functional Neuroimaging Study.

Lorenzetti, Valentina · 2026

Compared to controls, individuals with CUD showed greater cannabis cue reactivity in occipital, orbitofrontal, cingulate, cerebellar, hippocampal, temporal, and parietal cortices.

Relations between medical and nonmedical prescription stimulant misuse, cannabis use, alcohol use, and related consequences among college students.

McDonald, Abigail · 2026

Nonmedical stimulant misuse: cannabis d=0.444, alcohol d=0.275 vs no use.

Associations between cannabis use, cannabis use motivations and past year polysubstance use among people living with HIV in Florida.

McNeely, Kayla V · 2026

Cannabis use was associated with higher use of most other substances.

Effectiveness and clinical predictors of a virtual based combined cognitive behavioral and motivational enhancement group therapy for adults with cannabis use disorder.

Mehta, Dhvani D · 2026

Among the 79 participants who completed the program (68% retention), significant reductions were observed in cannabis use frequency, quantity, craving, depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7).

Disproportionate use of polysubstance combinations varies by sexual identity among US adults.

Mestre, Luis M · 2026

The most commonly used substances in polysubstance combinations were binge alcohol drinking, cannabis, cigarettes, and nicotine vaping.

A Latent Class Analysis of Polysubstance Use Patterns and Their Association with Ruminative Thinking Styles, Impulsivity-Like Traits, and Adverse Childhood Experiences Among College Students from Seven Countries.

Michelini, Yanina · 2026

Three substance use classes emerged: polysubstance users, alcohol-marijuana-tobacco co-users, and primarily drinkers.

Tailored psychotherapy and AI-enhanced contingency management for co-occurring disorders in cannabis use disorder: a systematic review.

Mishra, Sidharth · 2026

Integrated cognitive-behavioral therapies improved psychiatric symptoms and reduced cannabis use, particularly for co-occurring depression and PTSD.

Smoke, sip, sleep, repeat: Investigating daily-level bidirectional relationships of separate and simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis with sleep.

Moore, Annabelle · 2026

Compared to simultaneous use days, participants reported worse sleep quality and shorter sleep on alcohol-only days, earlier bedtime on cannabis-only days, and poorer sleep quality on no-use days.

Optimizing antipsychotic dosing for relapse prevention in cannabis-induced psychosis: A nationwide cohort study.

Mustonen, Antti · 2026

Using linked Swedish health registers, researchers identified all individuals with a first diagnosis of cannabis-induced psychosis and conducted a dose-response analysis of oral antipsychotic medications. The analysis modeled antipsychotic exposure as time-dependent across three dose categories (low: <0.6 DDD, moderate: 0.6–<1.4 DDD, high: ≥1.4 DDD) using within-individual comparisons — meaning each person served as their own control across different exposure periods. The primary outcome was hospitalization for any psychotic episode (schizophrenia-spectrum disorder or substance-induced psychosis).

Pathways from racial/ethnic discrimination experience to cannabis use intentions: a longitudinal study of the mediating roles of perceived accessibility and harm among preteens.

Ou, Tzung-Shiang · 2026

Using structural equation modeling with data from 2,690 preteens (ages 9–13) in the ABCD Study, researchers traced a pathway from racial/ethnic discrimination to cannabis use intention. The direct effect was significant: experiencing discrimination was associated with higher cannabis use intention (β = 0.068).

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in substance use disorders: A systematic review of ClinicalTrials.Gov.

Patil, Shruti · 2026

A systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov found 33 trials testing GLP-1 receptor agonists for substance use disorders: alcohol (n=15), nicotine/tobacco (n=9), cocaine (n=4), opioid (n=4), and methamphetamine (n=1).

Developmental Trajectories of Positive Expectancies of Cannabis Use Effects Among Early Adolescents: Longitudinal Observational Study Using Latent Class Growth Analysis.

Qin, Weisiyu Abraham · 2026

Using three waves of longitudinal data from the ABCD Study, researchers identified distinct developmental trajectories in how early adolescents (ages 10–13) formed positive expectations about cannabis — beliefs about anticipated benefits of use that are known predictors of actual cannabis initiation. Latent class growth analysis revealed that not all adolescents follow the same path.

Cannabis Use in a Community-Based Sample of Adults Diagnosed With ADHD: Prevalence, Impact on Symptoms, and Stimulant Side Effects.

Ryan, Jennie E · 2026

Cannabis use was highly prevalent: 75% ever used, 41% past-30-day use.

Evidence-based therapist guided introduction to online heavy cannabis use treatment in Canadian adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).

Rysen, Karli K · 2026

All participants reduced cannabis consumption frequency and problems at end of treatment (6 weeks) and follow-up (10 weeks).

Consumption patterns and withdrawal symptoms in dual cannabis-tobacco users in Spain: Cross-sectional study.

Saura, Judith · 2026

This cross-sectional study of 94 participants entering cannabis use disorder treatment in Catalonia, Spain, documented the deeply intertwined nature of cannabis and tobacco use in a European context where mixing the two substances in "spliffs" is the dominant consumption method. Daily tobacco use was reported by 91.5% of participants, with a mean Fagerström nicotine dependence score of 4.2 out of 10 (moderate dependence).

Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance dependence: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.

Sinclair, Julia Ma · 2026

The British Association for Psychopharmacology convened international experts to produce evidence-based consensus guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance dependence across all major drug classes. For cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid dependence, the guidelines revealed a stark gap: no medications have received regulatory approval for treatment.

Dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate balance in the nucleus accumbens shell: Differential effects of cannabinoid 1 receptor agonists Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, AM11101, and AM8936.

Smith, Evan C · 2026

Low-dose THC increased dopamine and GABA in the nucleus accumbens shell, while high-dose THC decreased dopamine.

Early Substance Use Initiation Is Associated With Difficulty Quitting Among American Indian and Non-American Indian Youth: A Potential Marker of Later Dependence?

Swaim, Randall C · 2026

American Indian youth were more likely than non-AI youth to initiate cigarette and cannabis use from ages 10-14, with similar rates from 15 onward.

Cannabis use before and after metabolic and bariatric surgery and its association with alcohol use.

Vanderziel, Alyssa · 2026

Post-bariatric surgery cannabis use rose from roughly 10.5% to 16%, a 52.4% relative increase.

Factors associated with different cannabis supply methods: results from the French 2017 ESCAPAD and Health Barometer surveys.

Wallez, Solène · 2026

Among both 17-year-olds (n=2,943) and adults (n=1,221), buying from friends, relatives, or dealers was the most common supply method (60% and 68% respectively).

Household cannabis cessation and adolescent mental health outcomes in a prospective cohort study.

Wang, Ming · 2026

Using longitudinal data from the ABCD Study, researchers identified adolescents (ages 10–13) living in households where someone used cannabis, then tracked what happened to the teens' mental health when household members stopped. After propensity score matching to control for demographic and psychological differences, household cannabis cessation was associated with improvements in adolescents' internalizing problems (anxiety, depression), externalizing problems (conduct, aggression), and psychotic-like experiences. The study went further to identify potential pathways.

The perils of marijuana use in adolescents.

Ward, Savitra · 2026

The pooled prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents ages 12-17 was 11.4% (95% CI: 10.70-12.20%).

Cannabis use in pregnancy: Key findings from 2021-2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data.

Wysota, Christina N · 2026

Nearly 7% of pregnant participants reported current (past 30-day) cannabis use.

Prevalence, Patterns, and Correlates of Cannabis-Cigarette Co-Use: Findings From a Multi-State Rapid-Response Survey in the U.S., 2023-2024.

Xue, Zheng · 2026

45% of current cigarette smokers reported concurrent cannabis use, compared to 24.5% of former smokers and 12.3% of never smokers.

Cannabis and nicotine/tobacco co-use and its association with cognitive and neural outcomes: A systematic review.

Yeap, Zac J S · 2026

People who co-used cannabis and nicotine/tobacco showed similar working memory performance, resting-state brain connectivity, and task-based brain activation compared to people without substance use.

Comparing random forest and elastic net models to predict substance use disorder transitions in participants with cannabis and stimulant use: Evidence from the All of Us cohort.

Zamora, Gabriel · 2026

For cannabis users, both elastic net and random forest models achieved AUC of about 0.74 (no significant difference).

Social cognition in young adults who endorse a cannabis use disorder.

Abbott, Gabrielle · 2025

There were no significant effects of CUD on social cognition measures including emotion recognition, emotional differentiation, or immediate/delayed face memory (effect sizes d = 0-0.314).

Cognitive performance in young adults who endorse a cannabis use disorder.

Abbott, Gabrielle · 2025

CUD participants had significantly lower IQ with a strong effect size (p < .001, d = 0.862), driven specifically by lower verbal IQ.

Sexual identity, child maltreatment, mental health, and substance use among emerging adults aged 18 to 23 years.

Afifi, Tracie O · 2025

In a longitudinal study of 584 Canadian emerging adults tracked from ages 14-17 to 18-23, bisexual identity was associated with increased odds of depression, anxiety, at-risk alcohol use, and at-risk cannabis use compared to heterosexual identity.

Convergence of Cannabis and Psychosis on the Dopamine System.

Ahrens, Jessica · 2025

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) was associated with elevated neuromelanin-MRI signal in a set of ventral substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area voxels (387 of 2,060 voxels, corrected P=0.03).

Social Determinants of Substance Use in Black Adults with Criminal Justice Contact: Do Sex, Stressors, and Sleep Matter?

Archibald, Paul · 2025

In sex-stratified analyses, lifetime marijuana use among males was associated with family stressors (APR=2.31) and sleep problems (APR=2.07).

Investigating the polygenic relationship between heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia in the All of Us Research Program.

Austin-Zimmerman, Isabelle · 2025

The association between heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia has been documented for decades, but a fundamental question remains: does cannabis cause psychosis, does genetic vulnerability to psychosis drive cannabis use, or both? This study used polygenic scores — genetic risk calculators derived from large genome-wide association studies — to test these pathways in real individuals with data on both genetics and diagnoses. Using the All of Us Research Program (a diverse U.S.

Investigating the Polygenic Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia in the All of Us Research Program.

Austin-Zimmerman, Isabelle · 2025

Both cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia polygenic scores independently predicted schizophrenia diagnosis.

Cumulative Adverse Childhood Experiences and Frequency of Substance Use Among US High School Students.

Azagba, Sunday · 2025

Cumulative ACE scores were positively associated with cannabis use frequency among US high school students.

Using the PROMOTE Screener to Identify Psychosocial Risk Factors for Prenatal Substance Use.

Azeem, Ayesha · 2025

Among 1,842 pregnant patients screened with the PROMOTE instrument, 2.7% used cannabis prenatally.

Perceived discrimination and coping with substance use among Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis.

Bacong, Adrian Matias · 2025

Racial/ethnic discrimination was associated only with cannabis use among Asian Americans during the pandemic, not with alcohol or tobacco.

Emerging pharmacological strategies for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Bahji, Anees · 2025

The pharmacologic treatment of CUD remains in its early stages with no FDA-approved options.

Leveraging Genomic Data to Examine the Causal Impact of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Opioid Use on Biological and Cognitive Ageing.

Balbona, Jared V · 2025

Mendelian randomization analyses found significant causal effects of genetic predisposition to tobacco use disorder and smoking quantity on markers of biological, physical, and cognitive aging.

Association of Lifetime Psychiatric Comorbidity and Current Substance Use in Methadone-Treated Individuals with Opioid Use Disorders.

Barbaglia, M Gabriela · 2025

Among 588 patients receiving opioid agonist treatment with methadone, 63.5% had a lifetime dual diagnosis and 83.5% reported past-month substance use.

Loneliness among emerging adults in rural reservation-based communities: longitudinal effects of 12th grade substance use and mental health symptoms.

Barry, Caroline M · 2025

Cannabis use in 12th grade was associated with a 21-24% increased risk of loneliness post-high school, similar to alcohol, binge drinking, and vaping.

Associations between recreational cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder treatment outcomes in California, 2010-2021.

Bass, Brittany · 2025

California's recreational cannabis legalization was associated with decreased probability of 90-day treatment retention and successful discharge for CUD patients.

Characteristics of adolescent cannabis use and social context predicting problematic use: A decision tree analysis.

Battista, Katelyn · 2025

Decision tree analysis identified cannabis use at least 2-4 times per month as the most important predictor of problematic use across all three indicators (unsuccessful quit attempt, excessive use, feeling addicted).

The association between cannabis and alcohol co-use and momentary subjective effects: Risks for increasingly hazardous cannabis use.

Bedillion, Margaret F · 2025

Co-use of cannabis and alcohol was associated with greater momentary intoxication compared to either substance alone, and greater stimulation and bad effects compared to cannabis alone.

Prevalence and Patterns of Substance Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults Assigned Male at Birth and Their Relationship With Mental Health Problems.

Belloir, Joseph · 2025

Cannabis was among the most commonly used substances (alongside alcohol and tobacco) in this population.

Cannabis use characteristics and associations with problematic use outcomes, quitting-related factors, and mental health among US young adults.

Berg, Carla J · 2025

Four cannabis use classes emerged: infrequent-herb/edibles (41.4%), moderate-herb (28.0%), frequent-herb (16.8%), and moderate-oil/other (13.8%).

Prevalence and factors associated with alcohol and substance use among secondary school adolescents in central and Eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional study.

Bing, Wentrell · 2025

Male adolescents had 2.2 times the odds of marijuana use compared to females (AOR 2.21).

Substance use assessment: comparing self-reports with objective data in a research setting.

Binkowska, Alicja Anna · 2025

21.3% of 75 participants underreported use of at least one substance (negative self-report but positive hair test).

Self-titration of cannabis consumption: An epidemiological perspective.

Borodovsky, Jacob T · 2025

When switching between product types (flower vs.

Quantity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol consumption and cannabis use disorder among daily cannabis consumers.

Borodovsky, Jacob T · 2025

Median daily consumption was approximately 130 mg THC, with wide variability (25% consumed 50 mg or less, 25% consumed 290 mg or more).

Examining the relationship between cannabis use and drinking levels on co-use days.

Boyle, Holly K · 2025

Co-use days were associated with increased odds of both heavy episodic drinking (4+/5+ drinks) and high-intensity drinking (8+/10+ drinks) compared to alcohol-only days.

The Prevalence and Correlates of Cannabis-Related Harms in a Nationally Representative Sample of Norwegian High School Students.

Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line · 2025

65% of adolescent cannabis users reported at least one harm (mean 4.7 harms).

Oral microbial profiles in young adults with cannabis use disorder.

Browning, Brittney D · 2025

Compared to a non-CUD substance use disorder control group, the CUD group exhibited significantly lower alpha diversity (fewer types of bacteria), distinct beta diversity (different bacterial community composition), and differences in specific bacterial taxa.

Prevalence of Impairing Substance Use in Injured Drivers.

Brubacher, Jeffrey R · 2025

This is one of the largest and most rigorous studies of substance use among injured drivers ever conducted.

Racism and cannabis-related problems among Black adults who smoke cigarettes: The role of negative emotions in responses to experiencing racism.

Buckner, Julia D · 2025

More frequent racism predicted greater cannabis-related problems.

Impact of Opioid and Cannabis Use on Low-Dose Amitriptyline Efficacy in Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome: A Real-World Study in the United Kingdom.

Butt, Mohsin F · 2025

61% of CVS patients responded to a three-tiered treatment algorithm, with 91% of responders responding to low-dose amitriptyline alone (mean 26.5 mg).

Alcohol and Cannabis Use and Co-Use among Ethnic Groups in California.

Caetano, Raul · 2025

Alcohol-cannabis co-use was highest among Other/Two or more races (17.7%) and Whites (17.0%).

Sociodemographic influences on substance use in psychosis in an African cohort.

Campbell, Megan L · 2025

Significant variations in cannabis consumption were observed across the four African countries studied.

Tobacco and Cannabis Use and co-Use, and Cannabis Refusal Self-Efficacy Among Black Men: A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Differences Between Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) and Non-MSM.

Chang, Kyle · 2025

MSM reported more tobacco and cannabis use and lower cannabis refusal self-efficacy; path analysis showed indirect effects linking MSM status to tobacco use through cannabis refusal self-efficacy and cannabis use..

Comparing the Use Experiences, Contextual Factors, and Recovery Strategies Associated with Different Substances: An Analysis of Social Media Narratives.

Chen, Annie T · 2025

Cannabis posts were associated with school settings and heightened self-awareness (curiosity, disgust, realization); alcohol posts with leisure, coworkers, and legal consequences; opioid posts with anticipated stigma, anger, healthcare, medications, and financial content..

Stigma and Behavior Change Techniques in Substance Use Recovery: Qualitative Study of Social Media Narratives.

Chen, Annie T · 2025

63.1% of narratives were in the action stage; 11 BCT categories identified; social support seeking and consequence awareness dominated early stages; action and maintenance stages showed more diverse strategies; stigma persisted across all stages..

Triple Burden of Cannabis Use, First Episode Psychosis and HIV in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.

Chhagan, Usha · 2025

Lifetime cannabis users scored higher on PANSS total, positive, disorganized, and excitement domains and lower on depression; HIV-positive cannabis users showed additional positive symptom elevation (p=0.023)..

Identifying predictors of multi-year cannabis vaping in U.S. Young adults using machine learning.

Choe, Siyoung · 2025

In legalized states, CART split on cannabis use, cigarette use, bullying, and ethnicity; in non-legal states, split on cannabis use, heroin use, nicotine vaping, and hookah; predictors of sustained vaping differed from initiation predictors..

DSM-5 Criteria for Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorders: Are Older Adults Less Likely to Endorse Certain Criteria?

Choi, Namkee G · 2025

For CUD, adults 65+ had dramatically lower odds of endorsing hazardous use (OR 0.04) and withdrawal (OR 0.39 and 0.16); for AUD, 7 of 11 criteria were endorsed less often by older adults..

Polysubstance use and mental health among young adults.

Chopra, Rajit · 2025

No dose-response between substance count and mental health; cannabis-nicotine had strongest negative associations (anxiety b=2.58, PMH b=-5.90); alcohol-nicotine also linked to lower positive mental health..

Effects of Buprenorphine, Methadone, and Substance Use on COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality.

Christian, Nicholaus J · 2025

Cannabis, cocaine, sedative, and opioid use were each associated with increased ICU care, ventilatory support, more hospitalizations, and longer stays; substance use was not associated with increased mortality; no differences between methadone, buprenorphine, and other opioids..

Examining the Relationship of Cannabis use Patterns, Mental Health, and Sociodemographic Factors: A Focus on Cannabis Vaping, Smoking and Dual-Use.

Chung, Jack Y C · 2025

Dual-use (20% of users) associated with severe externalizing symptoms (OR 1.89); vaping-only (9.1%) associated with White race (OR 3.90) and higher income (OR 2.56) vs smoking-only; over 56% smoked only..

Effectiveness of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder interventions: a European and international data synthesis.

Connor, Jason P · 2025

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) improved short-term cannabis use frequency and dependence severity, though abstinence outcomes were less consistent and improvements were not typically maintained at nine months.

Profiles of cannabis use and expense-related factors among US young adults.

Cui, Yuxian · 2025

Latent class analysis identified four profiles: price-insensitive low-spend (36%), high-spend heavy users (32%), moderate-spend oil/other users (24%), and price-sensitive high-spend mixed users (8%).

Impulsivity behaviors and white matter mediate the relationship between genetic risk for cannabis use disorder and early cannabis use in adolescents.

Cupertino, Renata Basso · 2025

Higher genetic risk for CUD was associated with greater cannabis exposure, more novelty/sensation seeking, higher impulsivity, and lower white matter integrity from age 14.

Prevalence of cannabis use disorders and associated factors among privately insured adults with epilepsy.

Czerniak, Katarzyna · 2025

CUD prevalence was 1.1%.

D1-like dopamine receptors in the dentate gyrus mediate cannabidiol's facilitation of extinction and prevention of reinstatement in methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference.

Danesh, Elaheh · 2025

CBD enhanced extinction of meth-conditioned place preference and prevented reinstatement.

Effect of mobile-based ecological momentary motivational enhancement therapy on cannabis use temptation and dependence severity among Iranian young adults with cannabis use disorder: A randomized clinical trial.

Darharaj, Mohammad · 2025

Ecological momentary motivational enhancement therapy (EM-MET) was associated with greater reductions in cannabis temptation (Partial eta-squared = 0.35, P < 0.001) and dependence severity (Partial eta-squared = 0.24, P < 0.001) compared to standard motivational enhancement therapy alone..

Association of cannabis abuse/dependence on risks of erectile dysfunction and testosterone deficiency using a large claims database analysis.

Davis, Ryan · 2025

Cannabis abuse/dependence was associated with a 3.99-fold increased risk of erectile dysfunction and 2.19-fold increased risk of testosterone deficiency within one year, based on a propensity-matched analysis of nearly 30,000 men per group..

A population-level analysis on the association of cannabis use and urologic cancers.

Davis, Ryan J · 2025

After propensity matching on demographics, tobacco use, and cancer risk factors, cannabis abuse/dependence was associated with 4.21-fold increased risk of bladder cancer, 3.70-fold increased risk of kidney cancer, and 2.80-fold increased risk of prostate cancer..

The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.

de Bode, Nora · 2025

High doses of CBD provided some acute relief in anxiety disorders.

The Effects of Recreational Cannabis Laws on Alcohol and Tobacco Use Among U.S. Adults, 2012-2022.

De, Prabal K · 2025

Using law passage as the measure, recreational cannabis laws showed no association with alcohol or tobacco use.

Cannabis Use During Pregnancy Correlates With Adverse Maternal Mental Health Outcomes: A Retrospective Study.

Dereschuk, Kypros J · 2025

Cannabis use during pregnancy was associated with significantly elevated risks across all four mental health outcomes: depression (RR 2.66), panic disorder (RR 5.47), suicidal ideation (RR 10.67), and alcohol abuse (RR 13.57).

Endocannabinoid signaling in stress, nausea, and vomiting.

DeVuono, Marieka V · 2025

The endocannabinoid system normally regulates nausea, vomiting, and anxiety.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and suicide risk in individuals with diabetes and Cannabis use disorder.

Dhruva, Yesh · 2025

GLP-1 RA use was associated with lower suicide attempt risk (aHR 0.63).

Evaluating the impact of Canadian cannabis legalization on cannabis use outcomes in emerging adults: Comparisons to a US control sample via a natural experiment.

Doggett, Amanda · 2025

Against a general trend of decreasing cannabis use in both countries, Canadian young adults showed significantly higher cannabis use frequency at 6 months (ATT 0.22) and 12 months (ATT 0.31) post-legalization compared to the US control group.

Within-Person Bidirectional Relations Between Sleep Problems and Alcohol, Cannabis, and Co-Use Problems in a Representative U.S. Sample.

Drazdowski, Tess K · 2025

Individual-level alcohol and cannabis use problems were associated with lower likelihood of sleep problems in earlier waves but greater likelihood of sleep problems in later waves.

High potency cannabis flower use is associated with heavier consumption and risk for cannabis use disorder among young adults in California, United States.

Dunbar, Michael S · 2025

Each one-point increase in perceived THC potency was associated with 3.33 more use days per month, 0.13 more grams consumed per day, and 1.21 higher CUDIT-R (cannabis use disorder) scores.

Changes in peripheral endocannabinoid levels in substance use disorders: a review of clinical evidence.

Elliott, Georgia O · 2025

Across substance use disorders, anandamide (AEA) concentrations were usually elevated, while 2-AG was measured less often and showed mixed results.

Cannabis and Tobacco Co-Use and Cannabis Dependence: A Survey of US Adults in Legal Recreational Cannabis Markets.

Fairman, Brian J · 2025

Simultaneous and combined cannabis-tobacco co-use was associated with higher CUDIT-R scores compared to cannabis-only use, even after adjusting for demographics and use frequency.

Profiles of polysubstance use among people reporting past 12-month sleep-motivated nonmedical use of prescription tranquilizers/sedatives.

Falise, Alyssa M · 2025

Two polysubstance profiles identified: marijuana/alcohol/tobacco (MAT, 68.3%) and MAT plus cocaine/hallucinogens/prescription drugs (31.7%).

Predictors of effective therapy among individuals with Cannabis Use Disorder: a review of the literature.

Feingold, Daniel · 2025

Specific mediators: treatment duration, motivation to change, coping skills, self-efficacy, multi-component integration.

Opioid reduction in patients with chronic non-cancer pain undergoing treatment with medicinal cannabis.

Finch, Philip M · 2025

Among 102 chronic pain patients co-prescribed cannabinoids alongside opioids, median opioid consumption dropped from 40 mg/day to 2.7 mg/day at one year, significantly lower than the 42.3 mg/day maintained by 53 opioid-only controls.

Neighborhood level factors and use of cigarettes, cannabis and e-cigarettes: A population-based study among Canadian adults.

Fraser Wood, Truman · 2025

Material deprivation, social deprivation, and household insecurity were positively associated with all three substances.

A quantitative projection of the net health effects of cannabis legalization in Germany.

Gandjour, Afschin · 2025

Projected 400,000-800,000 new users and ~2,300 additional severe mental health cases.

Cannabis consumption patterns, adverse events, and cannabis risk beliefs: A latent profile analysis in WA State.

Garrett, Sharon B · 2025

Six user profiles ranged from weekly flower-only users to daily concentrate users.

Multi-level socioeconomic modifiers of the comorbidity of post-traumatic stress and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use: the importance of income.

Garrison-Desany, Henri M · 2025

Among nearly 3,000 trauma survivors, PTS symptoms were significantly associated with tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use.

Repeated footshock stress enhances cocaine self-administration in male and female rats: Role of the cannabinoid receptor 1.

Gaulden, Andrew D · 2025

Footshock stress increased cocaine self-administration in both sexes.

Rasch Analysis of Cannabis Use Disorder in an Adult Inpatient Sample.

Gendy, Marie N S · 2025

The DSM-5 CUD criteria fit the Rasch model well overall, supporting unidimensionality.

Neurocognitive Dysfunctions in People with Concurrent Cannabis Use and Opioid Dependence: A Cross-Sectional, Controlled Study.

Ghosh, Abhishek · 2025

The OD+CD group completed significantly fewer categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test than healthy controls and had more non-perseverative errors.

Cannabis Use and Nicotine Vaping Cessation Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Gilman, Jodi M · 2025

This secondary analysis followed 192 young people (ages 16–25) enrolled in a nicotine vaping cessation trial that tested varenicline against placebo and an enhanced usual care texting program.

Examining the Role of Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Terms of Cannabis Use and Coping Motives for Cannabis Use in College Students With Clinically Elevated Worry.

Goldblum, Rachel S · 2025

Greater anxiety sensitivity was significantly associated with more frequent past-month cannabis use (explaining 4.4% of variance) and stronger coping motives for use (4.9% of variance).

Impulsivity traits moderate the longitudinal association between mental health and hazardous cannabis use in emerging adults.

González-Roz, Alba · 2025

In a sample of 2,762 college students tracked over one year, anxiety at the midpoint predicted hazardous cannabis use at the final assessment.

Cannabis Abuse Is Associated With Greater Medical Complications, Emergency Department Visits, and Readmissions Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures.

Gordon, Adam M · 2025

Among 13,405 matched patients who underwent surgery for distal radius fractures, those with cannabis use disorder (n=2,297) had significantly higher rates of 90-day medical complications, emergency department visits (2.53% vs 1.14%), and readmissions (5.79% vs 4.29%).

Dual abstinence from nicotine vaping and cannabis use among young people: secondary analyses from two U.S.-based randomized controlled trials of vaping cessation.

Graham, Amanda L · 2025

This analysis drew from two large text-message-based vaping cessation trials—one for adolescents and one for young adults.

An Analysis of 16-Year Trends in Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment: Predictors, Barriers, and Utilization Patterns.

Graves, Brian D · 2025

Across three national survey time points (2003, 2011, 2019), CUD treatment utilization decreased while most individuals meeting diagnostic criteria did not receive treatment.

Hazardous Drinking and Cannabis Use in Military Veterans: Comparative Associations with Risk for Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.

Grove, Jeremy L · 2025

Veterans who used both cannabis and alcohol hazardously had greater odds of suicidal ideation and elevated suicide risk than any other group, including those who used either substance alone.

Cannabis Use is Associated With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Pediatric Patients-A Large Claims Database Study.

Grutman, Aurora J · 2025

After propensity score matching over 4.8 million male and 4.2 million female patients under 18, those with CUD showed significantly higher rates of new urinary symptom diagnoses at 5-year follow-up.

Association Between Cannabis Use and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Guo, Wei · 2025

Using two-sample Mendelian randomization with GWAS data, the study found genetically predicted lifetime cannabis use was associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease (OR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.03-3.08) and ADHD in women (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.05-2.59).

Marijuana Use Is Associated with Increased Rates of Hip Dislocation and Lower Insurance Reimbursement among Total Hip Arthroplasty Recipients.

Gwam, Chukwuweike · 2025

Among 1,654 matched pairs of marijuana users and non-users who underwent total hip arthroplasty (2010-2018), marijuana users had significantly higher rates of hip dislocation at both 90 days and one year.

Age of onset of cannabis use and substance use problems: A systematic review of prospective studies.

Hamaoui, Jad · 2025

Across 16 prospective studies, earlier age of cannabis use onset was consistently associated with later cannabis use disorder (CUD) and cannabis-related negative consequences.

Cannabis use patterns and association with hyperemesis: A comprehensive review.

Hasler, William L · 2025

This comprehensive review found that 40-80% of cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) patients use cannabis.

Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use is associated with daily consequences reflective of alcohol use disorder symptoms.

Howe, Lindy K · 2025

Compared to simultaneous use (overlapping effects), concurrent use on the same day without overlapping effects was associated with 55% lower odds of impaired control, 53% lower odds of social impairment, 59% lower odds of risky use, and 64% lower odds of pharmacological effects.

Racial Trauma among Multi-Ethnic Minority Young Adults Affects Nicotine, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use Differently than among Mono-Ethnic Minority Young Adults.

Huh, Jimi · 2025

Among 59,529 racial/ethnic minority young adults, psychological well-being (PWB) was associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower substance use counts.

Cannabis-Related Disorders Are Associated With Increased Early Postoperative Opioid Prescriptions and Delayed Emergency Department Visits Following Open Carpal Tunnel Release.

Humble, Kirstin A · 2025

Among 1,850 propensity-matched patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release, those with cannabis-related disorders (CRD) had higher rates of opioid prescriptions within 2 weeks (30.9% vs 25.6%, p=0.011), lower rates of outpatient follow-up within 6 weeks, and higher ER visits between 6-12 weeks (11.0% vs 8.0%, p=0.027)..

The effect of cannabidiol on neurometabolite levels in alcohol use disorder.

Hurzeler, Tristan · 2025

In 22 participants with AUD receiving 800 mg CBD or placebo in a crossover trial, no overall treatment effects on neurometabolites were found.

Cannabidiol attenuates precuneus activation during appetitive cue exposure in individuals with alcohol use disorder.

Hurzeler, Tristan · 2025

In 22 non-treatment-seeking AUD participants, 800 mg CBD did not affect alcohol cue-elicited brain activation in pre-specified regions of interest.

Multilevel Correlates of Same Day Poly-Product Use/Co-Use among Adolescents Who Use Tobacco and Cannabis.

Jacobs, Wura · 2025

Among 536 10th and 11th graders who used tobacco/cannabis, 8.6% reported frequent same-day poly-tobacco use, 13.8% frequent poly-cannabis use, 13.3% frequent poly-drug use, and 3.4% vape mixing.

Diversity in adversity: Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between domains of adverse childhood experiences and nicotine, cannabis, and opioids use in young adults.

Jacobs, Wura · 2025

Among 2,207 young adults, significant racial/ethnic differences existed in overall ACE scores and household dysfunction.

Assessment of nicotine and cannabis co-use among adolescents and the association with nicotine and cannabis dependence symptoms.

Jafarzadeh, Nikki S · 2025

Among 3,823 Southern California high school students, 3.3% reported same-day nicotine-cannabis co-use.

Associations between big five personality dimensions and lifetime use of cannabis.

Jain, Tanya · 2025

Patients with lifetime CUD scored significantly lower on conscientiousness and agreeableness and higher on open-mindedness compared to those without CUD, after controlling for age, sex, and other substance use disorders.

Typologies of Maternal Substance Use in Pregnancy: Latent Classes and Sociodemographic Correlates in a U.S. Sample.

Jenkins, Marina C · 2025

Seven latent classes of maternal substance use were identified: minimal users (70.7%), pre-pregnancy cigarette users (10.5%), persistent cigarette users (6.8%), pre-pregnancy cannabis users (5.5%), broad polysubstance users (3.6%), opioid-only users (1.9%), and persistent cigarette/opioid co-users (1.0%).

Global, regional and national burden of drug use disorders, 1990-2021: decomposition analysis, health inequality analysis and predictions to 2035.

Jin, Ruiying · 2025

Cannabis use disorder leads all five drug use disorder categories in age-standardized prevalence rates globally.

Cannabis use and psychotic-like experiences in the All of Us Research Program.

Johnson, Emma C · 2025

Drawing from the All of Us Research Program—a massive, diverse U.S.

Unravelling gender differences in cannabis cue-reactivity in individuals who use cannabis.

Kaag, A M · 2025

Women cannabis users showed blunted neural cue-reactivity in the right insula and putamen compared to male users, a pattern opposite to controls.

The Association Between Substance Use and Suicidality Among Women Veterans, 2015 to 2019: A Secondary Analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Kameg, Brayden · 2025

Women veterans had increased odds of suicidality compared to peers.

Co-use of opioids and cannabis versus single-substance use: a national analysis of US adults.

Kang, Hyojung · 2025

Among adults using prescription opioids and/or cannabis medically, 49.5% used opioids only, 35.3% cannabis only, and 15.2% co-used both.

Wisconsin Young Adults' Attitudes, Beliefs, Motivations, and Behaviors Surrounding E-Cigarette Use and Cessation.

Kaye, Jesse T · 2025

This survey of 480 Wisconsin residents ages 18–24 who vaped nicotine reveals a population that is motivated to quit but deeply divided on how. The headline: 80% wanted support to quit vaping.

Patterns of past month cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder - Insights from a nationally representative survey.

Kritikos, Alexandra F · 2025

Medical cannabis users had a 26% CUD rate (vs.

Back on track: Feasibility and efficacy randomized trial of a two-week online self-guided intervention for cannabis use reduction.

Kroon, E · 2025

The MCII group achieved objective reduction goals at 69%, vs.

Current and Projected Cannabis Demand Predict Future Consumption in Young Adults Who Use Cannabis.

Kurnellas, Rebecca · 2025

Demand measures were stable across 3 months.

Associations between cannabis use and same-day health and substance use behaviors.

La Torre, Irene De · 2025

Daily cannabis use was positively associated with same-day physical activity (+3.31 minutes MVPA, p=0.04), alcohol consumption (+0.45 drinks, p=0.01), and cigarettes smoked (+0.63 cigarettes, p=0.01).

High-Potency Cannabis Use and Health: A Systematic Review of Observational and Experimental Studies.

Lake, Stephanie · 2025

Of 42 eligible studies, most addressed mental health, problematic cannabis use, and other substance use.

Change in Cigarette, Other Tobacco Product, and Cannabis Use Among Individuals Who Used or Did Not Use Cannabis During a Smoking Cessation Trial.

Lambart, Leah M · 2025

47.2% of participants were cigarette-cannabis dual users.

Cannabis Perturbs Dynamic Brain States.

Lege, Katharina S · 2025

This neuroimaging trial used a sophisticated approach—dynamic functional connectivity analysis—to examine how vaporized cannabis affects brain network organization in real time.

Proportions and correlates of high-risk cannabis use in Australia-A cross-sectional analysis of the 2022-2023 National Drug Strategy Household Survey.

Leung, Janni · 2025

Among 1,504 recent cannabis users, 71.6% were low/no risk, 22.2% were moderate risk, and 6.2% were high risk.

Abnormal Cortical Thickness Development in Young Adults With Heavy Cannabis Use: A Longitudinal Study.

Li, Wei · 2025

At three-year follow-up, heavy cannabis users showed significant cortical thinning in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex compared to both their own baseline and control subjects.

Identification and External Validation of a Problem Cannabis Risk Network.

Lichenstein, Sarah D · 2025

A whole-brain machine learning approach identified a "problem cannabis risk network" from reward task brain connectivity data in college students.

Cannabis Policies, Cannabis, and Opioids in Suicide and Undetermined Intent Death.

Lira, Marlene C · 2025

Cannabis involvement in death was associated with increased odds of opioid involvement (AOR=1.29).

Age Differences in Cannabis Consumption Patterns and in Associations Between Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Intake and Cannabis Use Disorders Among Adults with Daily Use.

Livne, Ofir · 2025

Over 70% of daily users across all ages used cannabis for both medical and recreational reasons.

Brief mindfulness intervention for adults with cannabis use disorder: A randomised clinical trial.

Lorenzetti, Valentina · 2025

There were no significant intervention-by-time effects on the primary outcome of cannabis use frequency, nor on secondary outcomes including quantity, cravings, relaxation, or mindfulness scores.

Comparing the prevalence of substance use disorders between persons with and without autism spectrum disorders.

Lushin, Victor · 2025

By 2016, 7% of Medicaid beneficiaries with autism and no intellectual disability had at least one substance use disorder diagnosis, up from 1.75% in 2012 data.

The Causal Effect of Social Isolation on Cannabis Use Disorder and the Mediating Role of Depression: Evidence From a Mendelian Randomization Study.

Ma, Tao · 2025

Mendelian randomization analysis showed social isolation was causally associated with a 4.29-fold increased risk of cannabis use disorder (OR=4.29, 95% CI: 1.35-13.64).

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with overdose among patients with a substance-related diagnosis in the emergency department of Southern California.

Maila, Brian · 2025

Cannabis-related diagnosis was associated with 21% higher odds of overdose (aOR=1.21, p<0.05), similar to opioid-related diagnosis (aOR=1.14).

Gender differences in circumstances associated with cannabis use.

Martin, Erin L · 2025

Women scored higher on four of eight IDTS subscales related to negative affect: conflict with others, testing personal control, physical discomfort, and unpleasant emotions.

Revisiting the Gateway Drug Hypothesis for Cannabis: A Secondary Analysis of a Nationwide Survey Among Community Users in Japan.

Masataka, Yuji · 2025

Tobacco and alcohol were the most common initial substances, with cannabis typically third.

Young Adults Advancing Through the Stages of Change: A Mediational Analysis of Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment.

Mason, Michael J · 2025

Mediation analysis showed that PNC-txt participants who reached the Action/Maintenance stage by 1 month had 50% lower odds of the highest THC metabolite level (300 ng/ml) and reported 4 fewer days of cannabis use in the past 30 days at 6 months, compared to controls..

Text message-delivered cannabis use disorder treatment with young adults: A large randomized clinical trial.

Mason, Michael J · 2025

No significant direct treatment effects on cannabis use were found between PNC-txt and control.

Cannabis Use Characteristics and Reasons for Product Choices Among Patients Accessing Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Matheson, Justin · 2025

89% of current cannabis users smoked dried flower for non-medical purposes.

Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health in Patients Accessing Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.

Matheson, Justin · 2025

Cannabis use was significantly associated with trauma history and several psychiatric diagnoses including anxiety and depression, with the highest prevalence in current users.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cannabis-Related Mental Disorders and an Examination of Factors Influencing Their Access to Medical and Nonmedical Resources: Comparison of Methamphetamine-Related Mental Disorders.

Matsumoto, Toshihiko · 2025

Cannabis patients (n=82) were younger than methamphetamine patients (n=208), had fewer drug-related criminal offences, less incarceration history, fewer comorbid psychiatric disorders, and less severe substance use disorder.

Detecting cannabis use reduction through biochemical verification of urinary cannabinoids: An aggregated analysis of cannabis use disorder treatment trials examining average reductions and individual cut-points.

McClure, Erin A · 2025

Participants self-reporting cannabis use reduction had significantly lower urinary cannabinoids compared to non-reducers (difference of 391 ng/ml, 95% CI 231-551, p < 0.001).

Trends and variations in admissions for cannabis use disorder among pregnant women in United States.

Mejia, Maria C · 2025

A retrospective analysis found rising rates of hospital admissions with cannabis use disorder diagnoses among pregnant women, suggesting growing prenatal cannabis use or improved diagnostic detection..

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Is Associated With High Disease Burden: An Internet-Based Survey.

Meltzer, Andrew C · 2025

Among 1,052 self-reported CHS sufferers, the majority reported frequent cannabis use and significant healthcare utilization including emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

Smoking initiation as a mediator: investigating the causal relationship between sedentary lifestyles and cannabis use disorder through Mendelian randomization.

Meng, Deyu · 2025

Using Mendelian randomization, leisure screen time was causally linked to a 43% increased risk of cannabis use disorder (OR=1.43).

Current recommendations in the diagnosis and management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

Meyer, Joshua · 2025

Beyond the traditional advice of complete THC cessation, current evidence supports using dopamine antagonists in acute CHS episodes, along with IV fluids, capsaicin cream, and standard antiemetics.

Substance use and mental health factors associated with self-reported higher risk cannabis use among people with HIV screened in primary care.

Mian, Maha N · 2025

Of 973 people with HIV, 35.9% screened positive for higher risk of cannabis use disorder.

Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use Among Individuals Receiving Prescription Opioids for Pain Management.

Miller-Matero, Lisa R · 2025

Tobacco users had greater pain severity, more pain sites, and higher opioid misuse concern, plus higher rates of depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

Factors associated with cannabis use disorder among Australians using prescribed and illicitly-sourced medical cannabis.

Mills, Llewellyn · 2025

Among 1,796 medical cannabis users, 43% met any CUD criteria and 17% met moderate-severe CUD criteria.

Understanding the Relationships between ADHD Symptoms and Cannabis-Related Consequences among Young Adults.

Minister, Claire · 2025

In 160 young adult cannabis users, inattentive symptoms directly predicted occupational/academic problems, self-care deficits, and blackouts from cannabis, independent of consumption amount.

Cognitive and behavioral pathways from prenatal cocaine exposure to regular marijuana use during emerging adulthood.

Minnes, Sonia · 2025

Among 310 participants tracked from birth, prenatal cocaine exposure predicted poorer executive function at age 12 (beta=0.19), which predicted substance use at 15 (beta=0.21), which strongly predicted regular marijuana use at 21 (beta=0.70).

Risk of Cannabis Use Disorder in Chronic Pain: Longitudinal Links to Pain Outcomes.

Mun, Chung Jung · 2025

Among 1,453 chronic pain patients followed for 2 years, 36.3% used cannabis and 39.8% of users showed high CUD risk.

The rising tide of drug-induced psychosis.

Murray, Robin M · 2025

Drug-induced psychosis from methamphetamine and cannabis has become more common over three decades.

Gender Differences in Cannabis as a Mediator Between Distress Factors and Non-Fatal Suicidal Behaviors.

Nayeem, Nawar · 2025

Cannabis use mediated 2.3% of the effect of depression on suicidal ideation in women versus 1.2% in men, and 1.7% versus 1.0% for suicide attempts.

Gender differences in non-fatal suicidal behaviors linked to concurrent use of cannabis and opioids.

Nayeem, Nawar · 2025

Cannabis and opioid co-use was associated with a smaller-than-expected (sub-additive) increase in non-fatal suicidal behaviors overall (interaction beta=-0.58, p<0.001) and especially in women (beta=-0.87, p<0.001).

Vaping nicotine and cannabis on the same occasion is linked to increased vaping consumption among young adults: A smartphone-based daily diary study.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2025

On days with same-occasion co-vaping, participants reported the greatest intensity of both nicotine and cannabis vaping compared to all other patterns (single-substance vaping, same-day different-occasion co-vaping, or non-vaping days).

Substance Use Right Before or During Work Among the Young US Workers: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort.

Oh, Sehun · 2025

8.9% of workers reported past-month substance use at work: 5.9% alcohol, 3.1% marijuana, 0.8% cocaine/hard drugs.

The association between cannabis use and suicidal intensity in psychiatric inpatients.

Oladunjoye, Adeolu Funso · 2025

Cannabis use was associated with lower suicidal ideation intensity for females (p=.026) but not males (p=.525).

Cannabis and tobacco use in bipolar disorder: Associations with early onset, psychotic symptoms, and relapse risk (2015-2019).

Olivier, Luis · 2025

Cannabis was associated with earlier onset of bipolar disorder, current manic polarity, presence of psychotic symptoms, and higher likelihood of discontinuing treatment.

Cannabis Vaping Among US Adults With Disabilities: Findings From the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Olufemi, Erinoso · 2025

Cannabis vaping prevalence was higher among adults with any disability (4.6%) than without (2.8%).

Like birds of a feather? A multi-case study on the connections between cannabis, tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceutical companies in legalized cannabis markets.

Ongenaert, Marthe · 2025

All five cannabis companies (Canopy Growth, Aurora, Tilray, Cronos Group, Organigram) had investment relationships with alcohol, tobacco, or pharmaceutical companies.

Intergenerational Transmission of Cannabis Use: Testing Genetic Risk and the Mitigating Influences of Parent Positive Behavior Support in Early Childhood.

Ostner, Savannah G · 2025

Parent cannabis use significantly predicted offspring cannabis use at age 18, while polygenic risk scores for CUD did not.

Mental Health, Substance Use, and Related Factors Associated with Recent Use of Cannabis for Sleep: A Co-Twin Control Study.

Panchal, Zoë · 2025

In co-twin control analyses that account for genetic and shared environmental factors, using cannabis for sleep remained significantly associated with more cannabis use problems, higher cannabis frequency, worse sleep quality, and more frequent use of alcohol and sleep medications.

Dynamic associations between cannabis use and sleep in adolescents and young adults during a cannabis intervention trial.

Parnes, Jamie E · 2025

During the first week of treatment, more cannabis use was associated with longer sleep for those with severe cannabis use disorder, but shorter sleep for those with mild CUD.

Suicide Attempts in an Italian Population with Cannabis Use Disorders: Results of a Follow-Up Study.

Pavarin, Raimondo Maria · 2025

The crude suicide attempt rate among people with cannabis use disorder was 2.5 per 1,000 person-years, over 22 times higher than the general population.

Marijuana policy and tribal communities in the United States.

Pedersen, Daphne E · 2025

Tribal communities face a uniquely complex cannabis policy landscape: tribes may legalize or criminalize cannabis independently but may be located within states with opposing policies.

Alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, and eating disorder symptoms among male and female college students.

Pedersen, Eric R · 2025

About one-third (32.4%) of the sample screened positive for an eating disorder.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Rising Complication.

Peles, Saar · 2025

CHS is characterized by cyclical nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in chronic cannabis users, paradoxically caused by a drug known for anti-nausea effects.

Discrimination experiences and problematic alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood.

Perez, Lilian G · 2025

Race-based and gender-based discrimination, as well as experiencing multiple types of discrimination, were associated with worse cannabis use outcomes including more consequences, higher use disorder scores, and more solitary use.

Cannabis involvement in posttraumatic stress disorder emergency department visits after cannabis legalization.

Perrault-Sequeira, Laurent · 2025

Among 381,450 PTSD ED visits in Ontario, cannabis co-involvement increased by 151% (from 0.13 to 0.33 per 100,000) between the first and last cannabis policy periods, while alcohol co-involvement increased by 58%.

Examining dynamic patterns of problematic cannabis use: Results from a multilevel network analysis.

Piccirillo, Marilyn L · 2025

Multilevel network analysis of 3,230 daily observations revealed consistent, clinically meaningful associations between socioenvironmental triggers (being around other users, availability) and cannabis cravings, use, and intoxication.

Cannabis use among adults who smoke tobacco: Relations with switching from combusted cigarettes to e-cigarettes or very low nicotine cigarettes.

Piper, Megan E · 2025

Participants who reported past-30-day cannabis co-use (N=56) smoked significantly more usual brand cigarettes during switch weeks than non-co-users (N=104, p=0.03) and were less likely to make a tobacco cessation attempt (p<0.05).

What are the factors associated with alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use among adolescents in Africa? Evidence from the Global School-based Health Survey.

Pokothoane, Retselisitsoe · 2025

Among school-going adolescents (ages 11-16) across 25 African countries, marijuana use prevalence was 3.4% (95% CI 2.7-4.2%).

The use of prescription medication and other drugs by New Zealand drivers with illegal blood alcohol levels.

Poulsen, Helen · 2025

Among 3,050 drivers with blood alcohol exceeding legal limits in New Zealand (2011-2015), 41% had used alcohol in combination with other drugs.

Questioning assumptions about the abuse potential of medical cannabis and cannabinoids: narrative review and commentary.

Pressman, Peter · 2025

The review identified and examined five broad assumptions in the abuse liability literature: (1) a standard cannabis formulation, (2) standard routes and potency, (3) a standard pattern of use, (4) a standard user, and (5) standard vulnerability to misuse.

A multi-site study examining the tobacco withdrawal trajectory in people with tobacco and cannabis co-use.

Rabin, Rachel A · 2025

Among 330 participants with verified tobacco abstinence from a cessation trial (55 cannabis co-users, 275 tobacco-only), cannabis co-users had significantly elevated withdrawal scores at week 1 (mean 9.3 vs 7.1, p < 0.01).

Alcohol and drug use and attainment of pregnancy preferences in the southwestern United States: A longitudinal cohort study.

Raifman, Sarah · 2025

In a longitudinal cohort of 2,015 individuals capable of pregnancy, heavy drinking and daily cannabis use were associated with higher desire to avoid pregnancy.

The Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia As a Risk Factor or For Its Therapeutic Potential: A Systematic Review of Evidence.

Rajput, Jaisingh · 2025

The cannabis-schizophrenia relationship is one of the most polarized debates in psychiatric research.

Monthly patterns of depressive symptoms and substance use and their relation to longer-term hazardous substance use and mental health problems: Examining mutual maintenance using monthly data from young adults.

Rhew, Isaac C · 2025

Over 24 consecutive months, there was substantial variability in how individual young adults' substance use responded to depressive symptoms.

Self-disturbance in first-episode psychosis: Theoretical framework and potential cannabis interactions - a systematic review.

Ricci, Valerio · 2025

Among 3,847 participants across 22 studies, daily high-potency cannabis use was associated with 3.21-fold increased odds of clinically significant dissociation (95% CI 2.14-4.82) and more severe anomalous self-experiences.

Effects of persistent cannabis use on depression, psychosis, and suicidality following cannabis-induced psychosis: A longitudinal study.

Ricci, Valerio · 2025

Among 44 patients (22 cannabis users, 22 non-users) followed for 9 months after cannabis-induced FEP, continued cannabis users had persistently higher depression scores (p=0.0000001 at 9 months), suicidality (p<0.001), and PANSS positive scores (p<0.0002) compared to those who stopped.

High-Intensity Exercise and Hippocampal Integrity in Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Richardson, Karyn E · 2025

Hippocampal integrity (a composite of brain volume, structural connectivity, and neurochemistry) did not improve after 12 weeks of HIIT compared to strength training in adults with moderate to severe CUD.

Adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and cannabis use in early motherhood.

Roland, Alysa · 2025

In 126 predominantly low-income mothers followed through three years postpartum, the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cannabis use depended on resilience level.

"Those pot heads" - perceived external stigma and self-stigma among cannabis users in Germany: prevalence and associations with socio-demographics, cannabis use patterns and psychological distress.

Rosenkranz, Moritz · 2025

Among 684 regular cannabis users in Germany (surveyed before legalization), 30.6% perceived external stigmatization and 22.1% reported self-stigma.

Help-seeking behaviours among cannabis consumers in Canada and the United States: Findings from the international cannabis policy study.

Rundle, Samantha M · 2025

Among 13,209 past-12-month cannabis consumers, only 9.2% sought help in the past 3 months.

Exploring the Utility of a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cannabis Cue-Reactivity Paradigm in Treatment-Seeking Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder.

Sahlem, Gregory L · 2025

In 65 treatment-seeking participants with moderate or severe CUD, viewing cannabis images (vs neutral) activated bilateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, visual cortex, and striatum.

Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder.

Spiga, Francesca · 2025

This is the gold standard of evidence synthesis: a Cochrane systematic review, now in its second update since 2014.

Correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among adolescents with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).

Sultan, Alysha A · 2025

Cannabis use was most prevalent in adolescents with MDD, followed by BD, then controls.

The Association Between Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Substance Use Treatment Admissions for Cannabis Misuse, 2010-2021.

Sun, Ruoyan · 2025

Cannabis-related treatment admissions decreased from 18.7% of all substance treatment admissions in 2010 to 8.9% in 2021.

Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and substance use in college youth with type 1 diabetes.

Tsevat, Rebecca K · 2025

41.3% reported marijuana use.

Concurrent Experience of Self-Reported Mental Health Symptoms and Problematic Substance Use During the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Canadian Adults: Evidence from a Repeated Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.

Ahmed, Md Sabbir · 2024

Concurrent poor mental health and problematic substance use were prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Substance Use Disorder and Suicidal Ideation in Rural Maryland.

Ahuja, Manik · 2024

Cannabis use disorder was positively associated with suicidal ideation in rural Maryland emergency department visits (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.37-5.18), though its association was smaller than that of major depressive disorder (OR 79.3), alcohol use disorder (OR 6.87), or opioid use disorder (OR 5.39)..

Biobehavioral and affective stress responses during nicotine withdrawal: Influence of regular cannabis co-use.

al'Absi, Mustafa · 2024

Cannabis co-users exhibited exaggerated diastolic blood pressure responses to stress compared to non-cannabis users, and people using both nicotine and cannabis had higher cannabis craving than cannabis-only users (p<0.01).

Exploring Novel Pharmacotherapy Candidates for Cannabis Use Disorder: Uncovering Promising Agents on the Horizon by Mechanism of Action.

Alayoubi, Myra · 2024

This review of randomized placebo-controlled trials found that CB1 receptor agonists (such as nabilone) showed the most promise for treating cannabis use disorder, while serotonergic, GABAergic, and other compound classes had more limited or mixed evidence..

Clinical and lifestyle predictors of loneliness: A two-year longitudinal study.

Antonelli-Salgado, Thyago · 2024

Cannabis use was significantly associated with higher loneliness risk (RR 1.750, 95% CI 1.25-2.39, p<0.001) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors.

Patterns of Polysubstance Use in Young Black and Latinx Sexual Minority Men and Transgender Women and Its Association with Sexual Partnership Factors: The PUSH Study.

Arrington-Sanders, Renata · 2024

Cannabis and alcohol were each used by 76% of participants.

Cannabis use disorder and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort analysis of adults from Alberta, Canada.

Bahji, Anees · 2024

Cannabis use disorder was associated with significantly higher cardiovascular disease events (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.40-1.77).

Cannabis Co-Use Among Black Individuals with Chronic Pain Who Use Opioids: Associations with Other Substance Use and Pain Related Outcomes.

Bakhshaie, Jafar · 2024

Compared to opioid use alone, cannabis-opioid co-use was associated with elevated anxiety and depression symptoms, greater opioid dependence, and riskier use of other substances, but was not associated with differences in pain intensity or interference..

Associations Between Buprenorphine\Naloxone and Methadone Treatment and non-Opioid Substance Use in Prescription-Type Opioid Use Disorder: Secondary Analyses From the OPTIMA Study: Associations entre le traitement avec la buprénorphine/naloxone et avec la méthadone et l'utilisation de substances non opioïdes dans le trouble lié à l'usage d'opioïdes de type sur ordonnance : analyses secondaires de l'étude OPTIMA.

Bakouni, Hamzah · 2024

Methadone was associated with lower odds of THC-positive urine (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.77) and benzodiazepine-positive urine (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.98) compared to buprenorphine/naloxone.

Trends in Substance-Related Visits Among Youth to US Children's Hospitals, 2016-2021: An Analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System Database.

Ball, Alexis · 2024

From 2016-2021, substance-related visits increased 47.9% across all demographics.

Does smoking cessation reduce other substance use, psychiatric symptoms, and pain symptoms? Results from an emulated hypothetical randomized trial of US veterans.

Ban, Kaoon Francois · 2024

Quitting smoking was associated with improvement in cannabis use (adjusted OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.00-3.06), unhealthy alcohol use (OR 2.10), and cocaine use (OR 2.25).

Adult use cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder treatment in California, 2010-2021.

Bass, Brittany · 2024

Legalization was associated with decreased CUD treatment admission probability overall (AME -0.005).

Association between cannabis use disorder and greater apathy in adults with HIV.

Britton, Mark K · 2024

Current CUD was associated with greater apathy (beta = 2.13, p = 0.018) compared to cannabis users without CUD history.

Sex Moderates Associations Between Dimensions of Emotion Dysregulation and Problematic Cannabis Use.

Cavalli, Jessica M · 2024

Male cannabis users reported greater emotion dysregulation across almost all dimensions.

Cannabis use and dependence among festival attendees: results from the French OCTOPUS survey.

Chaaban, Sarah · 2024

63.4% of regular cannabis users (at least monthly) at music festivals met DSM-IV dependence criteria.

Effect of a selective personality-targeted prevention program on 7-year illicit substance related outcomes: A secondary analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Champion, Katrina E · 2024

The PreVenture group had 22% lower odds of annual cannabis-related harms compared to controls (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.92).

Real world clinical outcomes of treatment of cannabis-induced psychosis and prevalence of cannabis-related primary psychosis: a retrospective study.

Chuenchom, Onrumpha · 2024

All patients presented with psychosis; 64% had mood symptoms and 61% sleep problems.

Substance use patterns and mental health comorbidities in youth with a history of depression or suicidality: Findings from TX-YDSRN.

Clark, Shaunna L · 2024

Three substance use classes emerged: non-use (63.4%), moderate use of alcohol/nicotine/cannabis (23.8%), and high use of all substances (12.7%).

Exploratory Growth Mixture Modeling of Cannabis-Withdrawal Syndrome Trajectories of Adult Pure Cannabis Dependents During Detoxification: Two Subtypes?

Claus, Benedikt Bernd · 2024

Two withdrawal trajectory classes emerged: class 1 (n=44, 66%) with continuously decreasing severity ("protracted"), and class 2 (n=23, 34%) with a sharp peak generally between days 2-6 followed by rapid decline.

Mental and Physical Health-Related Cannabis Motives Mediate the Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Problematic Cannabis Use over Time among Emerging Adult Cannabis Users.

Conn, Bridgid M · 2024

Cannabis use to cope with nausea, sleep, pain, and emotional distress mediated relationships between childhood abuse types and problematic cannabis use at follow-up.

Digital Interventions for Recreational Cannabis Use Among Young Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Behavior Change Technique Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.

Côté, José · 2024

Digital interventions reduced cannabis use frequency by 6.79 days in the previous month at 3-month follow-up (95% CI: -9.59 to -4.00, p<.001) compared to controls.

The moderating role of sex in the relationship between cannabis use treatment admission profile and treatment processes and outcomes: A gender perspective.

Dacosta-Sánchez, Daniel · 2024

Sex moderated the relationship between number of children and treatment adherence: having more children predicted lower adherence specifically in females.

Longitudinal associations between insomnia, cannabis use and stress among US veterans.

Davis, Jordan P · 2024

Higher prior insomnia levels predicted greater increases in perceived stress.

The risk of cannabis use disorder is mediated by altered brain connectivity: A chronnectome study.

Fazio, Giovanni · 2024

At-risk individuals (n=39) spent more time in a brain state with higher within-network and reduced between-network connectivity across subcortical, sensory-motor, visual, cognitive-control, and default-mode networks compared to controls (n=55).

Conceptualizing problematic use of medicinal Cannabis: Development and preliminary validation of a brief screening questionnaire.

Feingold, Daniel · 2024

Starting from 36 items compiled from opioid screening tools, cannabis use disorder instruments, and patient interviews, the researchers refined to an 8-item scale with excellent internal consistency (alpha 0.929).

Cannabis Use Disorder Symptoms in Weekly Cannabis Users: A Network Comparison Between Daily Cigarette Users and Nondaily Cigarette Users.

Freichel, René · 2024

In the overall CUD symptom network, craving, failed quit attempts, neglected responsibilities, and negative social effects were most central.

Post-traumatic stress and future substance use outcomes: leveraging antecedent factors to stratify risk.

Garrison-Desany, Henri M · 2024

The link between PTSD and substance use is well-established, but most studies look backward — asking people who already have both conditions about their history.

Environmental Suppression Mediates the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress and Cannabis Use Among Trauma-Exposed College Students.

Gawrysiak, Michael · 2024

Environmental suppression (ES) on the Reward Probability Index fully mediated the relationship between PTS symptoms (PCL-5) and cannabis misuse (CUDIT-R).

Avatar Intervention in Virtual Reality for Cannabis Use Disorder in Individuals With Severe Mental Disorders: Results From a 1-Year, Single-Arm Clinical Trial.

Giguere, Sabrina · 2024

Significant reductions in cannabis quantity were maintained through 12-month follow-up (d=0.804, p<0.001), confirmed by urine quantification.

Greater vulnerability to cannabis dependence among heavy cannabis user French women.

Guillem, Eric · 2024

Among 342 heavy cannabis users, 83.2% were cannabis dependent.

The acute effects of cannabis, with and without cannabidiol, on attentional bias to cannabis related cues: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

Hall, Daniel · 2024

In a three-condition crossover trial (THC, THC+CBD, placebo), participants showed an attentional bias away from cannabis cues on placebo.

Predictors of relapse and engagement in care one year after ending services in an urban safety net coordinated specialty care program for first episode psychosis.

Hyatt, Andrew · 2024

Cannabis use at last program contact was associated with a fourfold higher risk of relapse (aOR 4.06, 95% CI 1.56-10.56) and significantly lower rates of outpatient psychiatric follow-up (aOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.94) in the 12 months after ending coordinated specialty care.

Use and perceptions of Cannabidiol among individuals in treatment for opioid use disorder.

Kudrich, Christopher · 2024

CBD has become wildly popular, with claims ranging from anxiety relief to pain management.

Prevalence and correlates of severe problematic cannabis use: analysis of a population-based survey in Jamaica.

Lalwani, Kunal · 2024

Among 786 past-year cannabis users, 53.3% scored 7 or higher on the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (severe problematic use), smoking an average of 62 joints per month.

The impact of blunt use on smoking abstinence among Black adults: Secondary analysis from randomized controlled smoking cessation clinical trial.

Lambart, Leah · 2024

Of 500 participants, 75 (15%) reported blunt use during the study.

Latent Class Groups of Concurrent Substance Use Among Adolescents in an Urban Community: Correlates With Mental Health, Access to Drugs and Alcohol, and Risk Perception.

Lardier, David T · 2024

Five latent classes were identified: predominant alcohol use (11.9%), concurrent drug and alcohol use with methamphetamine and marijuana (4.2%), concurrent drug and alcohol use without marijuana (11.4%), high concurrent drug and alcohol use (11.4%), and concurrent drug use without alcohol (61.5%).

Randomized controlled trial of zolpidem as a pharmacotherapy for cannabis use disorder.

Lee, Dustin C · 2024

Placebo participants but not zolpidem-XR participants showed significant sleep disturbance during week 1 of cannabis cessation.

Mind it! A mindfulness-based group psychotherapy for substance use disorders in adolescent inpatients.

Legenbauer, Tanja · 2024

Both groups showed significant reductions in cannabis use days at 6-month follow-up (effect sizes d = -0.72 and -0.75).

Alcohol and cannabis use in daily lives of college-attending young adults: Does co-use correspond to greater reported pleasure?

Linden-Carmichael, Ashley N · 2024

On co-use days, odds of substance-related pleasure were higher than on single-substance days.

White matter alterations associated with chronic cannabis use disorder: a structural network and fixel-based analysis.

Maleki, Suzan · 2024

Compared to 38 healthy controls, 56 individuals with CUD had significantly increased structural connectivity across 9 brain connections involving the right parietal cortex and regions including left orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, hippocampus, and putamen.

High Risk or Risky Highs: Understanding the Links Between Alcohol and Cannabis Use on the Transition From Suicidal Ideation to Attempts in Australian Men.

Mason, Andre · 2024

In 7,464 Australian men, cannabis use significantly predicted transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt.

Cognitive-behavioral therapies in the management of adolescents with cannabis use disorder (CUD): A systematic review.

Mauries, Sibylle · 2024

Nine RCTs of CBT for adolescent CUD found treatments ranging from 3 to 24 weeks, often combined with motivational interviewing or family therapy.

Products and patterns through which adolescents, young adults, and adults initiate co-use of tobacco and cannabis.

McCauley, Devin M · 2024

38.4% of participants co-used tobacco and cannabis.

Effectiveness of the adolescent-community reinforcement approach for treating Cannabis use disorder in Iranian adolescents: A randomized controlled trial.

Mehr, Najmeh Khosrovan · 2024

Among 40 male adolescents with CUD, those receiving A-CRA (n=20) showed higher abstinence rates, reduced cannabis use frequency, decreased substance-related problems, lower psychological distress, improved health-promoting lifestyles, and better mother-adolescent relationships compared to treatment as usual, with effects maintained at three-month follow-up..

Co-morbid cannabis use disorder and chronotype are associated with mood symptom onset in people with bipolar disorder.

Miranda, Alannah · 2024

Lower morningness (evening chronotype) and CUD were independently associated with earlier age of mood symptom onset in bipolar disorder.

Relationships Between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Cannabis-Use Onset and Emotional and Related Characteristics in Young/Emerging Adults.

Morie, Kristen P · 2024

Individuals with prenatal cocaine exposure used cannabis at younger ages, had greater cannabis use severity, and showed higher impulsivity, state anxiety, and alexithymia.

Cannabis use and its association with psychopathological symptoms in a Swiss adult population: a cross-sectional analysis.

Mosandl, Christoph Felix · 2024

After adjusting for age, gender, education, alcohol, and other substance use, only depression and ADHD remained significantly associated with both frequency (p=.006, p=.034) and quantity (p=.037, p=.019).

Risk and protective factors for cannabis use in adolescence: a population-based survey in schools.

O'Dowd, Teresa M · 2024

Current use prevalence: 7.3%.

Effects of cannabis use on cigarette smoking cessation in LGBTQ+ individuals.

Pang, Raina D · 2024

While all participants reduced cigarette use during a quit attempt, the reduction was smaller among those with current cannabis use compared to non-users.

Association of cannabis use disorder with atrial fibrillation in young men without concomitant tobacco use: Insights from nationwide propensity matched analysis.

Patel, Bhavin · 2024

After propensity matching 108,495 young men in each arm (CUD+ vs CUD-) and adjusting for covariates including other substance abuse, the association between cannabis use disorder and atrial fibrillation hospitalizations was non-significant (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 0.91-1.78, P=0.15).

Childhood executive control and adolescent substance use: Mediation via parent-child relationship quality.

Patwardhan, Irina · 2024

Preschool executive control did not directly predict adolescent cannabis, e-cigarette, or alcohol use.

Longitudinal Pathways From Maltreatment to Substance Use Through Delay Discounting During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood.

Peviani, Kristin M · 2024

Using developmental cascade models, neglect (but not abuse) predicted elevated delay discounting, which in turn predicted increased cannabis use across ages 14-18.

The Association Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use via Emotional Psychopathology and Coping Motives in Argentinian College Students.

Pilatti, Angelina · 2024

Three mindfulness facets (describing, acting with awareness, non-judging) were associated with less cannabis quantity consumed and fewer negative consequences through a pathway of lower emotional psychopathology (depression/anxiety symptoms) and lower endorsement of using cannabis to cope.

Prediction of suicidal thoughts and behaviors based on the diurnal cortisol pattern and THC dosage in continued cannabis users, a 5 year population-based matched cohort study.

Pirnia, Bijan · 2024

Cannabis users with a blunted cortisol awakening response (CAR), flattened diurnal cortisol slope (DCS), and higher cortisol area under the curve who reported heavy cannabis use had 3.2 times higher odds of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.4-4.1) compared to controls..

The Indirect Influence of Cannabis Use Disorder Symptoms on PTSD Symptom Severity Through Psychological Inflexibility.

Russell, Patricia D · 2024

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) and PTSD frequently co-occur, but what connects them? This study identifies a specific psychological mechanism: psychological inflexibility (PI) — the tendency to get stuck in rigid thought patterns and avoidant behaviors rather than adapting flexibly to situations. Among 336 college students, the researchers tested whether CUD symptoms → psychological inflexibility → worse PTSD formed a mediation pathway.

A mixed method study exploring similarities and differences in general and social services-specific barriers to treatment-seeking among individuals with a problematic use of alcohol, cannabis, or gambling.

Schettini, Greta · 2024

Cannabis users shared similar treatment barriers with alcohol and gambling users, including privacy concerns, stigma, and fear of consequences.

Emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Shamabadi, Ahmad · 2024

Across multiple pharmacological systems, CBD, gabapentin, galantamine, nabilone plus zolpidem, nabiximols, naltrexone, PF-04457845 (FAAH inhibitor), quetiapine, varenicline, and topiramate all showed some superiority over control conditions in RCTs for CUD.

Cannabis Use Disorder Not Associated With Opioid Analgesic Use or Patient-Reported Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction: A Retrospective Matched-Cohort Analysis.

Shankar, Dhruv S · 2024

There were no significant differences between CUD and non-CUD patients in opioid prescription rates (82.7% vs 83.7%), total opioid days supply, total morphine milligram equivalents, or improvement on any of five patient-reported outcome measures (pain intensity, pain interference, mobility, mental health, physical health)..

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among untreated illicit substance users: a population-based study.

Shiraly, Ramin · 2024

Regular cannabis use was not associated with increased odds of current suicidal thoughts in multiple logistic regression.

Cannabis and Craniotomy for Glioblastoma: Impact on Complications and Health Care Utilization.

Sreenivasan, Sanjeev · 2024

After balancing groups, patients with cannabis abuse disorder (CAD) had higher complication rates during initial hospitalization (32% vs 15%, p=0.001) and higher neurologic complications at 6 months (27% vs 8%, p<0.001) and 12 months (31% vs 12%, p<0.001).

The impact of substance use on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and treatment discontinuation.

Stevenson, Brittany L · 2024

A major clinical question for therapists treating veterans with both PTSD and addiction: does ongoing cannabis use during treatment sabotage the results? This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial with 183 veterans provides a reassuring — if nuanced — answer. Substance use was measured at 4-week intervals throughout treatment.

A study into the nature and extent of polydrug use in driving recidivism behavior.

Tassoni, Giovanna · 2024

Polydrug use was a significant risk factor for driving recidivism compared to monodrug use (OR=1.99).

The impact of cannabis use disorder on urologic oncologic surgery morbidity, length of stay, and inpatient cost: analysis of the National Inpatient Sample from 2003 to 2014.

Tinsley, Shane A · 2024

CUD incidence rose from 51 to 383 per 100,000 admissions between 2003-2014.

Patterns and determinants of cannabis use in youth visiting an urban emergency department in France.

Touali, Rdah · 2024

Of 460 participants, 105 (22.8%) were in the cannabis use group.

Extent and patterns of drug use in prison in Burkina Faso: findings from a cross-sectional study in central prison of Ouagadougou.

Traoré, Karim · 2024

Cannabis was the primary drug used by prisoners (71.1% of in-prison users), followed by tramadol (62.2%), diazepam (13.3%), and cocaine (2.2%).

Cannabis use Disorder and Complications After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion.

Van Halm-Lutterodt, Nicholas · 2024

After propensity matching 838 CUD patients to 838 controls, CUD was associated with increased 90-day readmission (OR=2.64, p=0.027) and 1-year revision surgery (OR=3.36, p=0.049).

Patterns of substance use and initiation timing in adults with substance abuse: a comparison between those with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Vaziri-Harami, Roya · 2024

The ADHD group had a lower age of onset for substance use.

A systematic review of evidence on integrated management of psychiatric disorders in youth who use cannabis.

Vidal, Carol · 2024

Of 989 studies screened, only 5 RCTs met all criteria for integrated treatment of psychiatric disorders in cannabis-using youth.

Association of semaglutide with reduced incidence and relapse of cannabis use disorder in real-world populations: a retrospective cohort study.

Wang, William · 2024

In patients with obesity, semaglutide was associated with lower risk of new CUD (HR: 0.56) and recurrent CUD (HR: 0.62) versus non-GLP-1RA anti-obesity medications.

Latent transition analysis of time-varying cannabis use motives to inform adaptive interventions.

West, Brady T · 2024

Latent transition analysis across four studies identified that transitions into or remaining in latent classes characterized by multiple cannabis use motives predicted adverse outcomes including cannabis use disorder.

Tobacco Quitline Callers Who Use Cannabis and Their Likelihood of Quitting Cigarette Smoking.

Zhu, Shu-Hong · 2024

Cannabis co-use was reported by 27.2% of quitline callers.

Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation, cannabis, and alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan: findings from a joint-effect modeling.

Adeyinka, Daniel A · 2023

Suicidal ideation prevalence was highest among dual substance users (25.8%) compared to alcohol-only (23.2%) or cannabis-only (18.7%) problematic use.

Assessing the Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use Disorder and Admissions to Treatment in the United States.

Aletraris, Lydia · 2023

Findings generally showed increased CUD prevalence associated with legalization, but effects varied by age group.

Induced negative affect's impact on self-reported cannabis use, expectancies, and problems.

Altman, Brianna R · 2023

Participants assigned to the negative affect induction reported significantly greater negative cannabis expectancies and more cannabis problems compared to the control group, after controlling for age and education.

Neurobehavioral risk factors influence prevalence and severity of hazardous substance use in youth at genetic and clinical high risk for psychosis.

Amir, Carolyn M · 2023

CHR-P youth had significantly higher substance use across tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis compared to controls, while 22qDel carriers had significantly lower use.

Inpatients in substance use treatment with co-occurring psychiatric disorders: a prospective cohort study of characteristics and relapse predictors.

Andersson, Helle Wessel · 2023

Patients with co-occurring disorders (COD) had a 39.8% relapse rate vs 26.4% for those without.

The safety and efficacy of low oral doses of cannabidiol: An evaluation of the evidence.

Arnold, Jonathon C · 2023

Therapeutic benefits became clearly evident at doses of 300 mg or higher.

Cannabis demand and use among veterans: A prospective examination.

Aston, Elizabeth R · 2023

Baseline cannabis use predicted greater cannabis demand intensity, maximum expenditure, and other demand indices at 6 months.

Early-onset smoking and vaping of cannabis: Prevalence, correlates and trends in New Zealand 14-15-year-olds.

Ball, Jude · 2023

Lifetime cannabis use declined from 2012-2018, but past-month (8.6%), weekly (3.4%), and daily (1.5%) use remained stable.

Cannabis use disorder in patients with chronic pain: overestimation and underestimation in a cross-sectional observational study in 3 German pain management centres.

Bialas, Patric · 2023

Among 187 chronic pain patients prescribed medical cannabis, CUD prevalence was 29.9% using standard DSM-5 criteria, 13.9% when tolerance and withdrawal items were removed, and just 2.1% when positive items attributable to pain relief were excluded.

Substance use, socio-demographic characteristics, and self-rated health of people seeking alcohol and other drug treatment in New South Wales: baseline findings from a cohort study.

Black, Emma · 2023

Of 14,087 treatment entrants, alcohol was the primary concern for 43%, opioids for 22%, amphetamine-type stimulants for 18%, cannabis for 15%, and cocaine for 2%.

Genetic support of a causal relationship between cannabis use and educational attainment: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of European ancestry.

Chen, Dongze · 2023

Bidirectional Mendelian randomization found genetic liability to cannabis use disorder was associated with 1.2 fewer months of education (P=0.0008).

Driving under the influence of cannabis: A 5-year retrospective Italian study.

Favretto, Donata · 2023

When a driver is stopped for suspected impaired driving, the time between the traffic stop and the blood draw matters enormously for cannabis detection.

Prevalence of cannabis use disorder among individuals using medical cannabis at admission to inpatient treatment for substance use disorders.

N S Gendy, Marie · 2023

Of 125 inpatients, 42% reported medical-only cannabis use and 58% reported dual medical and recreational use.

The therapeutic potential of purified cannabidiol.

O'Sullivan, Saoirse Elizabeth · 2023

The areas with the most clinical evidence for purified CBD were anxiety (7 uncontrolled + 17 RCTs), psychosis/schizophrenia (1 uncontrolled + 8 RCTs), PTSD (2 uncontrolled + 4 RCTs), and substance abuse (2 uncontrolled + 3 RCTs).

Towards a New Dynamic Interaction Model of Adolescent CUD Manifestation, Prevention, and Treatment: A Narrative Review.

Oosten, Wesley · 2023

The review adapts Zinberg's drug-set-setting framework to propose CUD in adolescents develops through multiple interacting feedback loops.

Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes in patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome: A 15-year experience at a tertiary referral center.

Partovi, Omeed · 2023

Episodes dropped from 18 to 6.8/year, ER visits from 6.1 to 2, hospitalizations from 2.3 to 0.7.

Scoping Review of Cannabis-Reduction Psychosocial Interventions and Reasons for Use among Young Adults with Psychosis.

Petros, Ryan · 2023

Young adults with psychosis use cannabis for pleasure, to reduce dysphoria, and for social reasons.

Unravelling the landscape of Cannabis craving pharmacological treatments: a PRISMA-guided review of evidence.

Preto, Mayra Cruz · 2023

Twenty-two RCTs investigated various compounds for cannabis craving.

Cannabis use to manage opioid cravings among people who use unregulated opioids during a drug toxicity crisis.

Reddon, Hudson · 2023

Cannabis use to manage opioid cravings was reported by 57.6% of participants and was significantly associated with self-reported opioid reduction (aOR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.07-4.27).

CANNABIS USE AND SUICIDE IN NON-AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS: A MINI-REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE.

Ricci, Valerio · 2023

Three cohort studies agreed that cannabis use was associated with increased suicide risk in schizophrenia patients.

Association Between Suicidal Behaviour and Cannabis and Tranquilizer use, Depression, Aggression and Other Borderline Personality Traits Among Students in Sincelejo, Colombia.

Romero-Acosta, Kelly · 2023

Cannabis use (t=2.83, P<.05) and tranquilizer use (t=2.37, P<.05) had significant independent relationships with suicidal behavior.

Cessation of self-reported opioid use and impacts on co-occurring health conditions.

Scheidell, Joy D · 2023

Ceasing opioid use was associated with no longer reporting cannabis use (aOR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.10-3.03), cessation of cocaine use (aOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.16-3.20), improvements in pain (aOR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.05-2.24), and improvements in anxiety (aOR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.01-2.41).

Predictive impact of different acute cannabis intoxication effects with regard to abstinence motivation and cessation of use.

Schnell, Thomas · 2023

Paranoid/dysphoric intoxication effects were the strongest predictors of abstinence motivation.

Exploration of cannabis use and polygenic risk scores on the psychotic symptom progression of a FEP cohort.

Segura, Alex G · 2023

Current cannabis use was associated with increased positive symptoms.

Associations of Momentary Mindfulness With Affect and Cannabis Desire in a Trial of Cannabis Use Interventions With and Without Momentary Assessment.

Shrier, Lydia A · 2023

Momentary mindful awareness (MAA) increased from baseline to follow-up in the counseling + EMA group (beta=0.237) but not in counseling alone.

Who responds to a multi-component treatment for cannabis use disorder? Using multivariable and machine learning models to classify treatment responders and non-responders.

Tomko, Rachel L · 2023

Both multivariable logistic regression and machine learning models (random forest, gradient boosting) had limited ability to classify CUD treatment responders versus non-responders.

Cannabis-opioid interaction in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: an open-label, proof of concept study with randomization between treatment groups: cannabis, oxycodone or cannabis/oxycodone combination-the SPIRAL study.

van Dam, Cornelis Jan · 2023

The SPIRAL study randomized fibromyalgia patients to three arms: cannabis alone, oxycodone alone, or cannabis+oxycodone combination.

Effects of sub-chronic nabiximols on biological markers of individuals undergoing a clinical trial for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Wang, Ruoyu · 2023

Sub-chronic exposure to nabiximols at doses higher than typically used for MS treatment did not produce clinically significant changes in biological markers.

Relationship between patterns of cannabis use and functional and symptomatic trajectories in first-episode psychosis.

Wright, Abigail C · 2023

Cannabis use patterns were characterized among FEP patients, and continued use was associated with worse symptomatic and functional outcomes.

Cannabis Use in Adults Who Screen Positive for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: CANreduce 2.0 Randomized Controlled Trial Subgroup Analysis.

Ahlers, Joachim · 2022

Both ADHD-positive (n=94) and ADHD-negative (n=273) groups significantly reduced cannabis use days, severity scores, anxiety, and depression.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in North America: evaluation of health burden and treatment prevalence.

Andrews, Christopher N · 2022

CHS treatment prevalence increased from 15/100,000 pre-legalization to 21/100,000 post-legalization to 32/100,000 during COVID (p<0.001).

Clinical practice guideline on pharmacological and psychological management of adult patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a comorbid substance use.

Arranz, Belen · 2022

For schizophrenia with cannabis use: no antipsychotic (olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, or clozapine) could be recommended over another (weak recommendation).

Moral injury and cannabis use disorder among Israeli combat veterans: The role of depression and perceived social support.

Ashwal-Malka, Aviya · 2022

Moral injury from self-perpetration and betrayal were positively associated with CUD.

Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of cannabis dependence among Israeli combat veterans.

Asper, Ariel · 2022

Veterans with cannabis dependence used significantly more cannabis per week and scored higher on moral injury "other" and "betrayal" subscales.

Alcohol, smoke, cannabis, new psychoactive substances, and non-prescribed drugs consumption among school student in an area of Nord-West of Italy.

Balbinot, Patrizia · 2022

Cannabis use at ages 14-15 was associated with a 26-fold increased risk of using new psychoactive substances or non-prescribed drugs (OR 26.3, 95% CI 15.97-43.33)..

Clinical and treatment predictors of relapse during a three-year follow-up of a cohort of first episodes of schizophrenia.

Bioque, Miquel · 2022

Cannabis consumption was dramatically higher among those who relapsed (93.2%) compared to those who maintained remission (56.7%, p<0.001).

Differences between users' and addiction medicine experts' harm and benefit assessments of licit and illicit psychoactive drugs: Input for psychoeducation and legalization/restriction debates.

Bonnet, Udo · 2022

Users and experts produced similar overall harm rankings, both placing heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines at the top and cannabis, psychotropic mushrooms, and buprenorphine near the bottom.

Coping Motives Mediate the Association of Trauma History with Problematic Cannabis Use in Young Adult Medical Cannabis Patients and Non-Patient Cannabis Users.

Brammer, Whitney A · 2022

Coping motives uniquely mediated the association between multiple types of childhood trauma (physical abuse, neglect, sexual trauma) and problematic cannabis use one year later.

Alcohol, Marijuana and Other Illicit Drugs Use Throughout Adolescence: Co-occurring Courses and Preadolescent Risk-Factors.

Carbonneau, Rene · 2022

Latent growth mixture modeling revealed six developmental patterns: 61% were non/low users, while five polysubstance groups varied in severity.

Association between cannabis use and suicidal behavior: A systematic review of cohort studies.

Carvalho, João Victor · 2022

Twenty-two cohort articles were identified with no clear consensus on the cannabis-suicide relationship, regardless of outcome type (ideation, attempt, or completion) or study quality.

Association between Polymorphism rs1799732 of DRD2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Personality Traits among Cannabis Dependency.

Chmielowiec, Jolanta · 2022

Cannabis-dependent individuals scored significantly higher on neuroticism, openness, state anxiety, and trait anxiety, and lower on extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness compared to controls.

Differences in alcohol and cannabis use amongst substance use disorder patients with and without comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Coetzee, Corné · 2022

The SUD+ADHD group showed increased cannabis consumption compared to the SUD-only group.

Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.

Connor, Jason P · 2022

Cannabis withdrawal occurs in approximately 50% of regular/dependent users.

Clinical withdrawal symptom profile of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and comparison of effects with high potency cannabis.

Craft, Sam · 2022

Users reported a mean of 4.4 withdrawal symptoms after 1+ day without SCRAs.

Clinical practice guideline on pharmacological and psychological management of adult patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use.

Cunill, Ruth · 2022

For ADHD with cannabis use disorder: atomoxetine is weakly recommended to improve ADHD symptoms but weakly recommended against reducing cannabis use.

Examining Risk Factors in the Cannabis-Suicide Link: Considering Trauma and Impulsivity among University Students.

Daneshmend, Ayeila Z B · 2022

Problematic cannabis use was moderately associated with suicidal ideation and attempts.

Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: Pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes.

De Genna, Natacha M · 2022

Across longitudinal studies, prenatal cannabis exposure showed remarkably consistent associations with externalizing behaviors like delinquency and substance use that persisted into adulthood.

Cohort Study of Cannabis Use History and Perinatal Cigarette Use Among Overweight and Obese Women.

De Genna, Natacha M · 2022

History of cannabis use predicted cigarette smoking in early pregnancy (OR 11.12), late pregnancy (OR 6.55), and 6 months postpartum (OR 7.57).

Effectiveness of a neuroscience-based, harm reduction program for older adolescents: A cluster randomised controlled trial of the Illicit Project.

Debenham, Jennifer · 2022

Students who received the Illicit Project program were significantly less likely than controls to engage in weekly binge drinking (OR 0.56), early cannabis use (OR 0.35), risky cannabis use (OR 0.48), MDMA use (OR 0.16), and nicotine use (OR 0.59).

Hypertensive Crisis-Related Hospitalizations and Subsequent Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Young Adults with Cannabis Use Disorder: A Nationwide Analysis.

Desai, Rupak · 2022

Young adults (18-44) with cannabis use disorder had 15% higher odds of hypertensive crisis hospitalization compared to those without (aOR 1.15).

The Association between Recent Cannabis Use and Suicidal Ideation in Adults: A Population-based Analysis of the NHANES from 2005 to 2018.

Diep, Calvin · 2022

After adjusting for potential confounders, recent cannabis users (past 30 days) had significantly higher odds of suicidal ideation (aOR 1.54), depression (aOR 1.53), and having recently seen a mental health professional, compared to those without recent cannabis use..

Egocentric Network Characteristics and Cannabis Use in a Sample of Young Adult Medical Cannabis Patients and Nonpatient Users.

DiGuiseppi, Graham T · 2022

Descriptive norms (how much one's social contacts use cannabis) were associated with more frequent cannabis use (aIRR 1.19), but not with problematic use.

Who mixes tobacco with cannabis and does mixing relate to nicotine dependence?

Dugas, Erika N · 2022

Of 313 past-year cannabis users (mean age 30.6), 48% reported mixing tobacco with cannabis.

Changes in Medical Cannabis Patient Status before and after Cannabis Legalization in California: Associations with Cannabis and Other Drug Use.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2022

Four transition groups emerged: stayed medical patients (MCP), became patients (Into MCP), left patient status (Out of MCP), and non-patient users (NPU).

Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing for alcohol and cannabis use within a predominantly Hispanic adolescent sample.

Feldstein Ewing, Sarah · 2022

In 448 adolescents (347 Hispanic, 101 non-Hispanic white, ages 13-18), those receiving motivational interviewing showed greater reductions in alcohol use compared to alcohol and cannabis education (ACE) at 6 months.

Increasing prevalence of illicit drug use among employees at Swedish workplaces over a 25-year period.

Feltmann, Kristin · 2022

Over 25 years and hundreds of thousands of workplace urine samples from across Sweden, the proportion testing positive for illicit drugs quadrupled — from 1.3% in 1994 to 5.6% in 2019.

Impact of Housing First on Psychiatric Symptoms, Substance Use, and Everyday Life Skills Among People Experiencing Homelessness.

Ferreiro, Inés Campo · 2022

The Housing First group (n=46) showed significantly lower alcohol and cannabis use at 21 months compared to the treatment-as-usual group (n=41).

Construct validity of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder diagnosis and severity levels in adults with problematic substance use.

Fink, David S · 2022

DSM-5 CUD and all severity levels were associated with cannabis use validators (days used, self-reported problem use, craving).

Co-use of Tobacco Products and Cannabis among Veterans: A Preliminary Investigation of Prevalence and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes.

Fitzke, Reagan E · 2022

Past 30-day co-users of tobacco and cannabis endorsed significantly higher levels of stress, PTSD, depression, and anxiety compared to singular product users.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders in Young Adulthood: Findings from a Canadian Nationally Representative Survey.

Fuller-Thomson, Esme · 2022

After adjusting for sociodemographics, childhood adversities, and mental health, young adults with ADHD had higher odds of alcohol use disorders (OR 1.38), cannabis use disorders (OR 1.46), other drug use disorders (OR 2.07), and any substance use disorder (OR 1.69).

Incidence of inpatient cases with mental disorders due to use of cannabinoids in Germany: a nationwide evaluation.

Gahr, Maximilian · 2022

All categories of cannabinoid-related psychiatric hospitalizations increased significantly: intoxications, harmful use, dependence syndrome, withdrawal, psychotic disorders, and residual/late-onset psychotic disorders.

Role of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor in Alcohol Use Disorders: From Animal to Human Studies.

García-Gutiérrez, María Salud · 2022

CB2 receptor activation or blockade modulated alcohol-related behaviors in rodents.

Individual and Combined Association Between Prenatal Polysubstance Exposure and Childhood Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Garrison-Desany, Henri M · 2022

Opioid exposure during pregnancy had the highest adjusted hazard ratio for ADHD (2.19).

Suicidal ideation among Canadian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of psychosocial factors and substance use behaviours.

Geda, Nigatu · 2022

Those who reported increased cannabis use during the pandemic had 1.97 times higher odds of suicidal ideation.

Lifetime Cannabis Use Is Not Associated With Negative Beliefs About Medication in Patients With First Treatment Psychosis.

Gjerde, Priyanthi B · 2022

Neither lifetime cannabis use, current use, nor cannabis abuse diagnosis was associated with negative beliefs about medicines as measured by the BMQ questionnaire.

Impact of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on cannabis withdrawal and circulating endocannabinoids in daily cannabis smokers.

Haney, Margaret · 2022

Compared to placebo, celecoxib improved some subjective sleep measures but did not affect mood, cannabis self-administration, or circulating endocannabinoid levels.

An exploration of multivariate symptom clusters of cannabis use disorder in young adults.

Howe, Lindy K · 2022

Five classes emerged: "No problems," "Moderate consumption," "Consumption with moderate loss of control," "Consumption with moderate withdrawal," and "High consumption, loss of control, withdrawal." The classes differed in which DSM-5 CUD criteria were endorsed, especially among those with moderate-to-severe problems, and showed some differences in co-occurring psychopathology..

Typologies of Canadian young adults who drive after cannabis use: A two-step cluster analysis.

Huỳnh, Christophe · 2022

Four subgroups emerged: (1) frequent cannabis users who regularly drive after using; (2) individuals with generalized deviance, diverse risky road behaviors, and high psychological distress; (3) alcohol and drug-impaired drivers who were also heavy drinkers; and (4) well-adjusted youths with mild depressive-anxious symptoms..

Predictors of admission to an assertive outreach service for psychosis in Lebanon.

Kassir, Ghida · 2022

Cannabis use disorder was a significant predictor of enrollment in the Psychosis Recovery Outreach Program (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.25-6.37).

Associations of cannabis product source and subsequent cannabis use among adolescents.

Kelleghan, Annemarie R · 2022

Most youth (72%) received cannabis for free.

A scoping review of the use of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders.

Kirkland, Anna E · 2022

Only 16 randomized controlled trials or within-subject studies met inclusion criteria.

Prevalence and correlates of intentional substance use to reduce illicit opioid use in a Canadian setting.

Klimas, Jan · 2022

22% of illicit opioid users reported substituting at least once during the study.

Changes in sexual identity and substance use during young adulthood.

Krueger, Evan A · 2022

Consistently LGBQ+ individuals had higher frequency of cannabis use (OR 1.36) compared to consistently heterosexual peers.

Adolescent alcohol use predicts cannabis use over a three year follow-up period.

Linakis, James G · 2022

Adolescents classified as low alcohol risk had significantly higher rates of cannabis use disorder versus nondrinkers (OR range: 1.94-2.76) at one-, two-, and three-year follow-up.

Handedness as a neurodevelopmental marker in schizophrenia: Results from the FACE-SZ cohort.

Mallet, Jasmina · 2022

Among 667 schizophrenia patients, 42.4% were non-right-handed and 34.1% mixed-handed.

Safety and efficacy of a digital therapeutic for substance use disorder: Secondary analysis of data from a NIDA clinical trials network study.

Maricich, Yuri A · 2022

Among 399 patients with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, or stimulant use disorders, those receiving the digital therapeutic plus treatment-as-usual (with reduced counseling) achieved significantly higher abstinence at weeks 9-12 (40.3% vs 17.6%, P<0.001) and better treatment retention (P=0.004).

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Dual Disorders: Current Evidence for Clinical Practice.

Martinotti, Giovanni · 2022

Across 41 studies, most dual diagnosis patients were male with schizophrenia, and cannabis was the most abused substance followed by alcohol.

Cannabis use as a moderator of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.

Miller, Mary Beth · 2022

Among 56 young adult binge drinkers with insomnia, 46% used cannabis during the treatment phase.

Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use disorder among Australians using cannabis products to treat a medical condition.

Mills, Llewellyn · 2022

CUD criteria were met by 32% (any-CUD) and 12.9% (moderate-severe CUD) of medical cannabis users.

Correlates of treatment engagement and client outcomes: results of a randomised controlled trial of nabiximols for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Mills, Llewellyn · 2022

Greater counseling attendance predicted both abstinence and 50%+ reduction in cannabis use.

Prevalence of cannabis use in people with psychosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Mona, Khanya · 2022

Current cannabis use was 48.9% and lifetime use 51.1%.

Mood, sleep and pain comorbidity outcomes in cannabis dependent patients: Findings from a nabiximols versus placebo randomised controlled trial.

Montebello, Mark · 2022

Among participants with moderate-to-severe baseline scores, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia symptoms gradually decreased over 12 weeks of treatment.

The prevalence and pattern of cannabis use among patients attending a methadone treatment clinic in Nairobi, Kenya.

Ngarachu, Elizabeth Wambui · 2022

Cannabis prevalence was 85.8% at baseline and 62.7% during follow-up among methadone patients.

Longitudinal Associations Between Use of Tobacco and Cannabis Among People Who Smoke Cigarettes in Real-world Smoking Cessation Treatment.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2022

Changes in cigarette frequency (β=0.17), e-cigarette frequency (β=0.11), and cigar frequency (β=0.19) were all positively associated with changes in cannabis use frequency over 3 months..

Long-term Cannabis-based oil therapy and pain medications prescribing patterns: an Italian observational study.

Nunnari, P · 2022

After long-term cannabis-based oil therapy, opioid non-users increased significantly from 32.1% to 55.4% (p=0.0023).

Prevalence of marijuana use in pregnant women with concurrent opioid use disorder or alcohol use in pregnancy.

Page, Kimberly · 2022

Marijuana prevalence was 43.2% in the OUD group, 52.6% in the combined OUD+Alcohol group, and 46.4% in the Alcohol group.

Pattern of predictive features of continued cannabis use in patients with recent-onset psychosis and clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Penzel, Nora · 2022

Clinical interview data alone predicted continued cannabis use with 73% accuracy in 109 recent-onset psychosis patients.

Medical Cannabis Patients Report Improvements in Health Functioning and Reductions in Opiate Use.

Pritchett, Carolyn E · 2022

61% of patients used pain medications before cannabis.

Controlled Trial Examining the Strength-Based Grit Wellbeing and Self-Regulation Program for Young People in Residential Settings for Substance Use.

Quinn, Catherine A · 2022

Both groups improved on all outcomes at 3 months, maintained through 12 months.

Contingency Management for Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder in Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Rodas, Justyne D · 2022

Contingency management produced cannabis use reductions and periods of abstinence in individuals with psychotic-spectrum disorders or major depressive disorder.

Changes in young adult substance use during COVID-19 as a function of ACEs, depression, prior substance use and resilience.

Romm, Katelyn F · 2022

49.4% used marijuana at either timepoint, with 27.2% increasing and 21.2% decreasing frequency during COVID-19.

Evaluating cannabis use risk reduction as an alternative clinical outcome for cannabis use disorder.

Sherman, Brian J · 2022

Cannabis risk levels based on frequency and quantity were sensitive to reductions in use.

Simultaneous use of marijuana and alcohol: Potential prevention targets among young adults who use alcohol.

Skinner, Martie L · 2022

Marijuana-specific attitudes (believing it is not wrong for their age) differentiated simultaneous or co-users from alcohol-only users.

Tobacco/nicotine use among individuals using cannabis for therapeutic purposes.

Steinberg, Marc L · 2022

39.3% of medical cannabis patients reported current nicotine use, higher than the general population.

Assessment of dependence potential and abuse liability of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice.

Vanegas, S O · 2022

Delta-8-THC produced cannabimimetic effects (catalepsy, antinociception, hypothermia, immobility) at doses above 12.5 mg/kg, all blocked by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant.

Cannabis use is associated with lower retention in methadone maintenance treatment, but not among schizophrenic- and other chronically psychotic patients.

Volkov, Ilan · 2022

Cannabis-using methadone patients had significantly shorter cumulative retention (6.0 years) than non-users (9.1 years).

Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Vuilleumier, Caroline · 2022

Dronabinol reduced withdrawal symptoms but had limited broader efficacy.

Separate and combined effects of alcohol and cannabis on mood, subjective experience, cognition and psychomotor performance: A randomized trial.

Wickens, Christine M · 2022

Cannabis increased tension-anxiety, confusion, euphoria, and sedation ratings but had minimal impact on cognitive test scores.

Targeting maladaptive reactivity to negative affect in emerging adults with cannabis use disorder: A preliminary test and proof of concept.

Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate · 2022

Affect Management Treatment (AMT) was more effective than standard CBT at reducing negative affect and maladaptive reactivity to negative emotions through post-treatment and 6-month follow-up.

Cultural and psychosocial moderators of the association between adverse childhood experiences and alcohol and marijuana use among Latinx college students on the U.S./Mexico border.

Woloshchuk, Claudia J · 2022

For female participants, insecure attachment style strengthened the link between childhood adversity and substance use, while stronger marianismo beliefs and higher bicultural self-efficacy altered this relationship.

Incidence and Predictors of Cannabis-Related Poisoning and Mental and Behavioral Disorders among Patients with Medical Cannabis Authorization: A Cohort Study.

Zongo, Arsene · 2022

During a median follow-up of 240 days, only 14 patients visited the ER or were hospitalized for cannabis poisoning (8.06 per 10,000 person-years) and 26 for cannabis-related mental and behavioral disorders (15.0 per 10,000 person-years).

Substance Use Disorders and Psychoactive Drug Poisoning in Medically Authorized Cannabis Patients: Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Zongo, Arsène · 2022

Among 18,653 medical cannabis patients matched to 51,243 controls, poisoning incidence was 4.71 per 1,000 person-years for cannabis patients vs 1.73 for controls (adjusted HR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.56-3.84).

Genomic relationships across psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders.

Abdellaoui, Abdel · 2021

Alcohol and nicotine dependence showed significant genetic correlations with multiple psychiatric disorders including ADHD, schizophrenia, and major depression.

Trend differences over 20 years between two methadone maintenance clinics, one with and one without cannabis legalization.

Adelson, Miriam · 2021

The Las Vegas clinic (1,724 patients) had lower one-year retention than Tel Aviv (1,014 patients): 46.4% vs.

Adverse events of recreational cannabis use reported to the French addictovigilance network (2012-2017).

Bouquet, Emilie · 2021

Cannabis adverse event reports tripled from 179 (2012) to 562 (2017), totaling 2,217 cases.

Lifetime Cannabis Use Disorder Is Not Associated With Lifetime Impulsive Behavior and Severe Violence in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders From a High-Security Hospital.

Comai, Stefano · 2021

Violent and nonviolent psychotic patients had similar rates of cannabis use disorder.

Preadmission Cannabis Use Is Positively Correlated With Inpatient Opioid Dose Exposure in Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Dalal, Rahul S · 2021

Preadmission cannabis use was significantly correlated with higher inpatient opioid exposure (coefficient = 12.1 IV morphine mg equivalents/day; 95% CI: 2.6-21.5) after adjusting for IBD severity, pain scores, and preadmission opioid use..

Typologies of illicit drug use in mid-adulthood: a quasi-longitudinal latent class analysis in a community-based sample of twins.

Dash, Genevieve F · 2021

Five drug use classes emerged: no/low use (50%), desistant cannabis use (23%), desistant party drug use (18%), persistent prescription drug misuse (4%), and persistent polydrug use (5%).

Recreational cannabis laws and opioid-related emergency department visit rates.

Drake, Coleman · 2021

Event study models using ED data from 29 states (2011-2017) found recreational cannabis laws reduced opioid-related ED visit rates by approximately 7.6% for two quarters after implementation.

Sex Differences in Comorbidity Between Substance Use and Mental Health in Adolescents: Two Sides of the Same Coin.

Fernández-Artamendi, Sergio · 2021

Girls presented significantly more mental health problems and higher prevalence of comorbidity between substance use and mental health disorders.

Calendar Month Variation in Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults.

Fleming, Charles B · 2021

All substance use measures showed calendar month variation.

Patterns, Consequences, and Motives in Simultaneous Use of Prescription Stimulant Medication with Alcohol and Marijuana.

Fossos-Wong, Nicole · 2021

32.8% reported lifetime nonmedical prescription stimulant use; 12.5% used in the past 3 months.

Detachment, peer pressure, and age of first substance use as gateways to later substance use.

Gallegos, Martin I · 2021

Earlier first use of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco predicted more emotional detachment, greater susceptibility to peer pressure, and higher likelihood of illicit substance use.

Retail Availability of Recreational Marijuana and Alcohol in Oregon Counties and Co-Use of Alcohol and Marijuana and Related Beliefs among Adolescents.

García-Ramírez, Grisel · 2021

Post-legalization, there was a significant increase in past-30-day alcohol and marijuana co-use in 2016 in counties with the highest retail outlet density.

Alcohol Use Disorders among Slovak and Czech University Students: A Closer Look at Tobacco Use, Cannabis Use and Socio-Demographic Characteristics.

Gavurova, Beata · 2021

Tobacco and cannabis use were positively associated with alcohol use disorders in both Czech and Slovak student samples.

Impact of previous tobacco use with or without cannabis on first psychotic experiences in patients with first-episode psychosis.

González-Blanco, Leticia · 2021

FEP patients with prior tobacco-only use (n=56) had more sleep disturbances (42.9% vs.

Is Cannabis being used as a substitute for non-medical opioids by adults with problem substance use in the United States? A within-person analysis.

Gorfinkel, Lauren R · 2021

On days when cannabis was used, the adjusted odds of non-medical opioid use were 1.86 times higher (95% CI: 1.44-2.41).

Cannabis use disorder and the lungs.

Gracie, Kathryn · 2021

Cannabis smoking causes bronchitis and increases central airway resistance with lung hyperinflation and higher vital capacity.

Drugs of Abuse and Heart Failure.

Grubb, Alex F · 2021

Cannabis has complex cardiovascular effects depending on consumption method, amount, and cannabinoid content.

Genetic Liability to Cannabis Use Disorder and COVID-19 Hospitalization.

Hatoum, Alexander S · 2021

The genetic correlation between CUD and COVID-19 hospitalization was 0.423 (p = 1.33 x 10^-6).

Effectiveness of attentional bias modification training as add-on to regular treatment in alcohol and cannabis use disorder: A multicenter randomized control trial.

Heitmann, Janika · 2021

No significant differences emerged between the ABM group and control groups on any measure: substance use, craving, relapse rates, attentional bias, depression, anxiety, or stress, either at post-test or at 6- and 12-month follow-ups.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in cannabis use disorder amongst people with comorbid mental illness.

Kozak, Karolina · 2021

In the CUD-only group, males were twice as likely as females to have CUD (OR=2.0).

Sensitivity and specificity of S2BI for identifying alcohol and cannabis use disorders among adolescents presenting for primary care.

Levy, Sharon · 2021

Using monthly or more frequent use as the threshold, S2BI had 90% sensitivity and 89% specificity for moderate-to-severe CUD, and 100% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity for moderate-to-severe AUD.

Psychiatric Comorbidity and Addiction Severity Differences in Patients With ADHD Seeking Treatment for Cannabis or Cocaine Use Disorders.

Martínez-Luna, Nieves · 2021

In multivariate analysis, the cannabis group had significantly higher rates of lifetime anxiety disorder and younger age at onset of any substance use disorder.

Use of Cannabis for Harm Reduction Among People at High Risk for Overdose in Vancouver, Canada (2016-2018).

Mok, Janice · 2021

About 1 in 4 participants used cannabis for harm reduction during the study period.

The Role of Cannabis Use in Suicidal Ideation Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder.

Naji, Leen · 2021

Current cannabis use was associated with suicidal ideation (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11-1.80, P = 0.005) in multivariable analysis.

Same-day use of cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis among sexual minority and heterosexual young adult smokers.

Nguyen, Nhung · 2021

Sexual minority young adults had significantly greater odds of same-day cigarette and cannabis use (AOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.04-4.01) and all three substances combined (AOR 2.79, 95% CI 1.51-5.14) compared to heterosexuals.

Contribution of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase to Alcohol Use Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Niemela, Greta · 2021

FAAH inhibition showed promise for reducing alcohol withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety and reinstatement of alcohol intake.

Cannabis use disorder and increased risk of arrhythmia-related hospitalization in young adults.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2021

CUD was associated with 1.28 times higher odds of arrhythmia hospitalization in 15-24 year olds (95% CI: 1.229-1.346) and 1.52 times in 25-34 year olds (95% CI: 1.469-1.578).

Cannabis-induced psychosis: clinical characteristics and its differentiation from schizophrenia with and without cannabis use.

Rentero, David · 2021

Cannabis-induced psychosis (CIP) patients had lower negative PANSS scores (12.9 vs 17.2, p<0.001), fewer auditory hallucinations (60.3% vs 78.9%), and more mania (26.1% vs 12.3%, p<0.001) compared to schizophrenia with cannabis.

Cannabis use disorder and dissociation: A report from a prospective first-episode psychosis study.

Ricci, V · 2021

Cannabis-using FEP patients showed higher positive symptoms, higher dissociative experiences (DES-II), and worse functioning (GAF) than non-users at onset.

The association between cannabis use and outcome in pharmacological treatment for opioid use disorder.

Rosic, Tea · 2021

Any cannabis use vs non-use was not associated with opioid use during treatment (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87-1.23).

Patterns of brain function associated with cannabis cue-reactivity in regular cannabis users: a systematic review of fMRI studies.

Sehl, Hannah · 2021

Across 18 studies involving 918 participants, cannabis users showed greater brain activation to cannabis cues versus neutral stimuli in the striatum, prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate, middle frontal), and parietal cortex (posterior cingulate/precuneus), with preliminary links between craving and activity in the amygdala, striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex..

Risk and protective factors for cannabis, cocaine, and opioid use disorders: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies.

Solmi, Marco · 2021

Of 19 associations between 12 risk/protective factors and substance use disorders, none reached "convincing" evidence.

Examining motivational pathways from adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms to cannabis use: Results from a prospective study of veterans.

Stevens, Angela K · 2021

Sleep motives mediated the prospective relationship between ADHD symptoms and cannabis use frequency, while coping with negative affect was the only significant mediator of the ADHD-to-cannabis-problems pathway, controlling for demographics, other substance use, and psychopathology..

Characterizing Trends in Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Use from Patient Clinical Evaluations during Medical Toxicology Consultation.

Tebo, Collin · 2021

Of 124 NPS cases, 86 (69%) involved SCRAs.

Genetic overlap and causality between substance use disorder and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

Vilar-Ribó, Laura · 2021

The study confirmed a common genetic background between ADHD and SUD using both clinical (n=989) and population GWAS data.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in two French emergency departments: a prospective cohort.

Weiss, Julie · 2021

CHS patients used cannabis daily and spent significantly more hours in emergency departments (11 vs.

Association between Smoking Cannabis and Quitting Cigarettes in a Large American Cancer Society Cohort.

Westmaas, J Lee · 2021

Adjusted cigarette quitting rates did not differ by cannabis status: never cannabis users (36.2%), former users (34.1%), and recent users (33.6%).

Attitudes and beliefs about recreational cannabis legalization among cannabis-using young adults in Los Angeles: Impact on concurrent cannabis practices and problematic cannabis use.

Wong, Carolyn F · 2021

Three groups emerged: Impacted (n=113), Partially-Impacted (n=131), and Neutral (n=57).

Adolescent drug use initiation and transition into other drugs: A retrospective longitudinal examination across race/ethnicity.

Zhang, Saijun · 2021

Two-thirds of adolescent drug users started with marijuana, one-quarter with inhalants.

Young Adults With Higher Motives and Expectancies of Regular Cannabis Use Show Poorer Psychosocial Functioning.

Amiet, Danielle · 2020

Two distinct user classes emerged: Low Motives/Expectancies (n=158) and High Motives/Expectancies (n=171).

Spatial access to opioid treatment program and alcohol and cannabis outlets: analysis of missed doses of methadone during the first, second, and third 90 days of treatment.

Amiri, Solmaz · 2020

Shorter distance from home to the opioid treatment program decreased missed methadone doses during the first 90 days.

Novel therapeutic and drug development strategies for tobacco use disorder: endocannabinoid modulation.

Butler, Kevin · 2020

CB1 receptor neutral antagonists and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors demonstrated positive effects across multiple addiction-related factors including nicotine reinforcement, cue-induced reinstatement, and withdrawal.

Impact of cannabis on non-medical opioid use and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a nationwide longitudinal VA study.

De Aquino, Joao P · 2020

Of 1,413 veterans with current non-medical opioid use, 30.3% also used cannabis.

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate ∆9 -THC dependence: Mouse and human studies.

Donvito, Giulia · 2020

Alpha3beta4 nAChR antagonist/partial agonist reduced THC withdrawal signs.

Cannabis use disorder among veterans: Comorbidity and mental health treatment utilization.

Ecker, Anthony H · 2020

Of veterans with CUD (2010-2016), 79.1% had a comorbid mental health disorder and 76.8% had another substance use disorder.

Predictors of psychosis breakthrough during 24 months of long-acting antipsychotic maintenance treatment in first episode schizophrenia.

Emsley, Robin · 2020

About 21% of patients developed breakthrough psychotic symptoms despite assured medication adherence via long-acting injections.

Autonomy, competence and relatedness and cannabis and alcohol use among youth in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis.

Enns, Aganeta · 2020

Relatedness (feeling connected to others) and competence (feeling capable) were consistently associated with lower odds of 30-day and more frequent cannabis use, alcohol use, and binge drinking.

Developmental trajectories of illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse and cannabis practices among young adult cannabis users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2020

Self-reported medical cannabis use was negatively associated with membership in high illicit drug use trajectories.

Is Recovery from Cannabis Dependence Possible? Factors that Help or Hinder Recovery in a National Sample of Canadians with a History of Cannabis Dependence.

Fuller-Thomson, Esme · 2020

72% were in remission from cannabis dependence, and 53% were free of major psychiatric disorders and substance dependence.

Psychotic disorders hospitalizations associated with cannabis abuse or dependence: A nationwide big data analysis.

Gonçalves-Pinho, Manuel · 2020

Cannabis-related psychotic disorder hospitalizations rose 29.4 times over 15 years.

Contribution of Dopamine Transporter Gene Methylation Status to Cannabis Dependency.

Grzywacz, Anna · 2020

No overall difference in DAT1 gene promoter methylation was found between groups.

Predicting factors for non-suicidal self-injury in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and the role of substance use.

Güney, Erengül · 2020

Substance use disorder increased NSSI risk approximately 4-fold.

Cannabis Use in Persons With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vulnerability to Substance Misuse.

Hansen, Tawnya M · 2020

IBD patients self-medicating with cannabis were more likely to use cannabis for coping (p=0.016), demonstrated higher impulsivity (p=0.004), and had more depressive symptoms (p=0.012) compared to recreational users.

Altered Corticolimbic Control of the Nucleus Accumbens by Long-term Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure.

Hwang, Eun-Kyung · 2020

Long-term THC weakened prefrontal cortex glutamate input to the nucleus accumbens shell and strengthened input from the basolateral amygdala and ventral hippocampus.

The cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist LY2828360 synergizes with morphine to suppress neuropathic nociception and attenuates morphine reward and physical dependence.

Iyer, Vishakh · 2020

LY2828360 and morphine produced synergistic pain relief for chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.

Associations of substance use, psychosis, and mortality among people living in precarious housing or homelessness: A longitudinal, community-based study in Vancouver, Canada.

Jones, Andrea A · 2020

Over 10 years of follow-up, participants with co-occurring substance use and psychotic disorders had higher mortality rates than those with either condition alone.

Interactions Between Alcohol and the Endocannabinoid System.

Kunos, George · 2020

The review consolidates 20 years of evidence showing that alcohol increases endocannabinoid signaling, which mediates both its rewarding/addictive neural effects and its toxic effects in the liver (fatty liver disease).

The relationship between cannabis use and patient outcomes in medication-based treatment of opioid use disorder: A systematic review.

Lake, Stephanie · 2020

Across 41 studies examining cannabis use during methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder, the majority found no significant association between cannabis use and opioid use, treatment adherence, or retention.

Reductions in alcohol use following medical cannabis initiation: results from a large cross-sectional survey of medical cannabis patients in Canada.

Lucas, Philippe · 2020

In a survey of 2,102 Canadian medical cannabis patients, 973 who regularly drank alcohol reported that after starting medical cannabis, 44% decreased drinking frequency, 34% reduced drinks per week, and 8% stopped drinking entirely.

Altered Effective Connectivity of Central Autonomic Network in Response to Negative Facial Expression in Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder.

Ma, Liangsuo · 2020

Compared to 23 controls, 23 people with cannabis use disorder showed stronger amygdala-to-hypothalamus connectivity and amygdala-to-fusiform gyri connectivity when viewing fearful/angry faces.

Persistent cannabis use among young adults with early psychosis receiving coordinated specialty care in the United States.

Marino, Leslie · 2020

Of 938 first-episode psychosis patients in Coordinated Specialty Care, 38.8% used cannabis at admission and 32.8% had persistent use at 1 year.

Correlates of cannabis and other illicit drugs use among secondary school adolescents in Nigeria.

Mehanović, Emina · 2020

In a survey across all six Nigerian geopolitical zones, cannabis and illicit drug use among adolescents (mean age 14.7) was associated with older age, single-parent households, parental smoking, parental permissiveness to drink, having drug-using friends, low perceived risk of harm, and positive beliefs about drugs.

Early onset of cannabis use and violent behavior in psychosis.

Moulin, Valerie · 2020

In a 36-month prospective cohort of 265 early psychosis patients, violent patients began cannabis use at an average age of 15.3 vs.

Targeting the Endocannabinoid CB1 Receptor to Treat Body Weight Disorders: A Preclinical and Clinical Review of the Therapeutic Potential of Past and Present CB1 Drugs.

Murphy, Thomas · 2020

Rimonabant (CB1 inverse agonist) effectively produced weight loss but was withdrawn due to depression and suicidal ideation.

ADHD Is Highly Prevalent in Patients Seeking Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorders.

Notzon, Daniel P · 2020

Among 99 adults seeking cannabis use disorder treatment, ADHD prevalence was estimated at 34% (CAARS), 45% (WURS), 46% (ASRS), or 36% (WURS+CAARS combined).

Medical cannabis for the reduction of opioid dosage in the treatment of non-cancer chronic pain: a systematic review.

Okusanya, Babasola O · 2020

Across 9 studies involving 7,222 participants, combining medical cannabis with opioids was associated with 64-75% reduction in opioid dosage for non-cancer chronic pain.

Is there a relationship between cannabis use problems, emotion dysregulation, and mental health problems among adults with chronic pain?

Orr, Michael F · 2020

In 431 opioid-using adults with moderate to severe chronic pain (176 current cannabis users, 30% with cannabis use problems), emotion dysregulation significantly mediated the relationship between cannabis use problems and anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation.

Medical Cannabis for the Management of Pain and Quality of Life in Chronic Pain Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.

Safakish, Ramin · 2020

Among 751 chronic pain patients initiating medical cannabis treatment, pain severity and interference improved significantly at 1 month and remained improved through 12 months (p<0.001).

Cannabinoid exposure in rat adolescence reprograms the initial behavioral, molecular, and epigenetic response to cocaine.

Scherma, Maria · 2020

Adolescent rats pre-exposed to the synthetic cannabinoid WIN showed cross-sensitization to cocaine, correlating with histone hyperacetylation and decreased HDAC6 in the prefrontal cortex.

The switch from one substance-of-abuse to another: illicit drug substitution behaviors in a sample of high-risk drug users.

Shapira, Barak · 2020

448 of 592 high-risk drug users (75.7%) reported substituting their preferred drug.

Recent Use of Synthetic Cannabinoids, Synthetic Opioids, and Other Psychoactive Drug Groups among High-risk Drug Users.

Shapira, Barak · 2020

Of 342 patients in drug dependence treatment, 16.1% reported past-12-month synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) use and 24.9% reported recent prescription opioid or fentanyl patch use.

A Survey on the Effect That Medical Cannabis Has on Prescription Opioid Medication Usage for the Treatment of Chronic Pain at Three Medical Cannabis Practice Sites.

Takakuwa, Kevin M · 2020

Of 525 chronic pain patients who used both medical cannabis and prescribed opioids, 40.4% stopped all opioids, 45.2% decreased use, 13.3% had no change, and only 1.1% increased opioid use.

The prevalence and clinical correlates of substance use disorders in patients with psychotic disorders from an Upper-Middle-Income Country.

Temmingh, Henk S · 2020

Among 248 patients with psychotic disorders, cannabis use disorders (34.3%) were the most prevalent, followed by alcohol (30.6%) and methamphetamine (27.4%).

Patterns of cigarette, e-cigarette, and cannabis use among adult smokers in primary care 2014-2015.

Thrul, Johannes · 2020

48.6% smoked cigarettes only.

Depressive symptoms and cannabis use in a placebo-controlled trial of N-Acetylcysteine for adult cannabis use disorder.

Tomko, Rachel L · 2020

N-acetylcysteine did not reduce depressive symptoms compared to placebo.

A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of interventions which target or assess co-use of tobacco and cannabis in single- or multi-substance interventions.

Walsh, Hannah · 2020

Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (up to 1,117 participants) showed weak evidence for cannabis cessation (RR=1.48, CrI 0.92-2.49) and no clear effect on tobacco cessation (RR=1.10, CrI 0.68-1.87).

Cigarette smoking quit ratios among adults in the USA with cannabis use and cannabis use disorders, 2002-2016.

Weinberger, Andrea H · 2020

In 2016, quit ratios were 23% for any cannabis users and 15% for those with CUD, versus 51% for non-cannabis users and 48% for those without CUD.

Impaired cognitive performance under psychosocial stress in cannabis-dependent men is associated with attenuated precuneus activity.

Zhao, Weihua · 2020

During stress but not during a no-stress condition, cannabis users showed impaired performance on mental arithmetic compared to controls.

Suicidal behavior among substance users: data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS).

Abdalla, Renata R · 2019

Among cannabis users, 31.5% reported suicidal ideation and 16.5% reported suicide attempts, compared to 9.9% and 5.4% in the general sample.

Cannabis Use Disorder and Post-Deployment Suicide Attempts in Iraq/Afghanistan-Era Veterans.

Adkisson, Kelsie · 2019

Lifetime cannabis dependence was significantly associated with post-deployment suicide attempts (AOR=7.963, p=.014) after controlling for pre-deployment suicide attempts, PTSD, depression, pain, non-cannabis substance use disorder, and gender.

Persistence of use of prescribed cannabinoid medicines in Manitoba, Canada: a population-based cohort study.

Alkabbani, Wajd · 2019

Among 5,452 new prescribed cannabinoid users, 18.1% continued use at 1 year.

Interactive effects of PTSD and substance use on suicidal ideation and behavior in military personnel: Increased risk from marijuana use.

Allan, Nicholas P · 2019

PTSD symptoms and marijuana use both independently predicted suicidal ideation and behavior at follow-up.

Association of smoked cannabis with treatment resistance in schizophrenia.

Arsalan, Arsalan · 2019

The treatment resistance rate was over 60% in this cohort.

Endocannabinoid System and Alcohol Abuse Disorders.

Basavarajappa, Balapal S · 2019

Alcohol alters endocannabinoid levels and CB1 receptor expression in brain addiction circuits.

Distinct functions of endogenous cannabinoid system in alcohol abuse disorders.

Basavarajappa, Balapal S · 2019

The ECS plays a major role in the motivation to abuse alcohol, with chronic alcohol consumption modulating endocannabinoids and CB1 receptor expression in brain addiction circuits.

Quantitative biochemical screening for marijuana use and concordance with tobacco use in urban adolescents.

Benowitz, Neal · 2019

The standard immunoassay substantially underestimated THC exposure compared to high-sensitivity chromatographic testing.

Threat Responsiveness as a Function of Cannabis and Alcohol Use Disorder Severity.

Blair, Robert James R · 2019

Increasing CUD symptomatology was associated with decreased responding to looming threat stimuli in regions including rostral frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, and amygdala.

Cerebellar alterations in cannabis users: A systematic review.

Blithikioti, Chrysanthi · 2019

The three most consistent findings across 40 studies were: (1) increased cerebellar gray matter volume after chronic use, (2) altered cerebellar resting state activity after acute or chronic use, and (3) deficits in memory, decision-making, and associative learning (cerebellar-dependent tasks).

Pills to Pot: Observational Analyses of Cannabis Substitution Among Medical Cannabis Users With Chronic Pain.

Boehnke, Kevin F · 2019

80% of 1,321 medical cannabis users with chronic pain reported substituting cannabis for traditional pain medications: 53% for opioids, 22% for benzodiazepines.

Suicide ideation, planning, and attempts: the case of the Latinx LGB youth.

Boyas, Javier F · 2019

Cannabis use was a significant independent predictor of suicidal ideation (OR 1.76), suicide planning (OR 2.46), and suicide attempts (OR 3.12) among Latinx LGB adolescents, even after controlling for bullying, sexual assault, and depression.

The Mediating Effect of Social Controls on Marijuana Use Among Adolescent Bullies, Victims, and Bully-Victims: A Comparison of Various Approaches to Mediation.

Cho, Sujung · 2019

Adolescent bullies and bully-victims had higher marijuana use rates than victims or uninvolved youth.

Cannabis acute use impacts symptoms and functionality in a cohort of antipsychotic naïve First Episode of Psychosis individuals.

Coutinho, Luccas S · 2019

Acute cannabis users had higher excitement symptoms and worse functioning at baseline.

Deficient Functioning of Frontostriatal Circuits During the Resolution of Cognitive Conflict in Cannabis-Using Youth.

Cyr, Marilyn · 2019

Cannabis-using youth (n=28) showed decreased conflict-related activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum, pallidum, and thalamus compared to healthy controls (n=32) during a Simon task.

Adverse Consequences of Co-Occurring Opioid Use Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder Compared to Opioid Use Disorder Only.

De Aquino, Joao P · 2019

Veterans with co-occurring OUD and CUD received fewer opioid prescriptions (mean 3.79 vs 4.8) compared to the OUD-only group, but had a higher likelihood of inpatient psychiatric admission (RR = 1.95) and homelessness (RR = 1.52)..

Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of pre-clinical and clinical findings.

Elsaid, Sonja · 2019

CBD is safe, well-tolerated, and efficacious for several seizure disorders.

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, risky substance use and substance use disorders: a follow-up study among young men.

Estévez-Lamorte, Natalia · 2019

ADHD predicted persistent risky alcohol and nicotine use and was positively linked to alcohol use disorder but negatively linked to cannabis use disorder at follow-up.

Illicit drug use and prescription drug misuse among young adult medical cannabis patients and non-patient users in Los Angeles.

Fedorova, Ekaterina V · 2019

Self-reported medical cannabis use was associated with 50% lower odds of illicit drug use (AOR 0.5).

Tobacco and cannabis use in college students are predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions between MAOA genotype and child abuse.

Fite, Paula J · 2019

In female students, high-activity MAOA alleles combined with physical and emotional abuse predicted lifetime tobacco and cannabis use.

Potential of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands as Treatment for Substance Use Disorders.

Galaj, Ewa · 2019

Neutral CB1R antagonists (AM4113), CB2R agonists (JWH133, Xie2-64), and phytocannabinoids (CBD, beta-caryophyllene, THCV) show therapeutic potential for SUDs in animals.

Genetic and environmental risk factors in the non-medical use of over-the-counter or prescribed analgesics, and their relationship to major classes of licit and illicit substance use and misuse in a population-based sample of young adult twins.

Gillespie, Nathan A · 2019

NMUA heritability was 46%.

Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder: an update for general psychiatrists.

Grigg, Jasmin · 2019

Synthetic cannabinoid use is associated with more rapid development of dependence than cannabis, increased psychiatric risks, complex withdrawal syndromes, and serious physical adverse effects including seizures, cardiotoxicity, and death, suggesting a need for more intensive clinical management..

Varenicline and nabilone in tobacco and cannabis co-users: effects on tobacco abstinence, withdrawal and a laboratory model of cannabis relapse.

Herrmann, Evan S · 2019

Varenicline doubled cotinine-verified tobacco abstinence (46% vs 24%) and reduced mood disturbance and cigarette craving.

How effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review.

Hoch, Eva · 2019

Across 14 RCTs (1,629 participants) covering dementia, cannabis/opioid dependence, psychosis, social anxiety, PTSD, anorexia nervosa, ADHD, and Tourette's disorder, cannabis-based medicines as adjuncts were associated with symptom improvements but not remission.

Factors Associated with Poly Drug Use in Adolescents.

Jongenelis, Michelle · 2019

20.3% had used at least one substance in the past 30 days, 6.7% used two, and 3.3% used all three.

Is there a role for cannabidiol in psychiatry?

Khoury, Julia Machado · 2019

Evidence levels varied: B-level for cannabis withdrawal, C2 for cannabis addiction, C1 for positive symptoms in schizophrenia and anxiety in social anxiety disorder.

Frequency of cannabis and illicit opioid use among people who use drugs and report chronic pain: A longitudinal analysis.

Lake, Stephanie · 2019

After adjusting for demographics, substance use, and health factors, daily cannabis use was associated with significantly lower odds of daily illicit opioid use (adjusted OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.74, p < 0.001).

Reliability and Validity of the Newton Screen for Alcohol and Cannabis Misuse in a Pediatric Emergency Department Sample.

Linakis, James G · 2019

For cannabis use disorder, the Newton screen achieved baseline sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 93.5%.

Cannabis and mental illness: a review.

Lowe, Darby J E · 2019

The review found increasing documentation of potential harms from cannabis use in patients with psychotic and mood disorders, while data supporting beneficial effects in psychiatric populations remains limited.

Medical cannabis patterns of use and substitution for opioids & other pharmaceutical drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances; results from a cross-sectional survey of authorized patients.

Lucas, Philippe · 2019

69.1% reported substituting cannabis for prescription drugs (35.3% of those for opioids), 44.5% for alcohol, 31.1% for tobacco, and 26.6% for illicit substances.

Demographic and clinical profiles of admitted psychiatric patients of the East London Mental Health Unit in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Madala-Witbooi, Nombulelo J · 2019

Schizophrenia (31.6%) and cannabis-related psychiatric disorders (31.6%) were tied as the most common reasons for psychiatric hospitalization, followed by bipolar type-1 disorder (21.9%) and alcohol-related disorders (15.5%).

Synthetic cannabinoid use among college students.

Mathews, Eva M · 2019

7.9% lifetime synthetic cannabinoid use; 16.7% of users considered or visited the ER.

Tobacco and cannabis co-use: Drug substitution, quit interest, and cessation preferences.

McClure, Erin A · 2019

About 80% had tried to quit tobacco vs 40% for cannabis.

Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development.

Nguyen, Thuy · 2019

Rimonabant demonstrated effectiveness for treating obesity and smoking cessation but was withdrawn from the European market due to psychiatric side effects.

Parental Cannabis Use Is Associated with Cannabis Initiation and Use in Offspring.

O'Loughlin, Jennifer L · 2019

Grade 6 students whose parents reported past-year cannabis use were 1.8 times more likely to initiate cannabis during high school.

Distinct effects of cocaine and cocaine + cannabis on neurocognitive functioning and abstinence: A six-month follow-up study.

Oliveira, Hercílio Pereira de · 2019

Both cocaine groups performed worse than controls on multiple cognitive measures.

Impact of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use on treatment outcomes among patients experiencing first episode psychosis: Data from the national RAISE-ETP study.

Oluwoye, Oladunni · 2019

At baseline, 50% of first-episode psychosis patients smoked tobacco, 28% used alcohol, and 24% used cannabis.

Endocannabinoid signaling in psychiatric disorders: a review of positron emission tomography studies.

Sloan, Matthew E · 2019

Cannabis users consistently had decreased CB1 receptor binding compared to controls, normalizing after short abstinence periods.

Does Cannabis Use Influence Opioid Outcomes and Quality of Life Among Buprenorphine Maintained Patients? A Cross-sectional, Comparative Study.

Bagra, Igam · 2018

Researchers studied 100 randomly selected men who had been stable on buprenorphine maintenance for opioid use disorder for an average of 96 months.

Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between cannabis users and non-drug users: A retrospective study of patients at first hospitalization due to psychotic symptoms.

Balan Moshe, Livia · 2018

Researchers reviewed records of 318 patients at their first psychiatric hospitalization for psychotic symptoms, comparing 106 cannabis users (33%) to non-drug users.

Sex Differences in Prevalence of Emergency Department Patient Substance Use.

Cannon, Robert D · 2018

Researchers analyzed 10,511 emergency department visits across three Pennsylvania hospitals over 18 months where the final diagnosis involved substance use.

Longitudinal assessment of the effect of cannabis use on hospital readmission rates in early psychosis: A 6-year follow-up in an inpatient cohort.

Colizzi, Marco · 2018

Researchers followed 161 patients admitted to an early psychosis intervention unit for 6 years, tracking hospital readmissions and total time spent hospitalized.

The Psychiatric Consequences of Cannabinoids.

De Aquino, Joao P · 2018

This overview examined the psychiatric effects of both plant-based and synthetic cannabinoids across different timeframes. Acutely, cannabinoids produce multiphasic, dose-dependent effects on anxiety, mood, and perception while impairing cognition and psychomotor function.

Rural and urban substance use differences: Effects of the transition to college.

Derefinko, Karen J · 2018

Researchers tracked substance use among 431 college students from freshman through junior year, comparing rural and urban backgrounds. As freshmen, rural students were less likely to use alcohol and marijuana than their urban counterparts.

Pre- and postnatal tobacco and cannabis exposure and child behavior problems: Bidirectional associations, joint effects, and sex differences.

Eiden, Rina D · 2018

Researchers followed 247 low-income mothers and their children from pregnancy through age 3, tracking prenatal substance exposure and child behavior problems. Prenatal tobacco exposure showed stronger effects in girls: girls in the tobacco-exposed group had higher internalizing problems, anxiety/depression, and attention problems compared to other groups.

Factors associated with successful vs. unsuccessful smoking cessation: Data from a nationally representative study.

El-Khoury Lesueur, Fabienne · 2018

Researchers analyzed data from a nationally representative French survey of 2,110 current or former smokers, comparing three groups: those who never quit or quit less than 6 months, unsuccessful quitters (relapsed after 6+ months), and successful quitters (abstinent 6+ months). Both successful and unsuccessful quitting shared common predictors: no cannabis use, older age, and intermediate or high occupational grade. Factors that specifically distinguished successful quitters from unsuccessful ones were no e-cigarette use, no environmental tobacco smoke exposure, fear of health consequences, perceived harmfulness of smoking, high educational attainment, and good overall health. Notably, cannabis use was associated with both failed quit attempts and never quitting, suggesting it is a barrier to smoking cessation regardless of the quit trajectory..

Clinical and functional outcomes of cannabis use among individuals with anxiety disorders: A 3-year population-based longitudinal study.

Feingold, Daniel · 2018

Researchers analyzed data from 3,723 individuals with diagnosed anxiety disorders (social anxiety, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias) from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. In unadjusted analysis, remission rates from anxiety disorders decreased with increasing levels of cannabis use, suggesting cannabis worsened outcomes. However, after adjusting for baseline confounders, the association between cannabis use and lower remission rates was no longer statistically significant.

Mortality risk in a sample of emergency department patients who use cocaine with alcohol and/or cannabis.

Gilmore, Devin · 2018

Researchers surveyed 1,669 patients from two urban emergency departments and tracked mortality over 36 months using the National Death Index. The use of cocaine and cannabis, both individually and in combination, was associated with significantly higher mortality risk compared to other ED patients after controlling for demographics. This mortality risk was present whether cocaine and cannabis were used separately or together, suggesting that both substances independently contribute to elevated risk in this population. The authors noted that further research was needed to determine whether these results were stable across racial and ethnic groups..

Trends in Cannabis and Cigarette Use Among Parents With Children at Home: 2002 to 2015.

Goodwin, Renee D · 2018

Researchers analyzed nationally representative data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to track cannabis and cigarette use trends among parents with children at home from 2002 to 2015. Past-month cannabis use among parents increased from 4.9% in 2002 to 6.8% in 2015, while cigarette smoking declined from 27.6% to 20.2%. The increase in cannabis use was most pronounced among cigarette-smoking parents, rising from 11.0% to 17.4%.

The Prevalence of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Among Regular Marijuana Smokers in an Urban Public Hospital.

Habboushe, Joseph · 2018

Researchers surveyed patients aged 18-49 at the oldest public hospital in the United States, screening for those who smoked marijuana at least 20 days per month. Of 2,127 patients approached, 155 met the criteria of smoking 20 or more days per month.

The Potential of Cannabidiol Treatment for Cannabis Users With Recent-Onset Psychosis.

Hahn, Britta · 2018

This review examined the potential of CBD as a treatment specifically for cannabis users with recent-onset psychosis, a population with currently poor outcomes and no specialized effective intervention. Cannabis misuse is a major factor associated with poor outcomes after a first psychotic break and is especially common in individuals with recent-onset psychosis.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome presentation to the emergency department: A two-year multicentre retrospective chart review in a major urban area.

Hernandez, Jeremy M · 2018

Researchers reviewed charts of all adults aged 18-55 presenting to two major urban tertiary care EDs and one urgent care centre with vomiting complaints over two years. Of 494 cases, 19.4% of charts specifically reported cannabis use.

Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia is associated with cannabis use patterns during adolescence.

Hiemstra, Marieke · 2018

Researchers followed 372 adolescents from the RADAR-Y study, tracking substance use from ages 13-20 while measuring each participant's genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia using polygenic risk scores. High schizophrenia genetic vulnerability was specifically associated with a stronger increase in cannabis use during ages 16-20.

The relation between gray matter volume and the use of alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and cannabis in male polysubstance users.

Kaag, A M · 2018

Researchers measured gray matter volume in 169 men across six groups ranging from non-users to heavy polysubstance users (alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and cannabis). The number of substances used was negatively associated with volume in the dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

The Impact of Cannabis Use Disorder on Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Iraq/Afghanistan-Era Veterans with and without Mental Health Disorders.

Kimbrel, Nathan A · 2018

Researchers examined the association between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and self-injury among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. After adjusting for sex, age, sexual orientation, combat exposure, traumatic life events, traumatic brain injury, PTSD, depression, alcohol use disorder, and non-cannabis drug use disorder, CUD remained significantly associated with both suicidal self-injury (OR 3.10, p = .045) and nonsuicidal self-injury (OR 5.12, p = .009). CUD was the only variable significantly associated with self-injury across all three statistical models (combined, suicidal, and nonsuicidal). The findings are consistent with prior civilian research and suggest CUD may increase veterans' risk for self-injurious behavior..

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and arrest history: Differential association of clinical characteristics by sex.

Kolla, Nathan J · 2018

Researchers surveyed 5,196 Ontario adults to examine whether ADHD predicted arrest history after controlling for other criminogenic factors. In the combined sample, conduct disorder symptoms, problematic alcohol use, and problematic cannabis use all predicted arrest history.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Public Health Implications and a Novel Model Treatment Guideline.

Lapoint, Jeff · 2018

The San Diego Emergency Medicine Oversight Commission, county health services, and Kaiser Permanente toxicology created an expert consensus guideline for CHS treatment. Key recommendations: - Treatment should focus on symptom relief and patient education about cannabis cessation. - Topical capsaicin (the active compound in chili peppers) is recommended as a first-line treatment.

Fronto-striatal effective connectivity of working memory in adults with cannabis use disorder.

Ma, Liangsuo · 2018

Researchers compared brain connectivity between 23 adults with cannabis use disorder and 23 demographically matched controls during a working memory (N-back) task. Compared to controls, CUD participants showed reduced modulatory connectivity from the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC) to the left caudate during working memory. However, CUD participants showed increased connectivity in three other prefrontal-striatal pathways: left DLPFC to left caudate, right DLPFC to right caudate, and right ventrolateral PFC to left caudate. The authors interpreted this as a compensatory pattern: the CUD brain may recruit additional prefrontal-striatal connections to maintain working memory performance when the primary pathway is impaired..

Comparing the effect of clozapine and risperidone on cue reactivity in male patients with schizophrenia and a cannabis use disorder: A randomized fMRI study.

Machielsen, Marise W J · 2018

Thirty-eight patients with schizophrenia (30 with cannabis use disorder, 8 without) and 20 healthy controls were included.

Pharmacological properties of cannabidiol in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a critical overview.

Mandolini, G M · 2018

Researchers reviewed all clinical studies investigating CBD as treatment for psychiatric symptoms and linked findings to pharmacological mechanisms. For schizophrenia: CBD may exert antipsychotic effects primarily through facilitation of endocannabinoid signaling and CB1 receptor antagonism.

Negative affectivity as a mechanism underlying perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, barriers to cessation, and self-efficacy for quitting among urban cannabis users.

Manning, Kara · 2018

Researchers studied 203 urban adult daily cannabis users (29.2% female, mean age 37.7, 63% African American) to understand why low distress tolerance is linked to cannabis problems. Negative affectivity (the general tendency to experience negative emotions) significantly mediated the relationship between distress tolerance and multiple cannabis outcomes: - Cannabis use problems (b=-0.58, 95% CI [-1.14, -0.21]) - Cannabis withdrawal (b=-0.65, 95% CI [-1.36, -0.21]) - Self-efficacy for quitting (b=-0.83, 95% CI [-1.85, -0.22]) - Perceived barriers to cessation (b=-0.71, 95% CI [-1.51, -0.24]) In other words, people who perceive they cannot tolerate distress tend to experience more negative emotions generally, which in turn drives cannabis problems, withdrawal severity, low confidence in quitting, and perception of more barriers to stopping..

Subcortical Local Functional Hyperconnectivity in Cannabis Dependence.

Manza, Peter · 2018

Researchers examined resting-state brain connectivity in subcortical regions using data from 441 young adults in the Human Connectome Project. Thirty cannabis-dependent subjects were compared to 30 controls matched on age, sex, education, BMI, anxiety, depression, and alcohol/tobacco use. Cannabis-dependent individuals showed markedly increased local functional connectivity in several subcortical regions: ventral striatum (where the nucleus accumbens is located), midbrain (where dopamine-producing neurons reside), brainstem, and lateral thalamus. These hyperconnectivity effects occurred without significant differences in subcortical brain volumes. The effects were most pronounced in individuals who began cannabis use earliest in life and who reported high levels of negative emotionality. The researchers interpreted these findings as reflecting changes in dopaminergic circuits implicated in both psychosis and habit formation/reward processing..

Psychosocial and cessation-related differences between tobacco-marijuana co-users and single product users in a college student population.

Masters, Matthew N · 2018

Researchers studied 721 college students aged 18-25 who used cigarettes and/or marijuana: 238 cigarette-only, 331 marijuana-only, and 152 co-users. Co-users rated the importance of quitting higher for cigarettes than marijuana, but had lower confidence in their ability to quit cigarettes versus marijuana. Co-users were more likely to report readiness to quit cigarettes (vs.

Differential relationships of PTSD and childhood trauma with the course of substance use disorders.

Mergler, Michaela · 2018

Researchers divided 459 patients with substance use disorders into three groups: childhood trauma plus PTSD (CT-PTSD, n=95), childhood trauma without PTSD (CT-only, n=134), and no trauma (n=209). A graded pattern emerged across nearly all outcomes, with CT-PTSD worst, CT-only intermediate, and no-trauma best. Both trauma groups reported significantly higher anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts than the no-trauma group. The CT-PTSD group had significantly younger age at first cannabis and alcohol use, more cannabis use in the past month, and more lifetime drug overdoses compared to the no-trauma group. The authors concluded that both childhood trauma and PTSD independently contribute to substance use severity, and treatment programs should assess and address both domains rather than focusing on one alone..

Cannabis, a Significant Risk Factor for Violent Behavior in the Early Phase Psychosis. Two Patterns of Interaction of Factors Increase the Risk of Violent Behavior: Cannabis Use Disorder and Impulsivity; Cannabis Use Disorder, Lack of Insight and Treatment Adherence.

Moulin, Valerie · 2018

Researchers studied 265 early psychosis patients to understand how cannabis use disorder interacts with other risk factors for violent behavior. Cannabis use disorder was independently associated with violent behavior during treatment. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis revealed two distinct patient profiles with elevated violence rates: 1.

Cannabis Use Disorder in Young Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Trend Inpatient Study from 2010 to 2014 in the United States.

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2018

Researchers examined trends in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among cannabis users using the National Inpatient Sample from 2010 to 2014. Key findings: - AMI admissions among cannabis users increased 32% over the study period (p = 0.001). - Mean age was 41 years and remained stable. - AMI was predominant in males (79.1%), with a 38.3% increase in prevalence among female cannabis users. - In-hospital mortality increased 60% (1.0% in 2010 to 1.6% in 2014). - Mean hospitalization costs averaged $65,879 per admission. - Mean length of stay showed a decreasing trend (p = 0.003) while costs increased (p = 0.024). - Moderate-to-severe morbidity was prevalent (p = 0.001)..

Is Cannabis Use Associated With the Worst Inpatient Outcomes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adolescents?

Patel, Rikinkumar S · 2018

Researchers analyzed 11,232 ADHD adolescent hospital admissions from 2010-2014, of which 1.79% had comorbid cannabis use disorder. CUD prevalence was highest in ages 15-18 (73%) and in white adolescents (71%). ADHD adolescents with CUD had significantly worse hospitalization outcomes: - 1.8 times higher odds of hospitalization costs exceeding the median ($12,247) - 2.1 times higher odds of inpatient stays exceeding 5 days - Higher rates of transfer to acute care hospitals and skilled nursing facilities Paradoxically, CUD was associated with reduced utilization of treatments: - Psychotropic medication use reduced by 55% (aOR = 0.448) - Behavioral therapy use reduced by 59% (aOR = 0.412) CUD dramatically increased alcohol abuse risk: 17-fold higher odds (aOR = 17.141)..

Demographic and socioenvironmental predictors of premorbid marijuana use among patients with first-episode psychosis.

Pauselli, Luca · 2018

Researchers examined what predicted premorbid marijuana use patterns in 247 patients with first-episode psychosis. Three marijuana use variables were studied: age at initiation, escalation trajectory in the five years before psychosis onset, and cumulative dose. Age at initiation of cigarette smoking was the strongest predictor, linked to all three marijuana variables: earlier marijuana initiation, faster escalation to daily use, and higher cumulative dose. During childhood, poorer academic performance predicted earlier marijuana initiation, while poorer sociability was related to faster escalation and higher cumulative dose. Experiencing euphoric effects from marijuana was positively correlated with escalation and cumulative dose, but having negative experiences was unrelated. Traumatic childhood/adolescent experiences correlated with rapid escalation and amount used, but not with age of initiation..

Alcohol and Drug Use, Pain and Psychiatric Symptoms among Adults Seeking Outpatient Psychiatric Treatment: Latent Class Patterns and Relationship to Health Status.

Ramo, Danielle E · 2018

Four classes emerged: moderate symptoms with wide-range drug use (22%), moderate depression/panic only (38%), depression/anxiety with tobacco and cannabis (28%), and severe wide-range symptoms and substance use (12%).

Cannabis use is associated with lower rates of initiation of injection drug use among street-involved youth: A longitudinal analysis.

Reddon, Hudson · 2018

In a multivariable analysis, daily or more frequent cannabis use was associated with slower rates of injection drug initiation (adjusted hazard ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.45-0.98).

Comorbid Cannabis and Tobacco Use Disorders in Hospitalized Patients with Psychotic-Spectrum Disorders.

Reeves, Lauren E · 2018

Patients with both cannabis and tobacco use disorders (CUD + TUD) had significantly higher odds of also having alcohol and stimulant use disorders compared to patients with neither.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictions (substance and behavioral): Prevalence and characteristics in a multicenter study in France.

Romo, Lucia · 2018

Students with ADHD had significantly higher scores on substance use measures (alcohol, cannabis, tobacco) and behavioral addictions (gambling, compulsive buying, eating disorders, internet addiction) compared to non-ADHD students.

The effect of high-dose dronabinol (oral THC) maintenance on cannabis self-administration.

Schlienz, Nicolas J · 2018

Chronic dronabinol dosing significantly reduced cannabis self-administration compared to placebo maintenance.

Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Scott, J. Cobb · 2018

This was the first quantitative synthesis of the cannabis-cognition literature in adolescents and young adults.

Deficient endocannabinoid signaling in the central amygdala contributes to alcohol dependence-related anxiety-like behavior and excessive alcohol intake.

Serrano, Antonia · 2018

Alcohol dependence decreased baseline 2-AG levels and increased glutamate and GABA in the central amygdala.

Momentary factors during marijuana use as predictors of lapse during attempted abstinence in young adults.

Shrier, Lydia A · 2018

Nearly 3 in 4 participants (73.5%) lapsed during attempted abstinence.

High-intensity cannabis use is associated with retention in opioid agonist treatment: a longitudinal analysis.

Socías, Maria Eugenia · 2018

Daily cannabis use was positively associated with retention in OAT (adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.04-1.41).

Associations between marijuana use and tobacco cessation outcomes in young adults.

Vogel, Erin A · 2018

Marijuana use was associated with lower likelihood of tobacco abstinence (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35-0.90) and lower likelihood of reducing smoking (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.51-0.98) over 12 months.

A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Cannabinoid Agonist Replacement Therapy for Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms.

Werneck, Maira Aguiar · 2018

Dronabinol, nabilone, and nabiximols, used alone or in combination with other drugs, showed promise in reducing cannabis withdrawal symptoms.

Altered orbitofrontal activity and dorsal striatal connectivity during emotion processing in dependent marijuana users after 28 days of abstinence.

Zimmermann, Kaeli · 2018

After 28+ days of abstinence, dependent marijuana users showed increased medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) activity during negative emotional stimuli, stronger mOFC-dorsal striatal and mOFC-amygdala coupling, and increased mOFC-dorsal striatal resting connectivity compared to controls.

Perceived barriers for cannabis cessation: Relations to cannabis use problems, withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting.

Zvolensky, Michael J · 2018

Structural equation modeling showed perceived barriers for quitting were significantly associated with cannabis use problems (beta=0.50), greater withdrawal symptoms (beta=0.39), and lower self-efficacy for quitting (beta=-0.17).

Reciprocal relationships between substance use and disorders and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2017

In a prospective cohort of over 3,200 participants, suicide attempts were associated with significantly increased odds of subsequently developing dependence on alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis (odds ratios 1.44 to 1.61).

Oral cannabidiol does not produce a signal for abuse liability in frequent marijuana smokers.

Babalonis, Shanna · 2017

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 31 healthy frequent marijuana users received oral CBD at 0, 200, 400, and 800mg.

Attenuated frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia in cannabis users.

Blanco-Hinojo, Laura · 2017

Resting-state brain imaging in 28 chronic cannabis users and 29 controls revealed two key connectivity changes.

Alcohol, cannabis and other drugs and subsequent suicide ideation and attempt among young Mexicans.

Borges, Guilherme · 2017

In a prospective study following 1,071 young Mexicans from 2005 to 2013, cannabis use before age 15 was associated with nearly 4 times the risk of suicidal ideation (RR=3.97) and over 5 times the risk of suicide attempt (RR=5.23). Early-onset cannabis use disorder among cannabis users tripled the risk of ideation (RR=3.30) and quadrupled the risk of attempt (RR=4.14).

Trends of Cannabis Use Disorder in the Inpatient: 2002 to 2011.

Charilaou, Paris · 2017

Among nearly 2.8 million hospital admissions with documented cannabis abuse/dependence (0.91% of all admissions), prevalence increased from 0.52% to 1.34% over the decade.

Cannabis; Epidemiological, Neurobiological and Psychopathological Issues: An Update.

De Luca, Maria Antonietta · 2017

The review synthesized evidence across three domains.

Cannabis: An Overview of its Adverse Acute and Chronic Effects and its Implications.

Ford, Talitha C · 2017

The review surveyed evidence across multiple domains of cannabis harm.

Cannabis and Canada's children and youth.

Grant, Christina N · 2017

Cannabis is the most common illicit drug used by Canadian teenagers.

Smoking status and its relationship to demographic and clinical characteristics in first episode psychosis.

Grossman, Michael · 2017

In 140 patients entering specialized first-episode psychosis treatment, 53% smoked cigarettes: 47 were light/moderate smokers (1-19/day) and 27 were heavy smokers (20+/day).

Demographic trends among older cannabis users in the United States, 2006-13.

Han, Benjamin H · 2017

Analyzing data from 47,140 adults aged 50 and older in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2006-2013), researchers found significant increases in past-year cannabis use.

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review.

Hanna, Rebecca C · 2017

This narrative review examined the relationship between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders across multiple categories.

Tripping with Synthetic Cannabinoids ("Spice"): Anecdotal and Experimental Observations in Animals and Man.

Järbe, Torbjörn U C · 2017

This review consolidated the scientific literature on "Spice" compounds, synthetic cannabinoids originally designed as research tools that became widely abused recreational drugs. In behavioral assays comparing synthetic cannabinoids to THC, the synthetic compounds generally produced similar effects but often at greater potency or with additional toxicity.

Cannabis use disorder and suicide attempts in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans.

Kimbrel, Nathan A · 2017

This study examined the relationship between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and suicidal behavior in a large sample of 3,233 Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Veterans with lifetime CUD had significantly higher odds of both current suicidal ideation (OR = 1.683) and lifetime suicide attempts (OR = 2.306).

Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Primary Care Patients in Washington State.

Lapham, Gwen T · 2017

This study analyzed cannabis use screening results from 22,095 primary care patients in Washington State, one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis. Overall, 15.3% reported any past-year cannabis use and 3.1% reported daily use.

Focus on cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids.

Le Boisselier, R · 2017

This review provided a state-of-the-art overview of both natural and synthetic cannabinoids, explaining why synthetic versions produce more extreme effects. The key pharmacological difference: THC is a partial agonist at CB1 receptors (it activates them partially), while most synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists (they activate receptors to their maximum).

Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood.

Lichenstein, Sarah D · 2017

Following 158 young men from a longitudinal study that began in infancy, researchers identified three distinct trajectories of cannabis use from ages 14 to 19: stable high use, escalating use, and stable low use. The trajectory of cannabis use significantly affected functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens (the brain's reward center) and the medial prefrontal cortex.

Heavy cannabis use prior psychosis in schizophrenia: clinical, cognitive and neurological evidences for a new endophenotype?

Mallet, Jasmina · 2017

This study compared 34 schizophrenia patients who reported heavy cannabis use before their first psychotic episode with 27 patients who did not. The results were counterintuitive: heavy pre-psychosis cannabis users showed significantly fewer neurological soft signs (subtle neurological abnormalities considered markers of early neurodevelopmental impairment) and better cognitive functioning across multiple domains including reaction time, episodic memory, and visuoconstructive abilities. These findings held after controlling for alcohol and tobacco use.

Cannabis use, COMT, BDNF and age at first-episode psychosis.

Mané, Anna · 2017

This study investigated whether cannabis use and two genes (COMT Val158Met and BDNF Val66Met) interact to influence when psychosis first appears. Among 260 Caucasian first-episode psychosis patients, two factors independently predicted younger age at psychosis onset: early cannabis use and carrying the met-allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. The BDNF finding is significant because BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is critical for brain development and neural plasticity.

Trends of Youth Marijuana Treatment Admissions: Increasing Admissions Contrasted with Decreasing Drug Involvement.

Marzell, Miesha · 2017

This study examined national trends in youth marijuana treatment admissions from 1995 to 2012 using over 12 million treatment records. Two divergent trends emerged: the number of youth admitted to substance abuse treatment for marijuana steadily increased, while the degree of drug involvement (severity of use) among those admitted dramatically dropped over nearly two decades. The increasing admissions were largely youth in dependent living situations (living with parents), suggesting many were referred by parents, schools, or courts rather than seeking treatment voluntarily for severe problems. The decreasing severity suggests that changing perceptions and policies around marijuana may have lowered the threshold for treatment referral.

The social exigencies of the gateway progression to the use of illicit drugs from adolescence into adulthood.

Otten, Roy · 2017

This longitudinal study tracked 711 people without prior illicit drug use across three time points (ages 17, 22, and 27) to test whether friendships explain the "gateway" progression from cannabis to harder drugs. Cannabis use at age 17 was positively associated with having friends who used illicit drugs at age 22.

Recreational stimulants, herbal, and spice cannabis: The core psychobiological processes that underlie their damaging effects.

Parrott, Andrew C · 2017

The review proposes that all recreational psychoactive drugs, including cannabis, cause harm through a shared core mechanism: acute mood gains followed by mood deficits on withdrawal, creating a cycle of psychobiological fluctuations. These mood swings are surface indicators of deeper disruptions.

Cannabis and Amphetamine Use Among Adolescents in Five Asian Countries.

Peltzer, Karl · 2017

Among 38,941 school-aged adolescents (mean age 15.4 years) in Iraq, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mongolia, and Vietnam, overall lifetime cannabis use was 0.9% and lifetime amphetamine use was 1.0%. Current cigarette smoking was the only variable significantly associated with cannabis use across all five countries.

Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep.

Piper, Brian J · 2017

Among 1,513 New England dispensary members surveyed, the rates of medication reduction after starting medical cannabis varied significantly by drug class.

Impact of synthetic cannabinoids on the duration of opioid-related withdrawal and craving among patients of addiction clinics in Kazakhstan: A prospective case-control study.

Prilutskaya, Mariya · 2017

Among 193 patients with opioid use disorder undergoing detoxification in Kazakhstan, the 47 who also regularly used synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) experienced significantly longer withdrawal and craving symptoms compared to those who did not use SCs (p < 0.001). The study identified a dose-response relationship: higher SC intake in the past 30 days (p = 0.045), more recent SC use (p = 0.033), longer total duration of SC use (p < 0.001), and higher SC doses (p < 0.001) were all independently associated with longer symptom duration. This was the first prospective study to examine how synthetic cannabinoid use affects the course of opioid withdrawal, revealing that polysubstance use involving SCs creates a more difficult detoxification process..

Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid-Based Pain Medication: Patient Self-Report.

Reiman, Amanda · 2017

Among 2,897 medical cannabis patients surveyed, 34% reported using opioid-based pain medication in the past six months.

Prevalence, correlates, and trends in tobacco use and cessation among current, former, and never adult marijuana users with a history of tobacco use, 2005-2014.

Schauer, Gillian L · 2017

Using nationally representative data from 2013-2014, the study examined tobacco use and cessation patterns among adults who had ever used tobacco, stratified by marijuana use status. Current marijuana users who had ever used tobacco showed dramatically different tobacco patterns: 69.1% were current tobacco users, only 9.1% had recently quit, and only 21.8% had achieved sustained cessation (quit for more than 12 months).

Cannabis Withdrawal: A Review of Neurobiological Mechanisms and Sex Differences.

Schlienz, Nicolas J · 2017

The review synthesized preclinical and clinical research on cannabis withdrawal, identifying several key findings. Long-term cannabis use downregulates CB1 receptors throughout the brain.

Gender differences among treatment-seeking adults with cannabis use disorder: Clinical profiles of women and men enrolled in the achieving cannabis cessation-evaluating N-acetylcysteine treatment (ACCENT) study.

Sherman, Brian J · 2017

Comparing 86 women and 216 men entering a multi-site cannabis cessation trial, women presented with a more clinically complex picture despite using cannabis at similar rates and quantities. Women reported significantly greater withdrawal intensity (p = 0.001) and negative impact of withdrawal (p = 0.001), driven primarily by physiological and mood symptoms.

Individual, peer, and family factor modification of neighborhood-level effects on adolescent alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use.

Shih, Regina A · 2017

The study followed 2,539 high school students and college freshmen originally recruited from Southern California middle schools.

The endocannabinoid system as a target for addiction treatment: Trials and tribulations.

Sloan, Matthew E · 2017

This review examined randomized controlled trial evidence for cannabinoid-based medications across different addictions. For cannabis use disorder: THC-containing medications like dronabinol and nabiximols (Sativex) effectively reduced withdrawal symptoms.

Age of Onset, Current Use of Alcohol, Tobacco or Marijuana and Current Polysubstance Use Among Male and Female Mexican Students.

Strunin, Lee · 2017

In this large cross-sectional survey of first-year university students in Mexico City, most students initiated alcohol at age 15, tobacco at 15-16, and marijuana at 16-17. Earlier initiation of alcohol and tobacco was associated with continued current use of those substances.

Patterns of marijuana and tobacco use associated with suboptimal self-rated health among US adult ever users of marijuana.

Tsai, James · 2017

Using nationally representative NHANES data (2009-2012) from 3,210 adults who had used marijuana at least once, researchers examined how patterns of marijuana and tobacco co-use related to self-rated health. Among ever marijuana users, 24.7% were regular marijuana smokers who also currently used tobacco, 21.1% were regular marijuana smokers without tobacco, and 15.2% were non-regular marijuana smokers with tobacco. Compared to non-regular marijuana users without tobacco (the reference group), the adjusted prevalence ratios for reporting "fair" or "poor" health were: regular marijuana + tobacco: 1.98 (nearly double the odds), non-regular marijuana + tobacco: 1.82, and regular marijuana without tobacco: 1.34. Tobacco use was the dominant driver of worse self-rated health, but regular marijuana use alone was also significantly associated with suboptimal health status..

Psychosocial determinants of marijuana use among African American youth.

Vidourek, Rebecca A · 2017

A survey of 7,488 African American students from 133 metropolitan schools found that 18.5% reported past-year marijuana use, with males significantly more likely to use than females. Risk factors for marijuana use included getting in trouble at school and with police, and attending parties where alcohol and other drugs were present.

Synthetic Cathinone and Cannabinoid Designer Drugs Pose a Major Risk for Public Health.

Weinstein, Aviv M · 2017

The review compared synthetic cannabinoids to natural cannabis across several dimensions.

Association between cannabis use and methadone maintenance treatment outcomes: an investigation into sex differences.

Zielinski, Laura · 2017

Researchers studied 414 men and 363 women receiving methadone maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder across multiple clinics in Ontario, Canada.

Weeding Out the Truth: Adolescents and Cannabis.

Ammerman, Seth · 2016

This review addressed the growing tension between expanding cannabis legalization and concerns about adolescent use.

Cannabis and neuropsychiatry, 1: benefits and risks.

Andrade, Chittaranjan · 2016

This review summarized the evidence on both benefits and risks of cannabis and cannabinoids.

Prioritizing Alcohol Prevention: Establishing Alcohol as the Gateway Drug and Linking Age of First Drink With Illicit Drug Use.

Barry, Adam E · 2016

Researchers examined data from 2,835 US 12th graders to determine which substance adolescents use first and how the age of first use relates to later drug involvement. Alcohol was the most commonly used substance, and the majority of polysubstance users consumed alcohol before trying tobacco or marijuana.

The Relationships of Parental Alcohol Versus Tobacco and Marijuana Use With Early Adolescent Onset of Alcohol Use.

Capaldi, Deborah M · 2016

Researchers studied 146 children of 93 parents to determine whether parental tobacco and marijuana use predicted children's age of first alcohol use, beyond the known effects of parental alcohol use. Mothers' alcohol use was significantly associated with children's earlier alcohol onset, while fathers' alcohol use alone was not.

Associations between Polygenic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Involvement.

Carey, Caitlin E · 2016

Researchers tested whether genetic risk for five psychiatric disorders (ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) predicted involvement with five substances (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, nicotine, and opioids) in 2,573 European-American participants. A combined cross-disorder psychiatric risk score significantly predicted general substance involvement, explaining about 1.1% of variance.

Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Management of Acute Toxicity and Withdrawal.

Cooper, Ziva D · 2016

This review addressed both acute toxicity and the less-discussed problem of dependence and withdrawal from synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). While case reports and media coverage focus on severe acute toxicity, the review highlighted that daily SC use resulting in dependence and withdrawal is a significant and often overlooked concern.

Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): Analysis of current data in the United States

ElSohly, Mahmoud A. · 2016

Researchers analyzed 38,681 cannabis samples seized by the DEA over twenty years.

Trends and correlates of substance use disorders among probationers and parolees in the United States 2002-2014.

Fearn, Noelle E · 2016

Using national survey data from 2002 to 2014, researchers found that people on probation or parole had dramatically higher rates of substance use disorders across every category compared to the general population. Marijuana abuse and dependence were significantly elevated in this group, though alcohol-related disorders were still two to six times more common than marijuana-related ones.

Polytobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use patterns in college students: A latent class analysis.

Haardörfer, Regine · 2016

Researchers used latent class analysis to identify distinct patterns of substance use among 3,418 college students across seven US campuses.

Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis.

Haney, Margaret · 2016

Some studies have suggested that CBD can counteract certain effects of THC, leading to widespread claims that CBD-rich products might reduce the downsides of cannabis use.

Roles for the endocannabinoid system in ethanol-motivated behavior.

Henderson-Redmond, Angela N · 2016

This review synthesized evidence showing that the endocannabinoid system plays a central role in alcohol-motivated behavior.

Effects of zolpidem alone and in combination with nabilone on cannabis withdrawal and a laboratory model of relapse in cannabis users.

Herrmann, Evan S · 2016

Eleven daily cannabis users completed three 8-day inpatient stays testing different medication conditions during monitored cannabis withdrawal. Both zolpidem alone and zolpidem plus nabilone improved sleep during withdrawal.

Cross-sectional data on alcohol and marijuana use and sexual behavior among male and female secondary school students in New Providence, The Bahamas.

Kaljee, Linda · 2016

This study examined substance use and sexual behavior among over 2,500 secondary school students in Nassau, The Bahamas.

Marijuana use in the immediate 5-year premorbid period is associated with increased risk of onset of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.

Kelley, Mary E · 2016

This study examined 247 people experiencing their first episode of psychosis to determine whether marijuana use in the preceding years was temporally linked to psychosis onset. Escalation of marijuana use in the 5 years before psychosis onset was highly predictive.

The Impact of Enrolment in Methadone Maintenance Therapy on Initiation of Heavy Drinking among People Who Use Heroin.

Klimas, Jan · 2016

There has been concern that people entering methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) for heroin addiction might substitute alcohol for heroin.

Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom profiles and concurrent problems with alcohol and cannabis: sex differences in a representative, population survey.

Kolla, Nathan J · 2016

ADHD and substance misuse frequently co-occur, but this study asked whether specific ADHD symptom profiles (hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity) predicted substance problems differently in men versus women. After controlling for age, education, and other psychiatric symptoms, the patterns were strikingly sex-specific: In men: hyperactive symptoms were linked to problematic alcohol use, and both hyperactive and impulsive symptoms were linked to problematic cannabis use. In women: inattentive symptoms were the predictor for both problematic alcohol and cannabis use, while hyperactivity and impulsivity were not significant. Across all models, externalizing behavior (conduct problems, antisocial behavior) was the strongest overall predictor, and younger age was consistently associated with higher risk..

Effects of drugs of abuse on hippocampal plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: contributions to development and maintenance of addiction.

Kutlu, Munir Gunes · 2016

This review examined how drugs of abuse, including cannabis, interact with the hippocampus, a brain region critical for learning and memory, to contribute to addiction. The relationship between cannabis and hippocampal function follows a two-phase pattern.

Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: an evaluation of the cannabis 'amotivational' hypotheses.

Lawn, Will · 2016

The "amotivational syndrome" associated with cannabis is one of the most debated topics in cannabis research.

Presentations due to acute toxicity of psychoactive substances in an urban emergency department in Switzerland: a case series.

Liakoni, Evangelia · 2016

Over one year at a Swiss university hospital, researchers systematically tracked every emergency department visit related to recreational drug toxicity.

Substituting cannabis for prescription drugs, alcohol and other substances among medical cannabis patients: The impact of contextual factors.

Lucas, Philippe · 2016

This large survey of Canadian medical cannabis patients revealed remarkably high rates of substance substitution.

Are adolescents more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cannabis than adults? A placebo-controlled study in human males.

Mokrysz, C · 2016

This groundbreaking study was the first to directly compare cannabis effects in adolescent (16-17) and adult (24-28) male users under controlled conditions. The results defied simple assumptions about adolescent vulnerability.

Mixed-amphetamine salts increase abstinence from marijuana in patients with co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine dependence.

Notzon, Daniel P · 2016

In a secondary analysis of a 14-week randomized controlled trial, researchers found that people with co-occurring ADHD and cocaine dependence who received mixed amphetamine salts (MAS-XR) had a significant decrease in the proportion of weeks where they used any marijuana, compared to placebo. However, among the weeks when participants did use marijuana, the proportion of days they used did not change.

Diagnostic Concordance between DSM-5 and ICD-10 Cannabis Use Disorders.

Proctor, Steven L · 2016

Researchers compared how the DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic systems classify cannabis use disorders using data from 7,672 prison inmates.

Does cannabis use moderate smoking cessation outcomes in treatment-seeking tobacco smokers? Analysis from a large multi-center trial.

Rabin, Rachel A · 2016

Among 1,246 treatment-seeking tobacco smokers in a randomized trial, 220 were also current cannabis users.

Adolescent Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Alters WIN55,212-2 Self-Administration in Adult Rats.

Scherma, Maria · 2016

Adolescent rats received increasing doses of THC for 11 consecutive days during the equivalent of human adolescence.

Blockade of Nicotine and Cannabinoid Reinforcement and Relapse by a Cannabinoid CB1-Receptor Neutral Antagonist AM4113 and Inverse Agonist Rimonabant in Squirrel Monkeys.

Schindler, Charles W · 2016

Researchers compared two types of CB1 receptor blockers in squirrel monkeys: rimonabant (an inverse agonist that was withdrawn from the market due to psychiatric side effects) and AM4113 (a newer neutral antagonist). Both compounds reduced nicotine and THC self-administration and prevented relapse triggered by drug cues or priming doses.

Hair analysis and its concordance with self-report for drug users presenting in emergency department.

Sharma, Gaurav · 2016

Researchers compared hair analysis results with self-reported drug use (Timeline Follow Back) for four drug classes across 1,285 adult emergency department patients with moderate to severe drug problems. Hair analysis and self-report showed high concordance for cannabis and street opioids but low to moderate concordance for cocaine and prescribed opioids.

Hookah Tobacco Smoking During the Transition to College: Prevalence of Other Substance Use and Predictors of Initiation.

Shepardson, Robyn L · 2016

Researchers tracked 936 incoming college students from before the start of their freshman year through the first 30 days of college.

Alcohol use during a trial of N-acetylcysteine for adolescent marijuana cessation.

Squeglia, Lindsay M · 2016

In a secondary analysis of a marijuana cessation trial for adolescents, researchers examined whether reducing marijuana use affected alcohol consumption.

Patterns of electronic cigarette use in current and ever users among college students in France: a cross-sectional study.

Tavolacci, Marie-Pierre · 2016

In a survey of 1,134 French college students, 23% had ever used e-cigarettes and 5.7% were current users.

E-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette and marijuana use among Hispanic young adults.

Unger, Jennifer B · 2016

Researchers followed 1,332 Hispanic young adults in Los Angeles over one year.

Cue-induced striatal activity in frequent cannabis users independently predicts cannabis problem severity three years later.

Vingerhoets, W A M · 2016

Researchers scanned the brains of 31 treatment-naive frequent cannabis users while they viewed cannabis-related images and neutral images.

Characteristics of Cannabis-Only and Other Drug Users Who Visit the Emergency Department.

Woodruff, Susan I · 2016

Researchers compared three groups among 686 adult emergency department patients who reported drug use: daily cannabis-only users, non-daily cannabis-only users, and users of other drugs. The three groups did not differ on most demographic factors or medical problem severity, but they differed significantly on substance-related outcomes.

Predicting later problematic cannabis use from psychopathological symptoms during childhood and adolescence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study.

Zohsel, Katrin · 2016

In a cohort followed from birth to age 25, childhood conduct and oppositional defiant behaviors (measured between ages 4.5 and 11) predicted problematic cannabis use in young adulthood.

Cannabinoid replacement therapy (CRT): Nabiximols (Sativex) as a novel treatment for cannabis withdrawal.

Allsop, D J · 2015

The review outlines a novel approach to treating cannabis dependence using nabiximols (Sativex), a buccal spray containing THC and CBD.

The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone.

Bisaga, Adam · 2015

Sixty opioid-dependent participants were randomized to receive dronabinol (30mg/day) or placebo during inpatient detoxification and transition to extended-release naltrexone.

The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on cannabis quit success.

Bonn-Miller, Marcel O · 2015

Researchers followed 104 cannabis-dependent veterans through a self-guided quit attempt, assessing them weekly for the first month and then monthly through 6 months.

[18F]MK-9470 PET measurement of cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in chronic cannabis users.

Ceccarini, Jenny · 2015

Researchers used a specialized PET imaging technique with the radioligand [18F]MK-9470 to measure CB1 receptor availability in 10 chronic cannabis users within the first week after their last use.

Do consumers substitute opium for hashish? An economic analysis of simultaneous cannabinoid and opiate consumption in a legal regime.

Chandra, Siddharth · 2015

Researchers analyzed a unique historical dataset from the Punjab province of British India (1907-1918), where both opium and cannabis were legal and taxed.

Web-based treatment for substance use disorders: differential effects by primary substance.

Cochran, Gerald · 2015

This secondary analysis of a large multi-site trial (497 participants) examined whether a web-based behavioral treatment worked differently depending on the primary substance of abuse.

The relationship between cannabis involvement and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Delforterie, M J · 2015

Researchers analyzed data from 9,583 individuals (58.5% female, aged 27-40) from the Australian Twin Registry, examining relationships between cannabis use levels and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

No evidence for reduction of opioid-withdrawal symptoms by cannabis smoking during a methadone dose taper.

Epstein, David H · 2015

Researchers analyzed data from 116 outpatient heroin and cocaine users undergoing a 10-week methadone taper, of whom 46 also used cannabis.

Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology as predictors of cannabis use disorder onset during adolescence and early adulthood.

Farmer, Richard F · 2015

Researchers followed 816 participants through four diagnostic assessments between ages 16 and 30 to determine which psychiatric problems preceded the development of cannabis use disorders (CUDs).

Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in nicotine addiction: novel insights.

Gamaleddin, Islam Hany · 2015

This review compiled evidence for the endocannabinoid system's involvement in nicotine addiction.

The influence of cannabinoids on learning and memory processes of the dorsal striatum.

Goodman, Jarid · 2015

This review examined how cannabinoids affect the dorsal striatum, a brain region that controls habit formation and stimulus-response (S-R) learning.

Identifying classes of conjoint alcohol and marijuana use in entering freshmen.

Haas, Amie L · 2015

Researchers used latent profile analysis to identify four distinct groups among 772 incoming college freshmen based on their alcohol and marijuana use patterns.

Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013

Hasin, Deborah S. · 2015

Past-year cannabis use rose from 4.1% of adults in 2001-2002 to 9.5% in 2012-2013.

Concomitant cannabis abuse/dependence in patients treated with opioids for non-cancer pain.

Hefner, Kathryn · 2015

Researchers examined cannabis use disorder (CUD) rates among 1,316,464 VHA patients with non-cancer pain who received opioid medications.

A population-based Swedish Twin and Sibling Study of cannabis, stimulant and sedative abuse in men.

Kendler, Kenneth S · 2015

Researchers analyzed registry data from nearly 80,000 Swedish male twin and sibling pairs to understand whether genetic risk for drug abuse is substance-specific or shared across drug types. The total heritability for cannabis, stimulant, and sedative abuse ranged from 64-70%.

Impact of Cannabis Use on Long-Term Remission in Bipolar I and Schizoaffective Disorder.

Kim, Sung-Wan · 2015

Researchers followed 234 patients with bipolar I disorder or schizoaffective disorder for 24 months.

Variations in Cannabis Use Level and Correlates in Opiate-Users on Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A French Prospective Study.

Mayet, Aurélie · 2015

Researchers followed 188 opioid-dependent individuals starting methadone maintenance treatment for 12 months, tracking cannabis use at enrollment, 3, 6, and 12 months. Cannabis use levels showed no significant variation throughout treatment.

Alcohol Versus Cannabinoids: A Review of Their Opposite Neuro-Immunomodulatory Effects and Future Therapeutic Potentials.

Nair, Madhavan P · 2015

This review compared the immunomodulatory effects of alcohol and cannabinoids, finding that they produce largely opposite effects on the immune system. Alcohol promotes inflammation by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting immune cell function, contributing to organ damage in chronic drinkers.

Examining the role of common genetic variants on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and illicit drug dependence: genetics of vulnerability to drug dependence.

Palmer, Rohan H C · 2015

Researchers analyzed genetic data from 2,596 individuals in the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment to estimate how much common genetic variation contributes to drug dependence vulnerability. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explained 25-36% of the variance across three measures of drug problems.

Cannabinoid abuse and addiction: Clinical and preclinical findings.

Panlilio, L V · 2015

This review synthesized research on the mechanisms of cannabinoid abuse, withdrawal, and relapse from both human and animal studies. The review described how cannabinoids produce rewarding effects through CB1 receptor activation in the brain's reward circuitry, how tolerance develops through receptor downregulation, and how withdrawal symptoms emerge when chronic stimulation stops.

Descriptive epidemiology of major depressive disorder in Canada in 2012.

Patten, Scott B · 2015

This national epidemiological survey assessed major depressive disorder in 25,113 Canadians using diagnostic interviews.

A review of co-morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co-use.

Rabin, Rachel Allison · 2015

This review examined why tobacco and cannabis are so frequently used together and why co-use complicates treatment of both substances. The evidence showed bidirectional effects: tobacco use increases the likelihood of becoming cannabis dependent, and cannabis use promotes transition to heavier tobacco use.

Cannabis and bipolar disorder: does quitting cannabis use during manic/mixed episode improve clinical/functional outcomes?

Zorrilla, I · 2015

Researchers followed 1,922 adults with bipolar disorder over two years, dividing them into three groups based on cannabis use during a manic or mixed episode: current users (6.9%), previous users who quit during the episode (4.6%), and never-users (88.5%). Patients who stopped using cannabis during their manic episode showed clinical and functional outcomes statistically similar to those who never used cannabis.

Initial reactions to tobacco and cannabis smoking: a twin study.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2014

In a study of female twins, researchers examined how initial reactions to tobacco and cannabis (the first time each was used) related to later development of DSM-IV diagnoses.

Peer associations for substance use and exercise in a college student social network.

Barnett, Nancy P · 2014

Researchers mapped the social network of 129 college students living in one residence hall and examined whether peers' substance use and exercise behaviors were associated with individual behavior.

Childhood and current ADHD symptom dimensions are associated with more severe cannabis outcomes in college students.

Bidwell, L C · 2014

In a study of 376 college undergraduates, researchers examined how specific ADHD symptom dimensions related to cannabis outcomes.

Marijuana and alcohol use and attempted smoking cessation in adolescent boys and girls.

Camenga, Deepa R · 2014

Among 804 adolescent cigarette smokers, researchers examined whether marijuana and alcohol use frequency predicted having ever attempted to quit smoking.

Sleep and substance use disorders: an update.

Conroy, Deirdre A · 2014

This review examined the bidirectional relationship between sleep disorders and substance use.

ADHD symptoms, autistic traits, and substance use and misuse in adult Australian twins.

De Alwis, Duneesha · 2014

In a study of 3,080 young adult Australian twins, researchers examined how ADHD symptoms and autistic traits independently related to substance use.

Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Devinsky, Orrin · 2014

This landmark review by leading researchers summarized the evidence for CBD across multiple neuropsychiatric conditions.

Expectancies for smoking cessation among drug-involved smokers: implications for clinical practice.

Hendricks, Peter S · 2014

Among 507 non-treatment-seeking adult smokers, those who used marijuana and other drugs reported greater expectancies that quitting smoking would lead to adverse outcomes, such as worsening their drug use or causing other negative consequences.

Examining potential school contextual influences on gambling among high school youth.

Lee, Grace P · 2014

In a study of 25,456 students across 58 Maryland high schools, one-third reported lifetime gambling and 10% experienced gambling problems (31% of gamblers).

The effect of clozapine and risperidone on attentional bias in patients with schizophrenia and a cannabis use disorder: An fMRI study.

Machielsen, Marise Wj · 2014

In a randomized trial of 36 patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder, those treated with clozapine showed larger reductions in subjective craving and decreased activation of the insula during a cannabis-word Stroop task compared to those on risperidone.

Proximal and time-varying effects of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other hard drug use on adolescent dating aggression.

McNaughton Reyes, H Luz · 2014

Using data tracking students from 8th through 12th grade, researchers found distinct patterns by substance type and sex.

Plasma cannabinoid concentrations during dronabinol pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence.

Milman, Garry · 2014

During placebo dosing periods, blood THC and its metabolites consistently decreased, supporting the withdrawal symptoms observed.

Proximal and distal social influence on alcohol consumption and marijuana use among middle school adolescents.

Salvy, Sarah-Jeanne · 2014

All three sources of social influence, perceived peer norms, best friend use, and being around users, predicted both alcohol and marijuana consumption across the middle school years.

Cannabis use and first-episode psychosis: relationship with manic and psychotic symptoms, and with age at presentation.

Stone, J M · 2014

In 502 patients with first-episode psychosis tracked across London-based Early Intervention teams, cannabis use level was associated with younger age at presentation to services and with manic symptoms and conceptual disorganization, but not with delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, or daily functioning. The most striking finding was in the longitudinal data: cannabis users who reduced or stopped their use following initial contact with psychiatric services showed the greatest improvement in symptoms at one year, compared to both continued users and non-users.

Prevalence of marijuana use at college entry and risk factors for initiation during freshman year.

Suerken, Cynthia K · 2014

Nearly 30% of students arriving at college reported lifetime marijuana use.

Synthetic Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Behavioral Effects, and Abuse Potential.

Tai, Sherrica · 2014

The review highlights a critical pharmacological difference between natural THC and synthetic cannabinoids: THC is a relatively weak partial agonist at CB1 receptors, while the majority of synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists with higher binding affinity.

Alcohol and marijuana use patterns associated with unsafe driving among U.S. high school seniors: high use frequency, concurrent use, and simultaneous use.

Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M · 2014

Analysis of 72,053 high school seniors surveyed from 1976 to 2011 found that higher substance use frequency, particularly alcohol use frequency, was significantly associated with unsafe driving (tickets, warnings, or accidents). Simultaneous use (using alcohol and marijuana at the same time) was associated with the highest rates of unsafe driving, followed by concurrent use (using both substances but at different times), followed by alcohol use alone.

Treatment of cannabis dependence using escitalopram in combination with cognitive-behavior therapy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Weinstein, A M · 2014

Cannabis-dependent users received 9 weeks of weekly CBT and motivational enhancement therapy along with either escitalopram (10 mg/day) or placebo.

Neural responses to subliminally presented cannabis and other emotionally evocative cues in cannabis-dependent individuals.

Wetherill, Reagan R · 2014

Twenty treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent individuals were shown cannabis, sexual, and aversive images for only 33 milliseconds (too fast for conscious perception) using a backward-masking technique during fMRI.

Discontinuous college enrollment: associations with substance use and mental health.

Arria, Amelia M · 2013

Researchers followed 1,145 college students for four years.

Dispelling the myth of "smart drugs": cannabis and alcohol use problems predict nonmedical use of prescription stimulants for studying.

Arria, Amelia M · 2013

Researchers followed 984 college students over four annual waves.

Subjective, cognitive and cardiovascular dose-effect profile of nabilone and dronabinol in marijuana smokers.

Bedi, Gillinder · 2013

Fourteen regular marijuana smokers completed a within-subjects comparison of nabilone (2, 4, 6, 8 mg), dronabinol (10, 20 mg), and placebo across seven sessions.

The effects of cannabis use expectancies on self-initiated cannabis cessation.

Boden, Matthew Tyler · 2013

One hundred cannabis-dependent military veterans were followed during a self-initiated 4-week quit attempt.

Motivations to quit cannabis use in an adult non-treatment sample: are they related to relapse?

Chauchard, Emeline · 2013

Researchers surveyed 385 non-treatment-seeking cannabis users who had made serious self-guided quit attempts.

A human laboratory study investigating the effects of quetiapine on marijuana withdrawal and relapse in daily marijuana smokers.

Cooper, Ziva D · 2013

In a double-blind, within-subjects study, 14 heavy cannabis smokers (averaging 10 joints/day) completed two 15-day medication phases (quetiapine 200 mg/day vs.

Analysis of tolerance and behavioral/physical dependence during chronic CB1 agonist treatment: effects of CB1 agonists, antagonists, and noncannabinoid drugs.

Desai, Rajeev I · 2013

Squirrel monkeys chronically treated with the potent CB1 agonist AM411 developed enormous tolerance to cannabinoid agonists, with up to 250-fold rightward shifts in potency.

Clinical features associated with trait-impulsiveness in euthymic bipolar disorder patients.

Etain, B · 2013

Researchers compared impulsivity scores between 385 stable (euthymic) bipolar patients and 185 healthy controls.

Prevalence and key covariates of non-medical prescription opioid use among the general secondary student and adult populations in Ontario, Canada.

Fischer, Benedikt · 2013

Two representative surveys in Ontario examined non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU): 4,023 adults and 3,266 secondary school students.

Attention problems in childhood and adult substance use.

Galéra, Cédric · 2013

Researchers followed 1,103 French youth from 1991 to 2009.

Predictors of marijuana relapse in the human laboratory: robust impact of tobacco cigarette smoking status.

Haney, Margaret · 2013

Study 1 combined data from five inpatient laboratory studies (51 daily marijuana smokers averaging 10 joints/day).

Nabilone decreases marijuana withdrawal and a laboratory measure of marijuana relapse.

Haney, Margaret · 2013

Eleven daily marijuana smokers (averaging 8.3 joints/day) completed a within-subjects study testing three nabilone doses (0, 6, 8 mg/day).

Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents with bipolar and cannabis use disorders.

Heffner, Jaimee L · 2013

Eighty adolescents (ages 13-22) with both bipolar I disorder and cannabis abuse or dependence were assessed for tobacco use.

A comprehensive examination of delay discounting in a clinical sample of Cannabis-dependent military veterans making a self-guided quit attempt.

Heinz, Adrienne J · 2013

Seventy-two cannabis-dependent US veterans (95% male) interested in quitting completed a delay discounting task before making self-guided quit attempts and were followed for 6 months.

Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among individuals with mental illness

Lev-Ran, Shaul · 2013

People reporting a 12-month mental illness had much higher rates of cannabis involvement than those without.

Role of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the rewarding, reinforcing, and physical effects of nicotine.

Navarrete, Francisco · 2013

CB2 knockout mice showed three key deficits in nicotine responses: they did not develop conditioned place preference (reward), they self-administered significantly less nicotine (reinforcement), and they showed no somatic withdrawal signs after chronic nicotine exposure.

Stability and change of genetic and environmental effects on the common liability to alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis DSM-IV dependence symptoms.

Palmer, R H C · 2013

Researchers studied 2,361 adolescents across two assessment waves to examine the stability of genetic and environmental influences on substance dependence liability.

Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: patterns and thoughts about use.

Ramo, Danielle E · 2013

An online survey of young adult tobacco users (ages 18-25) found that over half (53%) had also used marijuana in the past 30 days.

Marijuana craving trajectories in an adolescent marijuana cessation pharmacotherapy trial.

Roten, Amanda T · 2013

Eighty-nine adolescents were randomized to N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 1200 mg twice daily) or placebo in an 8-week marijuana cessation trial.

Young adults at risk for stimulant dependence show reward dysfunction during reinforcement-based decision making.

Stewart, Jennifer L · 2013

One hundred sixty-one occasional stimulant users and 48 controls performed a decision-making task during fMRI.

Single doses of THC and cocaine decrease proficiency of impulse control in heavy cannabis users.

van Wel, J H P · 2013

In a study of 61 heavy cannabis users with cocaine use history, single doses of THC impaired both psychomotor function and impulse control accuracy.

A genetic perspective on the proposed inclusion of cannabis withdrawal in DSM-5.

Verweij, K J H · 2013

In a study of 2,276 Australian twins who had used cannabis at least once, 11.9% met criteria for DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal.

Steppingstone and gateway ideas: a discussion of origins, research challenges, and promising lines of research for the future.

Anthony, James C · 2012

The author examined the origins of "steppingstone" and "gateway" ideas about cannabis and other drug use, tracing references from American law and epidemiology as far back as 1858.

Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana.

Bostwick, J Michael · 2012

This extensive review covered the full landscape of cannabis issues circa 2012.

Approach-bias predicts development of cannabis problem severity in heavy cannabis users: results from a prospective FMRI study.

Cousijn, Janna · 2012

Thirty-three heavy cannabis users and 36 controls completed an fMRI task measuring automatic approach and avoidance tendencies toward cannabis-related images.

State of the art treatments for cannabis dependence.

Danovitch, Itai · 2012

This comprehensive review painted a sobering but nuanced picture of cannabis dependence treatment.

Borderline personality traits and substance use: genetic factors underlie the association with smoking and ever use of cannabis, but not with high alcohol consumption.

Distel, Marijn A · 2012

Researchers studied 5,638 Dutch and Belgian twins aged 21-50 from 3,567 families.

Cigarette smoking and its relationship to mood disorder symptoms and co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use disorders following first hospitalization for bipolar disorder.

Heffner, Jaimee L · 2012

Researchers followed 161 adolescents and adults with bipolar I disorder after their first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode, for up to 8 years.

Alcohol and marijuana use in the context of tobacco dependence treatment: impact on outcome and mediation of effect.

Hendricks, Peter S · 2012

Researchers analyzed data from 739 adult cigarette smokers across three randomized cessation trials.

Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain.

Lucas, Philippe · 2012

This review compiled evidence from preclinical and clinical sources on using cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in chronic pain.

An Australian twin study of cannabis and other illicit drug use and misuse, and other psychopathology.

Lynskey, Michael T · 2012

Researchers interviewed 3,824 young adult twins born 1972-1979 about cannabis and other drug use.

Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: use of a multi-state model.

Mayet, Aurélie · 2012

Using a retrospective cohort of 29,393 French teenagers, researchers modeled all possible pathways from initial abstinence through cannabis initiation, daily cannabis use, and other illicit drug (OID) initiation using a Markov multi-state model. The risk of initiating other illicit drugs was 21 times higher among cannabis experimenters and 124 times higher among daily cannabis users compared to non-users, after adjusting for tobacco and alcohol use.

Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms.

Palmer, Rohan H C · 2012

Using data from 2,484 twins, researchers found that dependence symptoms for alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis loaded onto a single underlying trait, suggesting a common vulnerability.

A review of the interactions between alcohol and the endocannabinoid system: implications for alcohol dependence and future directions for research.

Pava, Matthew J · 2012

The review compiled 50 years of research on the relationship between the endocannabinoid system and alcohol.

Impact of an 18-month, NHS-based, treatment exposure for heroin dependence: results from the London Area Treat 2000 Study.

Schifano, Fabrizio · 2012

Researchers followed 100 heroin-dependent people in London over 18 months of NHS treatment.

Does the "gateway" sequence increase prediction of cannabis use disorder development beyond deviant socialization? Implications for prevention practice and policy.

Tarter, Ralph E · 2012

Researchers followed sons of fathers with and without substance use disorders from ages 10-12 through age 22.

No association of candidate genes with cannabis use in a large sample of Australian twin families.

Verweij, Karin J H · 2012

Researchers used a large Australian twin family sample to test whether 10 genes previously reported to be associated with cannabis use actually replicated.

Evaluation of the safety and tolerability profile of Sativex: is it reassuring enough?

Wade, Derick · 2012

The reviewer evaluated published data on Sativex safety across several concern areas.

The Cannabis Withdrawal Scale development: patterns and predictors of cannabis withdrawal and distress.

Allsop, David J · 2011

Researchers developed and validated the Cannabis Withdrawal Scale using 49 dependent cannabis users who provided daily symptom scores during one baseline week and two weeks of abstinence. The scale demonstrated excellent psychometric properties: internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) and test-retest stability (average intra-class correlation = 0.95). Nightmares and strange dreams were the most statistically valid withdrawal indicator (Wald chi-squared = 105.6) but caused relatively little distress.

Cannabis use among military veterans after residential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Bonn-Miller, Marcel O · 2011

Researchers tracked 432 male military veterans admitted to residential PTSD rehabilitation, examining whether treatment response predicted subsequent cannabis use. Lower levels of PTSD symptom improvement between intake and discharge significantly predicted greater cannabis use frequency at 4-month follow-up, even after controlling for pre-treatment cannabis use and length of stay. Specifically, less improvement in avoidance/numbing symptoms and hyperarousal symptoms drove this relationship.

Maternal cannabis use alters ventral striatal dopamine D2 gene regulation in the offspring.

DiNieri, Jennifer A · 2011

This study combined human fetal tissue analysis with a rat model to investigate how prenatal cannabis exposure affects the developing brain's reward system. In human fetal subjects, prenatal cannabis exposure specifically decreased dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene expression in the nucleus accumbens, the brain's key reward region.

Cannabis and its derivatives: review of medical use.

Leung, Lawrence · 2011

The review provided a practical update for family physicians on medical cannabis, covering several key points. Clinical trials demonstrated benefits for alleviating chronic and neuropathic pain, though significant psychotropic and physical side effects accompanied use.

Dronabinol for the treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Levin, Frances R · 2011

This was the first clinical trial testing an agonist substitution strategy for cannabis dependence, similar to how methadone is used for opioid dependence. 156 cannabis-dependent adults were randomized to dronabinol (20 mg twice daily) or placebo for 12 weeks, with all participants receiving weekly therapy.

Marijuana dependence: not just smoke and mirrors.

Ramesh, Divya · 2011

The review compiled evidence that prolonged cannabis use produces genuine physical dependence in both humans and laboratory animals.

Abuse potential and psychoactive effects of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray (Sativex), a new cannabinoid medicine.

Robson, Philip · 2011

This review compiled safety data from all published Sativex clinical trials, including the integrated safety analysis for multiple sclerosis patients.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the subjective abuse potential and cognitive effects of nabiximols oromucosal spray in subjects with a history of recreational cannabis use.

Schoedel, Kerri Alexandra · 2011

This crossover study gave 23 recreational cannabis users single doses of Sativex (at three dose levels), dronabinol (at two dose levels), or placebo.

Pharmacological treatment of cannabis dependence.

Weinstein, A M · 2011

This review surveyed the landscape of pharmacological treatments for cannabis dependence, a condition with rising treatment admissions but no approved medications.

Nicotine: alcohol reward interactions.

Lajtha, A · 2010

This review examined the neurochemical interactions between nicotine and alcohol, two substances whose use frequently co-occurs. Chronic nicotine altered multiple brain systems: nicotinic receptors (subunit composition changes), catecholamine, glutamate, GABA levels, and opiate and cannabinoid receptors.

Endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems and their role in nicotine addiction.

Maldonado, Rafael · 2010

The review detailed how the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems interact with dopamine-driven reward pathways that underlie nicotine addiction.

Cellular mechanisms underlying the interaction between cannabinoid and opioid system.

Parolaro, D · 2010

The review synthesized evidence for three main mechanisms through which the cannabinoid and opioid systems interact: 1.

The abuse potential of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone.

Ware, Mark A · 2010

Researchers conducted a comprehensive evaluation of whether the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone (approved in Canada since 1981 for chemotherapy nausea) was being abused, particularly as off-label pain management prescribing increased. The scientific literature and popular press contained very little reference to nabilone abuse.

Candidate genes for cannabis use disorders: findings, challenges and directions.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2009

This review synthesized the genetic research on cannabis use disorders, covering both linkage studies (mapping chromosomal regions) and candidate gene association studies. Four linkage studies identified regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 9, 14, 17, and 18.

Developing a quantitative measure of alcohol consumption for genomic studies on prospective cohorts.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2009

Researchers developed a quantitative alcohol consumption factor score using four measures: maximum typical consumption, maximum drinks in 24 hours, frequency of 5+ drinks per day, and frequency of intoxication. The composite score showed good psychometric properties: factor loadings of 0.60-0.90, measurement invariance across two samples and genders, and 50% heritability.

Simultaneous cannabis and tobacco use and cannabis-related outcomes in young women.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2009

Using data from 3,427 young women, researchers distinguished between co-occurring use (using both substances in one's life) and simultaneous use (using cannabis and tobacco on the same occasion). Regular cigarette smokers were 4.5-9.5 times more likely to also use cannabis and progress to cannabis abuse or dependence compared to non-smokers. Among the 1,073 women who used both substances, those who used them simultaneously were 1.6 times more likely to meet criteria for DSM-IV cannabis abuse, even after controlling for early risk factors and prior cannabis use stages. Twin analysis revealed that simultaneous use was not heritable (0% genetic influence) but was partly explained by shared environmental factors (31%), suggesting that peer groups and social contexts, rather than genetics, drive the behavior of combining these substances..

Adolescent tobacco use and substance abuse treatment outcomes.

de Dios, Marcel A · 2009

Researchers followed 1,779 adolescents in substance abuse treatment, categorizing them by cigarette smoking status: persistent smokers, nonsmokers, quitters, and those who started smoking during the study period. Persistent smokers and those who started smoking had significantly greater odds of relapsing on both alcohol and marijuana compared with those who quit smoking.

Cannabis abuse and addiction: a contemporary literature review.

Iyalomhe, G B S · 2009

This review synthesized recent developments in understanding cannabis abuse and addiction, with particular focus on neurobiological mechanisms. Recent advances identified dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) as key neuronal substrates responsible for the rewarding effects of cannabis and the addictive process.

Dual blockade of FAAH and MAGL identifies behavioral processes regulated by endocannabinoid crosstalk in vivo.

Long, Jonathan Z · 2009

Researchers developed JZL195, a drug that simultaneously blocks both FAAH and MAGL, the enzymes that break down the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-AG. JZL195 produced analgesia, reduced movement, and catalepsy, covering a broader range of cannabinoid-like effects than blocking either enzyme alone. Critically, in drug discrimination tests (where animals indicate whether a drug feels like THC), dual FAAH/MAGL blockade produced THC-like responses, but inhibiting either enzyme alone did not. This revealed that anandamide and 2-AG pathways have both unique and overlapping functions.

Subjective effects to cannabis are associated with use, abuse and dependence after adjusting for genetic and environmental influences.

Scherrer, Jeffrey F · 2009

Using data from 464 cannabis-using offspring of twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, researchers identified four classes of subjective response to cannabis: high responders (39%), positive responders (28%), mixed/relaxed (22%), and low responders (11%). Compared to low responders, all other groups used more heavily (odds ratios 3.0 to 11.8).

Does cannabis use affect treatment outcome in bipolar disorder? A longitudinal analysis.

van Rossum, Inge · 2009

In an observational study of 3,459 bipolar disorder patients (both inpatient and outpatient), researchers tracked the influence of cannabis use on treatment outcomes over one year. Cannabis users exhibited less medication compliance and higher levels of overall illness severity, mania, and psychosis compared to non-users throughout the 12-month treatment period. Cannabis users also experienced less life satisfaction and had a lower probability of being in a relationship. There was little evidence that these associations were explained by third variables (mediators), suggesting an independent impact of cannabis on clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder. The impact on psychopathological outcomes was pronounced, while the impact on social outcomes was more modest..

Linkage scan for quantitative traits identifies new regions of interest for substance dependence in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2008

Using large multi-generational families from the COGA study, researchers scanned the genome for regions linked to substance dependence using 1,717 genetic markers. For alcohol dependence, significant linkage signals appeared on chromosomes 1, 2, and 10 (highest LOD score 3.7 on chromosome 10).

Sequencing of substance use and affective morbidity in 166 first-episode bipolar I disorder patients.

Baethge, Christopher · 2008

Researchers followed 166 first-episode bipolar I disorder patients for an average of 4.7 years, tracking the timing of substance use relative to mood episodes on a quarterly basis. Cannabis use selectively and strongly preceded and coincided with mania and hypomania.

Neurobiology of cannabis addiction.

Jain, Raka · 2008

This review summarized the neurobiological basis of cannabis addiction, covering several key themes. The discovery of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and their endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-AG) provided a molecular framework for understanding how cannabis produces dependence.

Behavioral pharmacology of cannabinoids with a focus on preclinical models for studying reinforcing and dependence-producing properties.

Panagis, George · 2008

This comprehensive review examined preclinical (animal) evidence for the reinforcing and dependence-producing properties of cannabinoids. The central finding was that cannabinoids behave differently from other drugs of abuse in standard laboratory paradigms.

Parental alcoholism predicts suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults with cannabis dependence.

Arendt, Mikkel · 2007

Researchers assessed 119 heavy cannabis users recruited from 19 substance treatment centers in Denmark.

Targeted modulators of the endogenous cannabinoid system: future medications to treat addiction disorders and obesity.

Janero, David R · 2007

This review outlined how the endocannabinoid system regulates reward-driven behaviors that underlie both addiction and obesity.

The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2006

This review examined twin, family, and adoption studies investigating genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use.

Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia.

Barnes, Thomas R E · 2006

Researchers studied 152 people recruited to the West London First-Episode Schizophrenia Study.

Clinical trial of abstinence-based vouchers and cognitive-behavioral therapy for cannabis dependence

Budney, Alan J. · 2006

Three groups were compared for 14 weeks: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) alone, abstinence-based voucher incentives alone, and the combination.

Reductions in heroin use are not associated with increases in other drug use: 2-year findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study.

Darke, Shane · 2006

Researchers followed 615 heroin users recruited for the Australian Treatment Outcome Study at 3, 12, and 24 months.

Rimonabant: a cannabinoid receptor type 1 blocker for management of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors.

Gelfand, Eli V · 2006

This review from the Journal of the American College of Cardiology summarized clinical trial evidence for rimonabant, the first selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor blocker developed for cardiometabolic risk management. Across four large trials, rimonabant 20 mg daily produced greater weight loss and waist circumference reduction compared to placebo after one year.

Illicit psychoactive substance use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins.

Kendler, Kenneth S · 2006

Researchers assessed lifetime use, abuse, and dependence across five illicit drug categories (cannabis, stimulants, opiates, cocaine, psychedelics) in 1,386 young adult Norwegian twin pairs.

A validation of event-related FMRI comparisons between users of cocaine, nicotine, or cannabis and control subjects.

Murphy, Kevin · 2006

A critical concern in brain imaging research on drug users is whether drugs' effects on blood vessels could alter the fMRI signal, making comparisons with non-users unreliable.

Results of hair analyses for drugs of abuse and comparison with self-reports and urine tests.

Musshoff, F · 2006

Researchers compared self-reported drug use with urine immunoassay and hair analysis by GC-MS in a group of drug abusers.

Nicotine and cannabinoids: parallels, contrasts and interactions.

Viveros, Maria-Paz · 2006

This review examined the pharmacological interactions between nicotine and cannabis, two drugs increasingly used in combination, especially by adolescents and young adults. Animal studies suggested that the reinforcing effects of both drugs may be enhanced by joint consumption.

Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific?

Young, Susan E · 2006

Researchers studied 645 monozygotic twin pairs, 702 dizygotic twin pairs, 429 biological sibling pairs, and 96 adoptive sibling pairs, all aged 12-18 years.

Cannabinoid tolerance and dependence: a review of studies in laboratory animals.

González, Sara · 2005

This extensive review compiled evidence from laboratory animal studies on cannabinoid tolerance and dependence.

Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions.

Lundqvist, Thomas · 2005

This review compared cognitive consequences across different drug classes using neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence. Cannabis acutely causes loss of internal control and cognitive impairment, particularly in attention and memory.

Comorbidity: cannabis and complexity.

Raphael, Beverley · 2005

This review covered multiple dimensions of cannabis health effects and comorbidity.

Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers.

Vandrey, Ryan · 2005

Adolescents presenting for outpatient substance abuse treatment with cannabis as their primary drug completed questionnaires about withdrawal symptoms during past periods of abstinence. Nearly two-thirds reported experiencing four or more withdrawal symptoms.

Cannabis and other illicit drugs: comorbid use and abuse/dependence in males and females.

Agrawal, Arpana · 2004

Using data from 1,191 male and 934 female same-sex twin pairs, researchers tested 13 genetically informative models of comorbidity between cannabis and other illicit drug use.

Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome

Budney, Alan J. · 2004

Across human laboratory studies and clinical reports, a reproducible cluster of symptoms showed up after discontinuing chronic heavy cannabis or THC use.

Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex.

Haney, Margaret · 2004

In two controlled studies with heavy marijuana users (6-10 joints per day), oral THC (10 mg five times daily) administered during marijuana abstinence decreased anxiety, misery, trouble sleeping, chills, and craving, and reversed large decreases in food intake.

Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons.

Pistis, Marco · 2004

After just 3 days of cannabinoid treatment followed by a 2-week washout, adolescent-treated rats showed long-lasting changes in how their dopamine neurons responded to other drugs.

Five-year prospective prediction of marijuana use cessation of youth at continuation high schools.

Sussman, Steve · 2004

Among 339 teenage marijuana users at continuation high schools, 42% had quit marijuana use (no use in the past 30 days) at the 5-year follow-up.

Testing Gateway Theory: do cigarette prices affect illicit drug use?

Beenstock, Michael · 2002

The researchers used variation in cigarette prices across birth cohorts in Israel as a natural experiment to test gateway theory.

Precipitation and determination of the onset and course of schizophrenia by substance abuse--a retrospective and prospective study of 232 population-based first illness episodes.

Bühler, Babette · 2002

People experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia were twice as likely as controls to have a lifetime history of substance abuse (alcohol abuse: 23.7% vs 12.3%; drug abuse: 14.2% vs 7.0%).

Shared genetic risk of major depression, alcohol dependence, and marijuana dependence: contribution of antisocial personality disorder in men.

Fu, Qiang · 2002

Among male veteran twins, the heritability estimates were 69% for antisocial personality disorder, 56% for alcohol dependence, 50% for marijuana dependence, and 40% for major depression.

Endocannabinoids in cognition and dependence.

Lichtman, A H · 2002

The review synthesized evidence from two approaches: pharmacological blockade of CB1 receptors using SR141716A, and genetic knockout mice lacking the CB1 receptor.

Current perspectives on smoking cessation among substance abusers.

Sullivan, Maria A · 2002

Nicotine dependence was extremely prevalent among people with alcohol or other substance use disorders, and many patients in treatment programs expressed interest in quitting smoking.

Substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: race and gender correlates.

Compton, W M · 2000

Researchers interviewed drug-dependent individuals in treatment using a structured diagnostic tool.

The impact of substance abuse on the course of bipolar disorder.

Strakowski, S M · 2000

Researchers followed 50 new-onset bipolar disorder patients over time, tracking the temporal relationship between substance abuse symptoms and mood episodes. A striking dissociation emerged between alcohol and cannabis.

The effects of cannabinoids on the brain.

Ameri, A · 1999

This extensive review covered the full spectrum of cannabis effects on the brain, from molecular mechanisms to behavioral consequences. A striking finding was that recent research had revealed THC-induced cell death in the hippocampus, with neuron shrinkage and DNA fragmentation, effects the review stated had been "underestimated for a long time." Cognitive deficits, particularly in concentration and memory, appeared to persist after withdrawal. At the receptor level, the review detailed how CB1 receptors mediate THC's effects through G proteins, inhibiting calcium channels and stimulating potassium channels.

History of alcohol or drug problems, current use of alcohol or marijuana, and success in quitting smoking.

Humfleet, G · 1999

Researchers examined how alcohol and drug histories affected smoking cessation in 199 clinic patients.

Abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol).

Calhoun, S R · 1998

Researchers investigated the abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol), a prescription oral THC product, through literature review, surveys, and interviews with addiction specialists, oncologists, HIV researchers, and law enforcement. The findings were consistently negative across all measures of abuse potential.

Analysis of the medical use of marijuana and its societal implications.

Taylor, H G · 1998

This review from a pharmacist's perspective assessed marijuana across pharmacology, risks, and therapeutic potential. For risks: acute intoxication featured euphoria, short-term memory loss, sensory enhancement, and impaired linear thinking.

The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use.

Fergusson, D M · 1996

Researchers followed a New Zealand birth cohort to examine what happened to children who began using cannabis before age 15.

Self-efficacy and marijuana cessation: a construct validity analysis.

Stephens, R S · 1995

Researchers examined self-efficacy, the confidence in one's ability to avoid marijuana use, in 212 adults seeking marijuana cessation treatment. Self-efficacy measured after treatment completion was more meaningfully connected to theoretically predicted sources (mastery experiences, social modeling, emotional states) than pre-treatment efficacy, suggesting the treatment experience itself shaped these beliefs. Cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention treatment produced marginally greater self-efficacy than a non-behavioral social support treatment, but the link between specific coping skill training and efficacy was ambiguous. The most nuanced finding: self-efficacy predicted frequency of post-treatment marijuana use better than it predicted complete abstinence.

Prospective study of factors predicting outcome of transdermal nicotine treatment in smoking cessation.

Gourlay, S G · 1994

Researchers followed 1,481 heavy smokers (averaging 32 cigarettes per day) through a 26-week smoking cessation program using transdermal nicotine patches and brief behavioral counseling. Overall, 21.3% successfully quit.

Testing the abstinence violation effect construct with marijuana cessation.

Stephens, R S · 1994

Researchers tested the Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE) theory with marijuana users.

Neurobiology of marijuana abuse.

Abood, M E · 1992

This review highlighted a puzzling disconnect in cannabis research.

The age of alcohol onset and alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use patterns: an analysis of drug use progression of young adults in New York State.

Yu, J · 1992

Researchers examined the "gateway theory" by analyzing substance use patterns among 16- to 24-year-olds in New York State.

Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence.

Jones, R T · 1981

Drawing on data from 120 research subjects, this review documented how the body adapts to repeated cannabis exposure and what happens when use stops. Tolerance developed to multiple effects: cardiovascular changes, lowered eye pressure, sleep disruption, mood changes, and behavioral effects.

Modulatory function of cannabidiol on the extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior through the D2-like dopamine receptors in the dentate gyrus.

Azizbeigi, Ronak · 2026

CBD facilitated extinction and suppressed reinstatement of methamphetamine conditioned place preference, effects that were blocked by the D2 receptor antagonist Sulpiride in the dentate gyrus, suggesting CBD works partly through indirect dopamine modulation..

Cannabis Use Patterns and Blood Profiles in Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome.

Bloom, Joshua · 2026

This pilot study screened 869 adolescent emergency department patients to identify 10 with cyclic vomiting onset after chronic cannabis use—a ratio that illustrates both how common the screening population is and how specifically they identified CHS cases. All 10 participants had cannabis use disorder (9) or hazardous cannabis use (1) by validated assessment.

Cannabidiol reduces oxycodone self-administration while preserving its analgesic efficacy in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Bruijnzeel, Adriaan W · 2026

This study addresses one of the most pressing questions in pain medicine: can we reduce opioid misuse without taking away pain relief? Rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone (pressing a lever to receive intravenous doses), then given chronic neuropathic pain via sciatic nerve injury.

Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence on Medicinal Cannabis for Treatment of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: A Scoping Review.

Cooling, Sophie · 2026

This scoping review mapped all available randomized controlled trial evidence on medicinal cannabis for mental health conditions classified by the DSM-5.

Tolerance but No Spontaneous Withdrawal Following Repeated THC Injections in Male and Female Rats.

Hickey, Christa M · 2026

Researchers injected male and female rats with THC (3 mg/kg, twice daily) or vehicle for seven days, then abruptly stopped and monitored for withdrawal symptoms over five days using voluntary home cage wheel running — chosen as a sensitive, objective, and continuous measure. On day 1, THC profoundly decreased wheel running in both sexes compared to vehicle-treated rats — confirming the drug's acute sedating effects.

Effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) on spontaneous opioid withdrawal in male and female rats.

Jenkins, Bryan W · 2026

In a well-powered study (N=100, 50% female), researchers made rats dependent on morphine through 10 days of escalating doses (10–50 mg/kg, twice daily), then abruptly stopped and treated with oral CBD (10 or 30 mg/kg daily) or vehicle starting 14 hours after the last morphine injection. The results were largely negative for CBD's ability to treat acute withdrawal.

Sex and dose-dependent effects of cannabidiol on cocaine consumption in mice.

Llerena, Veronika · 2026

In female mice, 10 mg/kg CBD attenuated cocaine self-administration acquisition by altering reward and cognitive markers in the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

Phase 1 Open-Label Pilot Trial of H4 Deep Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adults With Moderate-to-Severe Cannabis Use Disorder.

MacKillop, James · 2026

This phase 1 pilot study tested whether deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) using the H4 coil — already approved for tobacco use disorder — could be safely applied to adults with moderate-to-severe cannabis use disorder who were seeking treatment. Participants received 18 sessions over four weeks (five sessions per week for three weeks, then three sessions in week four), with each session delivering electromagnetic pulses to the lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior insula — brain regions implicated in addiction. The primary findings focused on feasibility and tolerability: treatment completion rates (indicating feasibility), attainment of therapeutic dose (≥90% of resting motor threshold), and adverse event profiles (indicating tolerability).

Substance Use in Sports: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Professional Footballers in Accra, Ghana.

Odei, Isaac · 2026

Among 139 professional footballers in Ghana, overall substance use prevalence was 44.6%.

A qualitative study on cannabis use for harm reduction and pain among veterans enrolled in an SUD treatment program.

Pleasant, Traben · 2026

Through interviews with 33 veterans receiving care in a VA substance use disorder treatment program, researchers documented how veterans with chronic pain viewed and used cannabis alongside their addiction treatment. Most participants had a primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (70%), followed by opioid use disorder (18%) and stimulant use disorder (12%).

Longer chronic cannabis use in humans is associated with impaired implicit motor learning and supranormal resting state cortical activity.

Prashad, Shikha · 2026

Comparing 30 regular cannabis users to 32 non-users, researchers found that longer duration of cannabis use was associated with a smaller implicit motor learning index — meaning these individuals were less able to unconsciously learn movement sequences. Implicit motor learning was measured using the serial reaction time task, where participants respond to visual cues that follow a hidden repeating pattern.

The Effects of Extended Cannabis Abstinence in Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder.

Rodas, Justyne D · 2026

In this open-label pilot study, 21 veterans with both PTSD and cannabis use disorder attempted 12 weeks of cannabis abstinence with contingency reinforcement (progressive payments for confirmed abstinence at weeks 4, 8, and 12). Eleven participants achieved sustained abstinence; ten did not.

Endocannabinoid response to social stress in chronic non-medical prescription opioid users.

Schmid, Vinzenz K · 2026

A significant GROUP x TIME interaction was found for 2-AG.

Medical cannabis authorization and opioid milligram equivalents over time in patients with chronic pain: a retrospective analysis.

Sexton, Michelle · 2026

Average opioid dose at the final time point was 33.4 mg/day OME overall.

A CBD-rich hemp extract is superior to CBD alone in reducing relapse to methamphetamine-seeking in rats.

Umpierrez, Laísa S · 2026

All CBD-containing treatments reduced meth-primed reinstatement, but hemp extract (HE) and CBD+HE were more effective than CBD isolate alone.

Characteristics of Youth With Recent Substance Use With and Without Substance Use Disorder Presenting for Primary Mental Healthcare in Australia: Baseline Findings From the INTEGRATE Trial.

Ahounbar, Ellie · 2025

Comparing 51 youth with a current SUD to 21 without a lifetime SUD diagnosis, those with SUD endorsed more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, lower quality of life and role functioning, more alcohol-related problems, and higher frequency cannabis use.

Morphine-induced side effects can be differentially modulated by cannabidiol in male and female rats.

Alves Jesus, Carlos Henrique · 2025

In rats made physically dependent on morphine (10 days of twice-daily treatment), repeated CBD (30 mg/kg) prevented thermal hyperalgesia in both males and females.

Understanding the nature of interpersonal relationships through the interpretations of young female cannabis users in Iran.

Armanisadr, Nika · 2025

Thematic narrative analysis of 12 interviews generated 961 open codes organized into two themes.

Case Report: Substance fixation in autism spectrum disorder with resultant anorexia nervosa.

Arney, Lucas · 2025

A 26-year-old man with long-standing ASD developed a pattern of obsessive alcohol use associated with weight gain, followed by extreme food restriction, then transition to near-constant daily cannabis use.

Predictors of Replacing Alcohol With Cannabis Among Adult Women.

Attonito, Jennifer · 2025

Younger women (<56) were significantly more likely to substitute THC for alcohol (14.0% vs 7.8%) and reported higher rates of sleep problems, stress, and scores on AUDIT, PTSD, GAD, and PHQ instruments.

Cannabis Use in Opioid Maintenance Therapy: Prevalence, Clinical Correlates and Reasons for Use.

Backmund, Markus · 2025

Cannabis use was reported by 41% of opioid maintenance patients.

Cannabidiol dose dependently reduces alcohol intake in mice via a non-5-HT1A receptor mechanism: Exploration of other potential receptor targets.

Badolato, Connie J · 2025

Acute CBD (7.5-120 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced binge-like alcohol drinking and blood ethanol levels in mice.

Outdated tools, underestimated harm: Modernizing cannabis surveillance in a post-legalization era.

Bahji, Anees · 2025

Canada legalized non-medical cannabis in 2018 as a public health initiative.

Non-psychoactive cannabis extract promotes extinction and reduces reinstatement by priming dose in smoked cocaine-induced conditioned place preference.

Barreto, Fabián Leonardo · 2025

A non-psychoactive cannabis extract (NPCE) significantly reduced the extinction latency of smoked cocaine-induced place preference, while pure CBD did not.

Does cannabis use substitute for opioids? A preliminary exploratory survey in opioid maintenance patients.

Bekier, Nina Kim · 2025

Sixty percent of opioid maintenance patients reported cannabis use.

Cannabis use patterns, motivations, and reasons for abstinence in pregnancy.

Blair, Lisa M · 2025

61% reported current (past 30-day) cannabis use during pregnancy.